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Demyanenko SV, Kalyuzhnaya YN, Bachurin SS, Khaitin AM, Kunitsyna AE, Batalshchikova SA, Evgen'ev MB, Garbuz DG. Exogenous Hsp70 exerts neuroprotective effects in peripheral nerve rupture model. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114670. [PMID: 38158007 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hsp70 is the main molecular chaperone responsible for cellular proteostasis under normal conditions and for restoring the conformation or utilization of proteins damaged by stress. Increased expression of endogenous Hsp70 or administration of exogenous Hsp70 is known to exert neuroprotective effects in models of many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we have investigated the effect of exogenous Hsp70 on recovery from peripheral nerve injury in a model of sciatic nerve transection in rats. It was shown that recombinant Hsp70 after being added to the conduit connecting the ends of the nerve at the site of its extended severance, migrates along the nerve into the spinal ganglion and is retained there at least three days. In animals with the addition of recombinant Hsp70 to the conduit, a decrease in apoptosis in the spinal ganglion cells after nerve rupture, an increase in the level of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), an increase in markers of nerve tissue regeneration and a decrease in functional deficit were observed compared to control animals. The obtained data indicate the possibility of using recombinant Hsp70 preparations to accelerate the recovery of patients after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Demyanenko
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry no. 2, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Yuliya N Kalyuzhnaya
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Bachurin
- Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry no. 2, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Andrey M Khaitin
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anastasia E Kunitsyna
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Batalshchikova
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Michael B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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2
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Sharma M, Bhaskar V, Yang L, FallahRad M, Gebodh N, Zhang T, Esteller R, Martin J, Bikson M. Novel Evoked Synaptic Activity Potentials (ESAPs) Elicited by Spinal Cord Stimulation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0429-22.2023. [PMID: 37130780 PMCID: PMC10198607 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0429-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) evokes fast epidural evoked compound action potential (ECAP) that represent activity of dorsal column axons, but not necessarily a spinal circuit response. Using a multimodal approach, we identified and characterized a delayed and slower potential evoked by SCS that reflects synaptic activity within the spinal cord. Anesthetized female Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with an epidural SCS lead, epidural motor cortex stimulation electrodes, an epidural spinal cord recording lead, an intraspinal penetrating recording electrode array, and intramuscular electromyography (EMG) electrodes in the hindlimb and trunk. We stimulated the motor cortex or the epidural spinal cord and recorded epidural, intraspinal, and EMG responses. SCS pulses produced characteristic propagating ECAPs (composed of P1, N1, and P2 waves with latencies <2 ms) and an additional wave ("S1") starting after the N2. We verified the S1-wave was not a stimulation artifact and was not a reflection of hindlimb/trunk EMG. The S1-wave has a distinct stimulation-intensity dose response and spatial profile compared with ECAPs. 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; a selective competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors (AMPARs)] significantly diminished the S1-wave, but not ECAPs. Furthermore, cortical stimulation, which did not evoke ECAPs, produced epidurally detectable and CNQX-sensitive responses at the same spinal sites, confirming epidural recording of an evoked synaptic response. Finally, applying 50-Hz SCS resulted in dampening of S1-wave but not ECAPs. Therefore, we hypothesize that the S1-wave is synaptic in origin, and we term the S1-wave type responses: evoked synaptic activity potentials (ESAPs). The identification and characterization of epidurally recorded ESAPs from the dorsal horn may elucidate SCS mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sharma
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
| | - Vividha Bhaskar
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
| | - Lillian Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
| | - Mohamad FallahRad
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
| | - Nigel Gebodh
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
| | - Tianhe Zhang
- Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Research and Advanced Concepts, Valencia, CA 91355
| | - Rosana Esteller
- Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Research and Advanced Concepts, Valencia, CA 91355
| | - John Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
| | - Marom Bikson
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, City College Center for Discovery and Innovation, New York, NY 10031
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3
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Tsuboi Y, Ito A, Otsuka T, Murakami H, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Habilitation Improves Mouse Gait Development Following Neonatal Brain Injury. Prog Rehabil Med 2022; 7:20220061. [PMID: 36479304 PMCID: PMC9706041 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonatal brain injury during gait development disrupts neural circuits and causes permanent gait dysfunction. Rehabilitation as an intervention to improve impaired gait function has been used in adults as a treatment for stroke and spinal cord injury. However, although neonates have greater neuroplasticity and regenerative capacity than adults, normal gait development and the effects of habilitation on gait function following neonatal brain injury are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we generated cryogenic injury in mice at postnatal day 2 and subsequently performed habilitative training to promote autonomous limb movement for 4 weeks. We also quantitatively analyzed the gait acquisition process in developing mice using the Catwalk XT system. RESULTS Using quantitative gait analyses, we showed that during normal gait development in mice, stance phase function matures later than swing phase function. We also demonstrated that habilitation in which active limb movements were enhanced by suspending mice with a rubber band with no floor grounding promotes motor learning, including gait function, in mice with impaired acquisition of gait function resulting from neonatal brain injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a basis for research on gait development in mice and suggest new habilitation strategies for patients with impaired gait development caused by perinatal brain diseases such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and periventricular leukomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tsuboi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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4
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Hung SY, Chung HY, Luo ST, Chu YT, Chen YH, MacDonald IJ, Chien SY, Kotha P, Yang LY, Hwang LL, Dun NJ, Chuang DM, Chen YH. Electroacupuncture improves TBI dysfunction by targeting HDAC overexpression and BDNF-associated Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:880267. [PMID: 36016833 PMCID: PMC9396337 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.880267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acupuncture or electroacupuncture (EA) appears to be a potential treatment in acute clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, it remains uncertain whether acupuncture affects post-TBI histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression or impacts other biochemical/neurobiological events. Materials and methods We used behavioral testing, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis to evaluate the cellular and molecular effects of EA at LI4 and LI11 in both weight drop-impact acceleration (WD)- and controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced TBI models. Results Both WD- and CCI-induced TBI caused behavioral dysfunction, increased cortical levels of HDAC1 and HDAC3 isoforms, activated microglia and astrocytes, and decreased cortical levels of BDNF as well as its downstream mediators phosphorylated-Akt and phosphorylated-GSK-3β. Application of EA reversed motor, sensorimotor, and learning/memory deficits. EA also restored overexpression of HDAC1 and HDAC3, and recovered downregulation of BDNF-associated signaling in the cortex of TBI mice. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that acupuncture has multiple benefits against TBI-associated adverse behavioral and biochemical effects and that the underlying mechanisms are likely mediated by targeting HDAC overexpression and aberrant BDNF-associated Akt/GSK-3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Ting Luo
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Iona J. MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peddanna Kotha
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nae J. Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yi-Hung Chen,
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5
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Huang SS, Su HH, Chien SY, Chung HY, Luo ST, Chu YT, Wang YH, MacDonald IJ, Lee HH, Chen YH. Activation of peripheral TRPM8 mitigates ischemic stroke by topically applied menthol. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:192. [PMID: 35897101 PMCID: PMC9327358 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No reports exist as to neuroprotective effects associated with topical activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a noted cold receptor. In the present study, we identified whether activating peripheral TRPM8 can be an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke.
Methods Menthol, an agonist of TRPM8, was applied orally or topically to all paws or back of the mouse after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We used Trpm8 gene knockout (Trpm8−/−) mice or TRPM8 antagonist and lidocaine to validate the roles of TRPM8 and peripheral nerve conduction in menthol against ischemic stroke. Results Application of menthol 16% to paw derma attenuated infarct volumes and ameliorated sensorimotor deficits in stroke mice induced by MCAO. The benefits of topically applied menthol were associated with reductions in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages in ischemic brains. Antagonizing TRPM8 or Trpm8 knockout dulls the neuroprotective effects of topically application of menthol against MCAO. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed significantly higher TRPM8 expression in skin tissue samples obtained from the paws compared with skin from the backs, which was reflected by significantly smaller infarct lesion volumes and better sensorimotor function in mice treated with menthol on the paws compared with the back. Blocking conduction of peripheral nerve in the four paws reversed the neuroprotective effects of topical menthol administrated to paws. On the other hand, oral menthol dosing did not assist with recovery from MCAO in our study. Conclusion Our results suggested that activation of peripheral TRPM8 expressed in the derma tissue of limbs with sufficient concentration of menthol is beneficial to stroke recovery. Topical application of menthol on hands and feet could be a novel and simple-to-use therapeutic strategy for stroke patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02553-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Ting Luo
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Iona J MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hua Lee
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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6
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Yaguchi A, Oshikawa M, Watanabe G, Hiramatsu H, Uchida N, Hara C, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K, Muraoka T, Ajioka I. Efficient protein incorporation and release by a jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide hydrogel for injured brain regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6623. [PMID: 34799548 PMCID: PMC8604910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During injured tissue regeneration, the extracellular matrix plays a key role in controlling and coordinating various cellular events by binding and releasing secreted proteins in addition to promoting cell adhesion. Herein, we develop a cell-adhesive fiber-forming peptide that mimics the jigsaw-shaped hydrophobic surface in the dovetail-packing motif of glycophorin A as an artificial extracellular matrix for regenerative therapy. We show that the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide forms several-micrometer-long supramolecular nanofibers through a helix-to-strand transition to afford a hydrogel under physiological conditions and disperses homogeneously in the hydrogel. The molecular- and macro-scale supramolecular properties of the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide hydrogel allow efficient incorporation and sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor, and demonstrate cell transplantation-free regenerative therapeutic effects in a subacute-chronic phase mouse stroke model. This research highlights a therapeutic strategy for injured tissue regeneration using the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide supramolecular hydrogel. The extracellular matrix contributes to tissue regeneration by binding and releasing growth factors. Here the authors present the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide JigSAP as an artificial ECM and show that VEGF-JigSAP has therapeutic effects on the subacute-chronic phase of brain stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Yaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mio Oshikawa
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan.,Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Noriyuki Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chikako Hara
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan.
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Abstract
Rodents are the most widely used experimental animals in stroke research due to their similar vascular anatomy, high reproductive rates, and availability of transgenic models. However, the difficulties in assessing higher brain functions, such as cognition and memory, in rodents decrease the translational potential of these studies. In this review, we summarize commonly used motor/sensorimotor and cognition tests in rodent models of stroke. Specifically, we first briefly introduce the objective and procedure of each behavioral test. Next, we summarize the application of each test in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Last, the advantages and disadvantages of these tests in assessing stroke outcome are discussed. This review summarizes commonly used behavioral tests in stroke studies and compares their applications in different stroke types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Poststroke Impairment and Recovery Are Predicted by Task-Specific Regionalization of Injury. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6082-6097. [PMID: 32605940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0057-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesion size and location affect the magnitude of impairment and recovery following stroke, but the precise relationship between these variables and functional outcome is unknown. Herein, we systematically varied the size of strokes in motor cortex and surrounding regions to assess effects on impairment and recovery of function. Female Sprague Dawley rats (N = 64) were evaluated for skilled reaching, spontaneous limb use, and limb placement over a 7 week period after stroke. Exploration and reaching were also tested in a free ranging, more naturalistic, environment. MRI voxel-based analysis of injury volume and its likelihood of including the caudal forelimb area (CFA), rostral forelimb area (RFA), hindlimb (HL) cortex (based on intracranial microstimulation), or their bordering regions were related to both impairment and recovery. Severity of impairment on each task was best predicted by injury in unique regions: impaired reaching, by damage in voxels encompassing CFA/RFA; hindlimb placement, by damage in HL; and spontaneous forelimb use, by damage in CFA. An entirely different set of voxels predicted recovery of function: damage lateral to RFA reduced recovery of reaching, damage medial to HL reduced recovery of hindlimb placing, and damage lateral to CFA reduced recovery of spontaneous limb use. Precise lesion location is an important, but heretofore relatively neglected, prognostic factor in both preclinical and clinical stroke studies, especially those using region-specific therapies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By estimating lesion location relative to cortical motor representations, we established the relationship between individualized lesion location, and functional impairment and recovery in reaching/grasping, spontaneous limb use, and hindlimb placement during walking. We confirmed that stroke results in impairments to specific motor domains linked to the damaged cortical subregion and that damage encroaching on adjacent regions reduces the ability to recover from initial lesion-induced impairments. Each motor domain encompasses unique brain regions that are most associated with recovery and likely represent targets where beneficial reorganization is taking place. Future clinical trials should use individualized therapies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, intracerebral stem/progenitor cells) that consider precise lesion location and the specific functional impairments of each subject since these variables can markedly affect therapeutic efficacy.
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9
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Doxycycline improves traumatic brain injury outcomes in a murine survival model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89:435-440. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Gao X, Zhang X, Cui L, Chen R, Zhang C, Xue J, Zhang L, He W, Li J, Wei S, Wei M, Cui H. Ginsenoside Rb1 Promotes Motor Functional Recovery and Axonal Regeneration in Post-stroke Mice through cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway. Brain Res Bull 2019; 154:51-60. [PMID: 31715311 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has a poor self-repairing capability after injury because of the inhibition of axonal regeneration by many myelin-associated inhibitory factors. Therefore, ischemic stroke usually leads to disability. Previous studies reported that Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) plays a role in neuronal protection in acute phase after ischemic stroke, but its efficacy in post-stroke and the underlying mechanism are not clear. Recent evidences demonstrated GRb1 promotes neurotransmitter release through the cAMP-depend protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, which is related to axonal regeneration. The present study aimed to determine whether GRb1 improves long-term motor functional recovery and promotes cortical axon regeneration in post-stroke. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). GRb1 solution (5 mg/ml) or equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally for the first time at 24 h after surgery, and then daily injected until day 14. Day 3, 7, 14 and 28 after dMCAO were used as observation time points. Motor functional recovery was assessed with Rota-rod test and grid walking task. The expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was measured to evaluate axonal regeneration. The levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and PKA were measured by Elisa, PKAc and phosphorylated cAMP response element protein (pCREB) were determined by western blot. Our results shown that GRb1 treatment improved motor function and increased the expression of GAP43 and BDA in ipsilesional and contralateral cortex. GRb1 significantly elevated cAMP and PKA, increased the protein expression of PKAc and pCREB. However, the effects of GRb1 were eliminated by H89 intervention (a PKA inhibitor). These results suggested that GRb1 improved functional recovery in post-stroke by stimulating axonal regeneration and brain repair. The underlying mechanism might be up-regulating the expression of cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Weiliang He
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Wei
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Hemei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
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11
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The Neuroprotective Effect of the HDAC2/3 Inhibitor MI192 on the Penumbra After Photothrombotic Stroke in the Mouse Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:239-248. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Samal J, Rebelo AL, Pandit A. A window into the brain: Tools to assess pre-clinical efficacy of biomaterials-based therapies on central nervous system disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:68-145. [PMID: 30710594 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic conveyance into the brain is a cardinal requirement for treatment of diverse central nervous system (CNS) disorders and associated pathophysiology. Effectual shielding of the brain by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) sieves out major proportion of therapeutics with the exception of small lipophilic molecules. Various nano-delivery systems (NDS) provide an effective solution around this obstacle owing to their small size and targeting properties. To date, these systems have been used for several pre-clinical disease models including glioma, neurodegenerative diseases and psychotic disorders. An efficacy screen for these systems involves a test battery designed to probe into the multiple facets of therapeutic delivery. Despite their wide application in redressing various disease targets, the efficacy evaluation strategies for all can be broadly grouped into four modalities, namely: histological, bio-imaging, molecular and behavioural. This review presents a comprehensive insight into all of these modalities along with their strengths and weaknesses as well as perspectives on an ideal design for a panel of tests to screen brain nano-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Samal
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ana Lucia Rebelo
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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13
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Demyanenko S, Berezhnaya E, Neginskaya M, Rodkin S, Dzreyan V, Pitinova M. Сlass II histone deacetylases in the post-stroke recovery period-expression, cellular, and subcellular localization-promising targets for neuroprotection. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19590-19609. [PMID: 31264264 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors can protect nerve cells after a stroke, but it is unclear which HDAC isoform is involved in this effect. We studied cellular and intracellular rearrangement of class II HDACs at late periods after photothrombotic infarct (PTI) in the mouse sensorimotor cortex in the tissue surrounding the ischemia core and in the corresponding region of the contralateral hemisphere. We observed a decrease in HDAC4 in cortical neurons and an increase in its nuclear translocation. HDAC6 expression in neurons was also increased. Moreover, HDAC6-positive cells had elevated apoptosis. Tubostatin A (Tub A)-induced decrease in the activity of HDAC6 restored acetylation of α-tubulin during the early poststroke recovery period and reduced apoptosis of nerve cells thus protecting the brain tissue. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 elevated expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43), which remained high up to 14 days after stroke and promoted axogenesis and recovery from the PTI-induced neurological deficit. Selective HDAC6 inhibitor Tub A markedly reduced neuronal death and increased acetylation of α-tubulin and the level of GAP43. Thus, HDAC6 inhibition could be a promising strategy for modulation of brain recovery as it can increase the intensity and reduce the duration of reparation processes in the brain after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Demyanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elena Berezhnaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Maria Neginskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Stanislav Rodkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Valentina Dzreyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Maria Pitinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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14
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Assessment of the Effect of Autograft Orientation on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 80:384-390. [PMID: 29443831 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given no definite consensus on the accepted autograft orientation during peripheral nerve injury repair, we compare outcomes between reverse and normally oriented autografts using an advanced magnetic resonance imaging technique, diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS Thirty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: sham-left sciatic nerve isolation without injury, reverse autograft-10-mm cut left sciatic nerve segment reoriented 180° and used to coapt the proximal and distal stumps, or normally oriented autograft-10-mm cut nerve segment kept in its normal orientation for coaptation. Animals underwent sciatic functional index and foot fault behavior studies at 72 hours, and then weekly. At 6 weeks, axons proximal, within, and distal to the autograft were evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging and choline acetyltransferase motor staining for immunohistochemistry. Toluidine blue staining of 1-μm sections was used to assess axon count, density, and diameter. Bilateral gastrocnemius/soleus muscle weights were compared to obtain a net wet weight. Comparison of the groups was performed using Mann-Whiney U or Kruskal-Wallis H tests to determine significance. RESULTS Diffusion tensor imaging findings including fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity were similar between reverse and normally oriented autografts. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography demonstrated proximodistal nerve regeneration in both autograft groups. Motor axon counts proximal, within, and distal to the autografts were similar. Likewise, axon count, density, and diameter were similar between the autograft groups. Muscle net weight at 6 weeks and behavioral outcomes (sciatic functional index and foot fault) at any tested time point were also similar between reverse and normally oriented autografts. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion tensor imaging may be a useful assessment tool for peripheral nerve regeneration. Reversing nerve autograft polarity did not demonstrate to have an influence on functional or regenerative outcomes.
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15
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Yeh CF, Chuang TY, Hung YW, Lan MY, Tsai CH, Huang HX, Lin YY. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition enhances anti-inflammatory and antioxidative processes, modulates microglia polarization, and promotes recovery after ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2927-2941. [PMID: 31686827 PMCID: PMC6800549 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke triggers inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the brain, and microglia polarization affects the degree of neuroinflammation. It has been reported that the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity protects brain tissue. However, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of sEH inhibition in the ischemic brain are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a selective sEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), after ischemic stroke. METHODS Adult male rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were administered with AUDA or a vehicle. Behavioral outcome, infarct volume, microglia polarization, and gene expression were assessed. RESULTS Rats treated with AUDA showed better behavioral outcomes and smaller infarct volumes after MCAO. After AUDA treatment, a reduction of M1 microglia and an increase of M2 microglia occurred at the ischemic cortex of rats. Additionally, there was an increase in the mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, and pro-inflammatory mediators were decreased after AUDA administration. Heme oxygenase-1 was mainly expressed by neurons, and AUDA was found to improve the survival of neurons. CONCLUSION The results of this study provided novel and significant insights into how AUDA can improve outcomes and modulate inflammation and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Yeh
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yueh Chuang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Hung
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Lan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Tsai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Xiang Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.,Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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16
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Yu J, Moon J, Jang J, Choi JI, Jung J, Hwang S, Kim M. Reliability of behavioral tests in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of rat. Lab Anim 2018; 53:478-490. [PMID: 30482088 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218815210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. To overcome impairment from stroke, translational research for developing new therapeutic technologies has been conducted and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rat is the representative model. Since recovery from neurological impairment in contralateral limbs caused by brain damage is the major goal of treatment, behavioral tests that assess the relevant function are used. To determine therapeutic effect, obtaining reliable results of behavioral assessment is a prerequisite. However, studies on the reliability of behavioral tests in the MCAo rat model and necessity of prior training have not yet been reported. In this study, the authors investigate relative and absolute inter-rater reliabilities of modified neurological severity score (mNSS), cylinder test, and grid-walking test before training and repeated training every week until the reliability of results reached a satisfactory level. The training included repeated learning of the scoring system and decreasing disagreements among the raters. For MCAo modeling, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min of transient MCAo. Six raters conducted behavioral tests via observation of video-recording on sham-operated and MCAo model rats at 3 or 7 days after the intervention. An independent experimenter randomly numbered each video clip to blind the experiment. The results of reliabilities were unacceptable before training and improved to a satisfactory level after 6 weeks of training in all of the tests. In conclusion, mNSS, cylinder test, and grid-walking test on the MCAo rat model are reliable evaluation methods after conducting appropriate training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyoo Moon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonyoung Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Choi
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooeun Jung
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunyoung Hwang
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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17
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Radial Glial Fibers Promote Neuronal Migration and Functional Recovery after Neonatal Brain Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:128-137.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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The role of forelimb motor cortex areas in goal directed action in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15759. [PMID: 29150620 PMCID: PMC5693936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian motor cortex consists of several interconnected subregions thought to play distinct roles in voluntary movements, yet their specific role in decision making and execution is not completely elucidated. Here we used transient optogenetic inactivation of the caudal forelimb area (CFA) and rostral forelimb area (RFA) in mice as they performed a directional joystick task. Based on a vibrotactile cue applied to their forepaw, mice were trained to push or pull a joystick after a delay period. We found that choice and execution are temporally segregated processes. CFA and RFA were both essential during the stimulus delivery for correct choice and during the answer period for motor execution. Fine, distal motor deficits were restricted to CFA inactivation. Surprisingly, during the delay period neither area alone, but only combined inactivation was able to affect choice. Our findings suggest transient and partially distributed neural processing of choice and execution across different subregions of the motor cortex.
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19
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Schönfeld LM, Dooley D, Jahanshahi A, Temel Y, Hendrix S. Evaluating rodent motor functions: Which tests to choose? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:298-312. [PMID: 29107829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the motor cortex induced by stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in chronic motor deficits. For the development and improvement of therapies, animal models which possess symptoms comparable to the clinical population are used. However, the use of experimental animals raises valid ethical and methodological concerns. To decrease discomfort by experimental procedures and to increase the quality of results, non-invasive and sensitive rodent motor tests are needed. A broad variety of rodent motor tests are available to determine deficits after stroke or TBI. The current review describes and evaluates motor tests that fall into three categories: Tests to evaluate fine motor skills and grip strength, tests for gait and inter-limb coordination and neurological deficit scores. In this review, we share our thoughts on standardized data presentation to increase data comparability between studies. We also critically evaluate current methods and provide recommendations for choosing the best behavioral test for a new research line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Schönfeld
- Comparative Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Health Science Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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20
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Mastroiacovo F, Moyanova S, Cannella M, Gaglione A, Verhaeghe R, Bozza G, Madonna M, Motolese M, Traficante A, Riozzi B, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Lodge D, Nicoletti F. Genetic deletion of mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate receptors improves the short-term outcome of cerebral transient focal ischemia. Mol Brain 2017; 10:39. [PMID: 28821279 PMCID: PMC5562974 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that pharmacological blockade of mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate receptors protects vulnerable neurons in the 4-vessel occlusion model of transient global ischemia, whereas receptor activation amplifies neuronal death. This raised the possibility that endogenous activation of mGlu2 receptors contributes to the pathophysiology of ischemic neuronal damage. Here, we examined this possibility using two models of transient focal ischemia: (i) the monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice, and (ii) the model based on intracerebral infusion of endothelin-1 (Et-1) in rats. Following transient MCAO, mGlu2 receptor knockout mice showed a significant reduction in infarct volume and an improved short-term behavioural outcome, as assessed by a neurological disability scale and the “grip test”. Following Et-1 infusion, Grm2 gene mutated Hannover Wistar rats lacking mGlu2 receptors did not show changes in the overall infarct volume as compared to their wild-type counterparts, although they showed a reduced infarct area in the agranular insular cortex. Interestingly, however, mGlu2 receptor-deficient rats performed better than wild-type rats in the adhesive tape test, in which these rats did not show the laterality preference typically observed after focal ischemia. These findings support the hypothesis that activation of mGlu2 receptors is detrimental in the post-ischemic phase, and support the use of mGlu2 receptor antagonists in the experimental treatment of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - David Lodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Kim HJ, Han SJ. A simple rat model of mild traumatic brain injury: a device to reproduce anatomical and neurological changes of mild traumatic brain injury. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2818. [PMID: 28070456 PMCID: PMC5214841 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function. Previous studies used water pressure or rotational injury for designing the device to make a rat a mild traumatic brain injury model. The objective of this study was to make a simple model of causing mild traumatic brain injury in rats. The device consisted of a free-fall impactor that was targeted onto the rat skull. The weight (175 g) was freely dropped 30 cm to rat’s skull bregma. We installed a safety device made of acrylic panel. To confirm a mild traumatic brain injury in 36 Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain within 24 h after injury. We evaluated behavior and chemical changes in rats before and after mild traumatic brain injury. The brain MRI did not show high or low signal intensity in 34 rats. The mobility on grid floor was decreased after mild traumatic brain injury. The absolute number of foot-fault and foot-fault ratio were decreased after mild traumatic brain injury. However, the difference of the ratio was a less than absolute number of foot-fault. These results show that the device is capable of reproducing mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Our device can reduce the potential to cause brain hemorrhage and reflect the mechanism of real mild traumatic brain injury compared with existing methods and behaviors. This model can be useful in exploring physiology and management of mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeong Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seonam Hospital, Ewha Womans University Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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22
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Lu D, Wu Y, Qu Y, Shi F, Hu J, Gao B, Wang B, Gao G, He S, Zhao T. A modified method to reduce variable outcomes in a rat model of four-vessel arterial occlusion. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1102-1110. [PMID: 27796195 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1249996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yingxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA NO. 451 Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianzhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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23
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Yu YW, Hsieh TH, Chen KY, Wu JCC, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH, Li Y, Lai JH, Chang CF, Lin JW, Chen YH, Yang LY, Chiang YH. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Ameliorates Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Cognitive and Sensorimotor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:2044-2054. [PMID: 26972789 PMCID: PMC5116684 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major public health issue, representing 75-90% of all cases of TBI. In clinical settings, mTBI, which is defined as a Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15, can lead to various physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological-related symptoms. To date, there are no pharmaceutical-based therapies to manage the development of the pathological deficits associated with mTBI. In this study, the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), an incretin similar to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was investigated after its steady-state subcutaneous administration, focusing on behavior after mTBI in an in vivo animal model. The mTBI rat model was generated by a mild controlled cortical impact (mCCI) and used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of GIP. We used the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, which are tasks for spatial and recognition memory, respectively, to identify the putative therapeutic effects of GIP on cognitive function. Further, beam walking and the adhesive removal tests were used to evaluate locomotor activity and somatosensory functions in rats with and without GIP administration after mCCI lesion. Lastly, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot analyses to evaluate the inflammatory markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), and bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene in chromosome X (BMX) in animals with mTBI. GIP was well tolerated and ameliorated mTBI-induced memory impairments, poor balance, and sensorimotor deficits after initiation in the post-injury period. In addition, GIP mitigated mTBI-induced neuroinflammatory changes on GFAP, APP, and BMX protein levels. These findings suggest GIP has significant benefits in managing mTBI-related symptoms and represents a novel strategy for mTBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Yu
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,5 Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University , School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 6 Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yazhou Li
- 6 Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Lin
- 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- 7 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,8 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- 7 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,9 Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,11 School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,10 Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Frost SB, Dunham CL, Barbay S, Krizsan-Agbas D, Winter MK, Guggenmos DJ, Nudo RJ. Output Properties of the Cortical Hindlimb Motor Area in Spinal Cord-Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1666-73. [PMID: 26406381 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine neuronal activity levels in the hindlimb area of motor cortex following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats and compare the results with measurements in normal rats. Fifteen male Fischer-344 rats received a 200 Kdyn contusion injury in the thoracic cord at level T9-T10. After a minimum of 4 weeks following SCI, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and single-unit recording techniques were used in both the forelimb and hindlimb motor areas (FLA, HLA) under ketamine anesthesia. Although movements could be evoked using ICMS in the forelimb area with relatively low current levels, no movements or electromyographical responses could be evoked from ICMS in the HLA in any of the injured rats. During the same procedure, electrophysiological recordings were obtained with a single-shank, 16-channel Michigan probe (Neuronexus) to monitor activity. Neural spikes were discriminated using principle component analysis. Neural activity (action potentials) was collected and digitized for a duration of 5 min. Despite the inability to evoke movement from stimulation of cortex, robust single-unit activity could be recorded reliably from hindlimb motor cortex in SCI rats. Activity in the motor cortex of SCI rats was significantly higher compared with uninjured rats, and increased in hindlimb and forelimb motor cortex by similar amounts. These results demonstrate that in a rat model of thoracic SCI, an increase in single-unit cortical activity can be reliably recorded for several weeks post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B Frost
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas.,2 Landon Center On Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Caleb L Dunham
- 2 Landon Center On Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Scott Barbay
- 2 Landon Center On Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dora Krizsan-Agbas
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Michelle K Winter
- 3 Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - David J Guggenmos
- 4 Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- 2 Landon Center On Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas.,3 Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas.,4 Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
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Barbosa EH, Vallim JH, Lachat JJ, de Castro VLSS. Assessments of Motor Abnormalities on the Grid-Walking and Foot-Fault Tests From Undernutrition in Wistar Rats. J Mot Behav 2015; 48:5-12. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1024824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Deffeyes JE, Touvykine B, Quessy S, Dancause N. Interactions between rostral and caudal cortical motor areas in the rat. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3893-904. [PMID: 25855697 PMCID: PMC4480625 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00760.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, forelimb movements can be evoked from two distinct cortical regions, the rostral (RFA) and the caudal (CFA) forelimb areas. RFA and CFA have numerous reciprocal connections, and their projections reach several common targets, which allows them to interact at multiple levels of the motor axis. Lesions affecting these areas result in profound and persistent deficits, supporting their essential role for the production of arm and hand movements. Whereas rats are widely used to study motor control and recovery following lesions, little is known as to how cortical motor areas in this model interact to generate movements. To study interactions between RFA and CFA, we used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS). A conditioning stimulus (C) in RFA was applied simultaneously, or before a test stimulus (T) in CFA. The impact of RFA conditioning on CFA outputs was quantified by recording electromyographic signals (EMG) signals from the contralateral arm muscles. We found that stimulation of RFA substantially modulates the intensity of CFA outputs while only mildly affecting the latency. In general, the effect of RFA conditioning changed from predominantly facilitatory to inhibitory with increasing delays between the C and the T stimulus. However, inspection of individual cortical sites revealed that RFA has a wide range of influence on CFA outputs with each interstimulation delay we used. Our results show that RFA has powerful and complex modulatory effects on CFA outputs that can allow it to play a major role in the cortical control of forelimb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Deffeyes
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - B Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - S Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - N Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Prolyl hydroxylase regulates axonal rewiring and motor recovery after traumatic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1638. [PMID: 25675298 PMCID: PMC4669805 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl 4-hydroxylases (PHDs; PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) are a component of cellular oxygen sensors that regulate the adaptive response depending on the oxygen concentration stabilized by hypoxia/stress-regulated genes transcription. In normoxic condition, PHD2 is required to stabilize hypoxia inducible factors. Silencing of PHD2 leads to the activation of intracellular signaling including RhoA and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which are key regulators of neurite growth. In this study, we determined that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PHD2 in cultured cortical neurons prevents neurite elongation through a ROCK-dependent mechanism. We then explored the role of PHDs in axonal reorganization following a traumatic brain injury in adult mice. Unilateral destruction of motor cortex resulted in behavioral deficits due to disruption of the corticospinal tract (CST), a part of the descending motor pathway. In the spinal cord, sprouting of fibers from the intact side of the CST into the denervated side is thought to contribute to the recovery process following an injury. Intracortical infusion of PHD inhibitors into the intact side of the motor cortex abrogated spontaneous formation of CST collaterals and functional recovery after damage to the sensorimotor cortex. These findings suggest PHDs have an important role in the formation of compensatory axonal networks following an injury and may represent a new molecular target for the central nervous system disorders.
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Tao T, Zhao M, Yang W, Bo Y, Li W. Neuroprotective effects of therapeutic hypercapnia on spatial memory and sensorimotor impairment via anti-apoptotic mechanisms after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neurosci Lett 2014; 573:1-6. [PMID: 24813106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that therapeutic hypercapnia ameliorates neurological deficits and attenuates the histological damage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the effects of therapeutic hypercapnia on impaired spatial memory have not been reported. Here we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of therapeutic hypercapnia on spatial memory in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Adult male rats were randomly assigned into three experimental groups: sham (sham operation), IR (MCAO/R), and hypercapnia [arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) 80-100 mmHg+IR] groups. Sensorimotor deficits and spatial memory testing were evaluated by an 18-point scoring system and an 8-arm radial maze task, respectively. The hippocampal histological damage and the percentage of apoptotic neurons were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining as well as flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to investigate the changes of the apoptosis-related Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. The results indicated that hypercapnia treatment significantly improved the abilities of impaired sensorimotor and spatial memory after MCAO/R. Moreover, hypercapnia treatment significantly increased the percentage of surviving neurons and decreased the percentage of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus after MCAO/R damage. The expressions of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax were significantly increased and decreased in the hypercapnia treated rats, respectively. These findings suggest that therapeutic hypercapnia can attenuate neuronal apoptosis and improve impaired spatial memory and sensorimotor after MCAO/R, which may be attributable to its anti-apoptotic effects through modulation of apoptosis-related protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Wanchao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yulong Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
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Gold EM, Su D, López-Velázquez L, Haus DL, Perez H, Lacuesta GA, Anderson AJ, Cummings BJ. Functional assessment of long-term deficits in rodent models of traumatic brain injury. Regen Med 2014; 8:483-516. [PMID: 23826701 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) ranks as the leading cause of mortality and disability in the young population worldwide. The annual US incidence of TBI in the general population is estimated at 1.7 million per year, with an estimated financial burden in excess of US$75 billion a year in the USA alone. Despite the prevalence and cost of TBI to individuals and society, no treatments have passed clinical trial to clinical implementation. The rapid expansion of stem cell research and technology offers an alternative to traditional pharmacological approaches targeting acute neuroprotection. However, preclinical testing of these approaches depends on the selection and characterization of appropriate animal models. In this article we consider the underlying pathophysiology for the focal and diffuse TBI subtypes, discuss the existing preclinical TBI models and functional outcome tasks used for assessment of injury and recovery, identify criteria particular to preclinical animal models of TBI in which stem cell therapies can be tested for safety and efficacy, and review these criteria in the context of the existing TBI literature. We suggest that 2 months post-TBI is the minimum period needed to evaluate human cell transplant efficacy and safety. Comprehensive review of the published TBI literature revealed that only 32% of rodent TBI papers evaluated functional outcome ≥1 month post-TBI, and only 10% evaluated functional outcomes ≥2 months post-TBI. Not all published papers that evaluated functional deficits at a minimum of 2 months post-TBI reported deficits; hence, only 8.6% of overall TBI papers captured in this review demonstrated functional deficits at 2 months or more postinjury. A 2-month survival and assessment period would allow sufficient time for differentiation and integration of human neural stem cells with the host. Critically, while trophic effects might be observed at earlier time points, it will also be important to demonstrate the sustainability of such an effect, supporting the importance of an extended period of in vivo observation. Furthermore, regulatory bodies will likely require at least 6 months survival post-transplantation for assessment of toxicology/safety, particularly in the context of assessing cell abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Gold
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine 2030 Gross Hall, CA 92697-1705, USA
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Bracey EF, Pichler B, Schaefer AT, Wallace DJ, Margrie TW. Perceptual judgements and chronic imaging of altered odour maps indicate comprehensive stimulus template matching in olfaction. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2100. [PMID: 23820818 PMCID: PMC3715885 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion experiments suggest that odour input to the olfactory bulb contains significant redundant signal such that rodents can discern odours using minimal stimulus-related information. Here we investigate the dependence of odour-quality perception on the integrity of glomerular activity by comparing odour-evoked activity maps before and after epithelial lesions. Lesions prevent mice from recognizing previously experienced odours and differentially delay discrimination learning of unrecognized and novel odour pairs. Poor recognition results not from mice experiencing an altered concentration of an odour but from perception of apparent novel qualities. Consistent with this, relative intensity of glomerular activity following lesions is altered compared with maps recorded in shams and by varying odour concentration. Together, these data show that odour recognition relies on comprehensively matching input patterns to a previously generated stimulus template. When encountering novel odours, access to all glomerular activity ensures rapid generation of new templates to perform accurate perceptual judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Bracey
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, University Street, London, UK
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31
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Kim MG, Choi JH, Lim JP, Kim DK, Shin TY, Boo Y, Kim SY, Kim H, Ha E, Park HK, Kim J, Lim HS, Kim EH, Kim JB, Leem KH. Protective effects of a novel herbal decoction on focal cerebral ischemia in a rodent model. Neurol Res 2013; 29 Suppl 1:S16-22. [PMID: 17359635 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x172356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbs have been used to treat stroke and coma patient in traditional Korean medicine (TKM). The novel decoction, Guhpoongchungsimhwan (GCH), was developed on the basis of clinical data and TKM theory. METHODS We examined the neuroprotective effect of GCH on cerebral ischemia. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to produce cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects were treated with GCH (50 or 200 mg/kg) or vehicle alone (controls) 0 and 2 hours after MCAO. The functional status was tested 24 hours after MCAO by neurological examination (clinical score) and by series of motor function tasks (foot placement and parallel bar crossing). RESULTS The infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining 24 hours after surgery, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was determined by immunohistochemistry. The clinical score of the GCH-treated group (200 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05), indicating fewer neurological deficits. The impairment of motor functions induced by MCAO was significantly reduced by the administration of GCH (p<0.05). The infarct volume was significantly smaller in the GCH-treated group (203.1 +/- 40.2 mm(3), p<0.05), as compared to the control group (377.8 +/- 32.6 mm(3)). The level of motor function in the GCH-treated group was associated with reduced infarct volume. In the analysis of immunohistochemistry, GCH treatment markedly inhibited the ischemia-induced expression of PTGS2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase 2) or cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), which plays an important role in ischemic neuronal cell death. CONCLUSION The results showed that GCH reduced the infarct size and the functional deficits in MCAO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Gyou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju 565-701, Korea
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Liang H, Yin Y, Lin T, Guan D, Ma B, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang X. Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells enhances nerve regeneration of the corticospinal tract and improves recovery of neurological functions in a collagenase-induced rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Mol Cells 2013; 36:17-24. [PMID: 23807046 PMCID: PMC3887925 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reorganization of brain structures after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) insult is crucial to functional outcome. Although the pattern of neuronal rewiring is well-documented after ischemic stroke, the study of brain plasticity after ICH has been focusing on the enhancement of dendritic complexity. Here we hypothesized that functional restoration after ICH involves brain reorganization which may be favorably modulated by stem cell transplantation. In this study, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were transplanted into the perilesional sites of collagenase-induced ICH in adult rats one day after ICH injury. Forelimb functional recovery was monitored with modified limb placing and vibrissae-elicited forelimb placement tests. Anterograde and retrograde tracing were used to assess the reorganization of bilateral forelimb areas of the sensorimotor cortex. We found that in rats transplanted with BMSCs after ICH injury, axonal sprouting occurred in the contralateral caudal forelimb area of the cortex, and was significantly higher than in ICH rat models that received only the vehicle (P < 0.01). The number of positive neurons in the ipsilateral rostral forelimb area of the cortex of the BMSC group was 1.5-to 4.5-fold greater than in the vehicle group (P < 0.05). No difference was found between the BMSC and vehicle groups in hemispheric atrophy or labeled neurons in the ipsilateral caudal forelimb area (P = 0.193). Scores for improved functional behavior in the BMSC group were in accord with the results from histology. Neuronal plasticity of the denervated corticospinal tract at bilateral forelimb areas of the cortex in the collagenase-induced ICH rat models was significantly enhanced by BMSC transplantation. BMSC transplantation may facilitate functional recovery after ICH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Tie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowen Ma
- The second department of neurosurgery, Heilongjiang Provincial hospital, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, College of Heilongjiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
People’s Republic of China
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Frost SB, Iliakova M, Dunham C, Barbay S, Arnold P, Nudo RJ. Reliability in the location of hindlimb motor representations in Fischer-344 rats: laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg Spine 2013; 19:248-55. [PMID: 23725395 DOI: 10.3171/2013.4.spine12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The purpose of the present study was to determine the feasibility of using a common laboratory rat strain for reliably locating cortical motor representations of the hindlimb. METHODS Intracortical microstimulation techniques were used to derive detailed maps of the hindlimb motor representations in 6 adult Fischer-344 rats. RESULTS The organization of the hindlimb movement representation, while variable across individual rats in topographic detail, displayed several commonalities. The hindlimb representation was positioned posterior to the forelimb motor representation and posterolateral to the motor trunk representation. The areal extent of the hindlimb representation across the cortical surface averaged 2.00 ± 0.50 mm(2). Superimposing individual maps revealed an overlapping area measuring 0.35 mm(2), indicating that the location of the hindlimb representation can be predicted reliably based on stereotactic coordinates. Across the sample of rats, the hindlimb representation was found 1.25-3.75 mm posterior to the bregma, with an average center location approximately 2.6 mm posterior to the bregma. Likewise, the hindlimb representation was found 1-3.25 mm lateral to the midline, with an average center location approximately 2 mm lateral to the midline. CONCLUSIONS The location of the cortical hindlimb motor representation in Fischer-344 rats can be reliably located based on its stereotactic position posterior to the bregma and lateral to the longitudinal skull suture at midline. The ability to accurately predict the cortical localization of functional hindlimb territories in a rodent model is important, as such animal models are being increasingly used in the development of brain-computer interfaces for restoration of function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B Frost
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., MS 4016, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Kim SY, Jones TA. The effects of ceftriaxone on skill learning and motor functional outcome after ischemic cortical damage in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2013; 31:87-97. [PMID: 23047495 PMCID: PMC4433287 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-2012-120245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, can selectively enhance the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), the most abundant astrocytic glutamate transporter expressed in the cortex. It has been found to have neuroprotective effects when administered prior to brain ischemic damage or during the acute phase post-stroke, but its effects in chronic period have not been examined. METHODS We examined the effects of ceftriaxone on the acquisition of motor skill and the functional outcome after focal ischemic cortical lesions. In adult male rats, ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg) or vehicle was intraperitoneally injected daily for 5 days, a treatment regime previously established to upregulate GLT-1. This preceded 28 days of skilled reach training in intact animals or began 3 days following lesions, followed by 5 weeks of rehabilitative reach training. RESULTS In intact rats, ceftriaxone did not affect skill learning rate or final performance. Following ischemic lesions, though there was no significant difference in lesion sizes between groups, ceftriaxone exacerbated initial deficits in reaching performance. CONCLUSION These findings of detrimental effects on motor functional outcome suggest that ceftriaxone may be more useful for neuroprotection during the acute phase of ischemia than for functional recovery in the post-acute period after ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
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Starkey ML, Bleul C, Zörner B, Lindau NT, Mueggler T, Rudin M, Schwab ME. Back seat driving: hindlimb corticospinal neurons assume forelimb control following ischaemic stroke. Brain 2012; 135:3265-81. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chao OY, Pum ME, Li JS, Huston JP. The grid-walking test: assessment of sensorimotor deficits after moderate or severe dopamine depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the dorsal striatum and medial forebrain bundle. Neuroscience 2011; 202:318-25. [PMID: 22142899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the applicability of the grid-walking test in rats with moderate or severe dopamine-depletion incurred by unilateral nigro-striatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. Striatum samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) after behavioral testing. In Experiment 1, 2 weeks after the injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle, adult Wistar rats were divided into an l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) and a vehicle treatment group and their behaviors on the grid were compared. The severely lesioned animals (mean dopamine depletion of 92%) did not exhibit behavioral asymmetry in the number of contralateral foot-slips. However, L-dopa administration selectively reduced the number of foot-slips of the contralateral forelimb when compared with the vehicle group. In Experiment 2, 6-OHDA was injected into the dorsal striatum and foot-slips on the grid were analyzed 4, 9 and 13 days following the lesion. The rats with moderate dopamine-depletion (mean depletion of 54%) exhibited more contralateral forelimb-slips on all testing days. Compared with naive rats, hemiparkinsonian rats also showed more forelimb-slips. These results suggest that the grid-walking test should be a powerful and sensitive behavioral assay for sensory-motor deficits in rat models of nigro-striatal dopamine lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Chao
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Duesseldorf, Universitaetstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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A Critical Re-Examination of the Intraluminal Filament MCAO Model: Impact of External Carotid Artery Transection. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:651-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Meng Y, Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Zhang Y, Qu C, Chopp M. Dose-dependent neurorestorative effects of delayed treatment of traumatic brain injury with recombinant human erythropoietin in rats. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:550-60. [PMID: 21495821 DOI: 10.3171/2011.3.jns101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Delayed (24 hours postinjury) treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) improves functional recovery following experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, the authors tested whether therapeutic effects of delayed EPO treatment for TBI are dose dependent in an attempt to establish an optimal dose paradigm for the delayed EPO treatment. METHODS Experimental TBI was performed in anesthetized young adult male Wistar rats using a controlled cortical impact device. Sham animals underwent the same surgical procedure without injury. The animals (8 rats/group) received 3 intraperitoneal injections of EPO (0, 1000, 3000, 5000, or 7000 U/kg body weight, at 24, 48, and 72 hours) after TBI. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions were assessed using a modified neurological severity score and foot fault test, and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Animals were killed 35 days after injury, and the brain sections were stained for immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Compared with the saline treatment, EPO treatment at doses from 1000 to 7000 U/kg did not alter lesion volume but significantly reduced hippocampal neuron loss, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured cortex and hippocampus, and significantly improved sensorimotor function and spatial learning. The animals receiving the medium dose of 5000 U/kg exhibited a significant improvement in histological and functional outcomes compared with the lower or higher EPO dose groups. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that delayed (24 hours postinjury) treatment with EPO provides dose-dependent neurorestoration, which may contribute to improved functional recovery after TBI, implying that application of an optimal dose of EPO is likely to increase successful preclinical and clinical trials for treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Ning R, Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Qu C, Chopp M. Erythropoietin promotes neurovascular remodeling and long-term functional recovery in rats following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2011; 1384:140-50. [PMID: 21295557 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) improves functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was designed to investigate long-term (3 months) effects of EPO on brain remodeling and functional recovery in rats after TBI. Young male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral controlled cortical impact injury. TBI rats were divided into the following groups: (1) saline group (n=7); (2) EPO-6h group (n=8); and (3) EPO-24h group (n=8). EPO (5000 U/kg in saline) was administered intraperitoneally at 6h, and 1 and 2 days (EPO-6h group) or at 1, 2, and 3 days (EPO-24h group) postinjury. Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurological severity score, footfault and Morris water maze tests. Animals were sacrificed at 3 months after injury and brain sections were stained for immunohistochemical analyses. Compared to the saline, EPO-6h treatment significantly reduced cortical lesion volume, while EPO-24h therapy did not affect the lesion volume (P<0.05). Both the EPO-6h and EPO-24h treatments significantly reduced hippocampal cell loss (P<0.05), promoted angiogenesis (P<0.05) and increased endogenous cellular proliferation (BrdU-positive cells) in the injury boundary zone and hippocampus (P<0.05) compared to saline controls. Significantly enhanced neurogenesis (BrdU/NeuN-positive cells) was seen in the dentate gyrus of both EPO groups compared to the saline group. Both EPO treatments significantly improved long-term sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery after TBI. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of posttraumatic EPO treatment on injured brain persisted for at least 3 months. The long-term improvement in functional outcome may in part be related to the neurovascular remodeling induced by EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Nishibe M, Barbay S, Guggenmos D, Nudo RJ. Reorganization of motor cortex after controlled cortical impact in rats and implications for functional recovery. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:2221-32. [PMID: 20873958 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of controlled cortical impact (CCI) centered on the caudal forelimb area (CFA) of rat motor cortex to determine the feasibility of examining cortical plasticity in a spared cortical motor area (rostral forelimb area, RFA). We compared the effects of three CCI parameter sets (groups CCI-1, CCI-2, and CCI-3) that differed in impactor surface shape, size, and location, on behavioral recovery and RFA structural and functional integrity. Forelimb deficits in the limb contralateral to the injury were evident in all three CCI groups assessed by skilled reach and footfault tasks that persisted throughout the 35-day post-CCI assessment period. Nissl-stained coronal sections revealed that the RFA was structurally intact. Intracortical microstimulation experiments conducted at 7 weeks post-CCI demonstrated that RFA was functionally viable. However, the size of the forelimb representation decreased significantly in CCI-1 compared to the control group. Subdivided into component movement categories, there was a significant group effect for proximal forelimb movements. The RFA area reduction and reorganization are discussed in relation to possible diaschisis, and to compensatory functional behavior, respectively. Also, an inverse correlation between the anterior extent of the lesion and the size of the RFA was identified and is discussed in relation to corticocortical connectivity. The results suggest that CCI can be applied to rat CFA while sparing RFA. This CCI model can contribute to our understanding of neural plasticity in premotor cortex as a substrate for functional motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nishibe
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Neese SL, Clough RW, Banz WJ, Smith DC. Z-Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid (Z-BDDA): An estrogenic seco-steroid that enhances behavioral recovery following moderate fluid percussion brain injury in male rats. Brain Res 2010; 1362:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Qu C, Schallert T, Chopp M. Delayed administration of erythropoietin reducing hippocampal cell loss, enhancing angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and improving functional outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats: comparison of treatment with single and triple dose. J Neurosurg 2010; 113:598-608. [PMID: 19817538 DOI: 10.3171/2009.9.jns09844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This efficacy study was designed to investigate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats treated with delayed erythropoietin (EPO) administered in a single dose compared with a triple dose. METHODS Young adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (6 animals); 2) TBI/saline group (6 animals); 3) TBI/EPOx1 group (6 animals); and 4) TBI/EPOx3 group (7 animals). Traumatic brain injury was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. Erythropoietin (5000 U/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally on Day 1 (EPOx1 group) or on Days 1, 2, and 3 (EPOx3 group) postinjury. Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurological severity score, foot-fault, and Morris water maze tests. Animals were killed 35 days after injury and brain sections were stained for immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the saline treatment, EPO treatment in both the EPOx1 and EPOx3 groups significantly reduced hippocampal cell loss, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured cortex and hippocampus, and significantly improved neurological functional outcome. The EPOx3 group exhibited significantly improved functional and histological outcomes compared with the EPOx1 group. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that delayed posttraumatic administration of EPO significantly improved histological and long-term functional outcomes in rats after TBI. The triple doses of delayed EPO treatment produced better histological and functional outcomes in rats, although a single dose provided substantial benefits compared with saline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Tennant KA, Adkins DL, Donlan NA, Asay AL, Thomas N, Kleim JA, Jones TA. The organization of the forelimb representation of the C57BL/6 mouse motor cortex as defined by intracortical microstimulation and cytoarchitecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:865-76. [PMID: 20739477 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The organization of forelimb representation areas of the monkey, cat, and rat motor cortices has been studied in depth, but its characterization in the mouse lags far behind. We used intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and cytoarchitectonics to characterize the general organization of the C57BL/6 mouse motor cortex, and the forelimb representation in more detail. We found that the forelimb region spans a large area of frontal cortex, bordered primarily by vibrissa, neck, shoulder, and hindlimb representations. It included a large caudal forelimb area, dominated by digit representation, and a small rostral forelimb area, containing elbow and wrist representations. When the entire motor cortex was mapped, the forelimb was found to be the largest movement representation, followed by head and hindlimb representations. The ICMS-defined motor cortex spanned cytoarchitecturally identified lateral agranular cortex (AGl) and also extended into medial agranular cortex. Forelimb and hindlimb representations extended into granular cortex in a region that also had cytoarchitectural characteristics of AGl, consistent with the primary motor-somatosensory overlap zone (OL) characterized in rats. Thus, the mouse motor cortex has homologies with the rat in having 2 forelimb representations and an OL but is distinct in the predominance of digit representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Tennant
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Schaar KL, Brenneman MM, Savitz SI. Functional assessments in the rodent stroke model. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2010; 2:13. [PMID: 20642841 PMCID: PMC2915950 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a common cause of permanent disability accompanied by devastating impairments for which there is a pressing need for effective treatment. Motor, sensory and cognitive deficits are common following stroke, yet treatment is limited. Along with histological measures, functional outcome in animal models has provided valuable insight to the biological basis and potential rehabilitation efforts of experimental stroke. Developing and using tests that have the ability to identify behavioral deficits is essential to expanding the development of translational therapies. The present aim of this paper is to review many of the current behavioral tests that assess functional outcome after stoke in rodent models. While there is no perfect test, there are many assessments that are sensitive to detecting the array of impairments, from global to modality specific, after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L Schaar
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Miranda M Brenneman
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Allred RP, Cappellini CH, Jones TA. The "good" limb makes the "bad" limb worse: experience-dependent interhemispheric disruption of functional outcome after cortical infarcts in rats. Behav Neurosci 2010; 124:124-132. [PMID: 20141287 DOI: 10.1037/a0018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Following stroke-like lesions to the sensorimotor cortex in rats, experience with the ipsi-to-lesion (ipsilesional), "nonparetic", forelimb worsens deficits in the contralesional, "paretic", forelimb. We tested whether the maladaptive effects of experience with the nonparetic limb are mediated through callosal connections and the contralesional sensorimotor cortex. Adult male rats with proficiency in skilled reaching with their dominant (for reaching) forelimb received ischemic bilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions, or unilateral lesions, with or without callosal transections. After assessing dominant forelimb function (the paretic forelimb in rats with unilateral lesions), animals were trained with their nonparetic/nondominant forelimb or underwent control procedures for 15 days. Animals were then tested with their paretic/dominant forelimb. In animals with unilateral lesions only, nonparetic forelimb training worsened subsequent performance with the paretic forelimb, as found previously. This effect was not found in animals with both callosal transections and unilateral lesions. After bilateral lesions, training the nondominant limb did not worsen function of the dominant limb compared with controls. Thus, the maladaptive effects of training the nonparetic limb on paretic forelimb function depend upon the contralesional cortex and transcallosal projections. This suggests that this experience-dependent disruption of functional recovery is mediated through interhemispheric connections of the sensorimotor cortex.
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with thymosin β₄ in rats. J Neurosurg 2010; 114:102-15. [PMID: 20486893 DOI: 10.3171/2010.4.jns10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of delayed thymosin β(4) (Tβ(4)) treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. METHODS Young adult male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (6 rats); 2) TBI + saline group (9 rats); 3) and TBI + Tβ(4) group (10 rats). Traumatic brain injury was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. Thymosin β(4) (6 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally starting at Day 1 and then every 3 days for an additional 4 doses. Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS), foot fault, and Morris water maze tests. Animals were killed 35 days after injury, and brain sections were stained for immunohistochemistry to assess angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis after Tβ(4) treatment. RESULTS Compared with the saline treatment, delayed Tβ(4) treatment did not affect lesion volume but significantly reduced hippocampal cell loss, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured cortex and hippocampus, increased oligodendrogenesis in the CA3 region, and significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery and spatial learning. CONCLUSIONS These data for the first time demonstrate that delayed administration of Tβ(4) significantly improves histological and functional outcomes in rats with TBI, indicating that Tβ(4) has considerable therapeutic potential for patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:703-17. [PMID: 20087362 PMCID: PMC2949172 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising results in preclinical stroke research, translation of experimental data into clinical therapy has been difficult. One reason is the heterogeneity of the disease with outcomes ranging from complete recovery to continued decline. A successful treatment in one situation may be ineffective, or even harmful, in another. To overcome this, treatment must be tailored according to the individual based on identification of the risk of damage and estimation of potential recovery. Neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), could be the tool for a rapid comprehensive assessment in acute stroke with the potential to guide treatment decisions for a better clinical outcome. This review describes current MRI techniques used to characterize stroke in a preclinical research setting, as well as in the clinic. Furthermore, we will discuss current developments and the future potential of neuroimaging for stroke outcome prediction.
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Fujioka H, Fujii M, Koizumi H, Imoto H, Nomura S, Saito T, Yamakawa T, Suzuki M. An implantable, focal brain cooling device suppresses nociceptive pain in rats. Neurosci Res 2010; 66:402-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Botreau F, Gisquet-Verrier P. Re-thinking the role of the dorsal striatum in egocentric/response strategy. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:7. [PMID: 20204137 PMCID: PMC2831625 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.007.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats trained in a dual-solution cross-maze task, which can be solved by place and response strategies, predominantly used a response strategy after extensive training. This paper examines the involvement of the medial and lateral dorsal striatum (mDS and lDS) in the choice of these strategies after partial and extensive training. Our results show that rats with lDS and mDS lesions used mainly a response strategy from the early phase of training. We replicated these unexpected data in rats with lDS lesions and confirmed their tendency to use the response strategy in a modified cross-maze task. When trained in a dual-solution water-maze task, however, control and lesioned rats consistently used a place strategy, demonstrating that lDS and mDS lesioned rats can use a place strategy and that the shift towards a response strategy did not systematically result from extensive training. The present data did not show any clear dissociation between the mDS and lDS in dual solution tasks. They further indicate that the dorsal striatum seems to determine the strategies adopted in a particular context but cannot be considered as a neural support for the response memory system. Accordingly, the role of the lateral and medial part of the dorsal striatum in egocentric/response memory should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Botreau
- Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrsay, France
| | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrsay, France
- UMR 8195, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
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