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Sabharwal R, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Abboud FM, Russo AF, Chapleau MW. Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 increases baroreflex sensitivity and attenuates Angiotensin-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2010; 55:627-35. [PMID: 20100989 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.148171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a powerful vasodilator that interacts with the autonomic nervous system. A subunit of the CGRP receptor complex, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), is required for trafficking of the receptor to the cell surface and high-affinity binding to CGRP. We hypothesized that upregulation of RAMP1 would favorably enhance autonomic regulation and attenuate hypertension. Blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity were measured by radiotelemetry in transgenic mice with ubiquitous expression of human RAMP1 (hRAMP1) and littermate controls. Compared with control mice, hRAMP1 mice exhibited similar mean arterial pressure, a lower mean heart rate, increased heart rate variability, reduced blood pressure variability, and increased baroreflex sensitivity (2.83+/-0.20 versus 1.49+/-0.10 ms/mm Hg in controls; P<0.05). In control mice, infusion of angiotensin II (Ang-II) increased mean arterial pressure from 118+/-2 mm Hg to 153+/-4 and 174+/-6 mm Hg after 7 and 14 days of infusion, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, Ang-II hypertension was markedly attenuated in hRAMP1 mice with corresponding values of mean arterial pressure of 111+/-2, 119+/-2, and 132+/-3 mm Hg. Ang-II induced decreases in baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability, and increases in blood pressure variability observed in control mice were also abrogated or reversed in hRAMP1 mice (P<0.05). Moreover, during the Ang-II infusion, the pressor response to the CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37) was significantly greater (P<0.05) in hRAMP1 mice (+30+/-2 mm Hg) than in control mice (+19+/-2 mm Hg), confirming a significantly greater antihypertensive action of endogenous CGRP in hRAMP1 mice. We conclude that RAMP1 overexpression attenuates Ang-II-induced hypertension and induces a protective change in cardiovascular autonomic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna Sabharwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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2
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Davis M, Walker DL, Miles L, Grillon C. Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:105-35. [PMID: 19693004 PMCID: PMC2795099 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1021] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety are very similar, they also differ. Fear is a generally adaptive state of apprehension that begins rapidly and dissipates quickly once the threat is removed (phasic fear). Anxiety is elicited by less specific and less predictable threats, or by those that are physically or psychologically more distant. Thus, anxiety is a more long-lasting state of apprehension (sustained fear). Rodent studies suggest that phasic fear is mediated by the amygdala, which sends outputs to the hypothalamus and brainstem to produce symptoms of fear. Sustained fear is also mediated by the amygdala, which releases corticotropin-releasing factor, a stress hormone that acts on receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a part of the so-called 'extended amygdala.' The amygdala and BNST send outputs to the same hypothalamic and brainstem targets to produce phasic and sustained fear, respectively. In rats, sustained fear is more sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. In humans, symptoms of clinical anxiety are better detected in sustained rather than phasic fear paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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3
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Bowe JE, Li XF, Kinsey-Jones JS, Brain SD, Lightman SL, O'Byrne KT. The role of corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors in the calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced suppression of pulsatile luteinising hormone secretion in the female rat. Stress 2008; 11:312-9. [PMID: 18574791 DOI: 10.1080/10253890701801448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a pivotal role in the suppression of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GRH) pulse generator in response to stress and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We have previously shown both CRH receptor subtypes, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2, are involved in the stress-induced suppression of LH pulses. The aims of the present study were to examine the role of CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 in CGRP-induced suppression of LH pulses, and to investigate the effects of CGRP on CRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), which have prominent CRH neurone populations that receive dense CGRP innervations. The suppression of LH pulses by CGRP (1.5 microg i.c.v.) was completely prevented by intravenous administration of the CRH-R1 antagonist SSR125543Q (7.5 mg/rat i.v., 30 min before CGRP), but was not affected by the CRH-R2 antagonist, astressin(2)-B (100 microg i.c.v., 10 min before CGRP). CGRP increased the CRH mRNA expression in PVN and CeA. These results provide evidence of a role for CRH-R1 in mediating the suppressive effects of CGRP on pulsatile LH secretion in the female rat, and additionally raise the possibility of an involvement of PVN and CeA CRH neuronal populations in this suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bowe
- Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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4
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Walker DL, Davis M. Role of the extended amygdala in short-duration versus sustained fear: a tribute to Dr. Lennart Heimer. Brain Struct Funct 2008; 213:29-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-008-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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D'Hanis W, Linke R, Yilmazer-Hanke DM. Topography of thalamic and parabrachial calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive neurons projecting to subnuclei of the amygdala and extended amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2007; 505:268-91. [PMID: 17879271 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Injections of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) into the amygdala evoke fear-related behaviors and antinociceptive effects. In the present study we therefore characterized CGRP-containing amygdaloid afferents by injecting the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into subnuclei of the amygdala and adjacent divisions of the extended amygdala, namely, the lateral (LA) and central (CE) amygdaloid nuclei, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and the amygdalostriatal area (AStr). The distribution of retrogradely FG-labeled neurons and colocalization of CGRP-immunoreactivity with FG-labeling were mapped in the posterior paralaminar thalamic complex and parabrachial nuclei. The analysis of the posterior thalamus revealed that about 50% of CGRP-containing neurons projected to the AStr, the projections originating in the medial part of the medial geniculate body, posterior intralaminar nucleus, parvicellular subparafascicular nucleus, and peripeduncular nucleus. However, the percentage of CGRP-containing thalamic neurons projecting to the adjacent LA, medial part of the CE, and ventrocaudal part of the caudatoputamen rapidly dropped to 3-9%. There were no double-labeled cells after injections into the lateral and capsular parts of the CE and the IPAC. Thus, the AStr received the heaviest CGRP-containing projection from the posterior thalamus. CGRP-containing parabrachial neurons projected to the AStr and lateral, capsular, and medial parts of the CE, the projections originating in the external, crescent, and central parts of the lateral parabrachial nucleus and external part of the medial parabrachial nucleus. The results demonstrate a distinct projection pattern of CGRP-containing thalamic and parabrachial neurons to subnuclei of the amygdala and extended amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D'Hanis
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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Sarhan M, Freund-Mercier MJ, Veinante P. Branching patterns of parabrachial neurons projecting to the central extended amgydala: single axonal reconstructions. J Comp Neurol 2006; 491:418-42. [PMID: 16175547 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological evidence suggests that the spinoparabrachioamygdaloid pathway carries nociceptive information that may be important for the elaboration of physiological and emotional responses to noxious events. The pontine parabrachial nucleus (pPB) sends a massive projection to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL), both regions belonging to a broader macrostructure, the central extended amygdala (EAc). The aim of this study was to examine whether different EAc components are targeted by a same pPB neuron, by reconstructing single axonal branching patterns after anterograde labelling. Small deposits of biotinylated dextran amine in the region of the external lateral pPB result in dense and specific labelling in the whole EAc. Reconstructed axons innervate either the lateral or the capsular part of the CeA with perisomatic or bushy terminals, respectively. A subset of axons enters the stria terminalis rostrally to follow its trajectory caudally toward the CeA. Individual axons targeting the CeA usually send collaterals to other EAc components, especially those projecting to the lateral CeA, which often coinnervate the BSTL. By contrast, only few branches were found outside the EAc. These results suggest that the noxious information travelling from the pPB to the CeA may also be transmitted to other EAc components. This pPB-EAc pathway, which appears distinct from the parabrachiohypothalamic and parabrachiothalamic projections, would be the anatomical basis through which the EAc elaborates the autonomic, endocrine, and emotional components of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Sarhan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7519, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Louis Pasteur, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Jacobowitz DM. Professional biographical sketch. Neurotox Res 2004; 6:i-xiv. [PMID: 15614981 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Jacobowitz DM, Kresse A, Skofitsch G. Galanin in the brain: chemoarchitectonics and brain cartography--a historical review. Peptides 2004; 25:433-64. [PMID: 15134866 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a review of galanin in the brain from a historical perspective of the development of "chemoarchitectonics" and "brain cartography" accomplished in the Histopharmacology Section at the National Institutes of Health. It was the mapping of potential brain neuroregulators that served as a springboard of ideas from which behavioral studies emanate. The integration of the known localization of neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory nerves ("chemoarchitectonic maps") and receptor binding sites with biochemical data derived from brain micropunches coupled with behavioral analysis at the level of discrete brain allows one to define the anatomical circuits which support behavioral changes and which ultimately will improve our understanding of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Jacobowitz
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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9
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Martínez-García F, Novejarque A, Landete JM, Moncho-Bogani J, Lanuza E. Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the lizard Podarcis hispanica. J Comp Neurol 2002; 447:99-113. [PMID: 11977114 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present work studies the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-li) neurons and fibers in the brain of a reptile, the lizard Podarcis hispanica. CGRP-li perikarya were not present in the telencephalon. In the thalamus, CGRP-li perikarya were restricted to the posteromedial and posterolateral nuclei. In the hypothalamus, CGRP-li cells were found mainly in the supramammillary and mammillary nuclei. In the midbrain and brainstem, CGRP-li cells appeared in the ventral tegmental area, the parabrachial nucleus, and the motor nuclei of the III-VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves. Motoneurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord were also immunoreactive for CGRP. CGRP-li fibers were seen in the telencephalic hemispheres, where a dense plexus of reactive fibers appeared in the septum and in the lateral striatoamygdaloid transition area. From the latter, CGRP-li fibers entered the posterior dorsal ventricular ridge, the cell layer and deep stratum of the ventral lateral cortex, and various amygdaloid nuclei. Parts of the striatum (nucleus accumbens) and pallidum also displayed CGRP-li innervation. In the diencephalon, CGRP-li innervation was observed in parts of the dorsal thalamus and in the periventricular and medial hypothalamus. The pretectum and deep layers of the optic tectum also showed CGRP-li fibers, and numerous CGRP-li fibers were observed in the midbrain central gray, tegmentum, and pons. Some of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal, vagal, and spinal nerves were also CGRP-li. These results show that the distribution of CGRP-li structures in the reptilian brain is similar to that described for other vertebrates and suggest that the thalamotelencephalic CGRPergic projections appear to be conserved among amniote vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez-García
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Unitat de Morfologia Microscòpica, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València ES-46100, Spain
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10
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Lanuza E, Davies DC, Landete JM, Novejarque A, Martínez-García F. Distribution of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in the chick and quail brain. J Comp Neurol 2000; 421:515-32. [PMID: 10842211 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000612)421:4<515::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing neurones have been implicated in the transmission of visceral sensory information to the cortex and in the control of arterial blood pressure in mammals. However, little is known about its function in other vertebrates. As a first step toward investigating the function of CGRP in birds, its distribution was studied in the domestic chick and quail brain by means of immunocytochemistry, by using antibodies against rat CGRP. The distribution of CGRP immunoreactivity in the chick and quail central nervous system was found to be similar. CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRPi) perikarya were not present in the telencephalon. In the diencephalon, CGRPi perikarya were present mainly in the shell of the thalamic nucleus ovoidalis, the nucleus semilunaris paraovoidalis, the nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami, and in the hypothalamic nucleus of the ansa lenticularis. In the brainstem, CGRPi perikarya were present in the nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini, the nucleus tegmenti ventralis, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus linearis caudalis and in the parabrachial region. In addition CGRPi perikarya were found in the motor nuclei of the III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves. The telencephalon contained CGRPi fibres within the paleostriatal complex (mainly in the ventral paleostriatum), parts of the neostriatum and ventral hyperstriatum, parts of the archistriatum, and the septum. In the diencephalon, the densest plexus of CGRPi fibres was observed in the dorsal reticular thalamus. A less dense CGRPi innervation was present in some dorsal thalamic nuclei and in the medial and periventricular hypothalamus. The pretectum and midbrain tegmentum also contained CGRPi fibres, whereas the optic tectum was virtually devoid of immunolabelling. Scattered CGRPi fibres were observed in the central grey and neighbouring pontine areas. Some of the sensory fibres of the trigeminal, vagal, glossopharyngeal, and spinal nerves were also CGRPi. The results of comparative studies indicate that the presence of CGRP in some thalamo-telencephalic projections is a primitive feature of the forebrain of amniotes. Therefore, the brain areas giving rise to and receiving such a projection in different vertebrates, are likely to be homologous.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lanuza
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, Spain
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11
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Lu JT, Son YJ, Lee J, Jetton TL, Shiota M, Moscoso L, Niswender KD, Loewy AD, Magnuson MA, Sanes JR, Emeson RB. Mice lacking alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide exhibit normal cardiovascular regulation and neuromuscular development. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999; 14:99-120. [PMID: 10532808 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1999.0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (alphaCGRP) is a pleiotropic peptide neuromodulator that is widely expressed throughout the Central and peripheral nervous systems. CGRP has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes including peripheral vasodilation, cardiac acceleration nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) synthesis and function, testicular descent, nociception, carbohydrate metabolism, gastrointestinal motility, neurogenic inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. To provide a better understanding of the physiological role(s) mediated by this peptide neurotransmitter, we have generated alphaCGRP-null mice by targeted modification in embryonic stem cells. Mice lacking alpha CGRP expression demonstrate no obvious phenotypic differences from their wild-type littermates. Detailed analysis of systemic cardiovascular function revealed no differences between control and mutant mice regarding heart rate and blood pressure under basal or exercise-induced conditions and subsequent to pharmacological manipulation. Characterization of neuromuscular junction in morphology including nicotinic receptor localization, terminal sprouting in response to denervation, developmental regulation of AChR subunit expression, and synapse elimination also revealed no differences in alphaCGRP-deficient animals. These results suggest that alphaCGRP is not required for the systemic regulation of cardiovascular hemodynamics or development of the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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12
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van Rossum D, Hanisch UK, Quirion R. Neuroanatomical localization, pharmacological characterization and functions of CGRP, related peptides and their receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21:649-78. [PMID: 9353797 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide discovered by a molecular approach over 10 years ago. More recently, islet amyloid polypeptide or amylin, and adrenomedullin were isolated from human insulinoma and pheochromocytoma respectively, and revealed between 25 and 50% sequence homology with CGRP. This review discusses findings on the anatomical distributions of CGRP mRNA, CGRP-like immunoreactivity and receptors in the central nervous system, as well as the potential physiological roles for CGRP. The anatomical distribution and biological activities of amylin and adrenomedullin are also presented. Based upon the differential biological activity of various CGRP analogs, the CGRP receptors have been classified in two major classes, namely the CGRP1 and CGRP2 subtypes. A third subtype has also been proposed (e.g. in the nucleus accumbens) as it does not share the pharmacological properties of the other two classes. The anatomical distribution and the pharmacological characteristics of amylin binding sites in the rat brain are different from those reported for CGRP but share several similarities with the salmon calcitonin receptors. The receptors identified thus far for CGRP and related peptides belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Indeed, modulation of adenylate cyclase activity following receptor activation has been reported for CGRP, amylin and adrenomedullin. Furthermore, the binding affinity of CGRP and related peptides is modulated by nucleotides such as GTP. The cloning of various calcitonin and most recently of CGRP1 and adrenomedullin receptors was reported and revealed structural similarities but also significant differences to other members of the G protein-coupled receptors. They may thus form a new subfamily. The cloning of the amylin receptor(s) as well as of the other putative CGRP receptor subtype(s) are still awaited. Finally, a broad variety of biological activities has been described for CGRP-like peptides. These include vasodilation, nociception, glucose uptake and the stimulation of glycolysis in skeletal muscles. These effects may thus suggest their potential role and therapeutic applications in migraine, subarachnoid haemorrhage, diabetes and pain-related mechanisms, among other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Rossum
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, Québec, Canada
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13
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Sienkiewicz W, Majewski M, Kaleczyc J, Lakomy M. Distribution of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and some neuropeptides in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus complex (MEARC) of the immature female pig. Acta Histochem 1996; 98:419-34. [PMID: 8960306 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(96)80009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) and some neuropeptides, including neuropeptide Y (NPY), Leu5-enkephalin (LENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL) and somatostatin (SOM) was investigated in nerve fibres and perikarya of the median eminence-arcuate nucleus complex (MEARC) of the sexually immature female pigs by means of the immunohistochemical avidin-biotin complex method. Although immunoreactivities to all the studied substances were found in nerve fibres of the porcine MEARC, there were differences in the distribution and density of particular subsets of nerve fibres within the complex. While loose D beta H-immunoreactive (D beta H-IR) and dense TH-, NPY- and VIP-IR nerve meshworks occurred predominantly in the internal layer of the MEARC, nerve fibres immunoreactive to TH, CGRP, SOM, SP and LENK were more numerous in the external than in the internal layer of the median eminence (ME). Numerous TH-, D beta H-, NPY-, VIP-, SP- and CGRP-IR perivascular nerve fibres were also observed within both layers of the median eminence. There were also differences in the distribution of a particular subset of neurons within the porcine MEARC: NPY-, VIP-, GAL-, SP- and TH-IR (but not D beta H-IR) perikarya were found in the arcuate nucleus, while in the median eminence only subpopulations of NPY-, VIP and GAL-IR neurons were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural and Technical University of Olsztyn, Poland
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Lantos TA, Palkovits M, Rostène W, Bérod A. Neurotensin receptors in the human amygdaloid complex. Topographical and quantitative autoradiographic study. J Chem Neuroanat 1996; 11:209-17. [PMID: 8906462 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(96)00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of high affinity 125I-neurotensin (NT) binding sites were investigated in the amygdaloid complex of adult humans by means of dry film and emulsion autoradiography. Autoradiograms were analysed quantitatively using [125I] standards and an image analyser system, and data obtained were converted to nCi of ligand bound per mg tissue. High densities of 125I-NT binding sites were found in the following amygdaloid structures the dorsal part of the accessory basal nucleus, the medial part of the cortical nucleus, the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus, the paralaminar nucleus, the amygdalohippocampal transition area and the rostral portions of the anterior amygdaloid area. The ventral part of the accessory basal nucleus, the intercalated cell groups and the remaining parts of the anterior amygdaloid area showed moderate density of NT binding sites, while the medial, basal and lateral amygdaloid nuclei, the lateral part of the cortical nucleus, the medial subdivision of the central nucleus, as well as the corticoamygdaloid transition area exhibited low densities of 125I-NT binding sites. At microscopic level, silver grains appeared more or less evenly distributed over both neuronal perikarya and the surrounding neuropil. In comparison to NT-immunoreactivity, NT receptors showed mismatching distribution throughout most parts of the amygdala, with the exception of the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus, where NT-immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibers as well as 125I-NT binding sites were found in high density.
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Kuo T, Ouchi Y, Kim S, Toba K, Orimo H. The role of activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the central pressor action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in conscious rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 349:394-400. [PMID: 8058111 DOI: 10.1007/bf00170886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of calcitonin gene-related (CGRP) on blood pressure and heart rate (HR), and the underlying mechanisms were studied in conscious rats. CGRP (0.1-3.0 nmol i.c.v.) increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and HR. CGRP (3.0 nmol i.c.v.) also significantly increased both plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations. Pretreatment with 16.5 nmol i.c.v. CGRP(8-37), a specific CGRP receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited the i.c.v. CGRP (1.0 nmol)-induced increases in MABP and HR. Phenoxybenzamine inhibited the i.c.v. CGRP-induced increase in MABP, while propranolol suppressed the tachycardiac response to i.c.v. CGRP. Chemical sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine inhibited the increases in MABP and HR produced by i.c.v. CGRP. These results suggest that the central pressor and tachycardiac effects of i.c.v. CGRP are mediated by catecholamine release due to stimulation of sympathetic nervous system activity, possibly via specific CGRP receptors in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuo
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Harrigan EA, Magnuson DJ, Thunstedt GM, Gray TS. Corticotropin releasing factor neurons are innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide terminals in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus. Brain Res Bull 1994; 33:529-34. [PMID: 8186998 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the rat amygdala (CeA) contains many corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactive neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that these CRF neurons project to brain stem regions responsible for modulation of autonomic outflow. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) terminals overlap the distribution of CRF cell bodies in the CeA. These CGRP terminals mainly originate from cell bodies that are located in the pontine parabrachial nucleus. The present study examined the possibility that CRF cell bodies are innervated by CGRP terminals. The results suggest that over 35% of the CRF neurons in the CeA are contacted by CGRP terminals as judged by the indiscernible distances between the terminals and cell bodies and or dendrites. In addition, a dual-labeled electron microscopic technique demonstrates that CGRP terminals form synaptic contacts with CRF cell bodies and dendrites. This suggests that CGRP neurons in the parabrachial nucleus can modulate the activity of CRF amygdaloid brain stem efferents. Previous studies have shown that CRF, when administered into the central nervous system, produces increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma catecholamines. CGRP administration into the amygdala has been shown to have a similar effect on the autonomic nervous system. It is, therefore, possible that CGRP could exert these effects via an amygdaloid CRF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Harrigan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
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17
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Ahmed B, Kastin AJ, Banks WA, Zadina JE. CNS effects of peptides: a cross-listing of peptides and their central actions published in the journal Peptides, 1986-1993. Peptides 1994; 15:1105-55. [PMID: 7991456 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The centrally mediated effects of peptides as published in the journal Peptides from 1986 to 1993 are tabulated in two ways. In one table, the peptides are listed alphabetically. In another table, the effects are arranged alphabetically. Most of the effects observed after administration of peptides are grouped, wherever possible, into categories such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal. The species used in most cases has been rats; where other animals were used, the species is noted. The route of administration of peptides and source of information also are included in the tables, with a complete listing provided at the end. Many peptides have been shown to exert a large number of centrally mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmed
- VA Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70146
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18
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Gray TS. Amygdaloid CRF pathways. Role in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 697:53-60. [PMID: 8257022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb49922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The results of numerous studies have provided compelling evidence that CRF plays an important function in the amygdala. Stimulation of the amygdala produces physiological changes similar those observed after central injections of CRF. Central injections of CRF activate neurons in the amygdala as measured by increases in c-fos protein expression. Destruction of cells or injections of CRF antagonist in the amygdala can attenuate some of the central effects of CRF. The amygdala is the origin of major CRF-containing pathways in the brain. Amygdaloid CRF neurons project to widespread regions of the basal forebrain and brain stem. These amygdaloid pathways mainly arise from the central amygdaloid nucleus where there are a large number of CRF immunoreactive neuronal perikarya. Glucocorticoid and CRF-binding protein are located in cells of the central amygdaloid nucleus. CRF neurons in the central nucleus send their axons to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral hypothalamus, midbrain central gray, raphe nuclei, parabrachial region, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Tract tracing studies have suggested that amygdaloid CRF neurons also innervate CRF neurons in some of these regions and, furthermore, that CRF neurons in some of these areas project back to the CRF neurons in the amygdala. Thus, the amygdala is part of a network of brain nuclei interconnected by CRF pathways. In addition, amygdaloid CRF neurons may project directly to dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons, which have widespread projections throughout the neuroaxis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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19
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Kainu T, Honkaniemi J, Gustafsson JA, Rechardt L, Pelto-Huikko M. Co-localization of peptide-like immunoreactivities with glucocorticoid receptor- and Fos-like immunoreactivities in the rat parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res 1993; 615:245-51. [PMID: 8364734 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90034-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is a brainstem nucleus, which mediates autonomic information from the viscera to various forebrain nuclei, e.g. to the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) and to the medial preoptic area (MPOA). The neurons of the PB contain several neuropeptides, of which calcitonin-gene related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) and neurotensin (NT)-IR neurons provide input to the ACe, whereas corticotropin-releasing factor-IR (CRF) neurons project to the MPOA. The aim of the present paper was to study whether the neurons containing CGRP-, NT- and CRF-like immunoreactivities (LIs) in the PB also contain glucocorticoid receptor (GR)- and/or Fos-LIs after stress. No co-localization was observed with the GR-LI and peptide-LIs, suggesting that plasma glucocorticoids do not have direct effects on these neurons of the PB. After stress, the vast majority of the peptide-IR perikarya exhibited Fos-LI, suggesting that the peptidergic pathways from the PB to ACe and MPOA are activated in stress. The ACe and MPOA have been connected in various stress related responses, e.g. inhibiting the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, raising the blood pressure and pulse, and increasing the secretion of glucocorticoids. Therefore, the activation of the peptidergic pathways between the PB and the ACe and MPOA suggests that some of these responses may be elicited by the peptidergic input from the PB. Furthermore, since Fos acts as a transcription factor, stress may affect the expression of the neuropeptides studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kainu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
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20
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Okunishi H, Oka Y, Shiota N, Kawamoto T, Song K, Miyazaki M. Marked species-difference in the vascular angiotensin II-forming pathways: humans versus rodents. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1993; 62:207-10. [PMID: 8371519 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.62.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using isolated arteries, we demonstrated a marked difference in the angiotensin II-forming systems between human and rodent vessels. In human arteries, only 30-40% of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II depended on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and the rest of the angiotensin II formation was ascribed to chymostatin-sensitive angiotensin II-generating enzyme (CAGE). On the contrary, angiotensin II formation in rodent arteries totally depended upon ACE, without any sign of CAGE involvement. Such a marked species-difference can be relevant to the reported difference between humans and rodents in the ACE inhibitor effects on the myointimal hyperplasia after intimal balloon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okunishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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21
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Honkaniemi J. Colocalization of peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities with Fos-immunoreactive neurons in rat central amygdaloid nucleus after immobilization stress. Brain Res 1992; 598:107-13. [PMID: 1362516 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid body, and it has been shown to participate in several stress related reactions. The ACe is densely innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH), corticotropin releasing factor- (CRF), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP), neurotensin- (NT), somatostatin- (SOM), enkephalin- (ENK), substance P- (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- (VIP) and cholecystokinin- (CCK) immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals. In addition, the ACe contains numerous CRF-, NT-, SOM-, ENK- and SP-IR perikarya. In previous studies it has been shown that stress stimulates the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the ACe. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the colocalization of the Fos-IR neurons with the peptide- and TH-IR structures using an immunocytochemical double staining technique. In intact animals the ACe contained only a few Fos-IR neurons. After immobilization stress about 100 Fos-IR neurons were seen per section. They were mainly located in the area, which was enriched by peptide- and TH-IR nerve terminals. The close contacts observed between the Fos-IR neurons and the peptide- and TH-IR nerve endings suggest that the Fos-IR neurons were innervated by these nerve terminals. Furthermore, several NT-, ENK-, SOM- and CRF-IR neurons were observed and the vast majority of these cells exhibited Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that stress enhances the synaptic activity of the ACe, which stimulates the expression of c-fos. Subsequently, Fos may regulate the expression of the NT, ENK, SOM and CRF genes and thus affect the peptidergic efferents from the ACe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Honkaniemi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
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22
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Herbison AE. Identification of a sexually dimorphic neural population immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat medial preoptic area. Brain Res 1992; 591:289-95. [PMID: 1446242 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91710-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the rat exhibits morphological sex differences and is implicated in sex-specific functioning and behaviour. Using immunocytochemistry, the distribution and numbers of cells containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were examined in the MPOA of adult male and female rats. In the intact female rat, CGRP-immunoreactive (-IR) cells were found in a continuum within the MPOA extending from the caudal aspects of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis through the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv) to the region of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). An additional small group of CGRP-IR cells was noted at the level of the caudal MPNin the ventrolateral (VL) region. Compared with males, the AVPv and MPN regions of the female contained over 25-fold more CGRP-IR cells (P < 0.01). The VL region contained similar numbers of CGRP-IR cells in both sexes. Ovariectomy 1 month earlier, with or without subsequent 17-beta estradiol treatment, had no effect on the numbers or distribution of CGRP-IR cells in the MPOA. Gonadectomy of male rats resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the numbers of CGRP-IR cells in the AVPv and MPN regions. Subsequent administration of testosterone propionate for 1 week reduced (P < 0.05) numbers of CGRP-IR cells to levels observed in the intact male. Neurones containing CGRP in the VL group were not altered by gonadal steroid manipulation. This study shows that CGRP neurones in the AVPv/MPN region are sexually dimorphic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Herbison
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Taché Y. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and ulcers by calcitonin [correction of calciton] gene-related peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 657:240-7. [PMID: 1637088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A central action of CGRP to inhibit gastric acid secretion, demonstrated in rats and dogs, is mediated at least in rats through modulation of parasympathetic outflow to the stomach. The centrally mediated protective effects of CGRP against ethanol-induced lesions is unique to this peptide and not shared by other centrally acting inhibitors of gastric function. It may be related to the increase in gastric mucosal blood flow induced by central CGRP. The presence of CGRP-like immunoreactivity and receptors in medullary nuclei receiving visceral information and influencing vagal outflow suggests a possible role of the peptide in the central regulation of gastric function. Peripheral injection of CGRP is well established to inhibit acid secretion in rats, dogs, rabbits, and humans. Its antisecretory effect is unlikely to be related to a direct action on the parietal cells. It involves specific and marked release of gastric somatostatin through an interaction with CGRP receptors characterized on D cells and coupled with cAMP. In addition, CGRP induces a decrease in acetylcholine transmission in the enteric nervous system, which may contribute to the inhibition of acid. The rich innervation of the stomach with CGRP-like immunoreactivity, which forms the major component of gastric sensory fibers, along with peptide release by sensory stimulation and potent actions on gastric secretions suggests a role of the peptide in the regulation of gastric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Taché
- Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90073
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24
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Shimada S, Inagaki S, Narita N, Takagi H. Synaptic contacts between CGRP-immunoreactive terminals and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat. Neurosci Lett 1992; 134:243-6. [PMID: 1589151 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90526-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An immunoelectron microscopic method combined with immunofluorescence double staining was carried out to examine the relationship between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive (LI) axon terminals and enkephalin (ENK)-LI neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) of the rat. The latter method showed that many ENK-LI cell bodies are densely surrounded by CGRP-LI axons in the lateral subdivision of the Ce (CeL). After taking fluorescence micrographs, the immunoperoxidase technique was used to examine the CGRP-LI axonal profiles under an electron microscope. CGRP-LI terminals were frequently found to form axo-somatic synaptic contacts with ENK-LI neurons in the CeL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimada
- Second Department of Anatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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25
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Takayama K, Miura M. Glutamate-immunoreactive neurons of the central amygdaloid nucleus projecting to the subretrofacial nucleus of SHR and WKY rats: a double-labeling study. Neurosci Lett 1991; 134:62-6. [PMID: 1687702 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90509-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate immunoreactivity was found in 9%, in the case of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), and 14%, in the case of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), of neurons located in the medial division of the central amygdaloid nucleus (CeM) projecting ipsilaterally to the subretrofacial nucleus (SRF) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla using a double-labeling technique in combination with glutamate immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that possibly-glutamatergic neurons located in the CeM project to the SRF, in which vasomotor neurons are present, suggesting involvement of the CeM in blood pressure regulation. No significant difference was found between the distribution of labeled CeM neurons in SHR and WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takayama
- Department of Physiology 1st Division, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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26
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Yasui Y, Saper CB, Cechetto DF. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive projections from the thalamus to the striatum and amygdala in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1991; 308:293-310. [PMID: 1890240 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The organization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRPir) innervation of the amygdala and caudate-putamen in the rat was examined by using immunohistochemistry for CGRP combined with retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye fluoro-gold, as well as anterograde transport of Phaseoleus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala and the amygdalostriatal transition zone was densely innervated by CGRPir terminals at all anterior-posterior levels. More caudally, the lateral part of the caudate-putamen also had large numbers of CGRPir terminals. Injections of fluoro-gold into the amygdala and amygdalostriatal transition area followed by immunohistochemistry for CGRP revealed double-labeled neurons in the subparafascicular, lateral subparafascicular, and posterior intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and peripeduncular nucleus. Injections into the caudate-putamen demonstrated double-labeled neurons in the more lateral parts of this same nuclear complex. PHA-L injections into the posterior thalamic nuclei from which the CGRPir projections arise confirmed the medial-to-lateral organization of the projections to the amygdala and striatum. The subparafascicular nucleus and the rostral portion of the lateral subparafascicular nucleus primarily projected to the medial amygdala and the amygdalostriatal transition area, while the more lateral cell groups, including the caudal part of the lateral parafascicular, posterior intralaminar, and peripeduncular nuclei projected to the lateral amygdala and the caudate-putamen. These CGRPir projections may be involved in mediating conditioned autonomic and behavioral responses to acoustic stimuli or somatosensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasui
- Department of Pharmacological, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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27
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Guidobono F, Netti C, Pecile A, Gritti I, Mancia M. Stress-related changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in the cat central nervous system. Neuropeptides 1991; 19:57-63. [PMID: 1653912 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(91)90074-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of area-specific changes in binding sites for CGRP in response to stress was studied in cat CNS after repeated sleep-deprivation and restriction of movement. Brain sections were obtained from a cat placed under stressful conditions for 2 h the 1st day, 6 h the 2nd day and 24 h the 3rd day. Changes in CGRP binding sites were evaluated by an in vitro autoradiographic technique with 125I-Tyr-rat-CGRP as a ligand. The autoradiograms were then compared with those of control animals. The results show decreased labelling in the cortex prefrontalis and pyriformis and in some basal ganglia (n. caudatus, claustrum, n. entopedencularis). Increased CGRP binding site densities were seen in areas involved in the integration of sensory information, in the control of endocrine secretion and in those that participate in sleep-walking cycles. These changes in CGRP binding in selective CNS areas following stress suggests that CGRP plays a role in processes of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobono
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Italy
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28
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Zaidi M, Moonga BS, Bevis PJ, Alam AS, Legon S, Wimalawansa S, MacIntyre I, Breimer LH. Expression and function of the calcitonin gene products. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1991; 46:87-164. [PMID: 1746162 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zaidi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England
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29
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Rochford J, Yashpal K, Henry JL. Intrathecal administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases heart rate and decreases arterial pressure in the urethane anesthetized rat. Brain Res Bull 1990; 25:809-16. [PMID: 1981173 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(90)90175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intrathecal administration of CGRP (2.15-8.60 nmol) to the ninth thoracic vertebral segment of the spinal cord in the urethane anesthetized rat provoked an increase in heart rate (peak effect of 72 bpm) and a decrease in arterial pressure (maximum fall of 15 mmHg). Administration of CGRP to the T2 level (n = 10) or intravenously (n = 6) produced qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects to those observed following administration to the T9 level. The drop in pressure resulting from intrathecal administration was unaffected by prior intrathecal administration of lidocaine (250 micrograms), systemic administration of hexamethonium (5 mg/rat), bilateral vagotomy, or combined bilateral vagotomy/hexamethonium treatment. The failure of these manipulations to alter the hypotension induced by intrathecal CGRP injection suggests that this effect was caused by leakage into the periphery. The cardioacceleration elicited by intrathecal CGRP was attenuated by intrathecal lidocaine administration and by combined bilateral vagotomy/hexamethonium treatment, but not by either treatment alone. These results suggest that CGRP's tachycardic effect is mediated by a direct spinal action involving both sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rochford
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Honkaniemi J, Pelto-Huikko M, Isola J, Rechardt L. Simultaneous localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurotensin in rat central amygdaloid nucleus. Neurosci Lett 1990; 113:1-6. [PMID: 2366947 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90484-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurotensin (NT)-like immunoreactivities (LI) was studied in rat central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) with immunocytochemical double staining. A dense network of CGRP- and NT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers and some NT-positive neurons were found in the lateral and lateral capsular subnuclei. Light microscopically CGRP-immunoreactive nerve endings were in close contact to most of the NT-immunoreactive neurons. Under the electron microscope CGRP-positive terminals formed symmetric axo-somatic synapses with part of the NT-IR neurons. These results indicate that the NT- and CGRP-containing neuronal systems are in contact with each other in the ACe. Both peptides have marked effects on the circulatory system when administered intracerebrally. Thus the NT-IR neuronal system receiving synaptic input from CGRP-IR nerve terminals may mediate the cardiovascular effects of these two peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Honkaniemi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
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31
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Frysinger RC, Harper RM. Cardiac and respiratory correlations with unit discharge in epileptic human temporal lobe. Epilepsia 1990; 31:162-71. [PMID: 2318169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.1990.tb06301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We recorded respiratory activity and electrocardiogram (ECG) together with single cell activity from the amygdala and hippocampus of epileptic patients who later received anterotemporal lobectomy. Cross-correlation histograms were used to test for neuronal discharge timing relationships with inspiration or ECG. Linear regression was used to test for correlations of inspiratory time, respiratory period, and heart rate (HR) with tonic unit rate for each breath. Of 129 cells from 16 patients who later had resection, 89 were contralateral and 40 were ipsilateral to the resected lobe. Of the contralateral cells, 19% had a timing relationship with the cardiac cycle and only 1% had such a relationship with the respiratory cycle. Tonic correlations with HR were noted in 22% and with respiratory period and inspiratory time in 11 and 6%. Neither these percentages nor mean discharge rate differed between structures, although variance in rate was much higher on the resected side. Amygdala cells on the resected side showed more correlations with the cardiac cycle (55 vs. 20%), respiratory period (46 vs. 3%), and inspiratory time (27 vs. 7%) and were more likely to show several types of correlation. The results suggest a selective loss of ipsilateral amygdala cells and/or afferents, favoring relationships with cardiac- and respiratory-related systems and a possible synaptic reorganization of remaining cardiorespiratory afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Frysinger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
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32
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Zaidi M, Moonga BS, Bevis PJ, Bascal ZA, Breimer LH. The calcitonin gene peptides: biology and clinical relevance. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1990; 28:109-74. [PMID: 1963534 DOI: 10.3109/10408369009105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin/CGRP multigene complex encodes a family of peptides: calcitonin, its C-terminal flanking peptide, katacalcin, and a third novel peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The 32-amino acid peptide calcitonin inhibits the osteoclast, thereby conserving skeletal mass during periods of potential calcium lack, such as pregnancy, growth, and lactation. This hormonal role is emphasized by observations that lower circulating calcitonin levels are associated with bone loss and that calcitonin replacement prevents further bone loss. Structurally, CGRP resembles calcitonin and has been implicated in neuromodulation and in the physiological regulation of blood flow. Here we review the molecular genetics, structure, and function of the calcitonin-gene peptides as analyzed in the laboratory and focus on more recent clinical studies relating to disorders and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaidi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, England
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33
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Yasui Y, Saper CB, Cechetto DF. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the visceral sensory cortex, thalamus, and related pathways in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1989; 290:487-501. [PMID: 2613940 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) may serve as a major neuromodulator in visceral sensory pathways, but its exact role in the visceral sensory thalamus and cortex has not been determined. We therefore examined the distribution of CGRP-like immunoreactive (CGRPir) innervation of the insular cortex and the parvicellular division of the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus (VPpc) in the rat by using immunohistochemistry for CGRP combined with retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye fluoro-gold. Modest numbers of CGRPir fibers were distributed in the dysgranular and agranular insular cortex, but few were observed in the granular insular cortex. The density of CGRPir innervation increased caudally along the rhinal fissue and was considerably greater in the perirhinal cortex. When fluoro-gold was injected into the insular cortex numerous retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the VPpc, but few of these were CGRPir. Retrogradely labeled CGRPir neurons were, however, seen in the ventral lateral and medial parabrachial (PB) subnuclei. Injection of fluoro-gold into the perirhinal cortex (which is just caudal to the insular cortex along the rhinal fissure) resulted in many retrogradely labeled CGRPir neurons in the posterior thalamic region, including the subparafascicular, the lateral subparafascicular, and the posterior intralaminar nuclei. The VPpc was heavily innervated by CGRPir fibers but contained few CGRPir cell bodies. Injection of fluoro-gold into the VPpc resulted in many retrogradely labeled CGRPir neurons in the external medial PB subnucleus bilaterally, but with a contralateral predominance. Smaller numbers of retrogradely labeled CGRPir neurons were also observed in the ventrolateral PB subnucleus, bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance. These results suggest that CGRP may be a neuromodulator in the ascending visceral sensory pathways from the PB to the VPpc and the insular cortex, but not between the latter two structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasui
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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34
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Chang HT, Kuo H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat substantia innominata and globus pallidus: a light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. Brain Res 1989; 495:167-72. [PMID: 2789088 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The substantia innominata (SI) and the caudal part of the globus pallidus (GP) in the rat are densely innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP+) axons. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that CGRP+ boutons mainly formed asymmetrical synapses with dendrites in GP and SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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35
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Okayama T, Kubota Y, Kito S, Funaki H, Shimada S, Takagi H, Inagaki S. A light and electron microscopic study of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat caudate putamen. Brain Res Bull 1989; 22:657-63. [PMID: 2786738 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) structures have been studied in the rat caudate putamen using avidin-biotin peroxidase immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was found in the axons of this nucleus but not in the perikarya. CGRP-IR fibers were most densely concentrated along the ventral border and in the caudal portion of the rat caudate putamen. CGRP-IR fibers were sparsely distributed throughout the rest of this nucleus. Almost all immunoreactive boutons which contained small clear vesicles had formed asymmetrical synapses. Postsynaptic targets included dendritic spines and shafts. Asymmetrical synapses in the caudate putamen are supposed to be extrinsic in origin. These observations, together with the results of other investigations, suggest that CGRP-IR boutons form synapses with spiny striatal neurons, which, most likely, are medium-sized spiny projecting neurons. Moreover, evidence indicates that these boutons are of extrinsic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okayama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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36
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Gardiner SM, Bennett T. Brain neuropeptides: actions on central cardiovascular control mechanisms. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1989; 14:79-116. [PMID: 2655792 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(89)90010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The many peptides we have not considered (e.g. gastrin, motilin, FMRFamide, carnosine, litorin, dermorphin, casomorphin, eledoisin, prolactin, growth hormone, neuromedin U, proctolin, etc.) were omitted due to lack of information as far as any putative central cardiovascular effects are concerned. However, even for some of these peptide pariahs intriguing snippets of information are available now (e.g. ref. 85), although as we write, the list of possible candidates for investigation grows longer. On an optimistic note, it is becoming clear that many brain neuropeptides may have important effects on cardiovascular regulation. It seems feasible that 'chemically coded' pathways in the brain might be the neuroanatomical correlate of a 'viscerotopic' organization of cardiovascular control mechanisms, whereby the activity of the heart and flows through vascular beds are individually controlled, but in an integrated fashion, utilizing particular combinations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within the brain. Such possibilities can only be investigated, properly, by measurement of changes in cardiac output and regional haemodynamics in response to appropriate interventions, in conscious, unrestrained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gardiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K
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37
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38
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Breimer LH, MacIntyre I, Zaidi M. Peptides from the calcitonin genes: molecular genetics, structure and function. Biochem J 1988; 255:377-90. [PMID: 3060108 PMCID: PMC1135239 DOI: 10.1042/bj2550377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L H Breimer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London
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39
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Inagaki S, Kubota Y, Shimada S, Tohyama M, Kito S, MacIntyre I, Takagi H. Ontogeny of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive structures in the rat forebrain and diencephalon. Brain Res 1988; 471:235-48. [PMID: 3263173 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ontogeny of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing structures was investigated in the forebrain and diencephalon of the rat by means of indirect immunofluorescence. CGRP-like immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) fibers first appeared at gestational day 18 (E18) in the primordia of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdaloid nucleus and posterolateral portion of the lateral hypothalamic nucleus. CGRP-IR fibers gradually increased in immunoreactivity and in number in these nuclei toward birth. A pronounced increase of CGRP-like immunoreactive fibers was found after birth in these nuclei and made very dense plexuses of fibers in adult animals. A few CGRP-IR fibers first appeared at the perinatal stage in the lateral septum, the most caudal portion of the caudate-putamen, and ventromedial and ventroposterior thalamic nuclei. Then the immunoreactive fibers increased and dense plexuses were present in these brain areas of the adult. A small number of immunoreactive fibers appeared at postnatal day 4-7 (P4-7) in the caudal insular cortex and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. A significant number of fibers was present in these areas of the adult. On the other hand, CGRP-like immunoreactivity in cell bodies was first detected with faint immunofluorescence at P4 in the anteromedial parts of the lateral hypothalamic area and ventromedial and ventroposterior thalamic nuclei. Thereafter CGRP-IR cells increased in immunoreactivity, and a significant number of cells was noted in these nuclei of the adult. In addition, CGRP-IR cells are identified in the medial amygdaloid nucleus, and medial preoptic area at P14. In conclusion, in the forebrain and diencephalon (1) CGRP-like immunoreactivity appears in fibers earlier than in cell bodies, suggesting that at least some of immunoreactive fibers originate from the lower brainstem, and (2) high density of CGRP-IR structures present in the brain at embryonic and early postnatal stages may indicate that CGRP could be an important factor involved in the developmental organization of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inagaki
- First Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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40
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Kubota Y, Inagaki S, Shimada S, Girgis S, Zadi M, MacIntyre I, Tohyama M, Kito S. Ontogeny of the calcitonin gene-related peptide in the nervous system of rat brain stem: an immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience 1988; 26:905-26. [PMID: 3264390 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny of the calcitonin gene-related peptide in the neuron system of the rat brain stem was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was first detected in the fibers of the nucleus of spinal tract trigeminal nerve on gestational day 18, and thereafter appeared gradually in various brain stem areas such as in the fibers of the solitary tract, gracile nucleus, cuneate nucleus, inferior colliculus, superior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus and in the neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus, facial nucleus, superior olive, parabrachial area, superior colliculus and peripeduncular nucleus. In colchicine-untreated animals, the immunoreactive fibers increased in number and reached adult level by postnatal day 14, whereas the number of cells reached a maximum between postnatal days 2 and 6 and then decreased in number and immunoreactivity or disappeared, except in some areas such as the superior olive and peripeduncular nucleus, which showed the same immunoreactivity as for adult animals. With colchicine treatment, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive cells were found in more areas of the brain stem such as the abducens nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, principal oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus and central gray, along with the nuclei which had shown calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the untreated animals. However, the neurons in the inferior olive showed a different ontogenetical pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide of immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity disappeared completely by postnatal day 21 in both colchicine-untreated and -treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kubota
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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41
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Westermark P, Johnson KH. The pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus: is there a link to islet amyloid polypeptide? Bioessays 1988; 9:30-3. [PMID: 3063263 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950090109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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42
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Brown MR, Gray TS. Peptide injections into the amygdala of conscious rats: effects on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1988; 21:95-106. [PMID: 3393697 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(88)90094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) mediates cardiovascular and autonomic changes associated with defense or fear responses. At least 16 different neuropeptides have been identified within nerve terminals within the Ce. The role that these peptides play in the Ce regulation of cardiovascular and autonomic function has been assessed. Neuropeptides were microinjected into the region of the Ce and mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured. Five of the 16 peptides caused changes of MAP and HR. Thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) induced increases of MAP and HR. Angiotensin-II (A-II) and somatostatin-28 (SS-28) injection produced increases of MAP and decreases of HR. Bombesin (Bom) injections into the Ce induced an increase of MAP but did not alter HR. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), TRF and CGRP were the only peptides found to increase plasma catecholamine concentrations. These results support the conclusion that the Ce contains several peptides that could be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system function. A role of the amygdala in mediating the observed effects of CRF, TRF, CGRP, A-II, SS-28, and Bom is suggested by these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Brown
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Medical Center 92103
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Schwaber JS, Sternini C, Brecha NC, Rogers WT, Card JP. Neurons containing calcitonin gene-related peptide in the parabrachial nucleus project to the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Comp Neurol 1988; 270:416-26, 398-9. [PMID: 2836477 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902700310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The source, distribution, and morphology of axons displaying calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the adult rat were investigated with immunohistochemical techniques, both alone and in combination with retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers. An extremely dense plexus of CGRP-immunoreactive axons is differentially concentrated within the lateral capsular and lateral central subdivisions of the central nucleus, and much lighter concentrations of labeled fibers are present in the rostral part of the medial subdivision. No immunoreactive neurons were observed in the central nucleus in any of the experimental animals. The immunoreactive axons characteristically form prominent pericellular terminal arborizations surrounding unlabeled neurons. The number of cells receiving this dense input increases at caudal levels of the central nucleus. Retrograde label of central nucleus neurons by dye transport from injections into the pontine parabrachial nucleus and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius combined with CGRP immunohistochemistry established that many neurons in the central nucleus which receive dense pericellular innervation from CGRP-immunoreactive axons are projecting caudally to the parabrachial nucleus or, to a lesser extent, to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Central amygdaloid injections of rhodamine-labeled microspheres or fluorogold followed by immunohistochemical localization of cellular CGRP immunoreactivity revealed that the central amygdaloid CGRP fiber plexus originates bilaterally from the parabrachial nucleus. These multipolar CGRP-containing neurons are preferentially concentrated in the external medial and external lateral subnuclei, in the ventral aspect of the parabrachial nucleus. These results relating central amygdaloid CGRP to ascending and descending brainstem pathways, taken together with the extreme density of the fiber plexus, strongly suggest the relevance of the CGRP input to central nucleus function in cardiovascular and other autonomic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Schwaber
- Neurobiology Group, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Delaware 19898
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44
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Shinohara Y, Yamano M, Matsuzaki T, Tohyama M. Evidences for the coexistence of substance P, neurotensin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in single neurons of the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1988; 20:257-60. [PMID: 2453258 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(88)90187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical double staining analysis revealed that most of the substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat contained neurotensin. Immunohistochemical staining of alternate consecutive sections showed that many of these neurons also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinohara
- Department of Anatomy II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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45
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Yamano M, Hillyard CJ, Girgis S, Emson PC, MacIntyre I, Tohyama M. Projection of neurotensin-like immunoreactive neurons from the lateral parabrachial area to the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat with reference to the coexistence with calcitonin gene-related peptide. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71:603-10. [PMID: 3262069 DOI: 10.1007/bf00248753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The origin of neurotensin-like immunoreactive (NTI) fibers in the central amygdaloid nucleus (AC) in the rat was examined using indirect immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry. Destruction of the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, which contains a group of NTI neurons, resulted in a marked reduction of these fibers in the ipsilateral AC, which suggests that most of these fibers are of extrinsic origin. This was also supported by the finding that injection of fast blue dye into the AC labeled many neurons in the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus ipsilaterally, and that simultaneous treatment with antiserum against NT stained some of these neurons. Subsequent immunohistochemical staining of alternate sections revealed that many of these NTI neurons were also labeled by calcitonin gene-related peptide antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamano
- Department of Anatomy II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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