1
|
Magalhães L, Nogueira DS, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Oliveira FMS, Kraemer L, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Vieira-Santos F, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL. Immunological underpinnings of Ascaris infection, reinfection and co-infection and their associated co-morbidities. Parasitology 2021; 148:1-10. [PMID: 33843506 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human ascariasis is the most common and prevalent neglected tropical disease and is estimated that ~819 million people are infected around the globe, accounting for 0.861 million years of disability-adjusted life years in 2017. Even with the existence of highly effective drugs, the constant presence of infective parasite eggs in the environment contribute to a high reinfection rate after treatment. Due to its high prevalence and broad geographic distribution Ascaris infection is associated with a variety of co-morbidities and co-infections. Here, we provide data from both experimental models and humans studies that illustrate how complex is the interaction of Ascaris with the host immune system, especially, in the context of reinfections, co-infections and associated co-morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Magalhães
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise S Nogueira
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabricio M S Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kraemer
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Flaviane Vieira-Santos
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Castro JC, de Almeida LV, Cardoso MS, Oliveira FMS, Nogueira DS, Reis-Cunha JL, Magalhaes LMD, Zhan B, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Bueno LL, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT. Vaccination with chimeric protein induces protection in murine model against ascariasis. Vaccine 2020; 39:394-401. [PMID: 33248854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 400 million people are infected by parasites of the genus Ascaris and the existing control measures are inefficient. Vaccine development using B cell antigens is a promising strategy for increased protection against this parasite. The present study aimed at developing a chimeric protein capable of conferring protection against infection by Ascaris sp. For this purpose, we performed B-cell epitope predictions on previously described vaccine candidate proteins from Ascaris suum and the corresponding peptides were used to construct a chimeric protein. Female BALB / c mice were immunized subcutaneously in three doses at 10 day intervals with a vaccine formulation comprised of the chimeric protein together with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Control groups included protein alone, MPLA, or PBS. After challenge infection, animals vaccinated with chimeric protein plus MPLA showed a reduction of 73.54% of larval load in the lung compared to control group animals. Animals immunized with chimeric protein plus MPLA also display higher IgG response and a reduction in lung inflammation. Our study highlights how chimeric proteins containing more than one B cell epitope can enhance immune protection against helminthic infection and offer new approaches to the development of Ascaris vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseane C de Castro
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laila V de Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabricio M Silva Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise S Nogueira
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Luis Reis-Cunha
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luisa M D Magalhaes
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bloco E4, Sala 168, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brownlee D, Holden-Dye L, Walker R. The range and biological activity of FMRFamide-related peptides and classical neurotransmitters in nematodes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2000; 45:109-80. [PMID: 10751940 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(00)45004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes include both major parasites of humans, livestock and plants in addition to free-living species such as Caenorhabditis elegans. The nematode nervous system (especially in C. elegans) is exceptionally well defined in terms of the number, location and projections of the small number of neurons in the nervous system and their integration into circuits involved in regulatory behaviours vital to their survival. This review will summarize what is known about the biological activity of neurotransmitters in nematodes: the biosynthetic pathways and genes involved, their receptors, inactivation mechanisms and secondary messenger signalling systems. It will cover the 'classical' transmitters, such as acetylcholine (ACh), GABA, glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, octopamine, noradrenaline and nitric oxide. The localization of peptides throughout the nematode nervous system is summarized, in addition to the isolation of nematode neuropeptides by both traditional biochemical techniques and more modern genetic means. The major contribution of the completion of the C. elegans genome-sequencing program is highlighted throughout. Efforts to unravel neurotransmitter action in various physiological actions such as locomotion, feeding and reproduction are detailed as well as the various inactivation mechanisms for the current complement of nematode transmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Brownlee
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gomes dos Santos M, Moreira MM, Malaquias MLG, Schall VT. Educação em saúde em escolas pública de 1º grau da periferia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil: II - conhecimentos, opiniões e prevalência de helmintísase entre alunos e professores. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651993000600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente trabalho integra um amplo projeto de educação em saúde, que visa desenvolver e avaliar estratégias e materiais para escolas de 1º grau. Nesta parte do estudo, complementar ao artigo anterior (SCHALL et al.), através de entrevistas e exames parasitológicos de fezes realizados em quatro escolas municipais da periferia de Belo Horizonte, buscou-se investigar a prática pedagógica e a prevalência de helmintíases entre os escolares. Os resultados demonstraram que: a) tanto professores quanto alunos apresentaram escassas informações a respeito das helmintoses, assim como noções incorretas e desconhecimento de mecanismos de transmissão; b) altas prevalências nas escolas sendo de 68,0% e 76,0% (Bairro Gorduras) e 46,0% e 24,0% (Vale do Jatobá e Barreiro de Cima) no 1º ano de estudo (1988). Comparando-se as quatro escolas, encontrou-se uma associação das condições habitacionais dos alunos e os índices de prevalência. Considerando o fato de tais helmintíases serem sabidamente prevalentes a longo prazo nessas regiões, percebe-se quão alheia está a escola em relação aos problemas da realidade de seus escolares.
Collapse
|
7
|
Solomons NW. Pathways to the impairment of human nutritional status by gastrointestinal pathogens. Parasitology 1993; 107 Suppl:S19-35. [PMID: 8115184 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200007548x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal pathogens are of three varieties, those that can, and often do, take the life of the host, those that infect transiently and rarely are life-threatening, and those (parasites) that establish a relatively prolonged residence or colonization of the host's alimentary tract. In the case of the second form, if infections are recurrent, both catabolic effects during the episode and failure to digest foods and/or absorb nutrients results. Similarly, catabolic wastage through activation of the acute phase response, and interference with the host's acquisition of nutrients by maldigestion, malabsorption, intestinal losses and competition with the parasite burden can impair growth and nutrition with helminthic infections. Growth and nutrition with respect to all of the macronutrients and virtually all of the micronutrients have been documented to be adversely affected by gastrointestinal pathogens. For its burgeoning importance as a worldwide health problem, both with the HIV virus as a direct intestinal pathogen and with the opportunistic gut infections occurring in the immunocompromised host, AIDS represents the emerging context of the impairment of nutritional status by intestinal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N W Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Hospital de Ojos y Oidos, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
What is the real burden of parasitic infections? How many people, for example, are infected with the common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides-usually cited as'number one' in the 'league table' of human parasite prevalence? Extrapolations are often made from figures for helminth infection published in 1947 by Stoll. More recent estimates suggest almost unbelievable numbers of oscoriosis cases - about 1000 million people representing about one quarter of the world population. Such figures are important because they contribute to the perennial debate about: allocation o f scarce health resources in affected countries to infections of greatest public health importance. But where do such figures come from? In this article, David Crompton and Jim Tulley report on their appraisal of Ascaris prevalence data for Africa. Their figures were used to compile the geographic histogram on this month's cover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Crompton
- Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|