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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Nguyen HH, Lee SH, Lee UJ, Fermin CD, Kim M. Immobilized Enzymes in Biosensor Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E121. [PMID: 30609693 PMCID: PMC6337536 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-based biosensing devices have been extensively developed over the last few decades, and have proven to be innovative techniques in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a variety of target substrates over a wide range of applications. Distinct advantages that enzyme-based biosensors provide, such as high sensitivity and specificity, portability, cost-effectiveness, and the possibilities for miniaturization and point-of-care diagnostic testing make them more and more attractive for research focused on clinical analysis, food safety control, or disease monitoring purposes. Therefore, this review article investigates the operating principle of enzymatic biosensors utilizing electrochemical, optical, thermistor, and piezoelectric measurement techniques and their applications in the literature, as well as approaches in improving the use of enzymes for biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Hiep Nguyen
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Sun Hyeok Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Ui Jin Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Cesar D Fermin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36830, USA.
| | - Moonil Kim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36830, USA.
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Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj SK, Mehta J, Kim KH, Deep A. MOF-Bacteriophage Biosensor for Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Staphylococcus aureus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33589-33598. [PMID: 28891643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To produce a sensitive and specific biosensor for Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophages have been interfaced with a water-dispersible and environmentally stable metal-organic framework (MOF), NH2-MIL-53(Fe). The conjugation of the MOF with bacteriophages has been achieved through the use of glutaraldehyde as cross-linker. Highly sensitive detection of S. aureus in both synthetic and real samples was realized by the proposed MOF-bacteriophage biosensor based on the photoluminescence quenching phenomena: limit of detection (31 CFU/mL) and range of detection (40 to 4 × 108 CFU/mL). This is the first report exploiting the use of an MOF-bacteriophage complex for the biosensing of S. aureus. The results of our study highlight that the proposed biosensor is more sensitive than most of the previous methods while exhibiting some advanced features like specificity, regenerability, extended range of linear detection, and stability for long-term storage (even at room temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhardwaj
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Jyotsana Mehta
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Akash Deep
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO) , Chandigarh 160030, India
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Busse C, Biechele P, de Vries I, Reardon KF, Solle D, Scheper T. Sensors for disposable bioreactors. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:940-952. [PMID: 32624843 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern bioprocess monitoring demands sensors that provide on-line information about the process state. In particular, sensors for monitoring bioprocesses carried out in single-use bioreactors are needed because disposable systems are becoming increasingly important for biotechnological applications. Requirements for the sensors used in these single-use bioreactors are different than those used in classical reusable bioreactors. For example, long lifetime or resistance to steam and cleaning procedures are less crucial factors, while a requirement of sensors for disposable bioreactors is a cost that is reasonable on a per-use basis. Here, we present an overview of current and emerging sensors for single-use bioreactors, organized by the type of interface of the sensor systems to the bioreactor. A major focus is on non-invasive, in-situ sensors that are based on electromagnetic, semiconducting, optical, or ultrasonic measurements. In addition, new technologies like radio-frequency identification sensors or free-floating sensor spheres are presented. Notably, at this time there is no standard interface between single-use bioreactors and the sensors discussed here. In the future, manufacturers should address this shortcoming to promote single-use bioprocess monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Ingo de Vries
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth F Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Colorado State University USA
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
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Biechele P, Busse C, Solle D, Scheper T, Reardon K. Sensor systems for bioprocess monitoring. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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Yakovleva M, Bhand S, Danielsson B. The enzyme thermistor—A realistic biosensor concept. A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 766:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Immunoaffinity chromatography: an introduction to applications and recent developments. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:769-90. [PMID: 20640220 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) combines the use of LC with the specific binding of antibodies or related agents. The resulting method can be used in assays for a particular target or for purification and concentration of analytes prior to further examination by another technique. This review discusses the history and principles of IAC and the various formats that can be used with this method. An overview is given of the general properties of antibodies and of antibody-production methods. The supports and immobilization methods used with antibodies in IAC and the selection of application and elution conditions for IAC are also discussed. Several applications of IAC are considered, including its use in purification, immunodepletion, direct sample analysis, chromatographic immunoassays and combined analysis methods. Recent developments include the use of IAC with CE or MS, ultrafast immunoextraction methods and the use of immunoaffinity columns in microanalytical systems.
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Glindkamp A, Riechers D, Rehbock C, Hitzmann B, Scheper T, Reardon KF. Sensors in Disposable Bioreactors Status and Trends. DISPOSABLE BIOREACTORS 2009; 115:145-69. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Junker BH, Wang HY. Bioprocess monitoring and computer control: key roots of the current PAT initiative. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:226-261. [PMID: 16933288 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review article has been written for the journal, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, to commemorate the 70th birthday of Daniel I.C. Wang, who served as doctoral thesis advisor to each of the co-authors, but a decade apart. Key roots of the current PAT initiative in bioprocess monitoring and control are described, focusing on the impact of Danny Wang's research as a professor at MIT. The history of computer control and monitoring in biochemical processing has been used to identify the areas that have already benefited and those that are most likely to benefit in the future from PAT applications. Past applications have included the use of indirect estimation methods for cell density, expansion of on-line/at-line and on-line/in situ measurement techniques, and development of models and expert systems for control and optimization. Future applications are likely to encompass additional novel measurement technologies, measurements for multi-scale and disposable bioreactors, real time batch release, and more efficient data utilization to achieve process validation and continuous improvement goals. Dan Wang's substantial contributions in this arena have been one key factor in steering the PAT initiative towards realistic and attainable industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Junker
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Building R810-127, Rahway 07065, New Jersey
| | - H Y Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
The development of a fully automated on-line monitoring and control system is very important in bioprocesses. One of the most important parameters in these processes is biomass. This review discusses different methods for biomass quantification. A general definition of biomass and biovolume are presented. Interesting concepts about active but not culturable cells considerations are included as well as concepts that must be taken into account when selecting biomass quantification technology. Chemical methods have had few applications in biomass measurement to date; however, bioluminescence can selectively enumerate viable cells. Photometric methods including fluorescence and scattered light measurements are presented. Reference methods including dry and wet weight, viable counts and direct counts are discussed, as well as the physical methods of flow cytometry, impedancimetric and dielectric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Madrid
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, FACET/INSIBIO, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Tucuman, Argentina.
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Abstract
The paper gives a review on the recent development of bioprocess engineering. It includes monitoring of product formation processes by flow injection analysis, various types of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods as well as by biosensors. The evaluation of mycelial morphology and physiology by digital image analysis is discussed also. It deals with advanced control of indirectly evaluated process variables by means of state estimation/observer, with the use of structured and hybrid models, expert systems and pattern recognition for process optimization and gives a short report on the state of the art of metabolic flux analysis and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schügerl
- Institut für Technische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3, D-30167, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Rhee JI, Hagedorn J, Kretzmer G, Scheper T, Schügerl K. Flow-injection immunoassay using OPA derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schügerl K, Seidel G. Monitoring of the concentration of β-lactam antibiotics and their precursors in complex cultivation media by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
When combined with biosensors as the sensing element microdialysis and flow injection analysis (FIA) systems become sophisticated tools for handling analytical processes. In particular a FIA system offers a high degree of automation together with high reproducibility and small sample volumes, whereas the biosensor, allows selective and sensitive measurements of the various analytes. Here we describe first a miniaturised microdialysis flow-through system developed for glucose determination, then we focus on amperometric immunosensors and on microbial sensors. In the former, antibodies against low molecular weight environmental contaminants or against high molecular weight proteins are responsible for analyte detection, whereas the latter use immobilised microorganisms as the recognising element for monitoring water pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Spener
- Institut für Chemo-und Biosensorik, Münster, Germany
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Trau D, Theueri T, Wilmer M, Meusel M, Spener F. Development of an amperometric flow injection immunoanalysis system for the determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water. Biosens Bioelectron 1997; 12:499-510. [PMID: 9253154 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An amperometric flow injection immunoanalysis (FIIA) system based on an immunoreactor with immobilized biocomponents on a silica surface has been developed for the determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In the antigen coating mode the hapten was immobilized and monoclonal primary antibody against 2,4-D together with alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labelled secondary antibody were used as sensing elements in a titration assay. In the antibody coating mode a biotinylated monoclonal antibody was immobilized on the surface of the immunoreactor and a 2,4-D-AP-conjugate was used for detection. For electrochemical measurements p-aminophenol enzymatically generated from p-aminophenyl phosphate was oxidized at a carbon working electrode at +150 mV versus Ag/AgCl. The system enabled the determination of 2,4-D in drinking water samples in the range from 0.2 to 70 micrograms/l. The whole system was computer controlled with a measuring time of 12 min for one determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Trau
- Institute of Chemical and Biochemical Sensor Research, ICB, Münster, Germany
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Lausch R, Reif OW, Riechel P, Scheper T. Analysis of immunoglobulin G using a capillary electrophoretic affinity assay with protein A and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1995; 16:636-41. [PMID: 7588537 DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501601102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method for the rapid and sensitive determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in cultivation media by an affinity assay using capillary electrophoresis is presented. For that purpose we evaluated protein A conjugated with a fluorescent dye such as fluorescein diisocyanate or dichlorotriazinyl-aminofluorescein as an affinity ligand. The ligand formed a fluorescing complex with immunoglobulin G in the sample and rapid separation from excess protein A was performed by capillary zone electrophoresis. However, only partial resolution of the zones was achieved when protein A as a whole molecule was utilized. In contrast, baseline resolution of the zones was obtained when recombinant fragments of protein A were used as affinity ligands. Immunoglobulin concentrations in the range of two orders of magnitude were determined. Due to the specificity of protein A for immunoglobulin G, analysis can be carried out even in the presence of high concentrations of other components and in cultivation media. Thus, the capillary electrophoretic affinity assay was successfully applied to monitor monoclonal antibodies in a cultivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lausch
- Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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Schulze B, Middendorf C, Reinecke M, Scheper T, Noé W, Howaldt M. Automated imunoanalysis systems for monitoring mammalian cell cultivation processes. Cytotechnology 1994; 15:259-69. [PMID: 7765939 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different automated immunoanalysis systems are presented. Both are based on the principles of flow-injection analysis and were developed to provide reliable, rapid monitoring of relevant proteins in animal cell cultivation processes. One system uses a turbidimetric analysis, and the other employs a heterogeneous chemistry with immobilized immunocomponents. For both systems, the analysis time is in the range of a few minutes, and a complete analysis cycle, including triplicate analyses and various washing steps, is in the range of 20-30 minutes. Samples from cultivation processes can be analyzed directly without dilution. Quantitation of proteins such as rt-PA or monoclonal antibodies can be performed over an analyte concentration range of 1-1000 mg/L. Both systems were compared to conventional ELISA assays on microtiter plates. The turbidimetric analysis system also included a biosensor for simultaneous glucose determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schulze
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Müster, Germany
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