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Hou K, Wang J, Li X, Feng J, Yang C, Zhang X, Guo J, Dai X. Inhibition of Fusarium graminearum growth and spore germination by a Streptomyces amritsarensis strain capable of killing and growing on Microcystis scum. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae171. [PMID: 39003242 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Developing energy-saving and ecofriendly strategies for treating harvested Microcystis biomass. METHODS AND RESULTS Streptomyces amritsarensis HG-16 was first reported to effectively kill various morphotypes of natural Microcystis colonies at very high cell densities. Concurrently, HG-16 grown on lysed Microcystis maintained its antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. It could completely inhibit spore germination and destroy mycelial structure of F. graminearum. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HG-16 attacked F. graminearum in a comprehensive way: interfering with replication, transcription, and translation processes, inhibiting primary metabolisms, hindering energy production and simultaneously destroying stress-resistant systems of F. graminearum. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide a sustainable and economical option for resource reclamation from Microcystis biomass: utilizing Microcystis slurry to propagate HG-16, which can subsequently be employed as a biocontrol agent for managing F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junzhou Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in TGR Region (WEMST, www.wemst.com), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Liu S, Wang W, Liu Q, Yao M, Liao L, Gao S, Yu Y, Yang X. Emerindanols A and B: Two Bipolyhydroindenol Sesterterpenes with 5/6-6/5 Coupled Ring System Discovered by Genome Mining. Org Lett 2024; 26:4475-4479. [PMID: 38767291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Genome mining of Emericella sp. XL-029 achieved a new type E sesterterpene synthase, EmES, which affored a novel bipolyhydroindenol sesterterpene, emerindanol A. Heterologous coexpression with the upstream P450 oxidase revealed C-4 hydroxylated product, emerindanol B. Notably, emerindanols A and B represented the first sesterterpenes featuring a unique 5/6-6/5 coupled ring system. EmES was postulated to initiate through C1-IV-V pathway and convert the fused ring intermediate into the final coupled ring product through a spiro skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingpei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liangxiu Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuaibiao Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minzu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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Beccari G, Tini F, Foroud NA, Ederli L, Gardiner DM, Benfield AH, Harris LJ, Sulyok M, Romani R, Bellezza I, Covarelli L. A comparison between the role of enniatins and deoxynivalenol in Fusarium virulence on different tissues of common wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:463. [PMID: 38802782 PMCID: PMC11129500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum are two of the most important causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. They can produce mycotoxins that accumulate in infected wheat heads, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs), produced by F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, respectively. While the role of DON as a virulence factor in F. graminearum toward wheat is well known, ENNs in F. avenaceum has been poorly explored. Results obtained to-date indicate that ENNs may confer an advantage to F. avenaceum only on particular hosts. RESULTS In this study, with the use of ENN-producing and ENN non-producing F. avenaceum strains, the role of ENNs on F. avenaceum virulence was investigated on the root, stem base and head of common wheat, and compared with the role of DON, using DON-producing and DON non-producing F. graminearum strains. The DON-producing F. graminearum strain showed a significantly higher ability to cause symptoms and colonise each of the tested tissues than the non-producing strain. On the other hand, the ability to produce ENNs increased initial symptoms of the disease and fungal biomass accumulation, measured by qPCR, only in wheat heads, and not in roots or stem bases. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to confirm the presence of ENNs and DON in the different strains, and results, both in vitro and in wheat heads, were consistent with the genetics of each strain. CONCLUSION While the key role of DON on F. graminearum virulence towards three different wheat tissues was noticeable, ENNs seemed to have a role only in influencing F. avenaceum virulence on common wheat heads probably due to an initial delay in the appearance of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Aurelie H Benfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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4
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Luo P, Huang JH, Lv JM, Wang GQ, Hu D, Gao H. Biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:748-783. [PMID: 38265076 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2023Terpenoids, which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, are a large group of natural products with diverse structures and various biological activities. They have made great contributions to human health as therapeutic agents, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and anti-malarial agent artemisinin. Accordingly, the biosynthesis of this important class of natural products has been extensively studied, which generally involves two major steps: hydrocarbon skeleton construction by terpenoid cyclases and skeleton modification by tailoring enzymes. Additionally, fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) serve as an important source for the discovery of terpenoids. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches, genome mining has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to discover novel terpenoids from fungi. To date, numerous terpenoid cyclases, including typical class I and class II terpenoid cyclases as well as emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, have been identified, together with a variety of tailoring enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, and acyltransferases. In this review, our aim is to comprehensively present all fungal terpenoid cyclases identified up to August 2023, with a focus on newly discovered terpenoid cyclases, especially the emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, and their related tailoring enzymes from 2015 to August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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5
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Koizumi Y, Nakajima Y, Tanaka Y, Matsui K, Sakabe M, Maeda K, Sato M, Koshino H, Sato S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. A Role in 15-Deacetylcalonectrin Acetylation in the Non-Enzymatic Cyclization of an Earlier Bicyclic Intermediate in Fusarium Trichothecene Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4288. [PMID: 38673874 PMCID: PMC11050026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium begins with the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to trichodiene, followed by subsequent oxygenation to isotrichotriol. This initial bicyclic intermediate is further cyclized to isotrichodermol (ITDmol), a tricyclic precursor with a toxic trichothecene skeleton. Although the first cyclization and subsequent oxygenation are catalyzed by enzymes encoded by Tri5 and Tri4, the second cyclization occurs non-enzymatically. Following ITDmol formation, the enzymes encoded by Tri101, Tri11, Tri3, and Tri1 catalyze 3-O-acetylation, 15-hydroxylation, 15-O-acetylation, and A-ring oxygenation, respectively. In this study, we extensively analyzed the metabolites of the corresponding pathway-blocked mutants of Fusarium graminearum. The disruption of these Tri genes, except Tri3, led to the accumulation of tricyclic trichothecenes as the main products: ITDmol due to Tri101 disruption; a mixture of isotrichodermin (ITD), 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) due to Tri11 disruption; and a mixture of calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin due to Tri1 disruption. However, the ΔFgtri3 mutant accumulated substantial amounts of bicyclic metabolites, isotrichotriol and trichotriol, in addition to tricyclic 15-deacetylcalonectrin (15-deCAL). The ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri3 double gene disruptant transformed ITD into 7-HIT, 8-HIT, and 15-deCAL. The deletion of FgTri3 and overexpression of Tri6 and Tri10 trichothecene regulatory genes did not result in the accumulation of 15-deCAL in the transgenic strain. Thus, the absence of Tri3p and/or the presence of a small amount of 15-deCAL adversely affected the non-enzymatic second cyclization and C-15 hydroxylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kosuke Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masato Sakabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Soichi Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
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6
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Bethke G, Huang Y, Hensel G, Heinen S, Liu C, Wyant SR, Li X, Quin MB, McCormick S, Morrell PL, Dong Y, Kumlehn J, Salvi S, Berthiller F, Muehlbauer GJ. UDP-glucosyltransferase HvUGT13248 confers type II resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2691-2710. [PMID: 37610244 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley (Hordeum vulgare) causes yield losses and accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol [DON]) in grains. Glucosylation of DON to the nontoxic DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G) is catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), such as barley UGT13248. We explored the natural diversity of UGT13248 in 496 barley accessions and showed that all carried potential functional alleles of UGT13248, as no genotypes showed strongly increased seedling sensitivity to DON. From a TILLING population, we identified 2 mutant alleles (T368I and H369Y) that, based on protein modeling, likely affect the UDP-glucose binding of UGT13248. In DON feeding experiments, DON-to-D3G conversion was strongly reduced in spikes of these mutants compared to controls, and plants overexpressing UGT13248 showed increased resistance to DON and increased DON-to-D3G conversion. Moreover, field-grown plants carrying the T368I or H369Y mutations inoculated with Fusarium graminearum showed increased FHB disease severity and reduced D3G production. Barley is generally considered to have type II resistance that limits the spread of F. graminearum from the infected spikelet to adjacent spikelets. Point inoculation experiments with F. graminearum showed increased infection spread in T368I and H369Y across the spike compared to wild type, while overexpression plants showed decreased spread of FHB symptoms. Confocal microscopy revealed that F. graminearum spread to distant rachis nodes in T368I and H369Y mutants but was arrested at the rachis node of the inoculated spikelet in wild-type plants. Taken together, our data reveal that UGT13248 confers type II resistance to FHB in barley via conjugation of DON to D3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerit Bethke
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Shane Heinen
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chaochih Liu
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Skylar R Wyant
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maureen B Quin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, USDA-ARS NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Peter L Morrell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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7
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Lin C, Feng XL, Liu Y, Li ZC, Li XZ, Qi J. Bioinformatic Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Pathogenic Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:850. [PMID: 37623621 PMCID: PMC10455296 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are among the filamentous fungi with the most pronounced impact on agricultural production and human health. The mycotoxins produced by pathogenic Fusarium not only attack various plants including crops, causing various plant diseases that lead to reduced yields and even death, but also penetrate into the food chain of humans and animals to cause food poisoning and consequent health hazards. Although sporadic studies have revealed some of the biosynthetic pathways of Fusarium toxins, they are insufficient to satisfy the need for a comprehensive understanding of Fusarium toxin production. In this study, we focused on 35 serious pathogenic Fusarium species with available genomes and systematically analyzed the ubiquity of the distribution of identified Fusarium- and non-Fusarium-derived fungal toxin biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) in these species through the mining of core genes and the comparative analysis of corresponding BGCs. Additionally, novel sesterterpene synthases and PKS_NRPS clusters were discovered and analyzed. This work is the first to systematically analyze the distribution of related mycotoxin biosynthesis in pathogenic Fusarium species. These findings enhance the knowledge of mycotoxin production and provide a theoretical grounding for the prevention of fungal toxin production using biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhao-chen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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8
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Duan K, Shen Q, Wang Y, Xiang P, Shi Y, Yang C, Jiang C, Wang G, Xu JR, Zhang X. Herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid interferes with MAP kinase signaling in Fusarium graminearum and is inhibitory to fungal growth and pathogenesis. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:31. [PMID: 37676555 PMCID: PMC10442047 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are important for regulating growth, development, and plant-pathogen interactions. Some of them are inhibitory to growth of fungal pathogens but the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, we found that hyphal growth of Fusarium graminearum was significantly reduced by high concentrations of IAA and its metabolically stable analogue 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Besides inhibitory effects on growth rate, treatments with 2,4-D also caused significant reduction in conidiation, conidium germination, and germ tube growth. Treatments with 2,4-D had no obvious effect on sexual reproduction but significantly reduced TRI gene expression, toxisome formation, and DON production. More importantly, treatments with 2,4-D were inhibitory to infection structure formation and pathogenesis at concentrations higher than 100 µM. The presence of 1000 µM 2,4-D almost completely inhibited plant infection and invasive growth. In F. graminearum, 2,4-D induced ROS accumulation and FgHog1 activation but reduced the phosphorylation level of Gpmk1 MAP kinase. Metabolomics analysis showed that the accumulation of a number of metabolites such as glycerol and arabitol was increased by 2,4-D treatment in the wild type but not in the Fghog1 mutant. Transformants expressing the dominant active FgPBS2S451D T455D allele were less sensitive to 2,4-D and had elevated levels of intracellular glycerol and arabitol induced by 2,4-D in PH-1. Taken together, our results showed that treatments with 2,4-D interfere with two important MAP kinase pathways and are inhibitory to hyphal growth, DON biosynthesis, and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qifang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yutong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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9
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Liew MXX, Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Kitamura N, Kimura M. Regulatory mechanism of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1148771. [PMID: 37138602 PMCID: PMC10149712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the genes involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene (Tri genes), Tri6 and Tri10 encode a transcription factor with unique Cys2His2 zinc finger domains and a regulatory protein with no consensus DNA-binding sequences, respectively. Although various chemical factors, such as nitrogen nutrients, medium pH, and certain oligosaccharides, are known to influence trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of Tri6 and Tri10 genes is poorly understood. Particularly, culture medium pH is a major regulator in trichothecene biosynthesis in F. graminearum, but it is susceptible to metabolic changes posed by nutritional and genetic factors. Hence, appropriate precautions should be considered to minimize the indirect influence of pH on the secondary metabolism while studying the roles of nutritional and genetic factors on trichothecene biosynthesis regulation. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the structural changes of the trichothecene gene cluster core region exert considerable influence over the normal regulation of Tri gene expression. In this perspective paper, we consider a revision of our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of trichothecene biosynthesis in F. graminearum and share our idea toward establishing a regulatory model of Tri6 and Tri10 transcription.
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10
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Lee S, Yu JS, Lee SR, Kim KH. Non-peptide secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms: overview of chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:512-559. [PMID: 34608478 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2021A wide variety of mushrooms have traditionally been recognized as edible fungi with high nutritional value and low calories, and abundantly produce structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms can result in serious illnesses and even death. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is associated with secondary metabolites produced in poisonous mushrooms, causing specific toxicity. However, many poisonous mushrooms have not been fully investigated for their secondary metabolites, and the secondary metabolites of poisonous mushrooms have not been systematically summarized for details such as chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms. The isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms have great research value since these compounds could be lethal toxins that contribute to the toxicity of mushrooms or could provide lead compounds with remarkable biological activities that can promote advances in other related disciplines, such as biochemistry and pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites identified from poisonous mushrooms and provide an overview of the current information on these metabolites, focusing on their chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wei X, Wang WG, Matsuda Y. Branching and converging pathways in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35255990 PMCID: PMC8902786 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn nature, organic molecules with great structural diversity and complexity are synthesized by utilizing a relatively small number of starting materials. A synthetic strategy adopted by nature is pathway branching, in which a common biosynthetic intermediate is transformed into different end products. A natural product can also be synthesized by the fusion of two or more precursors generated from separate metabolic pathways. This review article summarizes several representative branching and converging pathways in fungal natural product biosynthesis to illuminate how fungi are capable of synthesizing a diverse array of natural products.
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12
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Ding Y, Gardiner DM, Kazan K. Transcriptome analysis reveals infection strategies employed by Fusarium graminearum as a root pathogen. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126951. [PMID: 34972022 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg) infects both heads and roots of cereal crops causing several economically important diseases such as head blight, seedling blight, crown rot and root rot. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known virulence factor, produced by Fg during disease development is also an important health concern. Although how Fg infects above-ground tissues is relatively well studied, very little is known about molecular processes employed by the pathogen during below-ground infection. Also unknown is the role of DON during root infection. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome of Fg during root infection of the model cereal Brachypodium distachyon (Bd). We also compared our Fg transcriptome data obtained during Bd root infection with those reported during wheat head infection. These analyses suggested that both shared and unique infection strategies were employed by the pathogen during colonization of different host tissues. Several metabolite biosynthesis genes induced in Fg during root infection could be linked to phytohormone production, implying that the pathogen likely interferes with root specific defenses. In addition, to understand the role of DON in Fg root infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the DON deficient Tri5 mutant. These analyses showed that the absence of DON had a significant effect on fungal transcriptional responses. Although DON was produced in infected roots, this mycotoxin did not act as a Fg virulence factor during root infection. Our results reveal new mechanistic insights into the below-ground strategies employed by Fg that may benefit the development of new genetic tools to combat this important cereal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- The Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, 2570, New South Wales, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Oufensou S, Dessì A, Dallocchio R, Balmas V, Azara E, Carta P, Migheli Q, Delogu G. Molecular Docking and Comparative Inhibitory Efficacy of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Vegetative Growth and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110759. [PMID: 34822543 PMCID: PMC8623340 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum causes Fusarium head blight in cereals, resulting in yield loss and contamination of the grain by type B trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), and its acetylated derivatives. Synthesis of trichothecenes is driven by a trichodiene synthase (TRI5) that converts farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to trichodiene. In this work, 15 naturally occurring compounds that belong to the structural phenol and hydroxylated biphenyl classes were tested in vitro and in planta (durum wheat) to determine their inhibitory activity towards TRI5. In vitro analysis highlighted the fungicidal effect of these compounds when applied at 0.25 mM. Greenhouse assays showed a strong inhibitory activity of octyl gallate 5, honokiol 13 and the combination propyl gallate 4 + thymol 7 on trichothecene biosynthesis. Docking analyses were run on the 3D model of F. culmorum TRI5 containing the inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) or FPP. Significant ligand affinities with TRI-PPi and TRI-FPP were observed for the same sites for almost all compounds, with 1 and 2 as privileged sites. Octyl gallate 5 and honokiol 13 interacted almost exclusively with sites 1 and 2, by concurrently activating strong H-bonds with common sets of amino acids. These results open new perspectives for the targeted search of naturally occurring compounds that may find practical application in the eco-friendly control of FHB in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Dessì
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Emanuela Azara
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Paola Carta
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
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14
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Xu H, Rinkel J, Chen X, Köllner TG, Chen F, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic divergence between (4 S,7 R)-germacra-(1(10) E,5 E)-dien-11-ol synthases from Dictyostelium purpureum and Streptomyces coelicolor. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:370-374. [PMID: 33337456 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02361b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main product of DpTPS9 from the social amoeba Dictyostelium purpureum was identified as (4S,7R)-germacra-(1(10)E,5E)-dien-11-ol that is also known as an intermediate of bacterial geosmin synthase, but the experimentally verified cyclisation mechanisms differ. Together with the low sequence identity this points to convergent evolution. The functionality of selected residues in DpTPS9 was investigated via site-directed mutagenesis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Oufensou S, Balmas V, Azara E, Fabbri D, Dettori MA, Schüller C, Zehetbauer F, Strauss J, Delogu G, Migheli Q. Naturally Occurring Phenols Modulate Vegetative Growth and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29407-29415. [PMID: 33225172 PMCID: PMC7676359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess the in vitro activity of five naturally occurring phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, apocynin, magnolol, honokiol, and thymol) on mycelial growth and type B trichothecene mycotoxin accumulation by Fusarium graminearum, three complementary approaches were adopted. First, a high-throughput photometric continuous reading array allowed a parallel quantification of F. graminearum hyphal growth and reporter TRI5 gene expression directly on solid medium. Second, RT-qPCR confirmed the regulation of TRI5 expression by the tested compounds. Third, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis allowed quantification of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms released upon treatment with the phenolic compounds. Altogether, the results confirmed the activity of thymol and an equimolar mixture of thymol-magnolol at 0.5 mM, respectively, in inhibiting DON production without affecting vegetative growth. The medium pH buffering capacity after 72-96 h of incubation is proposed as a further element to highlight compounds displaying trichothecene inhibitory capacity with no significant fungicidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Azara
- Istituto CNR di
Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto CNR di
Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Christoph Schüller
- Bioactive Microbial
Metabolites (BiMM) Research Platform, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetbauer
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Bioactive Microbial
Metabolites (BiMM) Research Platform, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di
Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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16
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The type II phosphoinositide 4-kinase FgLsb6 is important for the development and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103443. [PMID: 32800918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a wheat disease with a worldwide prevalence. In eukaryotes, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), which participates in many physiological processes, is located primarily in different organelles, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), plasma membrane and endosomes. Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) are involved in regulating the production of PI4P in yeast, plants and mammalian cells. However, the role of these proteins in phytopathogenic fungi is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the type II PI4K protein FgLsb6 in F. graminearum, a homolog of Lsb6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unlike Lsb6, FgLsb6 localizes to the vacuoles and endosomes. The ΔFglsb6 mutant displayed defects in vegetative growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the ΔFglsb6 deletion mutant also exhibited increased resistance to osmotic, oxidative and cell wall stresses. Further analyses of the ΔFglsb6 mutant showed that it was defective in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis. Collectively, our data suggest that the decreased vegetative growth and pathogenicity of ΔFglsb6 was due to the conservative roles of FgLsb6 in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis.
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17
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Gao T, Bian R, Joseph S, Taherymoosavi S, Mitchell DRG, Munroe P, Xu J, Shi J. Wheat straw vinegar: A more cost-effective solution than chemical fungicides for sustainable wheat plant protection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138359. [PMID: 32278180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, is a destructive and widespread wheat disease. Chemical fungicides are becoming less effective at reducing the disease severity of FHB, and there is a need to find a more effective, low-cost natural product. A by-product of the pyrolysis of wheat straw is a condensate known as wheat straw vinegar, which was hypothesized to be an effective F. graminearum inhibitor in wheat. The organic and mineral compositions of wheat straw vinegar were analyzed. The results of GC-MS indicated that the major organic compounds in wheat straw vinegar are phenolics and acetic acid. The main inorganic elements in the liquid were K, Ca, S and Mg. A bio-test of wheat straw vinegar showed strong antifungal activity on F. graminearum growth and production of deoxynivalenol (DON) with an EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) value of 3.1 μl ml-1. Field tests showed that the application of wheat straw vinegar diluted 200-fold significantly decreased the wheat FHB infection rate and DON content by 66% and 69%, respectively. The control efficacy of wheat straw vinegar at a dilution of 200-fold was similar to that of typical chemical fungicide applications. The use of wheat straw vinegar may increase farmers' income by reducing the net fungicide costs. Therefore, wheat straw vinegar has high potential as a natural fungicide for the control of FHB and can reduce the dependence on synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Rongjun Bian
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Stephen Joseph
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarasadat Taherymoosavi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David R G Mitchell
- Electron Microscopy Centre, AIIM Building, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2517, Australia
| | - Paul Munroe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
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18
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Maeda K, Tanaka Y, Matsuyama M, Sato M, Sadamatsu K, Suzuki T, Matsui K, Nakajima Y, Tokai T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Kobayashi T, Fujimura M, Nishiuchi T, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M. Substrate specificities of Fusarium biosynthetic enzymes explain the genetic basis of a mixed chemotype producing both deoxynivalenol and nivalenol-type trichothecenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 320:108532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Proctor RH, McCormick SP, Gutiérrez S. Genetic bases for variation in structure and biological activity of trichothecene toxins produced by diverse fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5185-5199. [PMID: 32328680 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpene toxins produced by diverse but relatively few fungal species in at least three classes of Ascomycetes: Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Approximately 200 structurally distinct trichothecene analogs have been described, but a given fungal species typically produces only a small subset of analogs. All trichothecenes share a core structure consisting of a four-ring nucleus known as 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene. This structure can be substituted at various positions with hydroxyl, acyl, or keto groups to give rise to the diversity of trichothecene structures that has been described. Over the last 30 years, the genetic and biochemical pathways required for trichothecene biosynthesis in several species of the fungi Fusarium and Trichoderma have been elucidated. In addition, phylogenetic and functional analyses of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes from fungi in multiple genera have provided insights into how acquisition, loss, and changes in functions of TRI genes have given rise to the diversity of trichothecene structures. These analyses also suggest both divergence and convergence of TRI gene function during the evolutionary history of trichothecene biosynthesis. What has driven trichothecene structural diversification remains an unanswered question. However, insight into the role of trichothecenes in plant pathogenesis of Fusarium species and into plant glucosyltransferases that detoxify the toxins by glycosylating them point to a possible driver. Because the glucosyltransferases can have substrate specificity, changes in trichothecene structures produced by a fungus could allow it to evade detoxification by the plant enzymes. Thus, it is possible that advantages conferred by evading detoxification have contributed to trichothecene structural diversification. KEY POINTS : • TRI genes have evolved by diverse processes: loss, acquisition and changes in function. • Some TRI genes have acquired the same function by convergent evolution. • Some other TRI genes have evolved divergently to have different functions. • Some TRI genes were acquired or resulted from diversification in function of other genes. • Substrate specificity of plant glucosyltransferases could drive trichothecene diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604-3902, USA.
| | - S P McCormick
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604-3902, USA
| | - S Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain.
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20
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Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
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Chen Y, Kistler HC, Ma Z. Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene Mycotoxins: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:15-39. [PMID: 30893009 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small grain cereals caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species is an economically important plant disease worldwide. Fusarium infections not only result in severe yield losses but also contaminate grain with various mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON). With the complete genome sequencing of F. graminearum, tremendous progress has been made during the past two decades toward understanding the basis for DON biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we summarize the current understanding of DON biosynthesis and the effect of regulators, signal transduction pathways, and epigenetic modifications on DON production and the expression of biosynthetic TRI genes. In addition, strategies for controlling FHB and DON contamination are reviewed. Further studies on these biosynthetic and regulatory systems will provide useful knowledge for developing novel management strategies to prevent FHB incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H Corby Kistler
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Schmidt R, Durling MB, de Jager V, Menezes RC, Nordkvist E, Svatoš A, Dubey M, Lauterbach L, Dickschat JS, Karlsson M, Garbeva P. Deciphering the genome and secondary metabolome of the plant pathogen Fusarium culmorum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4990469. [PMID: 29718180 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is one of the most important fungal plant pathogens that causes diseases on a wide diversity of cereal and non-cereal crops. We report herein for the first time the genome sequence of F. culmorum strain PV and its associated secondary metabolome that plays a role in the interaction with other microorganisms and contributes to its pathogenicity on plants. The genome revealed the presence of two terpene synthases, trichodiene and longiborneol synthase, which generate an array of volatile terpenes. Furthermore, we identified two gene clusters, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, which encode for the production of mycotoxins. Linking the production of mycotoxins with in vitro bioassays, we found high virulence of F. culmorum PV on maize, barley and wheat. By using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we confirmed several compounds important for the behaviour and lifestyle of F. culmorum. This research sets the basis for future studies in microbe-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mikael B Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor de Jager
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Riya C Menezes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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24
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Flynn CM, Broz K, Jonkers W, Schmidt-Dannert C, Kistler HC. Expression of the Fusarium graminearum terpenome and involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum-derived toxisome. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:78-87. [PMID: 30664933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpenoid deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important trichothecene mycotoxin produced by the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. DON is synthesized in specialized subcellular structures called toxisomes. The first step in DON synthesis is catalyzed by the sesquiterpene synthase (STS), Tri5 (trichodiene synthase), resulting in the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to produce the sesquiterpene trichodiene. Tri5 is one of eight putative STSs in the F. graminearum genome. To better understand the F. graminearum terpenome, the volatile and soluble fractions of fungal cultures were sampled. Stringent regulation of sesquiterpene accumulation was observed. When grown in trichothecene induction medium, the fungus produces trichothecenes as well as several volatile non-trichothecene related sesquiterpenes, whereas no volatile terpenes were detected when grown in non-inducing medium. Surprisingly, a Δtri5 deletion strain grown in inducing conditions not only ceased accumulation of trichothecenes, but also failed to produce the non-trichothecene related sesquiterpenes. To test whether Tri5 from F. graminearum may be a promiscuous STS directly producing all observed sesquiterpenes, Tri5 was cloned and expressed in E. coli and shown to produce primarily trichodiene in addition to minor, related cyclization products. Therefore, while Tri5 expression in F. graminearum is necessary for non-trichothecene sesquiterpene biosynthesis, direct catalysis by Tri5 does not explain the sesquiterpene deficient phenotype observed in the Δtri5 strain. To test whether Tri5 protein, separate from its enzymatic activity, may be required for non-trichothecene synthesis, the Tri5 locus was replaced with an enzymatically inactive, but structurally unaffected tri5N225D S229T allele. This allele restores non-trichothecene synthesis but not trichothecene synthesis. The tri5N225D S229T allele also restores toxisome structure which is lacking in the Δtri5 deletion strain. Our results indicate that the Tri5 protein, but not its enzymatic activity, is also required for the synthesis of non-trichothecene related sesquiterpenes and the formation of toxisomes. Toxisomes thus not only may be important for DON synthesis, but also for the synthesis of other sesquiterpene mycotoxins such as culmorin by F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Flynn
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Karen Broz
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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25
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Tanaka Y, Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Matsuyama M, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Ohsato S, Kimura M. Inhibition of Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis by yeast extract components extractable with ethyl acetate. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Maeda K, Ichikawa H, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Ohsato S, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Osada H, Kimura M. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Compounds That Modulate Trichothecene Production by Fusarium graminearum. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1260-1269. [PMID: 29565558 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library, we identified small molecules that alter trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) production by Fusarium graminearum. Among trichothecene production activators, a furanocoumarin NPD12671 showed the strongest stimulatory activity on 15-ADON production by the fungus cultured in a 24-well plate. NPD12671 significantly increased the transcription of Tri6, a transcription factor gene necessary for trichothecene biosynthesis, in both trichothecene-inducing and noninducing culture conditions. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was identified as the most effective inhibitor of trichothecene production in 24-well plate culture; DHA inhibited trichothecene production (>50% inhibition at 1 μM) without affecting fungal mass by suppressing Tri6 expression. To determine the effect of DHA on trichothecene pathway Tri gene expression, we generated a constitutively Tri6-overexpressing strain that produced 15-ADON in YG_60 medium in Erlenmeyer flasks, conditions under which no trichothecenes are produced by the wild-type. While 5 μM DHA failed to inhibit trichothecene biosynthesis by the overexpressor in trichothecene-inducing YS_60 culture, trichothecene production was suppressed in the YG_60 culture. Regardless of a high Tri6 transcript level in the constitutive overexpressor, the YG_60 culture showed reduced accumulation of Tri5 and Tri4 mRNA upon treatment with 5 μM DHA. Deletion mutants of FgOs2 were also generated and examined; both NPD12671 and DHA modulated trichothecene production as they did in the wild-type strain. These results are discussed in light of the mode of actions of these chemicals on trichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hinayo Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Sesquiterpene Synthase-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Synthase Fusion Protein Responsible for Hirsutene Biosynthesis in Stereum hirsutum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00036-18. [PMID: 29625976 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00036-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The wood-rotting mushroom Stereum hirsutum is a known producer of a large number of namesake hirsutenoids, many with important bioactivities. Hirsutenoids form a structurally diverse and distinct class of sesquiterpenoids. No genes involved in hirsutenoid biosynthesis have yet been identified or their enzymes characterized. Here, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of a hirsutene synthase as an unexpected fusion protein of a sesquiterpene synthase (STS) with a C-terminal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) synthase (HMGS) domain. Both the full-length fusion protein and truncated STS domain are highly product-specific 1,11-cyclizing STS enzymes with kinetic properties typical of STSs. Complementation studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that the HMGS domain is also functional in vivo Phylogenetic analysis shows that the hirsutene synthase domain does not form a clade with other previously characterized sesquiterpene synthases from Basidiomycota. Comparative gene structure analysis of this hirsutene synthase with characterized fungal enzymes reveals a significantly higher intron density, suggesting that this enzyme may be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. In contrast, the HMGS domain is clearly related to other fungal homologs. This STS-HMGS fusion protein is part of a biosynthetic gene cluster that includes P450s and oxidases that are expressed and could be cloned from cDNA. Finally, this unusual fusion of a terpene synthase to an HMGS domain, which is not generally recognized as a key regulatory enzyme of the mevalonate isoprenoid precursor pathway, led to the identification of additional HMGS duplications in many fungal genomes, including the localization of HMGSs in other predicted sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters.IMPORTANCE Hirsutenoids represent a structurally diverse class of bioactive sesquiterpenoids isolated from fungi. Identification of their biosynthetic pathways will provide access to this chemodiversity for the discovery and synthesis of molecules with new bioactivities. The identification and successful cloning of the previously elusive hirsutene synthase from the S. hirsutum provide important insights and strategies for biosynthetic gene discovery in Basidiomycota. The finding of a terpene synthase-HMGS fusion, the discovery of other sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters with dedicated HMGS genes, and HMGS gene duplications in fungal genomes give new importance to the role of HMGS as a key regulatory enzyme in isoprenoid and sterol biosynthesis that should be exploited for metabolic engineering.
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28
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Kamata K, Sato H, Maeda K, Furihata K, Aikawa S, Adachi K, Tanaka A, Tokai T, Nakajima Y, Yoshida Y, Sakuda S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. Exploring an Artificial Metabolic Route in Fusarium sporotrichioides: Production and Characterization of 7-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1041-1044. [PMID: 29578706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An artificial metabolic route to an unnatural trichothecene was designed by taking advantage of the broad substrate specificities of the T-2 toxin biosynthetic enzymes of Fusarium sporotrichioides. By feeding 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin, a shunt pathway metabolite of F. graminearum, to a trichodiene synthase-deficient mutant of F. sporotrichioides, 7-hydroxy T-2 toxin (1) was obtained as the final metabolite. Such an approach may have future applications in the metabolic engineering of a variety of fungal secondary metabolites. The toxicity of 7-hydroxy T-2 toxin was 10 times lower than that of T-2 toxin in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kamata
- Graduate School of Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Aichi 464-8601 , Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit , RIKEN DRI, 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Kazuo Furihata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Shunichi Aikawa
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Kentaro Adachi
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokai
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit , RIKEN DRI, 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Aichi 464-8601 , Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit , RIKEN DRI, 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Aichi 464-8601 , Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit , RIKEN DRI, 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit , RIKEN DRI, 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
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29
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Han Z, Shen Y, Di Mavungu JD, Zhang D, Nie D, Jiang K, De Saeger S, Zhao Z. Relationship between environmental conditions, TRI5 gene expression and deoxynivalenol production in stored Lentinula edodes infected with Fusarium graminearum. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study made the first attempt to relate the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) to the expression of TRI5 gene in Fusarium graminearum as a function of interacting environmental factors (water activity (aw) (0.95-0.98), temperature (20-30 °C) and incubation time (7 day-28 day)), so as to investigate its production mechanisms in Lentinula edodes. Changes in temperature, water activity and incubation time could significantly (P<0.01) affect DON production and TRI5 gene expression. The highest DON concentration (793.5±27.4 μg/kg) and TRI5 gene expression (2−ΔΔCt=38.8±4.8) were observed when the cultures were incubated at 20 °C and 0.98 aw for 21 days. Multi-regression analysis was performed and nonlinear models based on polynomial equations were established to uncover the individual effects of temperature, water activity and incubation time as well as their interactions on DON production and TRI5 gene expression. The established model was further used to develop contour maps to predict the DON production and TRI5 gene expression in relation to storage conditions in L. edodes. Highly significant positive correlation between DON production and fold TRI5 gene expression (R=0.5534, P<0.0001) was observed in this commodity. The production mechanisms of DON in L. edodes revealed in the present study will be beneficial for developing more effective targeted control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China P.R
| | - Y. Shen
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China P.R
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China P.R
| | - D. Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China P.R
| | - K. Jiang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China P.R
| | - S. De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Z. Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China P.R
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Kumari I, Ahmed M, Akhter Y. Evolution of catalytic microenvironment governs substrate and product diversity in trichodiene synthase and other terpene fold enzymes. Biochimie 2017; 144:9-20. [PMID: 29017925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichodiene synthase, a terpene fold enzyme catalyzes the first reaction of trichodermin biosynthesis that is an economically important secondary metabolite. Sequence search analysis revealed that the proteins containing terpene fold are present in bacteria, fungi and plants. Terpene fold protein from Selaginella moellendorffii, a lycophyte, appeared at the interface of the microbes and plants in the evolutionary scale. Amino acid residues present around the catalytic pocket determines the size of the substrate as well as product molecules. It has been observed that the overall molecular evolution of the catalytic pockets dictates the choice of substrates/products of the proteins. It was further observed that N-terminus of multi-domain terpene fold proteins may assist in the interactions with the pyrophosphate part of the substrates. The phylogenetic analysis of these proteins further revealed that the enzymes are clustered into groups based on the domains present additional to the catalytic domains. We have also observed inter-domain 'puckering forceps' type motions in the multi-domains using normal mode analysis which were further correlated with their functions. The evolutionary clustering of these proteins was also influenced by the presence/absence of cofactor interacting motifs. These results may be used to modify/enhance the functions of these enzymes using protein engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Kumari
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
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Jiang X, Qiao F, Long Y, Cong H, Sun H. MicroRNA-like RNAs in plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum are involved in toxin gene expression fine tuning. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:354. [PMID: 29062675 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) are short non-coding regulatory sRNAs which play an important role in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting protein translation. To explore the presence of milRNAs in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) and analyze their expression at different propagules, two categories of sRNAs were identified from Fon hyphae and microconidia using illumina sequencing. A total of 650,960 and 561,114 unique sRNAs were obtained from the hyphae and microconidia samples. With a previously constructed pipeline to search for microRNAs, 74 and 56 milRNA candidates were identified in hyphae and microconidia, respectively, based on the short hairpin structure analysis. Global expression analysis showed an extensively differential expression of sRNAs between the two propagules. Altogether, 78 significantly differently expressed milRNAs were identified in two libraries. Target prediction revealed two interesting genes involved in trichothecene production, necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (NEP1) biosynthesis and in silico analysis indicated that they were down-regulated by Fon-miR7696a-3p and Fon-miR6108a. The expression levels of these two milRNAs were further validated by qRT-PCR and the results were consistent. The negative correlation of the expression levels between these two milRNAs and their potential target genes imply that they play a role in trichothecene and NEP1 biosynthesis. And this negative regulation for toxin-related gene expression is more specific in microconidia. The present study provides the first large-scale characterization of milRNAs in Fon and the comparison between hyphae and microconidia propagules gives an insight into how milRNAs are involve in toxin biosynthesis.
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Abstract
![]()
The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Apaliya MT, Yang Q, Sun W, Zhang X, Zhang H. Screening of Deoxynivalenol Producing Strains and Elucidation of Possible Toxigenic Molecular Mechanism. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060184. [PMID: 28587179 PMCID: PMC5488034 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, seven strains of Fusarium graminearum were isolated from wheat, of which six were identified to produce deoxynivalenol and the production of deoxynivalenol was assessed. F. graminearum strain Fg1 was noted to produce 1.0 μg/g deoxynivalenol during the incubation period in the Czapek yeast broth, while none was detected in F. graminearum strain Fg2. Hence, the differences in proteomes and transcriptomes of Fg1 and Fg2 were compared to analyze the mechanism underlying deoxynivalenol production. Among the 66 significantly differentially expressed proteins in Fg1, 39 and 27 were more or less abundant expressed. Functional analysis suggested that the enzymes involved in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways, which provide a substrate for biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a precursor of DON, were activated in Fg1. The transcriptomics data demonstrated that the expression level of a majority of genes, including trichothecene biosynthetic genes, protein kinases, and transcription factors, involved in trichothecene biosynthesis was higher in Fg1 than in Fg2. The results also revealed differential expression profiles of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis genes in strains Fg1 and Fg2, which emphasized their deoxynivalenol producing ability and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Maurice T Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Zhen Jiang Grain and Oil Quality Testing Center, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Abstract
Covering: up to January 2017This review gives a comprehensive overview of the production of fungal volatiles, including the history of the discovery of the first compounds and their distribution in the various investigated strains, species and genera, as unravelled by modern analytical methods. Biosynthetic aspects and the accumulated knowledge about the bioactivity and biological functions of fungal volatiles are also covered. A total number of 325 compounds is presented in this review, with 247 cited references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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L-Threonine and its analogue added to autoclaved solid medium suppress trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:945-952. [PMID: 28357472 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins under certain nutritional conditions. When L-Thr and its analogue L-allo-threonine were added to brown rice flour solid medium before inoculation, trichothecene production after 4 days of incubation was suppressed. A time-course analysis of gene expression demonstrated that L-Thr suppressed transcription of Tri6, a trichothecene master regulator gene, and a terpene cyclase Tri5 gene. Regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis by altering major primary metabolic processes may open up the possibility to develop safe chemicals for the reduction of mycotoxin contamination might be developed.
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Studt L, Janevska S, Arndt B, Boedi S, Sulyok M, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B, Strauss J. Lack of the COMPASS Component Ccl1 Reduces H3K4 Trimethylation Levels and Affects Transcription of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Two Plant-Pathogenic Fusarium Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2144. [PMID: 28119673 PMCID: PMC5220078 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the two fungal pathogens Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium graminearum, secondary metabolites (SMs) are fitness and virulence factors and there is compelling evidence that the coordination of SM gene expression is under epigenetic control. Here, we characterized Ccl1, a subunit of the COMPASS complex responsible for methylating lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me). We show that Ccl1 is not essential for viability but a regulator of genome-wide trimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3). Although, recent work in Fusarium and Aspergillus spp. detected only sporadic H3K4 methylation at the majority of the SM gene clusters, we show here that SM profiles in CCL1 deletion mutants are strongly deviating from the wild type. Cross-complementation experiments indicate high functional conservation of Ccl1 as phenotypes of the respective △ccl1 were rescued in both fungi. Strikingly, biosynthesis of the species-specific virulence factors gibberellic acid and deoxynivalenol produced by F. fujikuroi and F. graminearum, respectively, was reduced in axenic cultures but virulence was not attenuated in these mutants, a phenotype which goes in line with restored virulence factor production levels in planta. This suggests that yet unknown plant-derived signals are able to compensate for Ccl1 function during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Studt
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria,Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany,*Correspondence: Lena Studt, Joseph Strauss,
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Stefan Boedi
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria,*Correspondence: Lena Studt, Joseph Strauss,
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Puri KD, Yan C, Leng Y, Zhong S. RNA-Seq Revealed Differences in Transcriptomes between 3ADON and 15ADON Populations of Fusarium graminearum In Vitro and In Planta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163803. [PMID: 27788144 PMCID: PMC5082872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in barley and wheat in North America. The fungus not only causes yield loss of the crops but also produces harmful trichothecene mycotoxins [Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives-3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON), and nivalenol (NIV)] that contaminate grains. Previous studies showed a dramatic increase of 3ADON-producing isolates with higher aggressiveness and DON production than the 15ADON-producing isolates in North America. However, the genetic and molecular basis of differences between the two types of isolates is unclear. In this study, we compared transcriptomes of the 3ADON and 15ADON isolates in vitro (in culture media) and in planta (during infection on the susceptible wheat cultivar 'Briggs') using RNA-sequencing. The in vitro gene expression comparison identified 479 up-regulated and 801 down-regulated genes in the 3ADON isolates; the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism (18.6%), polysaccharide metabolism (7.7%) or were of unknown functions (57.6%). The in planta gene expression analysis revealed that 185, 89, and 62 genes were up-regulated in the 3ADON population at 48, 96, and 144 hours after inoculation (HAI), respectively. The up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in functions for cellular import, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism, allantoin and allantoate transport at 48 HAI, for detoxification and virulence at 96 HAI, and for metabolism of acetic acid derivatives, detoxification, and cellular import at 144 HAI. Comparative analyses of in planta versus in vitro gene expression further revealed 2,159, 1,981 and 2,095 genes up-regulated in the 3ADON isolates, and 2,415, 2,059 and 1,777 genes up-regulated in the 15ADON isolates at the three time points after inoculation. Collectively, our data provides a foundation for further understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in aggressiveness and DON production of the two chemotype isolates of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna D. Puri
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Changhui Yan
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Yueqiang Leng
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
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Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Jin Q, Takahashi-Ando N, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Oligosaccharides containing an α-(1→2) (glucosyl/xylosyl)-fructosyl linkage as inducer molecules of trichothecene biosynthesis for Fusarium graminearum. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:215-221. [PMID: 27664790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharides containing a sucrose unit are reported as carbon sources necessary for trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. Here we demonstrate that trichothecene production is induced when at least 100μM sucrose is added to a culture medium containing 333mM glucose in a 24-well plate. When glucose, the main carbon source of the medium, was replaced with galactose, maltose, or sorbitol, the addition of 100μM sucrose could no longer induce trichothecene production. However, replacing half the amount of each carbon source with glucose restored the trichothecene production-inducing activity of sucrose. Detailed investigations with media containing various concentrations of galactose and glucose as carbon sources suggested that operation of the galactose catabolic pathway for energy conservation affected trichothecene biosynthesis induction by sucrose. Trichothecene production was also induced by 100μM of either raffinose or xylosucrose in axenic liquid culture medium containing glucose as the major carbon source. These results demonstrate that sucrose derivatives are not necessary as a carbon source for inducing trichothecene biosynthesis, and that the minimum structural requirement for sugars to function as trichothecene production-inducer molecules is to contain an α-(1→2) (glucosyl/xylosyl)-fructosyl linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Qi Jin
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Maeda K, Nakajima Y, Tanahashi Y, Kosaki T, Kitou Y, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Kimura M. Characterization of the acivicin effects on trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum species complex. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:272-276. [PMID: 27600357 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University
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40
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Amarasinghe CC, Fernando WGD. Comparative Analysis of Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis Related Gene Expression among Different Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum in Spring Wheat. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1229. [PMID: 27550207 PMCID: PMC4976091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) act as virulence factors and are essential for symptom development after initial infection in wheat. To date, 16 genes have been identified in the DON biosynthesis pathway. However, a comparative gene expression analysis in different chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum in response to Fusarium head blight infection remains to be explored. Therefore, in this study, nine genes that involved in trichothecene biosynthesis were analyzed among 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and nivalenol producing F. graminearum strains in a time course study. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expression of all examined TRI gene transcripts initiated at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), peaked at three to four dpi and gradually decreased at seven dpi. The early induction of TRI genes indicates that presence of high levels of TRI gene transcripts at early stages is important to initiate the biosynthetic pathway of DON and NIV. Comparison of gene expression among the three chemotypes showed that relative expression of TRI genes was higher in 3-ADON producing strains compared with 15-ADON and NIV strains. Comparatively higher levels of gene expression may contribute to the higher levels of DON produced by 3-ADON strains in infected grains.
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42
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Gao T, Chen J, Shi Z. Fusarium graminearum pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (FgPDK1) Is Critical for Conidiation, Mycelium Growth, and Pathogenicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158077. [PMID: 27341107 PMCID: PMC4920349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) is an important mitochondrial enzyme that blocks the production of acetyl-CoA by selectively inhibiting the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) through phosphorylation. PDK is an effectively therapeutic target in cancer cells, but the physiological roles of PDK in phytopathogens are largely unknown. To address these gaps, a PDK gene (FgPDK1) was isolated from Fusarium graminearum that is an economically important pathogen infecting cereals. The deletion of FgPDK1 in F. graminearum resulted in the increase in PDH activity, coinciding with several phenotypic defects, such as growth retardation, failure in perithecia and conidia production, and increase in pigment formation. The ΔFgPDK1 mutants showed enhanced sensitivity to osmotic stress and cell membrane-damaging agent. Physiological detection indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and plasma membrane damage (indicated by PI staining, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage) occurred in ΔFgPDK1 mutants. The deletion of FgPDK1 also prohibited the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and pathogenicity of F. graminearum, which may resulted from the decrease in the expression of Tri6. Taken together, this study firstly identified the vital roles of FgPDK1 in the development of phytopathogen F. graminearum, which may provide a potentially novel clue for target-directed development of agricultural fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqi Shi
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
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Malmierca MG, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Monte E, Alexander NJ, Gutiérrez S. Trichodiene Production in a Trichoderma harzianum erg1-Silenced Strain Provides Evidence of the Importance of the Sterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Inducing Plant Defense-Related Gene Expression. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1181-1197. [PMID: 26168138 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-15-0127-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are often used as biocontrol agents against plant-pathogenic fungi. A complex molecular interaction occurs among the biocontrol agent, the antagonistic fungus, and the plant. Terpenes and sterols produced by the biocontrol fungus have been found to affect gene expression in both the antagonistic fungus and the plant. The terpene trichodiene (TD) elicits the expression of genes related to tomato defense and to Botrytis virulence. We show here that TD itself is able to induce the expression of Botrytis genes involved in the synthesis of botrydial (BOT) and also induces terpene gene expression in Trichoderma spp. The terpene ergosterol, in addition to its role as a structural component of the fungal cell membranes, acts as an elicitor of defense response in plants. In the present work, using a transformant of T. harzianum, which is silenced in the erg1 gene and accumulates high levels of squalene, we show that this ergosterol precursor also acts as an important elicitor molecule of tomato defense-related genes and induces Botrytis genes involved in BOT biosynthesis, in both cases, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data emphasize the importance of a balance of squalene and ergosterol in fungal interactions as well as in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Malmierca
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - S P McCormick
- 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604-3902, U.S.A
| | - R E Cardoza
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - E Monte
- 3 Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - N J Alexander
- 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604-3902, U.S.A
| | - S Gutiérrez
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Kitou Y, Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Jin Q, Nishiuchi T, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Re-examination of genetic and nutritional factors related to trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:414-7. [PMID: 26413981 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1088374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of two Fusarium genes that negatively regulate trichothecene biosynthesis was reported to cause a drastic increase in trichothecene production. However, careful inspection of these genes revealed that neither was significantly related to trichothecene production. Agmatine medium maintained the expression of trichothecene genes at significant levels, resulting in a 2-3-fold increase in the final yield, as compared to glutamine medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kitou
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Qi Jin
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- b Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- a Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions , Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
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2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) inhibits trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum through suppression of Tri6 expression. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 214:123-128. [PMID: 26276561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by a mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum resulting in significantly decreased yields and accumulation of toxic trichothecenes in grains. We tested 7 major secondary metabolites from wheat for their effect on trichothecene production in liquid cultures of F. graminearum producing trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) benzoxazinoid completely abolished toxin production without any apparent effect on fungal growth. DIMBOA strongly affected the expression of Tri6, encoding a major transcriptional regulator of several genes of the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway. DIMBOA also repressed expression of Tri5, encoding trichodiene synthase, the first enzyme in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway. Thus, DIMBOA could play an important role against the accumulation of trichothecenes in wheat grain. Breeding or engineering of wheat with increased levels of benzoxazinoids could provide varieties with increased resistance against trichothecene contamination of grain and lower susceptibility to FHB.
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Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6355-66. [PMID: 26150463 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01626-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.
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Mousa WK, Raizada MN. Biodiversity of genes encoding anti-microbial traits within plant associated microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:231. [PMID: 25914708 PMCID: PMC4392301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant is an attractive versatile home for diverse associated microbes. A subset of these microbes produces a diversity of anti-microbial natural products including polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, heterocylic nitrogenous compounds, volatile compounds, bacteriocins, and lytic enzymes. In recent years, detailed molecular analysis has led to a better understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms. New genomic and bioinformatic tools have permitted comparisons of orthologous genes between species, leading to predictions of the associated evolutionary mechanisms responsible for diversification at the genetic and corresponding biochemical levels. The purpose of this review is to describe the biodiversity of biosynthetic genes of plant-associated bacteria and fungi that encode selected examples of antimicrobial natural products. For each compound, the target pathogen and biochemical mode of action are described, in order to draw attention to the complexity of these phenomena. We review recent information of the underlying molecular diversity and draw lessons through comparative genomic analysis of the orthologous coding sequences (CDS). We conclude by discussing emerging themes and gaps, discuss the metabolic pathways in the context of the phylogeny and ecology of their microbial hosts, and discuss potential evolutionary mechanisms that led to the diversification of biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa K. Mousa
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura UniversityMansoura, Egypt
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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Shaw JJ, Berbasova T, Sasaki T, Jefferson-George K, Spakowicz DJ, Dunican BF, Portero CE, Narváez-Trujillo A, Strobel SA. Identification of a fungal 1,8-cineole synthase from Hypoxylon sp. with specificity determinants in common with the plant synthases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8511-26. [PMID: 25648891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.636159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are an important and diverse class of secondary metabolites widely produced by fungi. Volatile compound screening of a fungal endophyte collection revealed a number of isolates in the family Xylariaceae, producing a series of terpene molecules, including 1,8-cineole. This compound is a commercially important component of eucalyptus oil used in pharmaceutical applications and has been explored as a potential biofuel additive. The genes that produce terpene molecules, such as 1,8-cineole, have been little explored in fungi, providing an opportunity to explore the biosynthetic origin of these compounds. Through genome sequencing of cineole-producing isolate E7406B, we were able to identify 11 new terpene synthase genes. Expressing a subset of these genes in Escherichia coli allowed identification of the hyp3 gene, responsible for 1,8-cineole biosynthesis, the first monoterpene synthase discovered in fungi. In a striking example of convergent evolution, mutational analysis of this terpene synthase revealed an active site asparagine critical for water capture and specificity during cineole synthesis, the same mechanism used in an unrelated plant homologue. These studies have provided insight into the evolutionary relationship of fungal terpene synthases to those in plants and bacteria and further established fungi as a relatively untapped source of this important and diverse class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Shaw
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Tetyana Berbasova
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Tomoaki Sasaki
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Kyra Jefferson-George
- the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Daniel J Spakowicz
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Brian F Dunican
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Carolina E Portero
- the Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 17 01 21 84, Ecuador
| | - Alexandra Narváez-Trujillo
- the Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 17 01 21 84, Ecuador
| | - Scott A Strobel
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
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Shukla V, Pala Z, Alok A, Desai N. Screening of Different <i>Artemisia</i> spp. from Western Ghats of Maharashtra for an Anti-Malarial Compound—Artemisinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.69162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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