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Silk fibroin peptide suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human lung cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:522-529. [PMID: 29921888 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm cocoon was recorded to cure carbuncle in the Compendium of Materia Medica. Previous studies have demonstrated that the supplemental silk protein sericin exhibits anticancer activity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of silk fibroin peptide (SFP) extracted from silkworm cocoons against human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and its possible anticancer mechanisms. SFP that we prepared had high content of glycine (~ 30%) and showed a molecular weight of ~ 10 kDa. Intragastric administration of SFP (30 g/kg/d) for 14 days did not affect the weights, vital signs, routine blood indices, and blood biochemical parameters in mice. MTT assay showed that SFP dose-dependently inhibited the growth of human lung cancer A549 and H460 cells in vitro with IC50 values of 9.921 and 9.083 mg/mL, respectively. SFP also dose-dependently suppressed the clonogenic activity of the two cell lines. In lung cancer H460 xenograft mice, intraperitoneal injection of SFP (200 or 500 mg/kg/d) for 40 days significantly suppressed the tumor growth, but did not induce significant changes in the body weight. We further examined the effects of SFP on cell cycle and apoptosis in H460 cells using flow cytometry, which revealed that SFP-induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase, and then promoted cell apoptosis. We demonstrated that SFP (20-50 mg/mL) dose-dependently downregulates Bcl-2 protein expression and upregulates Bax protein in H460 cells during cell apoptosis. The results suggest that SFP should be studied further as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Herbal product silibinin-induced programmed cell death is enhanced by metformin in cervical cancer cells at the dose without influence on nonmalignant cells. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Tsai CC, Chuang TW, Chen LJ, Niu HS, Chung KM, Cheng JT, Lin KC. Increase in apoptosis by combination of metformin with silibinin in human colorectal cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4169-4177. [PMID: 25892866 PMCID: PMC4394077 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of metformin on silibinin-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (COLO 205) cells.
METHODS: MTT assays were performed to quantify cell viability. Western blot assays were applied to identify the expression of signaling proteins.
RESULTS: The combined treatment of COLO 205 cells with metformin and silibinin decreased cell survival at a dose insufficient to influence the non-malignant cells [Human colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpiC)]. Silibinin and metformin increased phosphatase and tensin homolog and 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase expression in COLO 205 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation of mammol/Lalian target of rapamycin. This combined treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of activated caspase 3 and apoptosis inducing factor, indicating apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: The combined treatment of human colorectal cancer cells with silibinin and metformin may induce apoptosis at a dose that does not affect HCoEpiC. This finding reveals a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Su CC. Sann-Joong-Kuey-Jian-Tang decreases the protein expression of mammalian target of rapamycin but increases microtubule associated protein II light chain 3 expression to inhibit human BxPC‑3 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3160-6. [PMID: 25516264 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sann‑Joong‑Kuey‑Jian‑Tang (SJKJT), a Traditional Chinese Medicinal prescription, has been used for the treatment of lymphadenopathy and solid tumors, and has shown therapeutic potential in a number of human malignant tumor cell lines, such as Hep‑G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Previous mechanistic studies demonstrated that SJKJT inhibited the proliferation of BxPC‑3 pancreatic carcinoma cells through the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in vitro. SJKJT was also shown to be cytotoxic to colo 205 colon cancer cells by inducing autophagy in vitro. The present study therefore investigated molecular mechanisms of autophagy in human BxPC‑3 pancreatic cancer cells treated with SJKJT. The cytotoxic effects of SJKJT on BxPC‑3 human pancreatic carcinoma cells were evaluated using an MTT assay. Furthermore, the expression of autophagy‑associated proteins, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), beclin‑1, autophagocytosis‑associated protein (Atg)3, Atg7, Atg5‑Atg12 and microtubule‑associated protein II light chain 3 (LC3‑II), was assessed using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that BxPC‑3 cells treated with SJKJT exhibited decreased expression levels of mTOR and increased expression of LC3‑II protein. In addition, the expression of the beclin‑1, Atg3, Atg7 and Atg5‑Atg12 proteins was increased during the first 24 h, but decreased from 48 to 72 h. The results showed that SJKJT inhibited the proliferation of human BxPC‑3 pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. A possible underlying molecular mechanism may be the induction of autophagy. Further investigation into the therapeutic potential of SJKJT in human pancreatic cancer is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Cheng Su
- Tumor Research Center of Integrative Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan 50006, R.O.C
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Chien SY, Kuo SJ, Chen DR, Su CC. Sann-Joong-Kuey-Jian-Tang decreases the protein expression of Mcl‑1 and TCTP and increases that of TNF-α and Bax in BxPC‑3 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:85-92. [PMID: 23652631 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sann-Joong-Kuey-Jian-Tang (SJKJT), a traditional Chinese medicinal prescription, has been used for the treatment of lymphadenopathy and solid tumors, and has shown therapeutic potential in several human malignant tumor cell lines. However, the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of action of SJKJT in human pancreatic cancer have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of SJKJT on BxPC-3 human pancreatic carcinoma cells by MTT assay. The protein expression levels of myeloid cell leukemia 1 protein (Mcl-1), translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF‑α), caspase-8, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 family in the BxPC-3 cells were measured by western blot analysis. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein expression of caspase-3 was also detected by immunocytochemistry (ICC). The results revealed that SJKJT inhibited the proliferation of BxPC-3 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The protein expression levels of TNF-α, caspase-8, caspase-3 and Bax increased in the BxPC-3 cells treated with SJKJT; however, the levels of Mcl-1, TCTP and Bcl-xL decreased. The results also demonstrated that SJKJT increased the percentage of BxPC-3 cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, ICC staining indicated that the protein expression of caspase-3 was upregulated in the BxPC-3 cells treated with SJKJT. These findings indicate that SJKJT inhibits the proliferation of BxPC-3 cells through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway, inducing apoptosis in vitro. Our study, using BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells, demonstrates that SJKJT has potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Further sutdies are warranted to fully elucidate its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yu Chien
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan, R.O.C
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6
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Zhang Y, Zeng F, Liu X, Li Y, Zhou J, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhou S, Zhu W, Shu E, Zhou G, Chen G. Chan-Yu-Bao-Yuan-Tang induces apoptosis in NSCLC and SCLC cell lines via a mitochondria-mediated pathway. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:593-602. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.565818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Liu X, Li Y, Zeng F, Huang Y, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhou S, Zhu W, Chen G, Zhang Y. Chan-Yu-Bao-Yuan-Tang, the water extract of a chinese medicine prescription, induces s-phase arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 11:337-53. [PMID: 21382962 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410392579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous clinical studies have shown good efficacy of the traditional Chinese medicinal herbal water extract Chan-Yu-Bao-Yuan-Tang (CYBYT) in lung cancer patients. In this study, CYBYT's effects on proliferation and apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1 cultured in vitro were explored. An XTT assay, cell cycle analysis, Annexin V-FITC staining and Western blot were applied to identify the viability of cells, cell cycle arrest, stages of apoptosis, and signaling proteins, respectively. The results showed that CYBYT inhibited the growth of SPC-A-1 cells by reducing the cells in G0/G1 phase but increasing them in S phase in a concentration-dependent manner, and inducing apoptosis, whereas it had no significant inhibitory effects on the normal human IMR-90 fibroblasts. Furthermore, early and total induction of apoptosis was positively correlated with the concentration of CYBYT in SPC-A-1 cells, and the rate of total apoptosis was greater in the CYBYT 100 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL groups than that of the positive control 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) group. Moreover, CYBYT upregulated bax, cleaved caspase-3 protein expression, downregulated bcl-2 protein expression, and released mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Our findings indicated that CYBYT could significantly inhibit growth and induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1.
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Wang CCC, Chiang YM, Kuo PL, Chang JK, Hsu YL. Norsolorinic acid inhibits proliferation of T24 human bladder cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and inducing a Fas/membrane-bound Fas ligand-mediated apoptotic pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1301-8. [PMID: 18671724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Norsolorinic acid, isolated from Aspergillus nidulans, has been shown to have antiproliferative activity in T24 human bladder cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G(0)/G(1) phase and inducing apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antiproliferative activity of norsolorinic acid in T24 human bladder cancer cells. 2. The effects of norsolorinic acid (1, 5, 10 and 20 micromol/L) on the proliferation of T24 cells and on the distribution of cells within different phases of the cell cycle were investigated indirectly using an XTT assay and a flow cytometer, respectively. Factors affecting the cell cycle and apoptosis, including p53, p21, Fas receptor, Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase 8 activity, were examined using ELISA. 3. The results showed that norsolorinic acid inhibited proliferation of T24 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC(50) of 10.5 micromol/L. The effect involved the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase and apoptosis. 4. These results demonstrate that G(0)/G(1) phase arrest is due to increased expression of p21 in cells treated with norsolorinic acid (10 and 20 micromol/L) for 24 h. Moreover, enhanced Fas and membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) may be responsible for the apoptotic effect of norsolorinic acid. Thus, the present study reports, for the first time, that induction of p21 and the Fas/mFas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative action of norsolorinic acid in T24 human bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, California, USA
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9
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Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Tzeng TF, Sung SC, Yen MH, Lin LT, Lin CC. Huang-lian-jie-du-tang, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:e290-9. [PMID: 18522681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Huang-lian-jie-du-tang (HLJDT; Japanese name, oren-gedoku-to) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Our study reports here for the first time the anticancer effect of HLJDT in two human liver cancer cell lines, Hep G2 and PLC/PRF/5. METHODS Inhibition of cell proliferation by HLJDT was measured by sodium 3'-(1-(phenylamino-carbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium)-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) assay. Clonogenic assay was used to elucidate the possible differences in long-term effects of HLJDT on human liver cancer cells. Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was detected using electrophoresis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick endlabeling (TUNEL) assay. Protein expressions were determined by immunoblot assay. The activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was determined by Trans-AM ELISA kit. In vivo tumor activity was assessed by xenograft study. RESULTS HLJDT significantly increased the expression of inactivated phospho-Cdc2 and phospho-Cdc25C, and decreased the levels of cyclin A, cyclin B1, Cdc2, and Cdc25C, thereby contributing to cell-cycle arrest. HLJDT increased the expression of Bax and Bak, but decreased the level of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, and subsequently triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, HLJDT also inhibited cell-survival signaling by enhancing the amount of IkappaBalpha in the cytoplasm, reducing the level and activity of NF-kappaB in the nucleus, and subsequently attenuating the expression of Bcl-XL in Hep G2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells(.) The inhibitory effect mediated by HLJDT on cell growth was also demonstrated in a nude mouse model, in which the liver cancer cells induced tumor xenograft shrank considerably following treatment with HLJDT. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest a potential anticancer effect of HLJDT against human liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.
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10
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Wang CCC, Chiang YM, Kuo PL, Chang JK, Hsu YL. Norsolorinic acid from Aspergillus nidulans inhibits the proliferation of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells via Fas-mediated pathway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:491-7. [PMID: 18346044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Norsolorinic acid, isolated from the Aspergillus nidulans, was investigated for its antiproliferative activity in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. To identity the anticancer mechanism of norsolorinic acid, we assayed its effect on apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and levels of p53, p21/WAF1, Fas/APO-1 receptor and Fas ligand. The results showed that norsolorinic acid induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells without mediation of p53 and p21/WAF1. We suggest that Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic system is the main pathway of norsolorinic acid-mediated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Our study reports here for the first time that the activity of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of norsolorinic acid in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Hada M, Cucinotta FA, Gonda SR, Wu H. mBAND Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Epithelial Cells Exposed to Low- and High-LET Radiation. Radiat Res 2007; 168:98-105. [PMID: 17722995 DOI: 10.1667/rr0759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Energetic heavy ions pose a potential health risk to astronauts who have participated in extended space missions. High-LET radiation is much more effective than low-LET radiation in the induction of biological effects, including cell inactivation, genetic mutations, cataracts and cancer. Most of these biological end points are closely correlated with chromosomal damage, which can be used as a biomarker for radiation damage. Multicolor banding in situ hybridization (mBAND) has proven to be highly useful for the study of intrachromosomal aberrations, which have been suggested as a biomarker of exposure to high-LET radiation. To investigate biological signatures of radiation quality and the complexity of intrachromosomal aberrations, we exposed human epithelial cells in vitro to (137)Cs gamma rays or iron ions (600 MeV/nucleon) and collected chromosomes using a premature chromosome condensation technique. Aberrations in chromosome 3 were analyzed using mBAND probes. The results of our study confirmed the observation of a higher incidence of inversions for high-LET radiation. However, detailed analysis of the inversion type revealed that both iron ions and gamma rays induced a low incidence of simple inversions. Half of the inversions observed in the low-LET-irradiated samples were accompanied by other types of intrachromosome aberrations, but few inversions were accompanied by interchromosome aberrations. In contrast, iron ions induced a significant fraction of inversions that involved complex rearrangements of both inter- and intrachromosome exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hada
- Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas 77085, USA.
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12
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Hsu YL, Yen MH, Kuo PL, Cho CY, Huang YT, Tseng CJ, Lee JP, Lin CC. San-Zhong-Kui-Jian-Tang, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription, Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cell by Blocking Cell Cycle Progression and Inducing Apoptosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2388-94. [PMID: 17142969 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
San-Zhong-Kui-Jian-Tang (SZKJT; Japanese name: Sanshu-kaigen-to), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has been used for treating patients with various cancers. This study first investigates the anticancer effect of SZKJT in two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. SZKJT exhibited effective cell growth inhibition by inducing cancer cells to undergo G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Blockade of cell cycle was associated with increased p21/WAF1 levels, and reduced amounts of cyclinD1, cyclinD2 in a p53-independent manner. SZKJT treatment triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway indicated by changing Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation, but did not act on Fas/Fas ligand pathways and the activation of caspase-8. Further investigation revealed that SZKJT's inhibition of cell growth effect was also evident in a nude mice model. Taken together, our study suggests that the induction of p21/WAF1 and activity of the mitochondrial apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of SZKJY in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Yang TC, Georgy KA, Tavakoli A, Craise LM, Durante M. Radiogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells in vitro. RADIATION ONCOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS 2001; 3:412-9. [PMID: 11541509 DOI: 10.1002/roi.2970030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer induction by space radiations is a major concern for manned space exploration. Accurate assessment of radiation risk at low doses requires basic understanding of mechanism(s) of radiation carcinogenesis. For determining the oncogenic effects of ionizing radiation in human epithelial cells, we transformed a mammary epithelial cell line (185B5), which was immortalized by benzo(a)pyrene, with energetic heavy ions and obtained several transformed clones. These transformed cells showed growth properties on Matrigel similar to human mammary tumor cells. To better understand the mechanisms of radiogenic transformation of human cells, we systematically examined the alterations in chromosomes and cancer genes. Among 16 autosomes examined for translocations, by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, chromosomes 3, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 18 appeared to be normal in transformed cells. Chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, and 17 in transformed cells, however, showed patterns different from those in nontransformed cells. Southern blot analyses indicated no detectable alterations in myc, ras, Rb, or p53 genes. Further studies of chromosome 17 by using in situ hybridization with unique sequence p53 gene probe and a centromere probe showed no loss of p53 gene in transformed cells. Experimental results from cell fusion studies indicated that the transforming gene(s) is recessive. The role of genomic instability and tumor suppressor gene(s) in radiogenic transformation of human breast cells remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Yang
- Radiation Biophysics Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Gonda SR, Wu H, Pingerelli PL, Glickman BW. Three-dimensional transgenic cell model to quantify genotoxic effects of space environment. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2001; 27:421-430. [PMID: 11642304 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe a three-dimensional, multicellular tissue-equivalent model, produced in NASA-designed, rotating wall bioreactors using mammalian cells engineered for genomic containment of multiple copies of defined target genes for genotoxic assessment. Rat 2 lambda fibroblasts, genetically engineered to contain high-density target genes for mutagenesis (Stratagene, Inc., Austin, TX), were cocultured with human epithelial cells on Cytodex beads in the High Aspect Ratio Bioreactor (Synthecon, Inc, Houston, TX). Multi-bead aggregates were formed by day 5 following the complete covering of the beads by fibroblasts. Cellular retraction occurred 8-14 days after coculture initiation culminating in spheroids retaining few or no beads. Analysis of the resulting tissue assemblies revealed: multicellular spheroids, fibroblasts synthesized collagen, and cell viability was retained for the 30-day test period after removal from the bioreactor. Quantification of mutation at the LacI gene in Rat 2 lambda fibroblasts in spheroids exposed to 0-2 Gy neon using the Big Blue color assay (Stratagene, Inc.), revealed a linear dose-response for mutation induction. Limited sequencing analysis of mutant clones from 0.25 or 1 Gy exposures revealed a higher frequency of deletions and multiple base sequencing changes with increasing dose. These results suggest that the three-dimensional, multicellular tissue assembly model produced in NASA bioreactors are applicable to a wide variety of studies involving the quantification and identification of genotoxicity including measurement of the inherent damage incurred in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Gonda
- Biotechnology Program, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Rd. 1, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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15
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Yamada S, Yang TC, George K, Okayasu R, Ando K, Tsujii H. Microsatellite instability in human mammary epithelial cells transformed by heavy ions. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1998; 22:1709-1717. [PMID: 11542415 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed DNA and proteins obtained from normal and transformed human mammary epithelial cells for studying the neoplastic transformation by high-LET irradiation in vitro. We also examined microsatellite instability in human mammary cells transformed to various stages of carcinogenesis, such as normal, growth variant and tumorigenic, using microsatellite marker D5S177 on the chromosome 5 and CYl7 on the Chromosome 10. Microsatellite instabilities were detected in the tumorigenic stage. These results suggest that microsatellite instability may play a role in the progression of tumorigenecity. The cause of the genomic instability has been suggested as abnormalities of DNA-repair systems which may be due to one of the three reasons: 1) alterations of cell cycle regulating genes. 2) mutations in any of the DNA mismatch repair genes, 3) mutation in any of the DNA strand breaks repair genes. No abnormality of these genes and encoded proteins, however was found in the present studies. These studies thus suggest that the microsatellite instability is induced by an alternative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamada
- Research Center of Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Yang TC, Georgy KA, Craise LM, Durante M. Initiation of oncogenic transformation in human mammary epithelial cells by charged particles. RADIATION ONCOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS 1997; 5:134-8. [PMID: 9303071 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6823(1997)5:3<134::aid-roi10>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies have shown that high linear-energy transfer (LET) charged particles can be more effective than x-rays and gamma-rays in inducing oncogenic transformation in cultured cells and tumors in animals. Based on these results, experiments were designed and performed with an immortal human mammary epithelial cell line (H184B5), and several clones transformed by heavy ions were obtained. Cell fusion experiments were subsequently done, and results indicate that the transforming gene(s) is recessive. Chromosome analysis with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques also showed additional translocations in transformed human mammary epithelial cells. In addition, studies with these cell lines indicate that heavy ions can effectively induce deletion, break, and dicentrics. Deletion of tumor suppressor gene(s) and/or formation of translocation through DNA double strand breaks is a likely mechanism for the initiation of oncogenic transformation in human mammary epithelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Breast/pathology
- Breast/radiation effects
- Cell Fusion
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes/chemistry
- Chromosomes/genetics
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/radiation effects
- DNA Damage
- Epithelium/pathology
- Epithelium/radiation effects
- Female
- Gamma Rays
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Recessive/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Linear Energy Transfer
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Transformation, Genetic/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- X-Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Yang
- Radiation Biophysics Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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17
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Yang TC, Mei M, George KA, Craise LM. DNA damage and repair in oncogenic transformation by heavy ion radiation. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1996; 18:149-158. [PMID: 11538955 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00801-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Energetic heavy ions are present in galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events. One of the most important late effects in risk assessment is carcinogenesis. We have studied the carcinogenic effects of heavy ions at the cellular and molecular levels and have obtained quantitative data on dose-response curves and on the repair of oncogenic lesions for heavy particles with various charges and energies. Studies with repair inhibitors and restriction endonucleases indicated that for oncogenic transformation DNA is the primary target. Results from heavy ion experiments showed that the cross section increased with LET and reached a maximum value of about 0.02 micrometer2 at about 500 keV/micrometer. This limited size of cross section suggests that only a fraction of cellular genomic DNA is important in radiogenic transformation. Free radical scavengers, such as DMSO, do not give any effect on induction of oncogenic transformation by 600 MeV/u iron particles, suggesting most oncogenic damage induced by high-LET heavy ions is through direct action. Repair studies with stationary phase cells showed that the amount of reparable oncogenic lesions decreased with an increase of LET and that heavy ions with LET greater than 200 keV/micrometer produced only irreparable oncogenic damage. An enhancement effect for oncogenic transformation was observed in cells irradiated by low-dose-rate argon ions (400 MeV/u; 120 keV/micrometer). Chromosomal aberrations, such as translocation and deletion, but not sister chromatid exchange, are essential for heavy-ion-induced oncogenic transformation. The basic mechanism(s) of misrepair of DNA damage, which form oncogenic lesions, is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Yang
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Medical Sciences Division, Houston, TX, USA
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