1
|
Nair RR, Nandhini MB, Monalisha E, Murugan K, Sethuraman T, Nagarajan S, Rao NSP, Ganesh D. Synonymous codon usage in chloroplast genome of Coffea arabica. Bioinformation 2012; 8:1096-104. [PMID: 23251044 PMCID: PMC3523224 DOI: 10.6026/97320630081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synonymous codon usage of 53 protein coding genes in chloroplast genome of Coffea arabica was analyzed for the first time to find out the possible factors contributing codon bias. All preferred synonymous codons were found to use A/T ending codons as chloroplast genomes are rich in AT. No difference in preference for preferred codons was observed in any of the two strands, viz., leading and lagging strands. Complex correlations between total base compositions (A, T, G, C, GC) and silent base contents (A(3), T(3), G(3), C(3), GC(3)) revealed that compositional constraints played crucial role in shaping the codon usage pattern of C. arabica chloroplast genome. ENC Vs GC(3) plot grouped majority of the analyzed genes on or just below the left side of the expected GC(3) curve indicating the influence of base compositional constraints in regulating codon usage. But some of the genes lie distantly below the continuous curve confirmed the influence of some other factors on the codon usage across those genes. Influence of compositional constraints was further confirmed by correspondence analysis as axis 1 and 3 had significant correlations with silent base contents. Correlation of ENC with axis 1, 4 and CAI with 1, 2 prognosticated the minor influence of selection in nature but exact separation of highly and lowly expressed genes could not be seen. From the present study, we concluded that mutational pressure combined with weak selection influenced the pattern of synonymous codon usage across the genes in the chloroplast genomes of C. arabica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul R Nair
- Plant Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SPK Centre for Environmental
Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Manivasagam B Nandhini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar 625 021, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elango Monalisha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar 625 021, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavitha Murugan
- Plant Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SPK Centre for Environmental
Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Thilaga Sethuraman
- Plant Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SPK Centre for Environmental
Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Sangeetha Nagarajan
- Plant Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SPK Centre for Environmental
Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Nayani Surya Prakash Rao
- Division of Plant Breeding, Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Research Station Post 577 117, Chikmagalur District, Karnataka, India
| | - Doss Ganesh
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar 625 021, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Synonymous codon usage analysis of thirty two mycobacteriophage genomes. Adv Bioinformatics 2010:316936. [PMID: 20150956 PMCID: PMC2817497 DOI: 10.1155/2009/316936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synonymous codon usage of protein coding genes of thirty two completely sequenced mycobacteriophage genomes was studied using multivariate statistical analysis. One of the major factors influencing codon usage is identified to be compositional bias. Codons ending with either C or G are preferred in highly expressed genes among which C ending codons are highly preferred over G ending codons. A strong negative correlation between effective number of codons (Nc) and GC3s content was also observed, showing that the codon usage was effected by gene nucleotide composition. Translational selection is also identified to play a role in shaping the codon usage operative at the level of translational accuracy. High level of heterogeneity is seen among and between the genomes. Length of genes is also identified to influence the codon usage in 11 out of 32 phage genomes. Mycobacteriophage Cooper is identified to be the highly biased genome with better translation efficiency comparing well with the host specific tRNA genes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng Y, Zhao WM, Wang H, Zhou YB, Luan Y, Qi M, Cheng YZ, Tang W, Liu J, Yu H, Yu XP, Fan YJ, Yang X. Codon usage bias in Chlamydia trachomatis and the effect of codon modification in the MOMP gene on immune responses to vaccinationThis paper is one of a selection of papers in this Special Issue, entitled International Symposium on Recent Advances in Molecular, Clinical, and Social Medicine, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer-review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:218-26. [PMID: 17534403 DOI: 10.1139/o06-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a kind of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes ocular and sexually transmitted diseases. In this study, we analyzed the codon usage patterns of the C. trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar (MoPn) and Homo sapiens. We found large differences between MoPn and human codon usages. To enhance the expression of Chlamydia protein in mammalian cells, the DNA sequence encoding the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of MoPn was modified to substitute the human-preferred codons for rarely used codons. The huma-optimized MOMP gene was synthesized and cloned into the pcDNA3 vector, as was the wild-type MOMP gene. The protein expression levels of the human-optimized MOMP and wild-type MOMP genes were compared. The experiments showed that the human-optimized MOMP gene produced significantly higher levels of MOMP protein than the wild-type MOMP, both in vitro and in vivo, but no obvious difference was observed in the levels of modified and native MOMP mRNA expression. The immunogenicity of the 2 constructs was examined using BALB/c mice following intramuscular immunization. The results showed that the mice immunized with the human-optimized MOMP produced higher levels of antigen-specific IgG antibody and showed stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and proliferative T cell responses than those immunized with the wild-type MOMP. Antigen-specific stimulation of spleen cells obtained from human MOMP DNA immunized mice produced higher levels of interferon-gamma than those obtained from wild-type MOMP DNA immunized mice. Taken together, the data show that human-optimized codon optimization can significantly enhance the gene expression and immunogenicity of the C. trachomatis MOMP DNA vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The expression of a foreign protein(s) in a recombinant host cell or organism often utilizes a significant amount of the host cell's resources, removing those resources away from host cell metabolism and placing a metabolic load (metabolic drain, metabolic burden) on the host. As a consequence of the imposed metabolic load, the biochemistry and physiology of the host may be dramatically altered. The numerous physiological changes that may occur often lowers the amount of the target foreign protein that is produced and eventually recovered from the recombinant organism. In this review the physiological changes to host cells, the causes of the phenomenon of metabolic load, and several strategies to avoid some of the problems associated with metabolic load are elaborated and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang HJ, Liao CF, Yang BC, Kuo TT. Functional expression of rat M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182:1180-6. [PMID: 1540163 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91856-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have produced the rat M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, an integral membrane protein, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was achieved by placing an M5 gene in the yeast vector under the control of the yeast alpha-factor promoter and leader sequence. Northern blotting revealed the presence of M5 transcripts in yeast transformed with the M5 plasmid constructs. Crude extract prepared from the transformant yeasts showed saturable binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]-N-methyl scopolamine ([3H]NMS) with a kd of 22.77 nM and Bmax of 134.76 fmole per mg protein. Results deduced from saturation binding assay of intact cell demonstrated clearly that the M5 receptor was translocated across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum using the secretion signal on alpha-leader sequence and its binding site was still functional. Yeast expressing M5 receptor did not exhibit cell-cycle arrest in the presence of carbachol, a acetylcholine agonist, indicating that the recombinant M5 receptor could not couple directly to the endogenous yeast pheromone signaling G-protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Huang
- Graduate Institute of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is now widely used as a model organism in the study of gene structure, function, and regulation in addition to its more traditional use as a workhorse of the brewing and baking industries. In this article the plethora of methods available for manipulating the genome of S. cerevisiae are reviewed. This will include a discussion of methods for manipulating individual genes and whole chromosomes, and will address both classic genetic and recombinant DNA-based methods. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of the various genetic strategies for genetically manipulating this simple eukaryote will be included, highlighting the requirements of both the new and the more traditional biotechnology industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Tuite
- Biological Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, England
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nicaud JM, Fournier P, La Bonnardière C, Chasles M, Gaillardin C. Use of ars18 based vectors to increase protein production in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Biotechnol 1991; 19:259-70. [PMID: 1367240 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(91)90063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of ars sequence from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has recently been reported (Fournier et al., 1991). Vectors containing ars18 have been used to increase homologous and heterologous protein production. Examples presented are the Yarrowia lipolytica alkaline extracellular protease (AEP), the porcine alpha 1-interferon and the bovine prochymosin. A 2- to 6-fold increase in the corresponding protein production was observed and in several cases it was established that it corresponded to the copy number of plasmid in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Nicaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Microorganismes, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Payette P, Gossard F, Whiteway M, Dennis M. Expression and pharmacological characterization of the human M1 muscarinic receptor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1990; 266:21-5. [PMID: 2194839 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81496-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The yeast S. cerevisiae has been examined as a heterologous host for the expression of mammalian neurotransmitter receptors which couple to guanine nucleotide regulatory (G) proteins. A cloned gene encoding the M1 subtype of human muscarinic receptor (HM1) was transformed into S. cerevisiae on a high copy plasmid under the control of the promoter for the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene. Northern blotting demonstrated the presence of HM1 transcripts in transformants, and crude membranes prepared from these cells showed saturable binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]N-methyl scopolamine with a Kd of 179 pM and Bmax of 20 fmol/mg protein. Competition binding studies revealed pharmacological properties for these sites which were comparable to those reported for the M1 site in mammalian tissues. Yeast expressing HM1 did not exhibit high affinity agonist binding or cell-cycle arrest in the presence of muscarinic agonists, indicating that the mammalian receptor did not couple to the endogenous yeast G protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Payette
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotechnology Research Institute, Montréal, Qué
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|