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Cârcu-Dobrin M, Hancu G, Papp LA, Fülöp I. Chiral Discrimination of Mexiletine Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors and Experimental Design Method Optimization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175603. [PMID: 36080370 PMCID: PMC9458186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexiletine (MXL) is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent, acting as a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, used in therapy as a racemic mixture R,S-MXL hydrochloride. The aim of the current study was the development of a new, fast, and efficient method for the chiral separation of MXL enantiomers using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors (CSs). After an initial CS screening, using several neutral and charged CDs, at four pH levels, heptakis-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-CD (TM-β-CD), a neutral derivatized CD, was chosen as the optimum CS for the enantioseparation. For method optimization, an initial screening fractional factorial design was applied to identify the most significant parameters, followed by a face-centered central composite design to establish the optimal separation conditions. The best results were obtained by applying the following optimized electrophoretic conditions: 60 mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, 50 mM TM-β-CD, temperature 20 °C, applied voltage 30 kV, hydrodynamic injection 50 mbar/s. MXL enantiomers were baseline separated with a resolution of 1.52 during a migration time of under 5 min; S-MXL was the first migrating enantiomer. The method’s analytical performance was verified in terms of precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness (applying a Plackett–Burman design). The developed method was applied for the determination of MXL enantiomers in pharmaceuticals. A computer modeling of the MXL-CD complexes was applied to characterize host–guest chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Cârcu-Dobrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ibolya Fülöp
- Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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Singh D, Malik P, Bhushan R. Superiority of thin-layer chromatography over high-performance liquid chromatography in enantioseparation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipshi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Poonam Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Yilmaz B, Nazik G, Kucukoglu K. GC-MS Determination of Mexiletine After Derivatization with N-Methyl-N-(Trimethylsilyl) Trifluoroacetamide in Pharmaceutical Formulatios and Comparison with HPLC Method. Pharm Chem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-017-1646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Batra S, Bhushan R. Liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of (RS)-mexiletine and (RS)-fluoxetine using chiral derivatizing reagents synthesized with (S)-naproxen moiety. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:815-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Batra
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
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Bhushan R, Tanwar S, Dixit S. Indirect enantioresolution of (R,S)-mexiletine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography via diastereomerization with [(S,S)-O,O'-di-p-toluoyl tartaric acid anhydride], (S)-naproxen and nine chiral reagents synthesized as variants of Marfey. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:398-404. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Bhushan R, Dixit S. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of diastereomers of (R,S)-mexiletine prepared by microwave irradiation with four new chiral derivatizing reagents based on trichloro-s-triazine having amino acids as chiral auxiliaries and 10 others having amino acid amides. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7669-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Yilmaz B. Determination and Pharmacokinetics of Mexiletine in Rabbit Plasma by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003725623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Bhushan R, Tanwar S. Synthesis of dinitrophenyl-l-Pro-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and four new variants of Sanger's reagent having chiral amines and their application for enantioresolution of mexiletine using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5769-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Godoy ALPC, Parisi CC, Marques MP, Coelho EB, Lanchote VL. Enantioselective determination of mexiletine and its metabolitesp-hydroxymexiletine and hydroxymethylmexiletine in rat plasma by normal-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetics. Chirality 2009; 21:648-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tzanavaras PD, Zacharis CK, Rigas P. Novel automated assay for the quality control of mexiletine hydrochloride formulations using sequential injection and on-line dilution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1254-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Ulu ST. LC Method with Precolumn Derivatization for Analysis of Mexiletine in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Felix G, Berthod A. Commercial Chiral Stationary Phases for the Separations of Clinical Racemic Drugs. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110701826997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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De Bellis M, De Luca A, Rana F, Cavalluzzi MM, Catalano A, Lentini G, Franchini C, Tortorella V, Conte Camerino D. Evaluation of the pharmacological activity of the major mexiletine metabolites on skeletal muscle sodium currents. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:300-10. [PMID: 16921388 PMCID: PMC2014276 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mexiletine (Mex), an orally effective antiarrhythmic agent used to treat ventricular arrhythmias, has also been found to be effective for myotonia and neuropathic pain. It is extensively metabolized in humans but little information exists about the pharmacodynamic properties of its metabolites. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To determine their contribution to the clinical activity of Mex, p-hydroxy-mexiletine (PHM), hydroxy-methyl-mexiletine (HMM), N-hydroxy-mexiletine (NHM) (phase I reaction products) and N-carbonyloxy beta-D-glucuronide (NMG) (phase II reaction product) were tested on sodium currents (I(Na)) of frog skeletal muscle fibres. Sodium currents were elicited with depolarizing pulses from different holding potentials (HP=-140, -100, -70 mV) and stimulation frequencies (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 Hz) using the vaseline-gap voltage-clamp method. KEY RESULTS All the hydroxylated derivatives blocked the sodium channel in a voltage- and use-dependent manner. The PHM, HMM and NHM metabolites were up to 10-fold less effective than the parent compound. However, HMM showed a greater use-dependent behaviour (10 Hz), compared to Mex and the other metabolites. Similar to Mex, these products behaved as inactivating channel blockers. Conjugation with glucuronic acid (NMG) resulted in almost complete abolition of the pharmacological activity of the parent compound. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Thus, although less potent, the phase I metabolites tested demonstrated similar pharmacological behaviour to Mex and might contribute to its clinical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Bellis
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - F Rana
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - M M Cavalluzzi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - A Catalano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - G Lentini
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - C Franchini
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - V Tortorella
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - D Conte Camerino
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Bari Bari, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Lanchote VL, Bonato PS, Cesarino EJ, Mere Júnior YA, Cavani SR, Santos J, Bertucci C. Enantioselective determination of the hydroxylated metabolites of mexiletine in human plasma. Chirality 2000; 9:732-8. [PMID: 9435098 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1997)9:8<732::aid-chir4>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pre-column derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and N-acetyl-l-cysteine was used for liquid-chromatographic diastereomeric resolution of p-hydroxymexiletine (PHM) and hydroxymethylmexiletine (HMM), metabolites of mexiletine formed by aromatic and aliphatic hydroxylation, respectively. The resulting diastereomeric derivatives were resolved on a C18 column and monitored by fluorescence detection. The diastereomeric elution order for both metabolites was determined on the basis of the circular dichroism spectra of each eluted fraction. Plasma samples (500 microliters) showed recoveries greater than 75% for both the metabolites. Calibration curves in plasma samples were linear over the concentration ranges 10-500 and 20-1,000 ng/ml for each enantiomer of PHM and HMM, respectively. The limits of quantitation were found to be 10.0 and 5.0 ng/ml for both enantiomers of PHM and HMM. The within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were less than 10%. The assay was shown to be suitable for a pharmacokinetic study performed in a patient with ventricular arrhythmias following the short-term oral treatment of 200 mg t.i.d. of racemic mexiletine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Lanchote
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Lanchote VL, Cesarino EJ, Santos VJ, Moraes Júnior AV, Zanardi AM, Santos SR. Stereoselective metabolism of mexiletine in Chagasic women with ventricular arrhythmias. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998; 23:259-66. [PMID: 9725491 DOI: 10.1007/bf03189349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following a week of racemic mexiletine HCl at 200 mg tid (2x100 mg capsules), stereoselective aliphatic hydroxylation was studied in eight Chagasic women with chronic ventricular arrhythmias (52-67 yrs) with no history of renal or hepatic diseases. Blood samples were collected at dose interval up to 24 h of drug administration. Plasma concentrations of R(-) and S(+) mexiletine (MEX) and its metabolite hydroxymethylmexiletine (HMM) were determined by HPLC after derivatization with chiral reagent. The differences between R(-) and S(+) enantiomers were compared by paired t-test. Results are mean (95% CI). The following differences (p < 0.05) between R(-) and S(+) enantiomers, respectively, were found: MEX AUCss(0-8) 2.34 (1.84-2.85) vs 2.55 (1.97-3.13) microg.ml(-1) x h(-1); MEX CL/f 11.27 (7.77-14.77) vs 10.46 (7.18-13.74)ml.min(-1).Kg(-1); HMM Cmax 38.26 (24.3-52.22) vs 16.73 (10.1-23.29)ng.ml(-1); HMM Tmax 4.71 (2.67-6.76) vs 3.29 (1.24-5.33) h and HMM AUCss(0-8) 253.50 (165.39-341.61) vs 103.70 (69.51-137.90)ng.ml(-1).h(-1). The AUCss(0-8) ratio R(-)/S(+) for MEX was 0.93 (0.87-0.98) while for HMM was 2.50 (2.16-2.85). Distribution of MEX and HMM enantiomers were not significantly different. In this study we demonstrate that kinetic disposition of mexiletine exhibits stereoselectivity in vivo and that aliphatic hydroxylation is favored for R(-) mexiletine in Chagasic women with ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Lanchote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Lanchote VL, Bonato PS, Dreossi SA, Gonçalves PV, Cesarino EJ, Bertucci C. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of mexiletine enantiomers in plasma using direct and indirect enantioselective separations. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 685:281-9. [PMID: 8953169 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two methods were developed for the determination of mexiletine enantiomers in plasma samples suitable for studies on the stereoselective disposition of this drug. Both methods used fluorescence detection to improve sensitivity and selectivity. The direct enantioselective separation was based on the chiral resolution of mexiletine-2-naphthamide derivatives on a Chiralcel OJ column. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range 50-500 ng/ml for each enantiomer; therefore the method can be used only for therapeutic monitoring, drug interaction and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies. The indirect method was based on the formation of diastereomers using o-phthaldialdehyde and N-acetyl-L-cysteine reagents. The diastereomers were resolved on a reversed-phase RP-18 column. The method proved to be suitable for single or multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies based on the low quantification limit (1 ng/ml) and the broader linear range (1-1000 ng/ml) obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Lanchote
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão, Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Knoche B, Gehrcke B, König WA, Wainer IW. Determination of the enantiomeric composition of mexiletine and its four hydroxylated metabolites in urine by enantioselective capillary gas chromatography. Chirality 1996; 8:30-4. [PMID: 8845279 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:1<30::aid-chir7>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomers of mexiletine and four of its hydroxylated metabolites were directly separated by capillary gas chromatography using a heptakis(6-O-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)-beta- cyclodextrin column. The method was applied to the analysis of urine samples from cancer patients who were treated with racemic mexiletine as part of a study of the use of mexiletine in the relief of neuropathic pain. Samples analyzed before and after deconjugation of the urine with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase showed a high stereoselectivity in the formation and conjugation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Knoche
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Kowk DK, Igwemezie L, Kerr CR, McErlane KM. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a highly sensitive fluorogenic reagent, 2-anthroyl chloride, and stereoselective determination of the enantiomers of mexiletine in human serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 661:271-80. [PMID: 7894667 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A stereoselective and highly sensitive HPLC assay was developed for mexiletine enantiomers using a new fluorogenic derivatization reagent, 2-anthroyl chloride. The reagent was synthesized and utilized for the fluorescent detection (excitation at 270 nm, emission at 400 nm) of mexiletine enantiomers as their N-anthroyl derivatives on a Pirkle phenylglycine ionic HPLC column. The assay had a lower limit of quantitation at 2.5 ng/ml with a limit of detection measured at 0.5 ng/ml for each enantiomer in serum with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1. In a preliminary pharmacokinetic study, 200 mg of racemic mexiletine hydrochloride were administered orally to two healthy volunteers. Serum samples were collected at timed intervals over 48 h. The terminal elimination half-lives determined for total R(-)- and S(+)-mexiletine were 10.9 and 11.5 h, respectively. The serum free fractions for R(-)- and S(+)-mexiletine were found to be 0.56 and 0.53, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kowk
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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