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Monroy J, Cortés OD, Domínguez R, Mendoza‐Garrido ME, Gallegos E, Cárdenas M, Aragón A, Ayala ME. The differential sensitivity of the hypothalamic-hypophysial-ovarian axis to 5-hydroxytryptophan alters the secretion of estradiol. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:365-379. [PMID: 38064347 PMCID: PMC10988714 DOI: 10.1113/ep091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] modulates ovarian function. The precursor of 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), has been used to treat depression. However, the effects of 5-HTP on ovarian and reproductive physiology remain unknown. In this research, we analysed the impact of 5-HTP on the monoaminergic system and its interactions with the reproductive axis and ovarian estradiol secretion when administered by distinct routes. Female rats 30 days of age were injected with 5-HTP i.p. (100 mg/kg), into the ovarian bursa (1.5 µg/40 µL) or into the median raphe nucleus (20 µg/2.5 µL) and were killed 60 or 120 min after injection. As controls, we used rats of the same age injected with vehicle (0.9% NaCl). Monoamine, gonadotrophin and steroid ovarian hormone concentrations were measured. The injection of 5-HTP either i.p. or directly into the ovarian bursa increased the concentrations of 5-HT and the metabolite 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the ovary. For both routes of administration, the serum concentration of estradiol increased. After i.p. injection of 5-HTP, the concentrations of luteinizing hormone were decreased and follicle-stimulating hormone increased after 120 min. Micro-injection of 5-HTP into the median raphe nucleus increased the concentrations of 5-HT in the anterior hypothalamus and dopamine in the medial hypothalamus after 120 min. Our results suggest that the administration of 5-HTP either i.p. or directly into the ovarian bursa enhances ovarian estradiol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Monroy
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Omar D. Cortés
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - María Eugenia Mendoza‐Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico CityMexico
| | - Eloir Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Mario Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología de la ReproducciónInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - Andrés Aragón
- Laboratorio de Gametos y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores IztacalaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantlaState of MéxicoMexico
| | - María E. Ayala
- Laboratorio de Pubertad, Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
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Cui JJ, Huang ZY, Xie YH, Wu JB, Xu GH, Li CF, Zhang MM, Yi LT. Gut microbiota mediated inflammation, neuroendocrine and neurotrophic functions involved in the antidepressant-like effects of diosgenin in chronic restraint stress. J Affect Disord 2023; 321:242-252. [PMID: 36349650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diosgenin is a well-known steroid saponin possessing neuroprotective activities. However, it is unknown whether diosgenin could alleviate depression-like symptoms. METHODS The antidepressant-like effect of diosgenin was investigated in mice induced by chronic restraint stress. The effects of diosgenin on behaviors, inflammation, neuroendocrine, neurotrophic function, and gut microbiota were evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that diosgenin alleviated the depressive-like behaviors in mice. In addition, diosgenin was found to reduce serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Besides, diosgenin could activate hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB/ERK/CREB signaling pathway and improve the expression of postsynaptic protein PSD95. Meanwhile, the neurogenesis which was inhibited by chronic restraint stress, was totally reversed by diosgenin. Moreover, diosgenin increased the abundance of phylum Firmicutes and the genus Lactobacillus in stressed mice. The results further showed that diosgenin caused a strong correlation between gut microbiota composition and inflammation, the HPA axis activity, or hippocampus neurotrophic function. LIMITATIONS Only male mice were used for evaluation in the present study, which limits the understanding of effects of diosgenin on the both sexes. In addition, the results only indicate microbiota at the phylum or genus mediate the regulation of neuroinflammation, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic function, but does not elucidate how microbiota modulate the systems via their primary or secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that diosgenin exerts the antidepressant activity, which is associated with the enhancement of neurotrophic function and the inhibition of inflammatory and neuroendocrine activities via the regulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ji Cui
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Ze-Yun Huang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Yi-Hang Xie
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Jun-Bin Wu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Man-Man Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian province, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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Tryptophan Challenge in Healthy Controls and People with Schizophrenia: Acute Effects on Plasma Levels of Kynurenine, Kynurenic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081003. [PMID: 36015151 PMCID: PMC9416551 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal tryptophan (TRP) metabolite kynurenine is converted to several neuroactive compounds, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia (SZ) and may contribute to cognitive abnormalities in patients. A small proportion of TRP is metabolized to serotonin and further to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Notably, KP metabolism is readily affected by immune stimulation. Here, we assessed the acute effects of an oral TRP challenge (6 g) on peripheral concentrations of kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA, as well as the cytokines interferon-γ, TNF-α and interleukin-6, in 22 participants with SZ and 16 healthy controls (HCs) using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. TRP raised the levels of kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA in a time-dependent manner, causing >20-fold, >130-fold and 1.5-fold increases in kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA concentrations, respectively, after 240 min. According to multivariate analyses, neither baseline levels nor the stimulating effects of TRP differed between participants with SZ and HC. Basal cytokine levels did not vary between groups, and remained unaffected by TRP. Although unlikely to be useful diagnostically, measurements of circulating metabolites following an acute TRP challenge may be informative for assessing the in vivo efficacy of drugs that modulate the neosynthesis of KYNA and other products of TRP degradation.
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Wong NM, Dipasquale O, Turkheimer F, Findon JL, Wichers RH, Dimitrov M, Murphy CM, Stoencheva V, Robertson DM, Murphy DG, Daly E, McAlonan GM. Differences in social brain function in autism spectrum disorder are linked to the serotonin transporter: A randomised placebo-controlled single-dose crossover trial. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:723-731. [PMID: 35491679 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221092509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the serotonergic control of brain pathways responsible for facial emotion processing in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be a target for intervention. However, the molecular underpinnings of autistic-neurotypical serotonergic differences are challenging to access in vivo. Receptor-Enriched Analysis of functional Connectivity by Targets (REACT) has helped define molecular-enriched functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain networks based on a priori information about the spatial distribution of neurochemical systems from available PET templates. METHODS We used REACT to estimate the dominant fMRI signal related to the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) distribution during processing of aversive facial emotion in adults with and without ASD. We first predicted a group difference in baseline (placebo) functioning of this system. We next used a single 20 mg oral dose of citalopram, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, to test the hypothesis that network activity in people with and without ASD would respond differently to inhibition of SERT. To confirm the specificity of our findings, we also repeated the analysis with 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptor maps. RESULTS Using REACT with the SERT map, we found a baseline group difference in the SERT-enriched response to faces in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. A single oral dose of citalopram 'shifted' the response in the ASD group towards the neurotypical baseline but did not alter response in the control group. Similar differences in SERT-enriched response were observed after controlling for other 5-HT maps. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the SERT-enriched functional network is dynamically different in ASD during processing of socially relevant stimuli. Whether this acute neurobiological response to citalopram in ASD translates to a clinical target will be an important next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol Ml Wong
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James L Findon
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert H Wichers
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mihail Dimitrov
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vladimira Stoencheva
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dene M Robertson
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
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Gonzalez I, Polvillo R, Ruiz-Galdon M, Reyes-Engel A, Royo JL. MAOB rs3027452 Modifies Mood Improvement After Tryptophan Supplementation. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1751-1756. [PMID: 33986613 PMCID: PMC8110250 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s305443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tryptophan is the only precursor of serotonin, the hormone which helps regulate key human functions such as appetite, memory, mood, and sexual behavior. Connections have been identified between serotonin system dysfunction and the molecular etiology and treatment of mood disorders in a wide range of studies. Proposals have been put forward to co-administer tryptophan supplementation together with serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression patients, and also to exploit the sub-therapeutic depressive status in healthy populations. The reported responses, however, have been very dissimilar and this uneven effect may largely be explained by interindividual genetic differences. Materials and Methods We studied mood change in 138 healthy subjects using both Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire and the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire to determine the effects of a daily supplementation of 1g of tryptophan or placebo. Buccal DNA samples were provided and TPH1 (rs1800532), MAOA (rs3788862 and rs979605), MAOB (rs3027452), and COMT (rs6269 and rs4680) variants were genotyped. Results MAOB rs3027452 was equally associated with tryptophan supplementation efficacy in the depression subscales of both questionnaires (ΔT-Score.D; ΔT-Score.TMD and ΔPOMS.D p-values <0.01). Conclusion Here we provide evidence that tryptophan supplementation has an uneven effect on mood improvement in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Rocio Polvillo
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdon
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Engel
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Royo
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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6
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Tryptophan supplementation and serotonin function: genetic variations in behavioural effects. Proc Nutr Soc 2018; 77:174-188. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117004451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin has a role in affective disorders such as depression and anxiety, as well as sleep, cognitive function and appetite. This review examines the evidence that serotonin-related genotypes may moderate the behavioural effects of supplementation with the serotonin precursor amino acidl-tryptophan (TRP), on which synthesis of serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) depends. However, 95 % of serotonin is synthesised and used in the periphery, and TRP is also metabolised via non-5-HT routes such as the kynurenine pathway. Moreover, understanding of genotypes involved in regulation of serotonin raises questions over the generalisability of TRP effects on behaviour across individuals with varied serotonergic genotypes. To date, only differences between variants of the 5-HT transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) have been investigated in relation to behavioural effects of TRP supplementation. Effects of 5-HTTLPR genotypes are usually compared between the alleles that are either high (L/L′) or low (S/S′) expressing of mRNA for the 5-HT transporter receptor. Yet, another key genetic variable is sex: in women, the S/S′ genotype predicts sensitivity to improved mood and reduced cortisol by TRP supplementation, during stressful challenges, whereas the L/L′ genotype protects against stress-induced mood deterioration. In men, the L/L′ genotype may confer risk of stress-induced increases in negative affect; there are insufficient data to assess effects on male S/S′ genotypes. However, better-powered studies to detect sex by genotype by stress by TRP interactions, as well as consideration of more genotypes, are needed before strong conclusions and recommendations for behavioural effects of TRP treatment can be reached.
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Mechanism of development of depression and probiotics as adjuvant therapy for its prevention and management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Watanabe N, Yamamoto M. Neural mechanisms of social dominance. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:154. [PMID: 26136644 PMCID: PMC4469834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In a group setting, individuals' perceptions of their own level of dominance or of the dominance level of others, and the ability to adequately control their behavior based on these perceptions are crucial for living within a social environment. Recent advances in neural imaging and molecular technology have enabled researchers to investigate the neural substrates that support the perception of social dominance and the formation of a social hierarchy in humans. At the systems' level, recent studies showed that dominance perception is represented in broad brain regions which include the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and various cortical networks such as the prefrontal, and parietal cortices. Additionally, neurotransmitter systems such as the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, modulate and are modulated by the formation of the social hierarchy in a group. While these monoamine systems have a wide distribution and multiple functions, it was recently found that the Neuropeptide B/W contributes to the perception of dominance and is present in neurons that have a limited projection primarily to the amygdala. The present review discusses the specific roles of these neural regions and neurotransmitter systems in the perception of dominance and in hierarchy formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriya Watanabe
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications TechnologySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Shen YB, Voilqué G, Kim JD, Odle J, Kim SW. Effects of increasing tryptophan intake on growth and physiological changes in nursery pigs1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2264-75. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. B. Shen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - G. Voilqué
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - J. D. Kim
- Bio Business Unit, CJ CheilJedang, Seoul, 100-400, Korea
| | - J. Odle
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - S. W. Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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Simultaneous determination of tyrosine, tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine in serum of MDD patients by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:973-7. [PMID: 22402312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine (Tyr), Tryptophan (Trp) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are important amino acids in vivo and have been hypothesized to be involved in many mental disorders. We developed a rapid and sensitive HPLC method for simultaneous measurement of serum Tyr, Trp and 5-HT and explored the clinical significances of Tyr, Trp and 5-HT and the 5-HT/Trp ratio for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) disease. METHODS Serum samples were deproteinized by 5% perchloric acid and separated on an Atlantis C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1 mol/l KH(2)PO(4) and methanol (85:15, V/V).The eluates were monitored by the fluorescence detection with programmed wavelength. RESULTS Analysis was achieved in <12.0 min. The limits of quantification were 0.014, 0.005, and 0.024 μmol/l for Tyr, Trp and 5-HT, respectively. Reproducibility and recovery were satisfactory. Tyr, Trp and 5-HT and the 5-HT/Trp ratio were significantly decreased in patients with MDD. CONCLUSIONS In diseases, like MDD, Tyr, Trp and 5-HT play an important role. This method can potentially be applied as prognostic or diagnostic tool or even to follow the evolution of the illness or of the treatment.
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van der Plasse G, Feenstra MGP. WITHDRAWN: Is acute tryptophan depletion a valid method to assess central serotonergic function? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011:S0149-7634(11)00053-4. [PMID: 21435352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey van der Plasse
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 85500, 3508 GAUtrecht,The Netherlands
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12
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Current status and future developments of LC-MS/MS in clinical chemistry for quantification of biogenic amines. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Popova NK, Kulikov AV. Targeting tryptophan hydroxylase 2 in affective disorder. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:1259-71. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.524208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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de Jong WHA, Wilkens MHLI, de Vries EGE, Kema IP. Automated mass spectrometric analysis of urinary and plasma serotonin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2609-16. [PMID: 20140664 PMCID: PMC2841759 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin emerges as crucial neurotransmitter and hormone in a growing number of different physiologic processes. Besides extensive serotonin production previously noted in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors, serotonin now is implicated in liver cell regeneration and bone formation. The aim was to develop a rapid, sensitive, and highly selective automated on-line solid-phase extraction method coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (XLC-MS/MS) to quantify low serotonin concentrations in matrices such as platelet-poor plasma and urine. Fifty microliters plasma or 2.5 microL urine equivalent were pre-purified by automated on-line solid-phase extraction, using weak cation exchange. Chromatography of serotonin and its deuterated internal standard was performed with hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Mass spectrometric detection was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode using a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization. Serotonin concentrations were determined in platelet-poor plasma of metastatic carcinoid patients (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 22). Urinary reference intervals were set by analyzing 24-h urine collections of 120 healthy subjects. Total run-time was 6 min. Intra- and inter-assay analytical variation were <10%. Linearity in the 0-7300 micromol/L calibration range was excellent (R(2) > 0.99). Quantification limits were 30 and 0.9 nmol/L in urine and plasma, respectively. Platelet-poor serotonin concentrations in metastatic carcinoid patients were significantly higher than in controls. The urinary reference interval was 10-78 micromol/mol creatinine. Serotonin analysis with sensitive and specific XLC-MS/MS overcomes limitations of conventional HPLC. This enables accurate quantification of serotonin for both routine diagnostic procedures and research in serotonin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina H. A. de Jong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne H. L. I. Wilkens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G. E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tryptophan Depletion and Serotonin Release — A Critical Reappraisal. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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de Jong WHA, Graham KS, de Vries EGE, Kema IP. Urinary 5-HIAA measurement using automated on-line solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 868:28-33. [PMID: 18482877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in urine is useful for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with carcinoid tumors and for monitoring serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) metabolism in various disorders. We describe an automated method (XLC-MS/MS) that incorporates on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection to measure urinary 5-HIAA. Automated pre-purification of urine was carried out with HySphere-Resin GP SPE cartridges containing strong hydrophobic polystyrene resin. The analyte (5-HIAA) and internal standard (isotope-labelled 5-HIAA-d(2)) were, after elution from the cartridge, separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected with tandem MS. Total cycle time was 5 min. 5-HIAA and its deuterated internal standard (5-HIAA-d(2)) were retained on and eluted from the SPE cartridges in high yields (81.5-98.0%). Absolute recovery was 96.5-99.6%. Intra-assay (n=20) and inter-assay (n=20) CVs for the measurement of 5-HIAA in urine in three concentration levels ranged from 0.8 to 1.4% and 1.7 to 4.2%, respectively. For urine samples from patients (n=78) with known or suspected metastatic carcinoid tumors, results obtained by XLC-MS/MS were highly correlated (R(2)=0.99) with the routinely used fluorometric method. This XLC-MS/MS method demonstrated lower imprecision and time per analysis (high-throughput) than manual solvent extraction methods and higher sensitivity and specificity than non-mass spectrometric detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina H A de Jong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Janusonis S, Anderson GM, Shifrovich I, Rakic P. Ontogeny of brain and blood serotonin levels in 5-HT receptor knockout mice: potential relevance to the neurobiology of autism. J Neurochem 2006; 99:1019-31. [PMID: 16981893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most consistent neurochemical finding in autism has been elevated group mean levels of blood platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin). The origin and significance of this platelet hyperserotonemia remain poorly understood. The 5-HT(1A) receptor plays important roles in the developing brain and is also expressed in the gut, the main source of platelet 5-HT. Post-natal tissue levels of 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan were examined in the brain, duodenum and blood of 5-HT(1A) receptor-knockout and wild-type mice. At 3 days after birth, the knockout mice had lower mean brain 5-HT levels and normal mean platelet 5-HT levels. Also, at 3 days after birth, the mean tryptophan levels in the brain, duodenum and blood of the knockout mice were around 30% lower than those of the wild-type mice. By 2 weeks after birth, the mean brain 5-HT levels of the knockout mice normalized, but their mean platelet 5-HT levels became 24% higher than normal. The possible causes of these dynamic shifts were explored by examining correlations between central and peripheral levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA and tryptophan. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 5-HT in the ontogeny of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skirmantas Janusonis
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Mulder EJ, Oosterloo-Duinkerken A, Anderson GM, De Vries EGE, Minderaa RB, Kema IP. Automated On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC for Measurement of 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic Acid in Urine. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1698-703. [PMID: 16020500 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Quantification of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in urine is useful in diagnosing and monitoring of patients with carcinoid tumors and in the study of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) metabolism in various disorders. We describe an automated method that incorporates on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC to measure urinary 5-HIAA.
Methods: Automated prepurification of urine was accomplished with HySphere-resin GP SPE cartridges containing strong hydrophobic polystyrene resin. The analyte (5-HIAA) and internal standard [5-hydroxyindole-3-carboxylic acid (5-HICA)] were eluted from the SPE cartridge, separated by reversed-phase HPLC, and detected fluorometrically with a total cycle time of 20 min. Urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was measured in a group of patients with known and suspected carcinoid tumors (n = 63) and in 20 patients with autism.
Results: The internal standard (5-HICA) and 5-HIAA were recovered in high yields (87.2%–114%). Within- and between-series CVs for the measurement of 5-HIAA in urine ranged from 1.2% to 3.9% and 3.2% to 7.6%, respectively. For urine samples from patients with known or suspected carcinoid tumors, results obtained by the automated method were highly correlated (r = 0.988) with those from an established manual extraction method. For samples from autistic patients, urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was similar to that reported for healthy individuals.
Conclusion: This SPE-HPLC method demonstrated lower imprecision and time per analysis than the manual solvent extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Mulder
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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DeNapoli JS, Dodman NH, Shuster L, Rand WM, Gross KL. Effect of dietary protein content and tryptophan supplementation on dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:504-8. [PMID: 10953712 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of high- and low-protein diets with or without tryptophan supplementation on behavior of dogs with dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity. DESIGN Prospective crossover study. ANIMALS 11 dogs with dominance aggression, 11 dogs with territorial aggression, and 11 dogs with hyperactivity. PROCEDURE In each group, 4 diets were fed for 1 weeks each in random order with a transition period of not < 3 days between each diet. Two diets had low protein content (approximately 18%), and 2 diets had high protein content (approximately 30%). Two of the diets (1 low-protein and 1 high-protein) were supplemented with tryptophan. Owners scored their dog's behavior daily by use of customized behavioral score sheets. Mean weekly values of 5 behavioral measures and serum concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan were determined at the end of each dietary period. RESULTS For dominance aggression, behavioral scores were highest in dogs fed unsupplemented high-protein rations. For territorial aggression, [corrected] tryptophan-supplemented low-protein diets were associated with significantly lower behavioral scores than low-protein diets without tryptophan supplements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For dogs with dominance aggression, the addition of tryptophan to high-protein diets or change to a low-protein diet may reduce aggression. For dogs with territorial aggression, tryptophan supplementation of a low-protein diet may be helpful in reducing aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S DeNapoli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Abstract
Alternative therapies are widely used by consumers. A number of herbs and dietary supplements have demonstrable effects on mood, memory, and insomnia. There is a significant amount of evidence supporting the use of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) for depression and Ginkgo biloba for dementia. Results of randomized, controlled trials also support the use of kava for anxiety and valerian for insomnia. Although evidence for the use of vitamins and amino acids as sole agents for psychiatric symptoms is not strong, there is intriguing preliminary evidence for the use of folate, tryptophan, and phenylalanine as adjuncts to enhance the effectiveness of conventional antidepressants. S-adenosylmethionine seems to have antidepressant effects, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid, may have mood-stabilizing effects. More research should be conducted on these and other natural products for the prevention and treatment of various psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fugh-Berman
- Department of Health Care Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Price LH, Malison RT, McDougle CJ, Pelton GH, Heninger GR. The neurobiology of tryptophan depletion in depression: effects of intravenous tryptophan infusion. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:339-47. [PMID: 9513749 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has suggested that acute depletion of the serotonin (5-HT) precursor tryptophan (TRP) causes transient compensatory changes in the 5-HT system that might be exploited for their antidepressant effects. In this study, neuroendocrine and mood responses to intravenous (i.v.) infusion of TRP were examined in order to evaluate central 5-HT function in depressed patients undergoing acute TRP depletion. METHODS Thirty-eight drug-free patients with DSM-III-R major depression participated. Each patient underwent two randomized, double-blind TRP depletion tests, one sham and one active. At the estimated time of maximum TRP depletion, each patient received an i.v. infusion of TRP 100 mg/kg. Blood was obtained for serum cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone. Mood was assessed using standardized rating scales. RESULTS The cortisol response to i.v. TRP was significantly greater during TRP depletion than during sham depletion. Depressive symptoms showed a tendency to decrease after i.v. TRP following active, but not sham, TRP depletion. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the present hypothesis and previous evidence that acute TRP depletion in drug-free depressed patients induces compensatory upregulation of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors. These changes are insufficient to serve as a means of effecting clinical improvement, but suggest that the antidepressant properties of rapid, marked manipulations of 5-HT function warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Price
- Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA
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Moreau X, Azorin JM, Maurel M, Jeanningros R. Increase in red blood cell triiodothyronine uptake in untreated unipolar major depressed patients compared to healthy volunteers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1998; 22:293-310. [PMID: 9608602 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Kinetic parameters of red blood cell (RBC) L-triiodothyronine (T3) initial uptake (Vmax, maximal velocity and Km, Michaelis constant) were determined in 34 untreated inpatients suffering from unipolar depression and in 40 healthy volunteers. 2. Both Vmax and Km were significantly increased in depressed patients as compared to controls. The alterations in kinetic parameters were not associated with the severity of depression. 3. Out of the 19 depressed patients who were submitted to TRH test, 7 of them (36%) showed a blunted TRH-induced TSH response associated with a Vmax situated outside the control mean value +/- 1 S.D. 4. The authors found a significant positive correlation between Vmax of RBC L-T3 and L-tryptophan (TRP) uptakes which is in agreement with the assumption that L-T3 and L-TRP share a common carrier system at the erythrocyte level. 5. The results indicate that the uptake of L-T3 by RBC is increased in major depression. These transport perturbations might reflect alterations in the plasmatic metabolism of L-T3. Evaluation of RBC L-T3 uptake could be useful in a best biological characterization of the depressed patients with regard to their thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Moreau
- Unité 38-INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, C.H.U. Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, France
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Bengtsson F, Bergqvist PB, Apelqvist G. Brain tryptophan perturbation in hepatic encephalopathy: implications for effects by neuropsychoactive drugs in clinical practice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 420:1-33. [PMID: 9286423 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5945-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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Bergqvist PB, Hjorth S, Apelqvist G, Bengtsson F. Acute effects of L-tryptophan on brain extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in chronic experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1996; 11:269-78. [PMID: 8869946 DOI: 10.1007/bf02237963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is associated with increased brain turnover of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Despite this metabolic increase, neuronal release of 5-HT is unaltered in neocortex of portacaval shunted (PCS) rats. In the present study, frontal neocortical extracellular 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were determined in PCS rats and sham-operated controls prior to, as well as, after acute challenge with L-tryptophan (L-TRP; a bolus dose of 280 mg/kg i.p. followed by 5 consecutive hourly doses of 50 mg/kg). Neither basal 5-HT nor 5-HIAA extracellular levels were significantly altered in PCS rats compared to controls. L-TRP administration resulted in unaltered extracellular 5-HT but elevated 5-HIAA levels in PCS and sham rats. These findings do not suggest that changes in brain neuronal 5-HT release play any major functional role in the pathogenesis of chronic PSE. The present data also emphasize the importance of distinguishing between brain 5-HT metabolism and brain 5-HT release.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Bergqvist
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University, Sweden
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Jeanningros R, Serres F, Dassa D, Azorin JM, Grignon S. Red blood cell L-tryptophan uptake in depression: kinetic analysis in untreated depressed patients and healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63:151-9. [PMID: 8878311 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic parameters (Vmax and K(m)) of L-tryptophan (TRP) uptake into red blood cells (RBC) were measured in 72 drug-free depressed inpatients and 35 healthy volunteers. Mean Vmax and K(m) values were not significantly different between patients and volunteers. The frequency distributions of Vmax values, however, largely differed in the two groups: Vmax values were homogeneous in the volunteers while they were widely scattered in the depressed patients. Only 15 out of the 72 depressed patients (21%) had Vmax values within 1 SD from the mean control value. Forty-four percent of the patients (n = 32) had Vmax values above the control mean + 1 SD in 11 patients and above the control mean + 2 SD in 21 patients. Thirty-five depressed patients (n = 25) had Vmax values below the control mean - 1 SD in 8 patients and below the control mean - 2 SD in 17 patients. High and low K(m) values were observed in combination with high and low Vmax values. The alterations in kinetic parameters were neither associated with severity of depression nor with a specific diagnostic subtype of depression. The data show abnormalities in RBC L-TRP uptake in most depressed patients that likely reflect a disturbance in peripheral availability of TRP on which central serotonin synthesis closely depends.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeanningros
- Unité 38, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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Varga J. L-Tryptophan-Associated Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome: Clinical and Pathological Features of an Evolving New Disease and Current Concepts of Etiology. J Intensive Care Med 1993. [DOI: 10.1177/088506669300800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Varga
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Varga J, Jimenez SA, Uitto J. L-tryptophan and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: current understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100:97S-105S. [PMID: 8423409 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12356368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) is a newly recognized illness that occurred in an epidemic form during the summer of 1989. The illness was characterized in the acute phase by myalgia and eosinophilia, followed in many patients by chronic cutaneous lesions, progressive neuropathy, and myopathy. EMS was associated with ingestion of L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid marketed as a nutritional supplement but widely used as a therapeutic agent. Evidence of abnormal L-tryptophan metabolism has been described in patients with EMS, and most likely reflects increased activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan metabolism. A contaminant identified in EMS-associated L-tryptophan preparations has been isolated and characterized, but its biologic effects and role as the etiologic agent in EMS remain to be established. Pathologic observations and experimental studies indicate that eosinophils, mononuclear inflammatory cells, and fibroblasts are potential effector cells, and interleukin-5 and transforming growth factor-beta are important mediators in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Although few new cases of EMS occurred following the withdrawal of L-tryptophan, affected patients continue to manifest late sequelae of the disease, including dermal fibrotic conditions. This tragic outbreak of a newly recognized illness has focused interest on the role of chemical and environmental agents in the pathogenesis of various idiopathic illness characterized by tissue inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varga
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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L-Tryptophan and the Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome: Current Understanding of the Etiology and Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1993.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Brammer GL, Pollack DB, Yuwiler A. Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet monkeys. Brain Res 1991; 559:181-90. [PMID: 1794096 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90001-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a counter-balanced, cross-over study, we examined the contributions of serotonergic systems to the acquisition of social dominance in adult male vervet monkeys. Subjects were members of 12 social groups, each containing 3 adult males, at least 3 adult females, and their offspring. Animals were observed in 5 intervals including a first baseline, a first experimental, a second baseline, a second experimental, and a third baseline period. At the end of the first baseline period, the dominant male was removed from each group. In each group, one of the two remaining subordinate males was selected at random for treatment and during the first experimental period, 6 of the 12 treated males received drugs that enhanced serotonergic activity (3 were given tryptophan 40 mg/kg/day and 3 fluoxetine 2 mg/kg/day). The other 6 treated males received drugs that reduced serotonergic function (3 were given fenfluramine 2 mg/kg/day and 3 cyproheptadine 60 micrograms/kg/day). At the end of the first experimental period, the original dominant male was returned to his group and the second baseline period began. In all instances, the originally dominant male regained his dominant position. The second experimental period began with the dominant male again being removed and, the 12 treated males were given the treatment they had not received in the first experimental period. At the start of the third 12-week baseline period, the original dominant male was returned to his group and resumed his dominant status. When the 12 treated subjects received tryptophan or fluoxetine, they became dominant in all instances. When they received fenfluramine or cyproheptadine, their vehicle-treated cage mates became dominant. The sequence of the behavioral changes shown by the treated males as they acquired dominance status paralleled those seen in naturalistic conditions. These observations support the distinction between dominance and aggression and strongly suggest that when hierarchical relationships are uncertain, serotonergic mechanisms may mediate the behaviors which permit a male to attain high dominance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Raleigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Ekblom A, Hansson P, Thomsson M. L-tryptophan supplementation does not affect postoperative pain intensity or consumption of analgesics. Pain 1991; 44:249-254. [PMID: 2052393 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90093-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at optimizing serotonin levels in endogenous pain-modulating systems, L-tryptophan supplementation pre- and postoperatively (2 g/day for 7 days) did not affect pain development or analgesic consumption after third molar surgery. Biological effects related to an increase in mood were observed, however, indicating transport of L-tryptophan to the central nervous system. The findings are discussed in relation to earlier reports on favorable effects of L-tryptophan on experimental pain in healthy subjects and in chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ekblom
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Box 60400, S-104 01 StockholmSweden Department of Neurology, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Box 60500, S-104 01 StockholmSweden Department of Oral Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Box 38100, S-100 64 StockholmSweden
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Price LH, Charney DS, Delgado PL, Goodman WK, Krystal JH, Woods SW, Heninger GR. Clinical studies of 5-HT function using i.v. L-tryptophan. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990; 14:459-72. [PMID: 2236580 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(90)90002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Preclinical studies reveal that long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs induces significant changes in serotonergic (5-HT) receptor sensitivity. Similarly, clinical studies suggest that brain 5-HT function is abnormal in depression. Of the available methodologies for conducting such clinical studies, the pharmacological challenge strategy has proven particularly useful. 2. I.v. L-TRP has emerged as the most frequently used challenge agent in diagnostic and neuropsychopharmacological studies of 5-HT function. I.v. L-TRP increases serum prolactin (PRL) in humans, probably via 5-HT mechanisms. Under carefully standardized conditions, this PRL response to L-TRP appears to be a reasonably sensitive and valid measure of net 5-HT function. 3. The PRL response to L-TRP is blunted in depressed patients compared with healthy controls. Blunting has not been observed in panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, or schizophrenia, although preliminary findings suggest it may occur in bulimia. 4. The PRL response to L-TRP is enhanced by certain classes of thymoleptic drugs (TCAs, MAOIs, 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, lithium) in a differentially time-dependent fashion. So-called "atypical" antidepressants (trazodone, mianserin) and benzodiazepines have no effect. Such findings are generally consistent with preclinical electrophysiological findings. 5. These clinical studies of the PRL response to L-TRP, in conjunction with emerging evidence that experimentally reduced plasma TRP can reverse the therapeutic effects of some antidepressants, suggest that antidepressant drug action may be more accurately conceptualized as 5-HT dependent rather than 5-HT enhancing. The availability of more selective 5-HT-active drugs promises to further clarify 5-HT mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disease and drug action at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Price
- Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven
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