1
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Burton JB, Carruthers NJ, Stemmer PM. Enriching extracellular vesicles for mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:779-795. [PMID: 34632607 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles from plasma, other body fluids and cell culture media hold great promise in the search for biomarkers. Exosomes in particular, the vesicle type that is secreted after being produced in the endocytic pathway and having a diameter of 30-150 nm, are considered to be a conveyance for signaling molecules and, therefore, to hold valuable information regarding the health and activity status of the cells from which they are released. The vesicular nature of exosomes is central to all methods used to separate them from the highly abundant proteins in plasma and other fluids. The enrichment of the vesicles is essential for mass spectrometry-based analysis as they represent only a very small component of all plasma proteins. The progression of isolation techniques for exosomes from ultracentrifugation through chromatographic separation using hydrophobic packing materials shows that effective enrichment is possible and that high throughput approaches to exosome enrichment are achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Burton
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Paul M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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García-Martínez S, Gadea J, Coy P, Romar R. Addition of exogenous proteins detected in oviductal secretions to in vitro culture medium does not improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization in pigs. Theriogenology 2020; 157:490-497. [PMID: 32898824 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to study whether HSP70-1A, HSP90α, ezrin or PDI4, proteins previously identified in porcine oviductal secretions, have a role in zona pellucida (ZP) resistance to enzymatic digestion, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and sperm viability. In vitro matured porcine cumulus oocyte complexes were denuded and i) incubated for 1 h in TALP medium supplemented or not with each exogenous oviductal protein and in presence or absence of heparin to assess ZP digestion time by pronase; and ii) inseminated with fresh ejaculated boar spermatozoa in medium supplemented or not with each exogenous oviductal protein to assess their effect on fertilization results. Finally, spermatozoa were incubated in Tyrode's medium (0, 1 and 20 h) supplemented or not with HSP-701A, HSP-90α or ezrin, to assess simultaneously sperm viability and acrosome status by means of flow cytometry. Although all proteins increased the ZP digestion time, this increase was lower than 1 min, being ezrin the protein with a stronger effect. Presence of heparin in the medium reinforced the ZP hardening effect of ezrin and HSP-701A up to one more min, but not HSP-90α nor PDI4. Sperm penetration, but not IVF efficiency, increased when gametes were cocultured in medium containing PDIA4 whereas sperm penetration and polyspermy rates decreased in presence of ezrin and HSP proteins. This reduction was not the result of a detrimental effect of proteins on sperm viability or acrosome reaction. In conclusion, addition of exogenous proteins detected in oviductal secretions to artificial media does not reproduce the effect of adding such secretions nor improve the final efficiency of the porcine IVF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad García-Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Gadea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Coy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Romar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Crane ED, Al-Hashimi AA, Chen J, Lynn EG, Won KD, Lhoták Š, Naeim M, Platko K, Lebeau P, Byun JH, Shayegan B, Krepinsky JC, Rayner KJ, Marchiò S, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Austin RC. Anti-GRP78 autoantibodies induce endothelial cell activation and accelerate the development of atherosclerotic lesions. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99363. [PMID: 30568038 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an ER molecular chaperone that aids in protein folding and secretion. However, pathological conditions that cause ER stress can promote the relocalization of GRP78 to the cell surface (csGRP78), where it acts as a signaling receptor to promote cancer progression. csGRP78 also possesses antigenic properties, leading to the production of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies, which contribute to tumor growth. In contrast, the presence and role of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies in atherosclerosis is unknown. Here, we show that atherosclerotic-prone ApoE-/- mice develop circulating anti-GRP78 autoantibodies that bind to csGRP78 on lesion-resident endothelial cells. Moreover, GRP78-immunized ApoE-/- mice exhibit a marked increase in circulating anti-GRP78 autoantibody titers that correlated with accelerated lesion growth. Mechanistically, engagement of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies with csGRP78 on human endothelial cells activated NF-κB, thereby inducing the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, a process blocked by NF-κB inhibitors. Disrupting the autoantibody/csGRP78 complex with enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, reduced the expression of adhesion molecules and attenuated lesion growth. In conclusion, anti-GRP78 autoantibodies play a crucial role in atherosclerosis development, and disruption of the interaction between anti-GRP78 autoantibodies and csGRP78 represents a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A Al-Hashimi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | | | - Šárka Lhoták
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Magda Naeim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | - Paul Lebeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | - Bobby Shayegan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
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4
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Al-Hashimi AA, Lebeau P, Majeed F, Polena E, Lhotak Š, Collins CAF, Pinthus JH, Gonzalez-Gronow M, Hoogenes J, Pizzo SV, Crowther M, Kapoor A, Rak J, Gyulay G, D'Angelo S, Marchiò S, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Shayegan B, Austin RC. Autoantibodies against the cell surface-associated chaperone GRP78 stimulate tumor growth via tissue factor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21180-21192. [PMID: 29066620 PMCID: PMC5743090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells display on their surface several molecular chaperones that normally reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. Because this display is unique to cancer cells, these chaperones are attractive targets for drug development. Previous epitope-mapping of autoantibodies (AutoAbs) from prostate cancer patients identified the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) as one such target. Although we previously showed that anti-GRP78 AutoAbs increase tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity on the surface of tumor cells, the direct effect of TF activation on tumor growth was not examined. In this study, we explore the interplay between the AutoAbs against cell surface-associated GRP78, TF expression/activity, and prostate cancer progression. First, we show that tumor GRP78 expression correlates with disease stage and that anti-GRP78 AutoAb levels parallel prostate-specific antigen concentrations in patient-derived serum samples. Second, we demonstrate that these anti-GRP78 AutoAbs target cell-surface GRP78, activating the unfolded protein response and inducing tumor cell proliferation through a TF-dependent mechanism, a specific effect reversed by neutralization or immunodepletion of the AutoAb pool. Finally, these AutoAbs enhance tumor growth in mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts, and heparin derivatives specifically abrogate this effect by blocking AutoAb binding to cell-surface GRP78 and decreasing TF expression/activity. Together, these results establish a molecular mechanism in which AutoAbs against cell-surface GRP78 drive TF-mediated tumor progression in an experimental model of prostate cancer. Heparin derivatives counteract this mechanism and, as such, represent potentially appealing compounds to be evaluated in well-designed translational clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Al-Hashimi
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Paul Lebeau
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Fadwa Majeed
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Enio Polena
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Šárka Lhotak
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Celeste A F Collins
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Jehonathan H Pinthus
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Mario Gonzalez-Gronow
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jen Hoogenes
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Mark Crowther
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Sara D'Angelo
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Serena Marchiò
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
- the Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy, and
- the Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Wadih Arap
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Bobby Shayegan
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada,
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5
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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6
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Balaj L, Atai NA, Chen W, Mu D, Tannous BA, Breakefield XO, Skog J, Maguire CA. Heparin affinity purification of extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10266. [PMID: 25988257 PMCID: PMC4437317 DOI: 10.1038/srep10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane vesicles released by cells. They carry active biomolecules including DNA, RNA, and protein which can be transferred to recipient cells. Isolation and purification of EVs from culture cell media and biofluids is still a major challenge. The most widely used isolation method is ultracentrifugation (UC) which requires expensive equipment and only partially purifies EVs. Previously we have shown that heparin blocks EV uptake in cells, supporting a direct EV-heparin interaction. Here we show that EVs can be purified from cell culture media and human plasma using ultrafiltration (UF) followed by heparin-affinity beads. UF/heparin-purified EVs from cell culture displayed the EV marker Alix, contained a diverse RNA profile, had lower levels of protein contamination, and were functional at binding to and uptake into cells. RNA yield was similar for EVs isolated by UC. We were able to detect mRNAs in plasma samples with comparable levels to UC samples. In conclusion, we have discovered a simple, scalable, and effective method to purify EVs taking advantage of their heparin affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nadia A Atai
- 1] Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. [2] Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dakai Mu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- 1] Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. [2] Departments of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Casey A Maguire
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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7
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Harada Y, Garenáux E, Nagatsuka T, Uzawa H, Nishida Y, Sato C, Kitajima K. Interaction of 70-kDa heat shock protein with glycosaminoglycans and acidic glycopolymers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Mondéjar I, Martínez-Martínez I, Avilés M, Coy P. Identification of Potential Oviductal Factors Responsible for Zona Pellucida Hardening and Monospermy During Fertilization in Mammals1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:67. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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9
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Abstract
This article summarizes the recent progress in the design and synthesis of hydrogels as tissue-engineering scaffolds. Hydrogels are attractive scaffolding materials owing to their highly swollen network structure, ability to encapsulate cells and bioactive molecules, and efficient mass transfer. Various polymers, including natural, synthetic and natural/synthetic hybrid polymers, have been used to make hydrogels via chemical or physical crosslinking. Recently, bioactive synthetic hydrogels have emerged as promising scaffolds because they can provide molecularly tailored biofunctions and adjustable mechanical properties, as well as an extracellular matrix-like microenvironment for cell growth and tissue formation. This article addresses various strategies that have been explored to design synthetic hydrogels with extracellular matrix-mimetic bioactive properties, such as cell adhesion, proteolytic degradation and growth factor-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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10
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Gonzalez-Gronow M, Cuchacovich M, Llanos C, Urzua C, Gawdi G, Pizzo SV. Prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro is modulated by antibodies against glucose-regulated protein 78 isolated from patient serum. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11424-31. [PMID: 17145889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating autoantibodies against the glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa (GRP78) are present at high levels in prostate cancer patients and are a biomarker of aggressive tumor behavior. We purified the anti-GRP78 IgGs and examined their effect on 1-LN, PC-3, DU145, and LnCap human prostate cancer cells. We also evaluated its effects on the breast cancer MDA-MB231 and melanoma DM413 cell lines. The anti-GRP78 antibody binds only to cells expressing GRP78 on the surface, to a site also recognized by its physiologic agonist, activated alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M*). This antibody is completely specific for a peptide, including the primary amino acid sequence CNVKSDKSC, which contains a tertiary structural motif mimicking an epitope in GRP78. Tertiary structural analysis suggested the linear GRP78 primary amino acid sequence LIGRTWNDPSVQQDIKFL (Leu(98)-Leu(115)) as the putative binding site, containing the tertiary structual arrangement described above, which was confirmed experimentally. The anti-GRP78 antibodies from prostate cancer patients recognize almost exclusively this epitope. We produced animal antibodies against both these peptides, and they are able to mimic the effects of the human antibody. Our experiments also suggest this epitope as highly immunogenic, thereby explaining the specificity of the immune response against this epitope in GRP78, observed in humans. Using 1-LN cells as a model, we show that anti-GRP78 IgG purified from the sera of these patients mimics the proproliferative effects induced by alpha(2)M* via the common receptor, GRP78. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of human anti-GRP78 IgG show a dose-dependent protective effect on apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gonzalez-Gronow
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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11
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Mamelak D, Lingwood C. The ATPase domain of hsp70 possesses a unique binding specificity for 3'-sulfogalactolipids. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:449-56. [PMID: 11024054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006732200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The region(s) of hsp70 critical for sulfogalactolipid (SGL) recognition has been defined through deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. Truncated polymerase chain reaction products of hsp70 generated N-terminal fragments of 43, 35, 29, and 22 kDa. The C terminus substrate-binding domain (28 kDa) was also expressed. The N-terminal ATPase domain (rP43) shared the binding specificity of hsp70, because only sulfogalactosyl ceramide and sulfogalactosyl glycerolipid were recognized by both TLC overlay and RELISA. The C-terminal domain showed no binding. SGL binding of rP29 and rP22 was severely reduced. The loss of SGL binding for rP35 by RELISA but not TLC overlay was considered as a function of receptor presentation. The truncation of rP43 to rP35 demonstrates that residues 318-387 (the base of the ATP binding cleft) are critical for high affinity SGL binding. Mutagenesis showed that Arg(342) and Phe(198) are crucial for this process. SGL binding, mediated by these conserved residues within the ATPase domain of hsp70, implies that this binding specificity is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mamelak
- Division of Infection, Immunity, Injury, and Repair, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Heat shock protein-based vaccines have been shown to immunize against cancer and infectious diseases in both prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. So far, four classes of heat shock proteins (HSPs) preparation: gp96, HSP90 (hsp86, hsp84), HSP70 (hsc70, hsp70) and calreticulin have been used successfully. The methods for purifying them individually are now readily available. However, since tumors are not always available in large quantity, a major challenge remains the development of a procedure to simultaneously isolate these HSPs from the same sample. We report here that hsp40, hsp60, hsc70, hsp70, hsp84, hsp86, and gp96 (grp94) but not BiP (grp78) and calreticulin can be separated from a single tumor sample in one step using heparin-agarose chromatography. Interestingly this procedure separates the HSP70 isoforms hsp70 from hsc70, but not the HSP90 isoforms hsp84 and hsp86. The three main immunogenic HSPs, gp96, hsp86/84, and hsc70 can be further isolated to homogeneity using additional purification methods. In addition, we have shown that the interaction of the chaperoned peptides with hsc70 and gp96 is not compromised during heparin chromatography. These observations provide a new method for preparation of multiple HSP-based vaccines, circumventing the sample size limitation, as well as providing the possibility to study how multiple HSPs can synergize in eliciting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ménoret
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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13
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Sharma A, Askari JA, Humphries MJ, Jones EY, Stuart DI. Crystal structure of a heparin- and integrin-binding segment of human fibronectin. EMBO J 1999; 18:1468-79. [PMID: 10075919 PMCID: PMC1171236 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.6.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of human fibronectin (FN) type III repeats 12-14 reveals the primary heparin-binding site, a clump of positively charged residues in FN13, and a putative minor site approximately 60 A away in FN14. The IDAPS motif implicated in integrin alpha4beta1 binding is at the FN13-14 junction, rendering the critical Asp184 inaccessible to integrin. Asp184 clamps the BC loop of FN14, whose sequence (PRARI) is reminiscent of the synergy sequence (PHSRN) of FN9. Mutagenesis studies prompted by this observation reveal that both arginines of the PRARI sequence are important for alpha4beta1 binding to FN12-14. The PRARI motif may represent a new class of integrin-binding sites. The spatial organization of the binding sites suggests that heparin and integrin may bind in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford, Rex Richardson Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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