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Swetha SV, Gayathri R, Ardra M, Imran PM, Nagarajan S. Inherent D-A Architecture in Indoloquinoxalines with an Array of Substituents for Non-Volatile Memory Device Applications. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400003. [PMID: 38372587 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A)-based architecture has been the key to increase storage capability efficiency through the enhanced charge transportation in the fabricated device. We have designed and synthesized a series of functionalized indoloquinoxalines (IQ) for non-volatile organic memory devices. The investigation on UV-visible spectra reveals the absorption maxima of the compounds around 420 nm, attributed to the intramolecular charge transfer between indole and quinoxaline moiety. The irreversible anodic peak in the 1.0 to 1.5 V range indicates the indole moiety's oxidation ability. Besides, the cathodic peak in the range of -0.5 to -1.0 V, contributed to the stability of the reduced quinoxaline unit. All the compounds exhibited uniformly covered thin film in SEM analysis, potentially facilitating the seamless charge carrier migration between adjacent molecules. The methoxyphenyl substituted compound exhibited the binary write-once read-many (WORM) memory behavior with the lowest threshold voltage of -0.81 V. The molecular simulations displayed the efficient intramolecular charge transfer, providing the fabricated device's distinctive conductive states. Except for the tert-butylphenyl compound, which showed volatile dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) behavior, all the other compounds exhibited non-volatile WORM memory behavior, suggesting IQs potential as an intrinsic D-A molecule in organic memory devices on further structural refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar V Swetha
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of TamilNadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Ramesh Gayathri
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of TamilNadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Murali Ardra
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of TamilNadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | | | - Samuthira Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of TamilNadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
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Fluorescent indolo[2,3-b]quinoxalin-2-yl(phenyl)methanone dyes: photophysical, AIE activity, electrochemical, and theoretical studies. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Brand C, Schmitt M. Vibronic coupling in serotonin studied by rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wilke J, Wilke M, Brand C, Spiegel JD, Marian CM, Schmitt M. Modulation of the La/Lb Mixing in an Indole Derivative: A Position-Dependent Study Using 4-, 5-, and 6-Fluoroindole. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1597-1606. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Wilke
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Wilke
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Brand
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Faculty
of Physics, VCQ, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Dominik Spiegel
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christel M. Marian
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Wilke J, Wilke M, Brand C, Meerts WL, Schmitt M. On the Additivity of Molecular Fragment Dipole Moments of 5-Substituted Indole Derivatives. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2736-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Wilke
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität; Institut für Physikalische Chemie I; D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Martin Wilke
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität; Institut für Physikalische Chemie I; D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Christian Brand
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität; Institut für Physikalische Chemie I; D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
- University of Vienna; Faculty of Physics, VCQ; Boltzmanngasse 5 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - W. Leo Meerts
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials, Felix laboratory; Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität; Institut für Physikalische Chemie I; D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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Wilke J, Wilke M, Meerts WL, Schmitt M. Determination of ground and excited state dipole moments via electronic Stark spectroscopy: 5-methoxyindole. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:044201. [PMID: 26827210 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipole moments of the ground and lowest electronically excited singlet state of 5-methoxyindole have been determined by means of optical Stark spectroscopy in a molecular beam. The resulting spectra arise from a superposition of different field configurations, one with the static electric field almost parallel to the polarization of the exciting laser radiation, the other nearly perpendicular. Each field configuration leads to different intensities in the rovibronic spectrum. With an automated evolutionary algorithm approach, the spectra can be fit and the ratio of both field configurations can be determined. A simultaneous fit of two spectra with both field configurations improved the precision of the dipole moment determination by a factor of two. We find a reduction of the absolute dipole moment from 1.59(3) D to 1.14(6) D upon electronic excitation to the lowest electronically excited singlet state. At the same time, the dipole moment orientation rotates by 54(∘) showing the importance of the determination of the dipole moment components. The dipole moment in the electronic ground state can approximately be obtained from a vector addition of the indole and the methoxy group dipole moments. However, in the electronically excited state, vector addition completely fails to describe the observed dipole moment. Several reasons for this behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Wilke
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Wilke
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - W Leo Meerts
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6525 AS Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Haberhauer G, Gleiter R, Burkhart C. Planarized Intramolecular Charge Transfer: A Concept for Fluorophores with both Large Stokes Shifts and High Fluorescence Quantum Yields. Chemistry 2015; 22:971-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45117 Essen Germany), Fax: (+49) 201-183-4252
| | - Rolf Gleiter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45117 Essen Germany), Fax: (+49) 201-183-4252
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Brand C, Oeltermann O, Wilke M, Schmitt M. Position matters: High resolution spectroscopy of 6-methoxyindole. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:024321. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4773468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Brand C, Oeltermann O, Pratt D, Weinkauf R, Meerts WL, van der Zande W, Kleinermanns K, Schmitt M. Rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy of 5-methoxyindole. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:024303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3459128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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10
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Kang C, Korter TM, Pratt DW. Experimental measurement of the induced dipole moment of an isolated molecule in its ground and electronically excited states: Indole and indole–H2O. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:174301. [PMID: 15910026 DOI: 10.1063/1.1883635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported here are measurements of the magnitude and orientation of the induced dipole moment that is produced when an indole molecule in its ground S(0) and electronically excited S(1) states is polarized by the attachment of a hydrogen bonded water molecule in the gas phase complex indole-H(2)O. For the complex, we find the permanent dipole moment values mu(IW)(S(0)) = 4.4 D and mu(IW)(S(1)) = 4.0 D, values that are substantially different from calculated values based on vector sums of the dipole moments of the component parts. From this result, we derive the induced dipole moment values mu(I) (*)(S(0)) = 0.7 D and mu(I) (*)(S(1)) = 0.5 D. The orientation of the induced moment also is significantly different in the two electronic states. These results are quantitatively reproduced by a purely electrostatic calculation based on ab initio values of multipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhwa Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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11
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Catalán J, Dıaz C. First reported evidence that solvent polarity induces an ↔ inversion in the indole chromophore. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Kabouchi B, Kenfack Assongo C, Cazeau-Dubroca C. [Theoretical simulation of UV absorption spectra of carbazole and some homocyclic analogs]. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57A:1111-1117. [PMID: 11379601 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The UV absorption spectra structures of carbazole, fluorene and dibenzofurane are studied using the atom monopole-dipole interaction (AMDI) model and atomic dipolar polarisabilities and effective charge given by Fraga. The absorption spectra corresponding to these molecules and their self-associations are presented. The original obtained results are discussed and compared to previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kabouchi
- Laboratoire de Spectronomie Physique Appliquée, UFR Interaction Rayonnement-Matière, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.
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Zaretskii MI. Complexation of indole, methylindoles, and carbazole with organic solvents (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01169347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Boucetta A, Benali B, Kadiri A, Ghailane F, Cazeau-Dubroca C, Nouchi G. Etude en luminescence UV—visible de la p-nitroaniline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(93)e0022-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Kadiri A, Fadouach M, Benali B, Boucetta A. Comparaison par une étude en spectroscopie UV des effets de complexation par liaison hydrogène et de N-éthylation sur les spectres d'absorption du carbazole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(94)80133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Medina F, Poyato J, Rodriguez J. Photophysical study of some indole derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(92)87004-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Kabouchi B, Benali B, Fadouach M, Kadiri A, Cazeau-Dubroca C, Nouchi G. Etude de la fluorescence du 9,9′-bianthryl en solutions liquides et en milieux polymériques rigides à la température ambiante. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(92)80178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Benali B, Kadiri A, Nouchi G. Etude du complexe par liaison hydrogène du carbazole à l'état fondamental par spectroscopie UV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(92)80217-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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20
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Khuan Teh C, Gharavi A, Sulkes M. Lifetime measurements in jet-cooled indoles: Additional evidence for the 1La state. Chem Phys Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(90)87023-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Ilich P, Haydock C, Prendergast F. Electronic transitions in hydrated indole: A MD INDO/S study. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Ilich P, Axelsen PH, Prendergast FG. Electronic transitions in molecules in static external fields. I. Indole and Trp-59 in ribonuclease T1. Biophys Chem 1988; 29:341-9. [PMID: 3134060 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)85056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic transition properties of indole perturbed by its environment were calculated by use of quantum-mechanical semi-empirical numerical methods. The environment was represented by a discrete set of charges placed at different positions around the indole ring. Wavelength shifts and transition intensity changes in indole were evaluated for several, specifically modeled geometries of external charges. This methodology was employed to estimate the extent of spectroscopic changes induced by small nonprotein polar species on the Trp-59 residue in the anisotropic environment of the protein ribonuclease T1. The geometry of the residue environment was obtained from dynamically equilibrated X-ray crystallographic data of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ilich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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23
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Philips LA, Levy DH. The rotationally resolved electronic spectrum of indole in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.451219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Rizzo TR, Park YD, Peteanu LA, Levy DH. The electronic spectrum of the amino acid tryptophan in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Suwaiyan A. The polarized absorption spectrum of 5-methyl indole in polyethylene and polyvinylalcohol films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(86)80014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Hays T, Henke W, Selzle H, Schlag E. Fluorescence excitation and multiphoton ionization spectroscopy of 3-methylindole in a supersonic jet. Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)80505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Kadiri A, Martinaud M, Cazeau-Dubroca C. Complexation versus aggregation of indoles in glassy hydrocarbons. Chem Phys Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(79)80277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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