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Ismail Mohamad N, Santra P, Park Y, Matthews IR, Taketa E, Chan DK. Synaptic ribbon dynamics after noise exposure in the hearing cochlea. Commun Biol 2024; 7:421. [PMID: 38582813 PMCID: PMC10998851 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Moderate noise exposure induces cochlear synaptopathy, the loss of afferent ribbon synapses between cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons, which is associated with functional hearing decline. Prior studies have demonstrated noise-induced changes in the distribution and number of synaptic components, but the dynamic changes that occur after noise exposure have not been directly visualized. Here, we describe a live imaging model using RIBEYE-tagRFP to enable direct observation of pre-synaptic ribbons in mature hearing mouse cochleae after synaptopathic noise exposure. Ribbon number does not change, but noise induces an increase in ribbon volume as well as movement suggesting unanchoring from synaptic tethers. A subgroup of basal ribbons displays concerted motion towards the cochlear nucleus with subsequent migration back to the cell membrane after noise cessation. Understanding the immediate dynamics of synaptic damage after noise exposure may facilitate identification of specific target pathways to treat cochlear synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Ismail Mohamad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peu Santra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yesai Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Matthews
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Taketa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dylan K Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Salavatian S, Robbins EM, Kuwabara Y, Castagnola E, Cui XT, Mahajan A. Real-time in vivo thoracic spinal glutamate sensing during myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H1304-H1317. [PMID: 37737733 PMCID: PMC10908408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00299.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, glutamate serves as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Monitoring spinal glutamate concentrations offers valuable insights into spinal neural processing. Consequently, spinal glutamate concentration has the potential to emerge as a useful biomarker for conditions characterized by increased spinal neural network activity, especially when uptake systems become dysfunctional. In this study, we developed a multichannel custom-made flexible glutamate-sensing probe for the large-animal model that is capable of measuring extracellular glutamate concentrations in real time and in vivo. We assessed the probe's sensitivity and specificity through in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Remarkably, this developed probe demonstrates nearly instantaneous glutamate detection and allows continuous monitoring of glutamate concentrations. Furthermore, we evaluated the mechanical and sensing performance of the probe in vivo, within the pig spinal cord. Moreover, we applied the glutamate-sensing method using the flexible probe in the context of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. During I/R injury, cardiac sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion transmit excitatory signals to the spinal cord, resulting in sympathetic activation that potentially leads to fatal arrhythmias. We have successfully shown that our developed glutamate-sensing method can detect this spinal network excitation during myocardial ischemia. This study illustrates a novel technique for measuring spinal glutamate at different spinal cord levels as a surrogate for the spinal neural network activity during cardiac interventions that engage the cardio-spinal neural pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we have developed a new flexible sensing probe to perform an in vivo measurement of spinal glutamate signaling in a large animal model. Our initial investigations involved precise testing of this probe in both in vitro and ex vivo environments. We accurately assessed the sensitivity and specificity of our glutamate-sensing probe and demonstrated its performance. We also evaluated the performance of our developed flexible probe during the insertion and compared it with the stiff probe during animal movement. Subsequently, we used this innovative technique to monitor the spinal glutamate signaling during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion that can cause fatal ventricular arrhythmias. We showed that glutamate concentration increases during the myocardial ischemia, persists during the reperfusion, and is associated with sympathoexcitation and increases in myocardial substrate excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Salavatian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elaine Marie Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Żakowski W, Zawistowski P. Neurochemistry of the mammillary body. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:1379-1398. [PMID: 37378855 PMCID: PMC10335970 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The mammillary body (MB) is a component of the extended hippocampal system and many studies have shown that its functions are vital for mnemonic processes. Together with other subcortical structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei and tegmental nuclei of Gudden, the MB plays a crucial role in the processing of spatial and working memory, as well as navigation in rats. The aim of this paper is to review the distribution of various substances in the MB of the rat, with a description of their possible physiological roles. The following groups of substances are reviewed: (1) classical neurotransmitters (glutamate and other excitatory transmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine), (2) neuropeptides (enkephalins, substance P, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, orexins, and galanin), and (3) other substances (calcium-binding proteins and calcium sensor proteins). This detailed description of the chemical parcellation may facilitate a better understanding of the MB functions and its complex relations with other structures of the extended hippocampal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Żakowski
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zawistowski
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Salavatian S, Robbins EM, Kuwabara Y, Castagnola E, Cui XT, Mahajan A. Real-time in vivo thoracic spinal glutamate sensing reveals spinal hyperactivity during myocardial ischemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.11.531911. [PMID: 36993301 PMCID: PMC10054946 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.11.531911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) can cause ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death via sympathoexcitation. The spinal cord neural network is crucial in triggering these arrhythmias and evaluating its neurotransmitter activity during IR is critical for understanding ventricular excitability control. To assess the real-time in vivo spinal neural activity in a large animal model, we developed a flexible glutamate-sensing multielectrode array. To record the glutamate signaling during IR injury, we inserted the probe into the dorsal horn of the thoracic spinal cord at the T2-T3 where neural signals generated by the cardiac sensory neurons are processed and provide sympathoexcitatory feedback to the heart. Using the glutamate sensing probe, we found that the spinal neural network was excited during IR, especially after 15 mins, and remained elevated during reperfusion. Higher glutamate signaling was correlated with the reduction in the cardiac myocyte activation recovery interval, showing higher sympathoexcitation, as well as dispersion of the repolarization which is a marker for increased risk of arrhythmias. This study illustrates a new technique for measuring the spinal glutamate at different spinal cord levels as a surrogate for the spinal neural network activity during cardiac interventions that engage the cardio-spinal neural pathway. Graphical abstract
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Cognitive Healthy Aging in Mice: Boosting Memory by an Ergothioneine-Rich Hericium erinaceus Primordium Extract. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020196. [PMID: 36829475 PMCID: PMC9953177 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging is a crucial risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. The most affected cognitive function is memory, worsening early during aging. Inflammation and oxidative stress are known to have a role in pathogenesis of cognitive impairments, and a link exists between aging/frailty and immunosenescence/inflammaging. Based on anti-aging properties, medicinal mushrooms represent a source to develop medicines and functional foods. In particular, Hericium erinaceus (He) displays several actions ranging from boosting the immune system to fighting senescence, due to its active ingredients/metabolites. Among these, Ergothioneine (ERGO) is known as the longevity vitamin. Currently, we demonstrated the efficacy of an ERGO-rich He primordium extract (He2) in preventing cognitive decline in a murine model of aging. We focused on recognition memory deterioration during aging, monitored through spontaneous behavioral tests assessing both memory components and frailty index. A parallel significant decrease in key markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, i.e., IL6, TGFβ1, GFAP, Nrf2, SOD1, COX2, NOS2, was revealed in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry, accompanied by an enhancement of NMDAR1and mGluR2, crucially involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. In summary, we disclosed a selective, preventive and neuroprotective effect of He2 on aged hippocampus, both on recognition memory as well on inflammation/oxidative stress/glutamate receptors expression.
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Duarte-Silva AT, Ximenes LGR, Guimarães-Souza M, Domith I, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Chemical signaling in the developing avian retina: Focus on cyclic AMP and AKT-dependent pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1058925. [PMID: 36568967 PMCID: PMC9780464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1058925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between developing progenitor cells as well as differentiated neurons and glial cells in the nervous system is made through direct cell contacts and chemical signaling mediated by different molecules. Several of these substances are synthesized and released by developing cells and play roles since early stages of Central Nervous System development. The chicken retina is a very suitable model for neurochemical studies, including the study of regulation of signaling pathways during development. Among advantages of the model are its very well-known histogenesis, the presence of most neurotransmitter systems found in the brain and the possibility to make cultures of neurons and/or glial cells where many neurochemical functions develop in a similar way than in the intact embryonic tissue. In the chicken retina, some neurotransmitters or neuromodulators as dopamine, adenosine, and others are coupled to cyclic AMP production or adenylyl cyclase inhibition since early stages of development. Other substances as vitamin C and nitric oxide are linked to the major neurotransmitter glutamate and AKT metabolism. All these different systems regulate signaling pathways, including PKA, PKG, SRC, AKT and ERK, and the activation of the transcription factor CREB. Dopamine and adenosine stimulate cAMP accumulation in the chick embryo retina through activation of D1 and A2a receptors, respectively, but the onset of dopamine stimulation is much earlier than that of adenosine. However, adenosine can inhibit adenylyl cyclase and modulate dopamine-dependent cAMP increase since early developmental stages through A1 receptors. Dopamine stimulates different PKA as well as EPAC downstream pathways both in intact tissue and in culture as the CSK-SRC pathway modulating glutamate NMDA receptors as well as vitamin C release and CREB phosphorylation. By the other hand, glutamate modulates nitric oxide production and AKT activation in cultured retinal cells and this pathway controls neuronal survival in retina. Glutamate and adenosine stimulate the release of vitamin C and this vitamin regulates the transport of glutamate, activation of NMDA receptors and AKT phosphorylation in cultured retinal cells. In the present review we will focus on these reciprocal interactions between neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and different signaling pathways during retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Duarte-Silva
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L. G. R. Ximenes
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - M. Guimarães-Souza
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - I. Domith
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R. Paes-de-Carvalho
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,*Correspondence: R. Paes-de-Carvalho,
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Zeppillo T, Schulmann A, Macciardi F, Hjelm BE, Föcking M, Sequeira PA, Guella I, Cotter D, Bunney WE, Limon A, Vawter MP. Functional impairment of cortical AMPA receptors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:25-37. [PMID: 32513544 PMCID: PMC7718399 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that some of the behavioral alterations observed in schizophrenia (SZ) may be mechanistically linked to synaptic dysfunction of glutamatergic signaling. Recent genetic and proteomic studies suggest alterations of cortical glutamate receptors of the AMPA-type (AMPARs), which are the predominant ligand-gated ionic channels of fast transmission at excitatory synapses. The impact of gene and protein alterations on the electrophysiological activity of AMPARs is not known in SZ. In this proof of principle work, using human postmortem brain synaptic membranes isolated from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), we combined electrophysiological analysis from microtransplanted synaptic membranes (MSM) with transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and label-free proteomics data in 10 control and 10 subjects diagnosed with SZ. We observed in SZ a reduction in the amplitude of AMPARs currents elicited by kainate, an agonist of AMPARs that blocks the desensitization of the receptor. This reduction was not associated with protein abundance but with a reduction in kainate's potency to activate AMPARs. Electrophysiologically-anchored dataset analysis (EDA) was used to identify synaptosomal proteins that linearly correlate with the amplitude of the AMPARs responses, gene ontology functional annotations were then used to determine protein-protein interactions. Protein modules associated with positive AMPARs current increases were downregulated in SZ, while protein modules that were upregulated in SZ were associated with decreased AMPARs currents. Our results indicate that transcriptomic and proteomic alterations, frequently observed in the DLPFC in SZ, converge at the synaptic level producing a functional electrophysiological impairment of AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Zeppillo
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anton Schulmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA; Current address: National Institute of Mental Health, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brooke E Hjelm
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - P Adolfo Sequeira
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ilaria Guella
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David Cotter
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA.
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Wang S, Qian W, Chen S, Xian S, Jin M, Liu Y, Zhang H, Qin H, Zhang X, Zhu J, Yue X, Shi C, Yan P, Huang R, Huang Z. Bibliometric analysis of research on gene expression in spinal cord injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1023692. [PMID: 36385766 PMCID: PMC9661966 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1023692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe disease with motor and sensory function being destroyed, which leads to a poor prognosis and a serious financial burden. It is urgent to figure out the molecular and pathological mechanisms of SCI to develop feasible therapeutic strategies. This article aims to review documents focused on gene expression in SCI and summarize research hotspots and the development process in this field. Methods Publications of SCI-related studies from 2000 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Biblioshiny was used to evaluate the research performance, core authors, journals and contributed countries, together with trend topics, hotspots in the field, and keyword co-occurrence analysis. Visualized images were obtained to help comprehension. Results Among 351 documents, it was found that the number of annual publications increased in general. The most productive country was China, followed by the United States with the highest influence and the most international cooperation. Plos One was the journal of the maximum publications, while Journal of Neuroscience was the most influential one. According to keyword co-occurrence and trend topics analysis, these articles mainly focused on molecular and pathological mechanisms as well as novel therapies for SCI. Neuropathic pain, axonal regeneration and messenger RNA are significant and promising research areas. Conclusion As the first bibliometric study focused on gene expression in SCI, we demonstrated the evolution of the field and provided future research directions like mechanisms and treatments of SCI with great innovativeness and clinical value. Further studies are recommended to develop more viable therapeutic methods for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijin Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghao Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengwei Qin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinkun Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Huang, ; Runzhi Huang, ; Penghui Yan,
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Key Techniques for Treatment of Burns and Combined Burns and Trauma Injury, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Huang, ; Runzhi Huang, ; Penghui Yan,
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Huang, ; Runzhi Huang, ; Penghui Yan,
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Measuring Electrical Responses during Acute Exposure of Roots and Rhizoids of Plants to Compounds Using a Flow-Through System. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5040062. [PMID: 35893588 PMCID: PMC9351672 DOI: 10.3390/mps5040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring electrical signals in plants allows the examination of their acute and chronic physiological changes and responses to stimuli. Understanding how plant roots/rhizoids respond to chemical cues in their environment will provide insight into how these structures acquire resources. Chronic exposure to L-glutamate alters root growth and is known to alter Ca2+ flux inside roots. The ionic flux can be detected by electrical changes. A rapid and relatively easy approach is presented to screen the electrical sensitivity of roots/rhizoids to compounds such as amino acids and known agonists/antagonists to receptors and ion channels. The approach uses a background-flow system of basal salt or water; then, the administered compounds are added to the roots/rhizoids while monitoring their electrical responses. As a proof of concept, the response to flow-through of glutamate (1 mM) was targeted at the root/rhizoids of three plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Pisum sativum and Marchantia inflexa). Both Arabidopsis thaliana and Pisum sativum produced rapid depolarization upon exposure to glutamate, while M. inflexa did not show an electrical response. In some experiments, simultaneous recordings with impedance measures for acute changes and glass electrodes for chronic electrical potential changes were used. The effect of potassium chloride (300 mM) as a depolarizing stimulus produced responses in both P. sativum and M. inflexa. The protocol presented can be used to screen various compounds in a relatively rapid manner for responsiveness by the roots/rhizoids of plants.
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Sosa-Moscoso B, Ullauri C, Chiriboga JD, Silva P, Haro F, Leon-Rojas JE. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Bipolar Disorder: How Feasible Is This Pairing? Cureus 2022; 14:e23690. [PMID: 35505758 PMCID: PMC9056012 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric disorder that affects a significant part of the world's population; however, its diagnosis is difficult, mainly because of the lack of biomarkers and objective tests that aid the clinical evaluation. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a tool that is relatively unused in the medical field. Its application arises from conventional magnetic resonance, and allows non-invasive, in vivo, the study of various metabolites and compounds in the human brain. This method may allow the assessment of neurobiochemical alterations in bipolar patients. One of the main advantages of this study type is the simplicity in its use since it only needs a standard magnetic resonator. All these characteristics make it an attractive diagnostic tool that can be used anywhere, including in low-middle-income countries. In conclusion, MRS has potential as a diagnostic tool for bipolar disorder; nevertheless, using it for this purpose still requires additional steps.
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Ding D, Qi W, Jiang H, Salvi R. Excitotoxic damage to auditory nerve afferents and spiral ganglion neurons is correlated with developmental upregulation of AMPA and KA receptors. Hear Res 2021; 411:108358. [PMID: 34607211 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excess release of glutamate at the inner hair cell-type I auditory nerve synapse results in excitotoxicity characterized by rapid swelling and disintegration of the afferent synapses, but in some cases, the damage expands to the spiral ganglion soma. Cochlear excitotoxic damage is largely mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR) and kainate receptor (KAR) and potentially N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Because these receptors are developmentally regulated, the pattern of excitotoxic damage could change during development. To test this hypothesis, we compared AMPAR, NMDAR and KAR immunolabeling and excitotoxic damage patterns in rat postnatal day 3 (P3) and adult cochlear cultures. At P3, AMPAR and KAR immunolabeling, but not NMDAR, was abundantly expressed on peripheral nerve terminals adjacent to IHCs. In contrast, AMPAR, KAR and NMDAR immunolabeling was minimal or undetectable on the SGN soma. In adult rats, however, AMPAR, KAR and NMDAR immunolabeling occurred on both peripheral nerve terminals near IHCs as well as the soma of SGNs. High doses of Glu and KA only damaged peripheral nerve terminals near IHCs, but not SGNs, at P3, consistent with selective expression of AMPAR and KAR expression on the terminals. However, in adults, Glu and KA damaged both peripheral nerve terminals near IHCs and SGNs both of which expressed AMPAR and KAR. These results indicate that cochlear excitotoxic damage is closely correlated with structures that express AMPAR and KAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Weidong Qi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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13
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Negrini-Ferrari SE, Medeiros P, Malvestio RB, de Oliveira Silva M, Medeiros AC, Coimbra NC, Machado HR, de Freitas RL. The primary motor cortex electrical and chemical stimulation attenuates the chronic neuropathic pain by activation of the periaqueductal grey matter: The role of NMDA receptors. Behav Brain Res 2021; 415:113522. [PMID: 34391797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is proper as a non-pharmacological therapy for patients with chronic and neuropathic pain (NP). AIMS This work aims to investigate if the MCS in the primary motor cortex (M1) produces analgesia and how the MCS could interfere in the MCS-induced analgesia. Also, to elucidate if the persistent activation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAr) in the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) can contribute to central sensitisation of the NP. METHODS Male Wistar rats were submitted to the von Frey test to evaluate the mechanical allodynia after 21 days of chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. The MCS was performed with low-frequency (20 μA, 100 Hz) currents during 15 s by a deep brain stimulation (DBS) device. Moreover, the effect of M1-treatment with an NMDAr agonist (at 2, 4, and 8 nmol) was investigated in CCI rats. The PAG dorsomedial column (dmPAG) was pretreated with the NMDAr antagonist LY 235959 (at 8 nmol), followed by MCS. RESULTS The MCS decreased the mechanical allodynia in rats with chronic NP. The M1-treatment with an NMDA agonist at 2 and 8 nmol reduced the mechanical allodynia in CCI rats. In addition, dmPAG-pretreatment with LY 235959 at 8 nmol attenuated the mechanical allodynia evoked by MCS. CONCLUSION The M1 cortex glutamatergic system is involved in the modulation of chronic NP. The analgesic effect of MCS may depend on glutamate signaling recruitting NMDAr located on PAG neurons in rodents with chronic NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylmara Esther Negrini-Ferrari
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Braghetto Malvestio
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14050-220, Brazil
| | - Helio Rubens Machado
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Brain Protection Laboratory in Childhood, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Leonardo de Freitas
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil; Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Str. Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14050-220, Brazil.
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14
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Gasiorowska A, Wydrych M, Drapich P, Zadrozny M, Steczkowska M, Niewiadomski W, Niewiadomska G. The Biology and Pathobiology of Glutamatergic, Cholinergic, and Dopaminergic Signaling in the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:654931. [PMID: 34326765 PMCID: PMC8315271 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.654931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population is growing worldwide, with important health and socioeconomic implications. Clinical and experimental studies on aging have uncovered numerous changes in the brain, such as decreased neurogenesis, increased synaptic defects, greater metabolic stress, and enhanced inflammation. These changes are associated with cognitive decline and neurobehavioral deficits. Although aging is not a disease, it is a significant risk factor for functional worsening, affective impairment, disease exaggeration, dementia, and general disease susceptibility. Conversely, life events related to mental stress and trauma can also lead to accelerated age-associated disorders and dementia. Here, we review human studies and studies on mice and rats, such as those modeling human neurodegenerative diseases, that have helped elucidate (1) the dynamics and mechanisms underlying the biological and pathological aging of the main projecting systems in the brain (glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic) and (2) the effect of defective glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic projection on disabilities associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of age-related diseases can be an important element in the development of effective ways of treatment. In this context, we briefly analyze which adverse changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases in the cholinergic, glutaminergic and dopaminergic systems could be targeted by therapeutic strategies developed as a result of our better understanding of these damaging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gasiorowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wydrych
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Drapich
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Zadrozny
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Steczkowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Jang S, Yang E, Kim D, Kim H, Kim E. Clmp Regulates AMPA and Kainate Receptor Responses in the Neonatal Hippocampal CA3 and Kainate Seizure Susceptibility in Mice. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 12:567075. [PMID: 33408624 PMCID: PMC7779639 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.567075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate synapse development through trans-synaptic adhesion and assembly of diverse synaptic proteins. Many synaptic adhesion molecules positively regulate synapse development; some, however, exert negative regulation, although such cases are relatively rare. In addition, synaptic adhesion molecules regulate the amplitude of post-synaptic receptor responses, but whether adhesion molecules can regulate the kinetic properties of post-synaptic receptors remains unclear. Here we report that Clmp, a homophilic adhesion molecule of the Ig domain superfamily that is abundantly expressed in the brain, reaches peak expression at a neonatal stage (week 1) and associates with subunits of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and kainate receptors (KARs). Clmp deletion in mice increased the frequency and amplitude of AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and the frequency, amplitude, and decay time constant of KAR-mediated mEPSCs in hippocampal CA3 neurons. Clmp deletion had minimal impacts on evoked excitatory synaptic currents at mossy fiber-CA3 synapses but increased extrasynaptic KAR, but not AMPAR, currents, suggesting that Clmp distinctly inhibits AMPAR and KAR responses. Behaviorally, Clmp deletion enhanced novel object recognition and susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures, without affecting contextual or auditory cued fear conditioning or pattern completion-based contextual fear conditioning. These results suggest that Clmp negatively regulates hippocampal excitatory synapse development and AMPAR and KAR responses in the neonatal hippocampal CA3 as well as object recognition and kainate seizure susceptibility in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seil Jang
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Drug Discovery Platform Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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16
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Park SH, Lee JY, Jhee KH, Yang SA. Amyloid-ß peptides inhibit the expression of AQP4 and glutamate transporter EAAC1 in insulin-treated C6 glioma cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1083-1089. [PMID: 32953460 PMCID: PMC7484518 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitates glutamate clearance via regulation of the glutamate transporter function, involved in the modulation of brain plasticity and cognitive function to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In in vitro studies, the C6 rat glioma cell line is a widely applied aging model system to investigate changes in glial cells associated with aging or AD. However, the neurotoxicity mechanism whether AQP4 mediate glutamate uptake in Aβ-stimulated C6 cell remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the effects of Aβ on the expression of AQP4, Glu transporters, Glu uptake, and cell viability in insulin-treated C6 cells. Our results showed that the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was significantly enhanced by insulin in older cultures (passage 45), and the expression was inhibited by Aβ at 10 μM. In addition, the cell viability and glutamate uptake in Aβ-treated C6 cells were decreased in dose-dependent manners. GFAP showed similar changes in gene and protein expression patterns as AQP4, but no significant alterations were seen in GLAST expression. In C6 cells, the glutamate transport was found to be EAAC1, not GLT-1. EAAC1 expression was decreased by the treatment of Aβ. Taken together, our findings suggest that C6 cells may have astrocytic characteristics, and the astrocytic cytotoxicity induced by Aβ was mediated by reduction of glutamate uptake through AQP4/EAAC1 pathway in C6 cells. This indicates that C6 glioma cells could be used to study the roles of AQP4 on astrocyte function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeul Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jhee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seun-Ah Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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17
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Hetzelt KLML, Kraus C, Kusnik S, Thiel CT, Uebe S, Ekici AB, Trollmann R, Reis A, Zweier C. A case of severe autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 18 with a novel nonsense variant in GRID2. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103998. [PMID: 32622959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 18 (SCAR18) is a rare neurologic disorder. It is caused by bi-allelic aberrations in the GRID2 gene, encoding an ionotropic glutamate receptor. In total, 20 affected individuals with mainly homozygous/compound heterozygous intragenic deletions/duplications, two different missense variants and one nonsense variant in GRID2 have been reported, so far. SCAR18 is characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, severely impaired gait due to cerebellar ataxia, ocular movement abnormalities, and cerebellar atrophy in brain imaging. By trio exome sequencing, we now identified a novel homozygous nonsense variant (c.568C > T; p.Gln190*) in GRID2 in a four year old female from a consanguineous family who presented with a particularly severe manifestation of SCAR18. The girl was born after an uneventful pregnancy and showed early-onset, profoundly delayed psychomotor development with no achieved psychomotor milestones at age 4 years. Additionally, she presented with severe muscular hypotonia, progressive truncal and appendicular ataxia, binocular vertical nystagmus, central hearing loss and incomplete loss of sight. She was dystrophic, interacted only very little and had behavioral anomalies such as eating hair and bruxism. Brain imaging showed cerebellar hypoplasia, extended cerebrospinal fluid spaces and beginning reduction of cerebral volume. Our findings further delineate the mutational and clinical spectrum of GRID2-associated spinocerebellar ataxia type 18 and indicate that homozygous nonsense variants are possibly associated with the severe end of the SCAR18 phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin L M L Hetzelt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kusnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian T Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Oliveira CFB, Alves DP, Emerich BL, de Figueiredo SG, Cordeiro MDN, Borges MH, Richardson M, Pimenta AMDC, Duarte IDG, de Lima ME. Antinociceptive effect of PnTx4(5-5), a peptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, in rat models and the involvement of glutamatergic system. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190022. [PMID: 31467512 PMCID: PMC6706083 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The venom of Phoneutria nigriventer spider is a source of
numerous bioactive substances, including some toxins active in insects. An
example is PnTx4(5-5) that shows a high insecticidal activity and no
apparent toxicity to mice, although it inhibited NMDA-evoked currents in rat
hippocampal neurons. In this work the analgesic activity of PnTx4(5-5)
(renamed Γ-ctenitoxin-Pn1a) was investigated. Methods: The antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the paw pressure test in
rats, after hyperalgesia induction with intraplantar injection of
carrageenan or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Results: PnTx4(5-5), subcutaneously injected, was able to reduce the hyperalgesia
induced by PGE2 in rat paw, demonstrating a systemic effect.
PnTx4(5-5) administered in the plantar surface of the paw caused a
peripheral and dose-dependent antinociceptive effect on hyperalgesia induced
by carrageenan or PGE2. The hyperalgesic effect observed in these
two pain models was completely reversed with 5 µg of PnTx4(5-5).
Intraplantar administration of L-glutamate induced hyperalgesic effect that
was significantly reverted by 5 μg of PnTx4(5-5) injection in rat paw. Conclusion: The antinociceptive effect for PnTx4(5-5) was demonstrated against different
rat pain models, i.e. induced by PGE2, carrageenan or glutamate.
We suggest that the antinociceptive effect of PnTx4(5-5) may be related to
an inhibitory activity on the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Franco Batista Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Daniela Pereira Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruna Luiza Emerich
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Suely Gomes de Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória (ES), Brasil
| | - Marta do Nascimento Cordeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Professor Carlos Diniz, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Márcia Helena Borges
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Professor Carlos Diniz, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Michael Richardson
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Professor Carlos Diniz, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Adriano Monteiro de Castro Pimenta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Igor Dimitri Gama Duarte
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira, 590, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30.150-240, Brasil
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19
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Kanthasamy A, Jin H, Charli A, Vellareddy A, Kanthasamy A. Environmental neurotoxicant-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration: a potential link to impaired neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:61-82. [PMID: 30677475 PMCID: PMC6520143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, Parkinson's disease (PD) represents the second-most common neurodegenerative disease. PD is a progressive multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a marked loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy pathology in diverse brain regions. Although the mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration remain poorly characterized, data from animal models and postmortem studies have revealed that heightened inflammatory responses mediated via microglial and astroglial activation and the resultant release of proinflammatory factors may act as silent drivers of neurodegeneration. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated a positive association between the exposure to environmental neurotoxicants and the etiology of PD. Although it is unclear whether neuroinflammation drives pesticide-induced neurodegeneration, emerging evidence suggests that the failure to dampen neuroinflammatory mechanisms may account for the increased vulnerability to pesticide neurotoxicity. Furthermore, recent studies provide additional evidence that shifts the focus from a neuron-centric view to glial-associated neurodegeneration following pesticide exposure. In this review, we propose to summarize briefly the possible factors that regulate neuroinflammatory processes during environmental neurotoxicant exposure with a focus on the potential roles of mitochondria-driven redox mechanisms. In this context, a critical discussion of the data obtained from experimental research and possible epidemiological studies is included. Finally, we hope to provide insights on the pivotal role of exosome-mediated intercellular transmission of aggregated proteins in microglial activation response and the resultant dopaminergic neurodegeneration after exposure to pesticides. Collectively, an improved understanding of glia-mediated neuroinflammatory signaling might provide novel insights into the mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration induced by environmental neurotoxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anantharam Vellareddy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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20
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Yue Y, Luo Z, Liao Z, Zhang L, Liu S, Wang M, Zhao F, Cao C, Ding Y, Yue S. Excessive activation of NMDA receptor inhibits the protective effect of endogenous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on promoting alveolarization in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C815-C827. [PMID: 30917030 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00392.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in our established model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) induced by intrauterine hypoxia in the rat. First, we found that intrauterine hypoxia can reduce the number of MSCs in lungs and bone marrow of rat neonates, whereas the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or busulfan to either motivate or inhibit bone marrow MSCs to lungs altered lung development. Next, in vivo experiments, we confirmed that intrauterine hypoxia also impaired bone marrow MSC proliferation and decreased cell cycling activity. In vitro, by using the cultured bone marrow MSCs, the proliferation and the cell cycling activity of MSCs were also reduced when N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) was used as an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) agonist. When MK-801 or memantine as NMDAR antagonists in vitro or in vivo was used, the reduction of cell cycling activity and proliferation were partially reversed. Furthermore, we found that intrauterine hypoxia could enhance the concentration of glutamate, an amino acid that can activate NMDAR, in the bone marrow of neonates. Finally, we confirmed that the increased concentration of TNF-ɑ in the bone marrow of neonatal rats after intrauterine hypoxia induced the release of glutamate and reduced the cell cycling activity of MSCs, and the latter could be partially reversed by MK-801. In summary, intrauterine hypoxia could decrease the number of bone marrow MSCs that could affect lung development and lung function through excessive activation of NMDAR that is partially caused by TNF-ɑ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Zhengchang Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Feiyan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Chuanding Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Shaojie Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
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21
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Duan W, Hu J, Liu Y. Ketamine inhibits colorectal cancer cells malignant potential via blockage of NMDA receptor. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 107:171-178. [PMID: 30817910 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a common N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, is an option for cancer pain treatment in clinical practice. Ketamine has been shown to have the capacity to attenuate cancer cells malignancy. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we reported that ketamine inhibited the malignant potential of colorectal cancer cells and investigated the possible mechanisms involved. Ketamine suppressed the expression of VEGF, HIF-1α, p-AKT, p-ERK, and p-CaMK II, and reduced intracellular Ca2+ level in a concentration dependent manner (1, 5, 10 μg/ml). Furthermore, AP5 and MK801 (NMDAR inhibitors), and KN93 (CaMK II inhibitor), decreased the expression of VEGF, HIF-1a, p-AKT, p-ERK, and p-CaMK II, which were similar to the effect of ketamine. Further, the anti-tumor effect of ketamine was reversed by d-serine (NMDAR activator). Ketamine did not affect NMDA receptor expression, however knockdown of NMDA receptor using siRNA attenuated the effect of ketamine on cell migration. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that ketamine attenuated the expression of VEGF and cell migration ability in colorectal cancer cells, probably via blockage of NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Duan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yahua Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China.
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22
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Glutamate Receptor Antibodies in Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Antibody Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30707437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9077-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammation of the brain has been recognized for more than 50 years, although the initial descriptions were mainly thought to be secondary to an underlying neoplasm. Some of these paraneoplastic encephalitides express serum antibodies, but these were not thought to be pathogenic but instead have a T-cell-mediated pathophysiology. Over the last two decades, several pathogenic antibodies against neuronal surface antigens have been described in autoimmune encephalitis, which are amenable to immunotherapy. Several of these antibodies are directed against glutamate receptors (GluRs). NMDAR encephalitis (NMDARE) is the most common of these antibodies, and patients often present with psychosis, hallucinations, and reduced consciousness. Patients often progress on to develop confusion, seizures, movement disorders, autonomic instability, and respiratory depression. Although initially described as exclusively occurring secondary to ovarian teratoma (and later other tumors), non-paraneoplastic forms are increasingly common, and other triggers like viral infections are now well recognized. AMPAR encephalitis is relatively less common than NMDARE but is more likely to paraneoplastic. AMPAR antibodies typically cause limbic encephalitis, with patients presenting with confusion, disorientation, memory loss, and often seizures. The syndromes associated with the metabotropic receptor antibodies are much rarer and often can be paraneoplastic-mGluR1 (cerebellar degeneration) and mGluR5 (Ophelia syndrome) being the ones described in literature.With the advance in molecular biology techniques, it is now possible to detect these antibodies using cell-based assays with high sensitivity and specificity, especially when coupled with brain tissue immunohistochemistry and binding to live cell-based neurons. The rapid and reliable identification of these antibodies aids in the timely treatment (either in the form of identifying/removing the underlying tumor or instituting immunomodulatory therapy) and has significantly improved clinical outcome in this otherwise devastating group of conditions.
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23
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Pérez-Gómez A, Cabrera-García D, Warm D, Marini AM, Salas Puig J, Fernández-Sánchez MT, Novelli A. From the Cover: Selective Enhancement of Domoic Acid Toxicity in Primary Cultures of Cerebellar Granule Cells by Lowering Extracellular Na+ Concentration. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:103-114. [PMID: 29029261 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DOM) is an excitatory amino acid analog of kainic acid (KA) that acts through glutamic acid (GLU) receptors, inducing a fast and potent neurotoxic response. Here, we present evidence for an enhancement of excitotoxicity following exposure of cultured cerebellar granule cells to DOM in the presence of lower than physiological Na+ concentrations. The concentration of DOM that reduced by 50% neuronal survival was approximately 3 µM in Na+-free conditions and 16 µM in presence of a physiological concentration of extracellular Na+. The enhanced neurotoxic effect of DOM was fully prevented by AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, while N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-mediated neurotoxicity did not seem to be involved, as the absence of extracellular Na+ failed to potentiate GLU excitotoxicity under the same experimental conditions. Lowering of extracellular Na+ concentration to 60 mM eliminated extracellular recording of spontaneous electrophysiological activity from cultured neurons grown on a multi electrode array and prevented DOM stimulation of the electrical activity. Although changes in the extracellular Na+ concentration did not alter the magnitude of the rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels associated to DOM exposure, they did change significantly the contribution of voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VScaCs) and the recovery time to baseline. The prevention of Ca2+ influx via VSCaCs by nifedipine failed to prevent DOM toxicity at any extracellular Na+ concentration, while the reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration ameliorated DOM toxicity only in the absence of extracellular Na+, enhancing it in physiological conditions. Our data suggest a crucial role for extracellular Na+ concentration in determining excitotoxicity by DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Cabrera-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Davide Warm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ann M Marini
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Javier Salas Puig
- Unit of Epilepsy, Vall d'Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,University Institute of Biotechnology
| | - Antonello Novelli
- University Institute of Biotechnology.,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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24
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Wang X, Shan Y, Tang Z, Gao L, Liu H. Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against isoflurane-induced neuronal injury via glutamate regulation in neonatal rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 13:153-160. [PMID: 30613136 PMCID: PMC6306062 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s163197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Considerable evidences support the finding that the anesthesia reagent isoflurane increases neuronal cell death in young rats. Recent studies have shown that dexmedetomidine can reduce isoflurane-induced neuronal injury, but the mechanism remains unclear. We investigated whether isoflurane cause neurotoxicity to the central nervous system by regulating the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and excitatory amino acid transporter1 (EAAT1) in young rats. Furthermore, we examined if dexmedetomidine could decrease isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity. Methods Neonatal rats (postnatal day 7, n=144) were randomly divided into four groups of 36 animals each: control (saline injection without isoflurane); isoflurane (2% for 4 h); isoflurane + single dose of dexmedetomidine (75 µg/kg, 20 min before the start of 2% isoflurane for 4 h); and isoflurane + dual doses of dexmedetomidine (25 µg/kg, 20 min before and 2 h after start of isoflurane at 2% for 4 h). Six neonates from each group were euthanatized at 2 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days post-anesthesia. Hippocampi were collected and processed for protein extraction. Expression levels of the NMDAR subunits NR2A and NR2B, EAAT1 and caspase-3 were measured by western blot analysis. Results Protein levels of NR2A, EAAT1 and caspase-3 were significantly increased in hippocampus of the isoflurane group from 2 h to 3 days, while NR2B levels were decreased. However, the -induced increase in NR2A, EAAT1 and caspase-3 and the decrease in NR2B in isoflurane-exposed rats were ameliorated in the rats treated with single or dual doses of dexmedetomidine. Isoflurane-induced neuronal damage in neonatal rats is due in part to the increase in NR2A and EAAT1 and the decrease in NR2B in the hippocampus. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine protects the brain against the use of isoflurane through the regulation of NR2A, NR2B and EAAT1. However, using the same amount of dexmedetomidine, the trend of protection is basically the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, .,Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Yangyang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China,
| | - Zhiyin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China,
| | - Linlin Gao
- Department of Medical Research, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China,
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25
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Hirai S, Hotta K, Okado H. Developmental Roles and Evolutionary Significance of AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800028. [PMID: 30058076 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis and metamorphosis require the intricate orchestration of multiple types of cellular interactions and signaling pathways. Glutamate (Glu) is an excitatory extracellular signaling molecule in the nervous system, while Ca2+ is a major intracellular signaling molecule. The first Glu receptors to be cloned are Ca2+ -permeable receptors in mammalian brains. Although recent studies have focused on Glu signaling in synaptic mechanisms of the mammalian central nervous system, it is unclear how this signaling functions in development. Our recent article demonstrated that Ca2+ -permeable AMPA-type Glu receptors (GluAs) are essential for formation of a photosensitive organ, development of some neurons, and metamorphosis, including tail absorption and body axis rotation, in ascidian embryos. Based on findings in these embryos and mammalian brains, we formed several hypotheses regarding the evolution of GluAs, the non-synaptic function of Glu, the origin of GluA-positive neurons, and the neuronal network that controls metamorphosis in ascidians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Hirai
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
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26
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Mourão AA, de Mello ABS, Dos Santos Moreira MC, Rodrigues KL, Lopes PR, Xavier CH, Gomes RM, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Blanch GT, Colombari E, Pedrino GR. Median preoptic nucleus excitatory neurotransmitters in the maintenance of hypertensive state. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:207-215. [PMID: 29944948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in the maintenance of hydroelectrolytic balance and autonomic regulation have been highlighted. Recently, the participation of the MnPO in the control of sympathetic nerve activity was demonstrated in essential hypertension model. However, peculiarities on the neurochemical changes underlying the differential role of MnPO during hypertension remain to be clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the main excitatory pathways that modulate MnPO neurons in hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and rats submitted previously to the Goldblatt protocol (two kidneys; one clip; 2K1C) were used. Rats of both groups (250 to 350 g, n = 6) were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg,i.v.) and instrumented to record mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Nanoinjection (100 nl) of saline (NaCl, 150 mM), losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist; 10 mM) and kynurenic acid (glutamate receptor antagonist; 50 mM) into the MnPO were performed. In 2K1C rats, glutamatergic blockade promoted decreases in MAP and RSNA (-19.1 ± 0.9 mmHg, -21.6 ± 2.8%, p < 0.05) when compared to saline (-0.4 ± 0.6 mmHg, 0.2 ± 0.7%, p < 0.05). Angiotensinergic inhibition also reduced these parameters (-11.5 ± 1.2 mmHg, -10.5 ± 1.0%, p < 0.05) in 2K1C. In SHR, Kynurenic acid nanoinjections produced hypotension and sympathoinhibition (-21.0 ± 2.5 mmHg, -24.7 ± 2.4%, p < 0.05), as well losartan nanoinjections (-9.7 ± 1.2 mmHg; p < 0.05) and RSNA (-12.0 ± 2.4%, p < 0.05). These findings support the conclusion that a tonic excitatory neurotransmission exerted by angiotensin II, and mostly by glutamate in the MnPO could participate in the modulation of blood pressure and RSNA independent on whether hypertension is primarily neurogenic or is secondary to stenosis in renal artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Mourão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Aryanne B Soares de Mello
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Marina C Dos Santos Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Karla L Rodrigues
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Xavier
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Gomes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - André H Freiria-Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Graziela T Blanch
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil.
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27
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Li X, Li C, Tang Y, Huang Y, Cheng Q, Huang X, Zhao F, Hao C, Feng D, Xu J, Han J, Tang S, Liu W, Yue S, Luo Z. NMDA receptor activation inhibits the antifibrotic effect of BM-MSCs on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L404-L421. [PMID: 29722562 PMCID: PMC6172623 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00002.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous glutamate (Glu) release and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) activation are associated with lung injury in different animal models. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which show potential use for immunomodulation and tissue protection, play a protective role in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) process. Here, we found the increased Glu release from the BM cells of bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF mice in vivo. BLM stimulation also increased the extracellular Glu in BM-MSCs via the antiporter system xc− in vitro. The gene expression of each subunit of NMDAR was detected in BM-MSCs. NMDAR activation inhibited the proliferation, migration, and paracrine function of BM-MSCs in vitro. BM-MSCs were derived from male C57BL/6 mice, transfected with lentiviral vectors carrying the enhanced green fluorescence protein gene, pretreated with NMDA, and transplanted into the female recipient mice that were intratracheally injected with BLM to induce PF. Transplantation of NMDA-pretreated BM-MSCs significantly aggravated PF as compared with that in the normal BM-MSCs transplantation group. The sex determination gene Y chromosome and green fluorescence protein genes of BM-MSCs were detected to observe BM-MSCs homing in the fibrotic lungs. Moreover, NMDAR activation inhibited BM-MSC migration by downregulating the stromal cell-derived factor-1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 signaling axis. NMDAR activation aggravated the transforming growth factor-β1-induced extracellular matrix production in alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts through the paracrine effects of BM-MSCs. In summary, these findings suggested that NMDAR activation-mediated Glu excitotoxicity induced by BLM in BM-MSCs abolished the therapeutic effects of normal BM-MSCs transplantation on BLM-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi , China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Qingmei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Feiyan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Caixia Hao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Shaojie Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
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Kim SY, Kaufman MJ, Cohen BM, Jensen JE, Coyle JT, Du F, Öngür D. In Vivo Brain Glycine and Glutamate Concentrations in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis Measured by Echo Time-Averaged Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 4T. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:484-491. [PMID: 29031411 PMCID: PMC5809251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of abnormal glutamateric neurotransmission and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. The purpose of this study was to quantify in vivo glutamate (Glu) and glycine (Gly) levels in patients with first-episode psychosis as well as age-matched healthy control subjects with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS The subjects were 46 patients with first-episode psychosis (20 with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 26 with bipolar disorder) and 50 age-matched healthy control subjects. Glu and Gly levels were measured in vivo in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex of the subjects by using the echo time-averaged proton MRS technique at 4T (i.e., modified point resolved spectroscopy sequence: 24 echo time steps with 20-ms increments). Metabolite levels were quantified using LCModel with simulated basis sets. RESULTS Significantly higher Glu and Gly levels were found in both the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex of patients with first-episode psychosis as compared with healthy control subjects. Glu and Gly levels were positively correlated in patients. Patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder showed similar abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate abnormally elevated brain Glu and Gly levels in patients with first-episode psychosis by means of echo time-averaged proton MRS at 4T. The findings implicate dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of the acute early phase of psychotic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Young Kim
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,Translational Imaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - J. Eric Jensen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Fei Du
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Dost Öngür
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.
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Ozaki H, Inoue R, Matsushima T, Sasahara M, Hayashi A, Mori H. Serine racemase deletion attenuates neurodegeneration and microvascular damage in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190864. [PMID: 29304076 PMCID: PMC5755926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. DR is recognized as a microvascular disease and inner retinal neurodegeneration. In the course of retinal neurodegeneration, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitotoxicity is involved. Full activation of NMDAR requires binding of agonist glutamate and coagonist glycine or D-serine. D-Serine is produced from L-serine by serine racemase (SRR) and contributes to retinal neurodegeneration in rodent models of DR. However, the involvement of SRR in both neurodegeneration and microvascular damage in DR remains unclear. Here, we established diabetic model of SRR knockout (SRR-KO) and control wild-type (WT) mice by streptozotocin injection. Six months after the onset of diabetes, the number of survived retinal ganglion cells was higher in SRR-KO mice than that of WT mice. The reduction of thickness of inner retinal layer (IRL) was attenuated in SRR-KO mice than that of WT mice. Moreover, the number of damaged acellular capillaries was lower in SRR-KO mice than that of WT mice. Our results suggest the suppression of SRR activity may have protective effects in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ozaki
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ran Inoue
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takako Matsushima
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Fifteen to thirty percent of patients with major depressive disorder do not respond to antidepressants that target the monoaminergic systems. NMDA antagonists are currently being actively investigated as a treatment for these patients. Ketamine is the most widely studied of the compounds. A brief infusion of a low dose of this agent produces rapid improvement in depressive symptoms that lasts for several days. The improvement occurs after the agent has produced its well characterized psychotomimetic and cognitive side effects. Multiple infusions of the agent (e.g., 2-3× per week for several weeks) provide relief from depressive symptoms, but the symptoms reoccur once the treatment has been stopped. A 96-h infusion of a higher dose using add-on clonidine to mitigate the psychotomimetic effects appears to also provide relief and resulted in about 40% of the subjects still having a good response 8 weeks after the infusion. As this was a pilot study, additional work is needed to confirm and extend this finding. Nitrous oxide also has had positive results. Of the other investigational agents, CERC-301 and rapastinel remain in clinical development. When careful monitoring of neuropsychiatric symptoms has been conducted, these agents all produce similar side effects in the same dose range, indicating that NMDA receptor blockade produces both the wanted and unwanted effects. Research is still needed to determine the appropriate dose, schedule, and ways to mitigate against unwanted side effects of NMDA receptor blockade. These hurdles need to be overcome before ketamine and similar agents can be prescribed routinely to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri B Farber
- Residency Training, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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31
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Gestational exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs3+) alters glutamate disposition in the mouse hippocampus and ionotropic glutamate receptor expression leading to memory impairment. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1037-1048. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shi Z, Zhu L, Li T, Tang X, Xiang Y, Han X, Xia L, Zeng L, Nie J, Huang Y, Tsang CK, Wang Y, Lei Z, Xu Z, So KF, Ruan Y. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides Against Ischemic Insults by Regulating NR2B and NR2A Containing NMDA Receptor Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:288. [PMID: 29021742 PMCID: PMC5623723 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity plays an important role in neuronal death after ischemia. However, all clinical trials using glutamate receptor inhibitors have failed. This may be related to the evidence that activation of different subunit of NMDA receptor will induce different effects. Many studies have shown that activation of the intrasynaptic NR2A subunit will stimulate survival signaling pathways, whereas upregulation of extrasynaptic NR2B will trigger apoptotic pathways. A Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is a mixed compound extracted from Lycium barbarum fruit. Recent studies have shown that LBP protects neurons against ischemic injury by anti-oxidative effects. Here we first reported that the effect of LBP against ischemic injury can be achieved by regulating NR2B and NR2A signaling pathways. By in vivo study, we found LBP substantially reduced CA1 neurons from death after transient global ischemia and ameliorated memory deficit in ischemic rats. By in vitro study, we further confirmed that LBP increased the viability of primary cultured cortical neurons when exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 h. Importantly, we found that LBP antagonized increase in expression of major proteins in the NR2B signal pathway including NR2B, nNOS, Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), cytochrome C (cytC) and cleaved caspase-3, and also reduced ROS level, calcium influx and mitochondrial permeability after 4 h OGD. In addition, LBP prevented the downregulation in the expression of NR2A, pAkt and pCREB, which are important cell survival pathway components. Furthermore, LBP attenuated the effects of a NR2B co-agonist and NR2A inhibitor on cell mortality under OGD conditions. Taken together, our results demonstrated that LBP is neuroprotective against ischemic injury by its dual roles in activation of NR2A and inhibition of NR2B signaling pathways, which suggests that LBP may be a superior therapeutic candidate for targeting glutamate excitotoxicity for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Shi
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Tang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Xiang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjia Han
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoxing Xia
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Nie
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Huang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Zaocheng Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiwen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Djenoune L, Wyart C. Light on a sensory interface linking the cerebrospinal fluid to motor circuits in vertebrates. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:113-127. [PMID: 28789587 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1359833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is circulating around the entire central nervous system (CNS). The main function of the CSF has been thought to insure the global homeostasis of the CNS. Recent evidence indicates that the CSF also dynamically conveys signals modulating the development and the activity of the nervous system. The later observation implies that cues from the CSF could act on neurons in the brain and the spinal cord via bordering receptor cells. Candidate neurons to enable such modulation are the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) that are located precisely at the interface between the CSF and neuronal circuits. The atypical apical extension of CSF-cNs bears a cluster of microvilli bathing in the CSF indicating putative sensory or secretory roles in relation with the CSF. In the brainstem and spinal cord, CSF-cNs have been described in over two hundred species by Kolmer and Agduhr, suggesting an important function within the spinal cord. However, the lack of specific markers and the difficulty to access CSF-cNs hampered their physiological investigation. The transient receptor potential channel PKD2L1 is a specific marker of spinal CSF-cNs in vertebrate species. The transparency of zebrafish at early stages eases the functional characterization of pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs. Recent studies demonstrate that spinal CSF-cNs detect spinal curvature via the channel PKD2L1 and modulate locomotion and posture by projecting onto spinal interneurons and motor neurons in vivo. In vitro recordings demonstrated that spinal CSF-cNs are sensing pH variations mainly through ASIC channels, in combination with PKD2L1. Altogether, neurons contacting the CSF appear as a novel sensory modality enabling the detection of mechanical and chemical stimuli from the CSF and modulating the excitability of spinal circuits underlying locomotion and posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- a Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) , Paris , France
| | - Claire Wyart
- a Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) , Paris , France
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Transient Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation Causes a Delayed Loss of Mitochondria and Increases Spontaneous Calcium Signaling in Astrocytic Processes. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7109-27. [PMID: 27383588 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4518-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently, mitochondria have been localized to astrocytic processes where they shape Ca(2+) signaling; this relationship has not been examined in models of ischemia/reperfusion. We biolistically transfected astrocytes in rat hippocampal slice cultures to facilitate fluorescent confocal microscopy, and subjected these slices to transient oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) that causes delayed excitotoxic death of CA1 pyramidal neurons. This insult caused a delayed loss of mitochondria from astrocytic processes and increased colocalization of mitochondria with the autophagosome marker LC3B. The losses of neurons in area CA1 and mitochondria in astrocytic processes were blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists, tetrodotoxin, ziconotide (Ca(2+) channel blocker), two inhibitors of reversed Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (KB-R7943, YM-244769), or two inhibitors of calcineurin (cyclosporin-A, FK506). The effects of OGD were mimicked by NMDA. The glutamate uptake inhibitor (3S)-3-[[3-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]-l-aspartate increased neuronal loss after OGD or NMDA, and blocked the loss of astrocytic mitochondria. Exogenous glutamate in the presence of iGluR antagonists caused a loss of mitochondria without a decrease in neurons in area CA1. Using the genetic Ca(2+) indicator Lck-GCaMP-6S, we observed two types of Ca(2+) signals: (1) in the cytoplasm surrounding mitochondria (mitochondrially centered) and (2) traversing the space between mitochondria (extramitochondrial). The spatial spread, kinetics, and frequency of these events were different. The amplitude of both types was doubled and the spread of both types changed by ∼2-fold 24 h after OGD. Together, these data suggest that pathologic activation of glutamate transport and increased astrocytic Ca(2+) through reversed Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange triggers mitochondrial loss and dramatic increases in Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytic processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain, are vital integrators of signaling and metabolism. Each astrocyte consists of many long, thin branches, called processes, which ensheathe vasculature and thousands of synapses. Mitochondria occupy the majority of each process. This occupancy is decreased by ∼50% 24 h after an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, due to delayed fragmentation and mitophagy. The mechanism appears to be independent of neuropathology, instead involving an extended period of high glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Our data suggest that mitochondria serve as spatial buffers, and possibly even as a source of calcium signals in astrocytic processes. Loss of mitochondria resulted in drastically altered calcium signaling that could disrupt neurovascular coupling and gliotransmission.
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35
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Maciejewska D, Jakubczyk K, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Chlubek D, Wąsik A, Gutowska I. The Influence of Fluorine on the Disturbances of Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:224-234. [PMID: 27787813 PMCID: PMC5418325 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorides occur naturally in the environment, the daily exposure of human organism to fluorine mainly depends on the intake of this element with drinking water and it is connected with the geographical region. In some countries, we can observe the endemic fluorosis-the damage of hard and soft tissues caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. Recent studies showed that fluorine is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). There are several known mechanisms which lead to structural brain damage caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. This element is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it accumulates in neurons affecting cytological changes, cell activity and ion transport (e.g. chlorine transport). Additionally, fluorine changes the concentration of non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the metabolism of neurotransmitters (influencing mainly glutamatergic neurotransmission) and the energy metabolism of neurons by the impaired glucose transporter-GLUT1. It can also change activity and lead to dysfunction of important proteins which are part of the respiratory chain. Fluorine also affects oxidative stress, glial activation and inflammation in the CNS which leads to neurodegeneration. All of those changes lead to abnormal cell differentiation and the activation of apoptosis through the changes in the expression of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and MAP kinases. Excessive exposure to this element can cause harmful effects such as permanent damage of all brain structures, impaired learning ability, memory dysfunction and behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview of the fluoride neurotoxicity in juveniles and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
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Prenatal high sucrose intake affected learning and memory of aged rat offspring with abnormal oxidative stress and NMDARs/Wnt signaling in the hippocampus. Brain Res 2017; 1669:114-121. [PMID: 28532855 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal over-nutrition may predispose offspring to obesity, type 2 diabetes and other adult diseases. The present study investigated long-term impact of prenatal high sucrose (HS) diets on cognitive capabilities in aged rat offspring. The fasting plasma glucose concentration did not differ between the control and HS groups. However, the fasting plasma insulin and insulin resistance index values were significantly increased in HS offspring that showed abnormal glucose tolerance test. HS offspring exhibited increased escape latency and swimming path length to the platform, and reduced time in the target quadrant and the number of crossing the platform, as compared with the control group. The expression of Grin2b/NR2B, Wnt2, Wnt3a and active form of β-catenin protein were decreased, and Dickkopf-related protein 1 was increased in the HS group. In addition, the levels of lipid peroxidation biomarker thiobarbituricacid reactive substance, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases 2 and superoxide dismutase 1 were significantly increased, and the activity of catalase was decreased in the hippocampus in the HS group. The results demonstrate that prenatal HS-induced metabolic changes cause cognitive deficits in aged rat offspring, probably due to altered N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors/Wnt signaling and oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
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Haumann I, Junghans D, Anstötz M, Frotscher M. Presynaptic localization of GluK5 in rod photoreceptors suggests a novel function of high affinity glutamate receptors in the mammalian retina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172967. [PMID: 28235022 PMCID: PMC5325551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kainate receptors mediate glutamatergic signaling through both pre- and presynaptic receptors. Here, we studied the expression of the high affinity kainate receptor GluK5 in the mouse retina. Double-immunofluoresence labeling and electron microscopic analysis revealed a presynaptic localization of GluK5 in the outer plexiform layer. Unexpectedly, we found GluK5 almost exclusively localized to the presynaptic ribbon of photoreceptor terminals. Moreover, in GluK5-deficient mutant mice the structural integrity of synaptic ribbons was severely altered pointing to a novel function of GluK5 in organizing synaptic ribbons in the presynaptic terminals of rod photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haumann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MF); (IH)
| | - Dirk Junghans
- Institute of Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Anstötz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MF); (IH)
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38
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Levite M. Glutamate, T cells and multiple sclerosis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:775-798. [PMID: 28236206 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, where it induces multiple beneficial and essential effects. Yet, excess glutamate, evident in a kaleidoscope of acute and chronic pathologies, is absolutely catastrophic, since it induces excitotoxicity and massive loss of brain function. Both the beneficial and the detrimental effects of glutamate are mediated by a large family of glutamate receptors (GluRs): the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), expressed by most/all cells of the nervous system, and also by many non-neural cells in various peripheral organs and tissues. T cells express on their cell surface several types of functional GluRs, and so do few other immune cells. Furthermore, glutamate by itself activates resting normal human T cells, and induces/elevates key T cell functions, among them: T cell adhesion, chemotactic migration, cytokine secretion, gene expression and more. Glutamate has also potent effects on antigen/mitogen/cytokine-activated T cells. Furthermore, T cells can even produce and release glutamate, and affect other cells and themselves via their own glutamate. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) are mediated by autoimmune T cells. In MS and EAE, there are excess glutamate levels, and multiple abnormalities in glutamate degrading enzymes, glutamate transporters, glutamate receptors and glutamate signaling. Some GluR antagonists block EAE. Enhancer of mGluR4 protects from EAE via regulatory T cells (Tregs), while mGluR4 deficiency exacerbates EAE. The protective effect of mGluR4 on EAE calls for testing GluR4 enhancers in MS patients. Oral MS therapeutics, namely Fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate and their respective metabolites Fingolimod-phosphate and monomethyl fumarate, can protect neurons against acute glutamatergic excitotoxic damage. Furthermore, Fingolimod reduce glutamate-mediated intracortical excitability in relapsing-remitting MS. Glatiramer acetate -COPAXONE®, an immunomodulator drug for MS, reverses TNF-α-induced alterations of striatal glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in EAE-afflicted mice. With regard to T cells of MS patients: (1) The cell surface expression of a specific GluR: the AMPA GluR3 is elevated in T cells of MS patients during relapse and with active disease, (2) Glutamate and AMPA (a selective agonist for glutamate/AMPA iGluRs) augment chemotactic migration of T cells of MS patients, (3) Glutamate augments proliferation of T cells of MS patients in response to myelin-derived proteins: MBP and MOG, (4) T cells of MS patients respond abnormally to glutamate, (5) Significantly higher proliferation values in response to glutamate were found in MS patients assessed during relapse, and in those with gadolinium (Gd)+ enhancing lesions on MRI. Furthermore, glutamate released from autoreactive T cells induces excitotoxic cell death of neurons. Taken together, the evidences accumulated thus far indicate that abnormal glutamate levels and signaling in the nervous system, direct activation of T cells by glutamate, and glutamate release by T cells, can all contribute to MS. This may be true also to other neurological diseases. It is postulated herein that the detrimental activation of autoimmune T cells by glutamate in MS could lead to: (1) Cytotoxicity in the CNS: T cell-mediated killing of neurons and glia cells, which would subsequently increase the extracellular glutamate levels, and by doing so increase the excitotoxicity mediated by excess glutamate, (2) Release of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNFα and IFNγ that increase neuroinflammation. Finally, if excess glutamate, abnormal neuronal signaling, glutamate-induced activation of T cells, and glutamate release by T cells are indeed all playing a key detrimental role in MS, then optional therapeutic tolls include GluR antagonists, although these may have various side effects. In addition, an especially attractive therapeutic strategy is the novel and entirely different therapeutic approach to minimize excess glutamate and excitotoxicity, titled: 'brain to blood glutamate scavenging', designed to lower excess glutamate levels in the CNS by 'pumping it out' from the brain to the blood. The glutamate scavanging is achieved by lowering glutamate levels in the blood by intravenous injection of the blood enzyme glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). The glutamate-scavenging technology, which is still experimental, validated so far for other brain pathologies, but not tested on MS or EAE yet, may be beneficial for MS too, since it could decrease both the deleterious effects of excess glutamate on neural cells, and the activation of autoimmune T cells by glutamate in the brain. The topic of glutamate scavenging, and also its potential benefit for MS, are discussed towards the end of the review, and call for research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Levite
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, 91120, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Wu Q, Zhao Y, Duan W, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhu M. Propofol inhibits high glucose-induced PP2A expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 91:18-25. [PMID: 28188886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative hyperglycemia is a common clinical metabolic disorder. Hyperglycemia could induce endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction and inflammation, resulting in endothelial injury. Propofol is a widely used anesthetic drug in clinical settings. Our previous studies indicated that propofol, via inhibiting high glucose-induced phosphatase A2 (PP2A) expression, attenuated high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thus improving endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction and inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which propofol attenuated high glucose-induced PP2A expression is still obscure. In the present study, we examined how propofol attenuates high glucose-induced endothelial PP2A expression. Compared with 5mM glucose treatment, 15mM glucose up-regulated expression and activity of PP2A, increased cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), Ca2+-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMK II) phosphorylation and Ca2+ accumulation. More importantly, propofol decreased PP2A expression and activity, attenuated CREB, CaMK II phosphorylation and Ca2+ accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrated that the effect of propofol was similar to that of MK801, an inhibitor of NMDA receptor. In contrast, rapastinel, an activator of NMDA receptor, antagonized the effect of propofol. Also, the effect of KN93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, was similar to that of propofol, except KN93 had no effect on 15mM glucose-mediated Ca2+ accumulation. Our data indicated that propofol, via inhibiting NMDA receptor, attenuated 15mM glucose-induced Ca2+ accumulation, CaMK II and CREB phosphorylation, thus inhibiting PP2A expression and improving 15mM glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenming Duan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiangyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Propofol attenuates pancreatic cancer malignant potential via inhibition of NMDA receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 795:150-159. [PMID: 27986626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic, and could attenuate cancer cells malignant potential via inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression. However, the mechanism is still inclusive. In the present study, we mainly focus on the mechanism by which propofol down-regulated HIF-1α expression and malignant potential in pancreatic cancer cells. Human pancreatic cancer cells (Miapaca-2 and Panc-1) in vitro and murine pancreatic cancer cell (Panc02) in vivo were used to assess the effect of propofol on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Propofol inhibited cells migration, expression of VEGF and HIF-1α, phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), AKT, Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinases II (CaMK II), and Ca2+ concentration in a concentration-dependent manner (5, 25, 50, 100μM). Furthermore, MK801, an inhibitor of NMDA receptor, and KN93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, could inhibit the expression of VEGF, HIF-1a, p-AKT, p-ERK, p-CaMK II in vitro, growth of tumor and VEGF expression in vivo, which were similar to the effect of propofol. In addition, the anti-tumor effect of propofol could be counteracted by rapastinel, an activator of NMDA receptor. Our study indicated that propofol suppressed VEGF expression and migration ability of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, probably via inhibiting NMDA receptor.
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Wang Y, Yue S, Luo Z, Cao C, Yu X, Liao Z, Wang M. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation mediates lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation in hyperoxia-induced chronic lung disease in newborn rats. Respir Res 2016; 17:136. [PMID: 27769245 PMCID: PMC5075180 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested that endogenous glutamate and its N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in newborn rats. We hypothesized that NMDAR activation also participates in the development of chronic lung injury after withdrawal of hyperoxic conditions. Methods In order to rule out the anti-inflammatory effects of NMDAR inhibitor on acute lung injury, the efficacy of MK-801 was evaluated in vivo using newborn Sprague-Dawley rats treated starting 4 days after cessation of hyperoxia exposure (on postnatal day 8). The role of NMDAR activation in hyperoxia-induced lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation was examined in vitro using primary cells derived from the lungs of 8-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to hyperoxic conditions. Results Hyperoxia for 3 days induced acute lung injury in newborn rats. The acute injury almost completely disappeared 4 days after cessation of hyperoxia exposure. However, pulmonary fibrosis, impaired alveolarization, and decreased pulmonary compliance were observed on postnatal days 15 and 22. MK-801 treatment during the recovery period was found to alleviate the chronic damage induced by hyperoxia. Four NMDAR 2 s were found to be upregulated in the lung fibroblasts of newborn rats exposed to hyperoxia. In addition, the proliferation and upregulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin and (pro) collagen I in lung fibroblasts were detected in hyperoxia-exposed rats. MK-801 inhibited these changes. Conclusions NMDAR activation mediated lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation and played a role in the development of hyperoxia-induced chronic lung damage in newborn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanRui Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Department of Neonatology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - ShaoJie Yue
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ZiQiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ChuanDing Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - XiaoHe Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ZhengChang Liao
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - MingJie Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Żakowski W. Neurochemistry of the Anterior Thalamic Nuclei. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5248-5263. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Commemorating John F. MacDonald and the Art of Being a Mentor. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 43:735-44. [PMID: 27488619 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
John F. MacDonald was a close friend and mentor whose life was ended far too soon on April 22, 2014. To those who knew him, John was an endearing blend of fiery Scotsman, compassionate socialist, dedicated family man, and tireless investigator. Those close to him valued his loyalty and friendship, relished his biting wit, and puzzled at his self-deprecating manner. His career spanned a remarkable period of discovery from the early identification of excitatory amino acid, to the molecular cloning and characterization of glutamate receptors and the elucidation of mechanisms responsible for regulating their function. A true pioneer in each of these areas, John's research has had a lasting impact on our understanding of excitatory synaptic transmission and its plasticity. Our intent in commemorating John's work is to focus on some notable discoveries that highlight the impact and innovative aspects of John's work. In doing so, we also wish to highlight just how greatly our understanding of the glutamate transmitter systems has advanced since the late 1970s, when John first launched his independent neuroscience career.
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Wang Z, Liao L. Effect of urethral wall injection of replication-defective herpes simplex virus-mediated gene transfer of kynurenine aminotransferase on urethral pressure in spinal cord-injured rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2016; 36:1046-1051. [PMID: 27391207 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We determined whether or not replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector-mediated kynurenine aminotransferase II (HSVrd-KAT II) suppressed the tonic activity of the urethral sphincter in spinal cord-injured (SCI) rats. METHODS Thirty-six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used to produce a spinal cord injury model. One week after spinalization, HSVrd-KAT II was injected into the urethral wall of rats and another two groups of SCI rats were treated with saline and HSVrd as controls. Three weeks after viral injection, the urethral pressure profile (UPP), continuous cystometry, and gene expression in the L6-S1 spinal cords were evaluated in all three groups. RESULTS In the HSVrd-KAT II group, the maximum urethral closure pressure (Pclo.max) and maximum voiding pressure were significantly decreased (23.6-24.9% and 31.6-30.9%, respectively), in addition to an increase in voiding efficiency(48.8-76%), compared with the sham and HSVrd groups. The KAT II protein and mRNA levels were significantly increased in HSV-KAT II group compared with the HSVrd group. CONCLUSION KAT II gene therapy effectively reduced the urethral pressure, improving detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), and detrusor overactivity (DO), probably by blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) in the L6-S1 spinal cord. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1046-1051, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Centre, Rehabilitation School of Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Liao
- Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Centre, Rehabilitation School of Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
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Zeng J, Cui LY, Feng Y, Ding MX. Electroacupuncture relieves neuropathic pain via upregulation of glutamate transporters in the spinal cord of rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 620:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Spinal glycine transporter-1 inhibition influences the micturition reflex in urethane-anesthetized rats. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:349-54. [PMID: 26843416 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. So far, two types of glycine transporters (GlyTs), GlyT-1 and GlyT-2, have been cloned. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a selective GlyT-1 inhibitor that can increase endogenous glycine concentration on the micturition reflex in urethane-anesthetized rats. METHODS Continuous cystometrograms (0.04 ml/min) were performed in female Sprague-Dawley rats (232-265 g) under urethane anesthesia. After stable micturition cycles were established, ALX5407, a selective GlyT-1 inhibitor, was administered intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly to evaluate changes in bladder activity. Cystometric parameters were recorded and compared before and after drug administration. RESULTS Intrathecal administration of ALX5407 (1, 3, 10 and 30 μg) increased intercontraction intervals at doses of 3 μg or higher in a dose-dependent fashion. Intrathecal administration of ALX5407 (1, 3, 10 and 30 μg) also increased pressure threshold at doses of 3 μg or higher in a dose-dependent fashion. However, when ALX5407 (1, 3, 10 and 30 μg) was administered intracerebroventricularly, there were no significant changes in intercontraction intervals, pressure threshold, maximum voiding pressure or baseline pressure or post-void residual urine volume at any doses tested. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that GlyT-1 plays an important role in the modulation of micturition. Furthermore, these findings indicate that in urethane-anesthetized rats suppression of GlyT-1 can inhibit the micturition reflex at the spinal cord level. Thus, GlyT-1 could be a potential target for the treatment of bladder dysfunction such as overactive bladder.
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Umeda K, Kotake Y, Miyara M, Ishida K, Sanoh S, Ohta S. Methoxychlor and fenvalerate induce neuronal death by reducing GluR2 expression. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:255-64. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Umeda
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Kobayashi Y, Kulikova SP, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Satoh H, Pinault D, Masuo Y. DNA microarray unravels rapid changes in transcriptome of MK-801 treated rat brain. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:389-408. [PMID: 26629322 PMCID: PMC4657125 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the impact of MK-801 on gene expression patterns genome wide in rat brain regions.
METHODS: Rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of MK-801 [0.08 (low-dose) and 0.16 (high-dose) mg/kg] or NaCl (vehicle control). In a first series of experiment, the frontoparietal electrocorticogram was recorded 15 min before and 60 min after injection. In a second series of experiments, the whole brain of each animal was rapidly removed at 40 min post-injection, and different regions were separated: amygdala, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain and ventral striatum on ice followed by DNA microarray (4 × 44 K whole rat genome chip) analysis.
RESULTS: Spectral analysis revealed that a single systemic injection of MK-801 significantly and selectively augmented the power of baseline gamma frequency (30-80 Hz) oscillations in the frontoparietal electroencephalogram. DNA microarray analysis showed the largest number (up- and down- regulations) of gene expressions in the cerebral cortex (378), midbrain (376), hippocampus (375), ventral striatum (353), amygdala (301), and hypothalamus (201) under low-dose (0.08 mg/kg) of MK-801. Under high-dose (0.16 mg/kg), ventral striatum (811) showed the largest number of gene expression changes. Gene expression changes were functionally categorized to reveal expression of genes and function varies with each brain region.
CONCLUSION: Acute MK-801 treatment increases synchrony of baseline gamma oscillations, and causes very early changes in gene expressions in six individual rat brain regions, a first report.
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Physiological Roles of Calpain 1 Associated to Multiprotein NMDA Receptor Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139750. [PMID: 26431040 PMCID: PMC4592069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that in resting conditions calpain 1, but not calpain 2, is specifically associated to the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) multiprotein complex. We are here reporting that in SKNBE neuroblastoma cells or in freshly isolated nerve terminals from adult rat hippocampus, the proteolytic activity of calpain 1 resident at the NMDAR is very low under basal conditions and greatly increases following NMDAR stimulation. Since the protease resides at the NMDAR in saturating amounts, variations in Ca2+ influx promote an increase in calpain 1 activity without affecting the amount of the protease originally associated to NMDAR. In all the conditions examined, resident calpain 1 specifically cleaves NR2B at the C-terminal region, leading to its internalization together with NR1 subunit. While in basal conditions intracellular membranes include small amounts of NMDAR containing the calpain-digested NR2B, upon NMDAR stimulation nearly all the receptor molecules are internalized. We here propose that resident calpain 1 is involved in NMDAR turnover, and following an increase in Ca2+ influx, the activated protease, by promoting the removal of NMDAR from the plasma membranes, can decrease Ca2+ entrance through this channel. Due to the absence of calpastatin in such cluster, the activity of resident calpain 1 may be under the control of HSP90, whose levels are directly related to the activation of this protease. Observations of different HSP90/calpain 1 ratios in different ultrasynaptic compartments support this conclusion.
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What is the main mechanism of tramadol? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:999-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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