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James T, Collins S, Marczylo T. Identification of Novel Simulants for Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents for Human Decontamination Studies: A Systematic Review and Categorisation of Physicochemical Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8681. [PMID: 34444429 PMCID: PMC8391658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical simulants have long been used in human trials of mass decontamination to determine the efficacy of decontamination interventions against more toxic agents. Until now, reliance has mostly been on individual chemicals as surrogates to specific agents (e.g., methyl salicylate for sulphur mustard). A literature review was conducted to identify chemicals that had been previously tested on human volunteers and that represent diverse physicochemical characteristics in order to create a repository for chemical simulants. Of the 171 unique chemicals identified, 78 were discounted for the risk they could pose to human volunteers, 39 were deemed suitable for use, and a further 54 were considered to be possible simulants but would require further research. Suitable simulants included both solid and liquid chemicals spanning a wide range of physicochemical properties including molecular weight, octanol/water partition coefficient, vapour pressure, and solubility. This review identifies an array of potential simulants suitable for use in human volunteer decontamination studies and is of relevance to future studies on systemic absorption and surface decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK; (S.C.); (T.M.)
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Quiñones-Vico MI, Fernández-González A, Pérez-Castejón E, Montero-Vílchez T, Arias-Santiago S. Cytotoxicity and Epidermal Barrier Function Evaluation of Common Antiseptics for Clinical Use in an Artificial Autologous Skin Model. J Clin Med 2021; 10:642. [PMID: 33567522 PMCID: PMC7914612 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) are the main treatment used in addition to autografts when skin injuries involve a large body surface area. Antiseptic/antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent infections in the BASS implant area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of antiseptics and antibiotics on cell viability, structural integrity, and epidermal barrier function in BASS based on hyaluronic acid during a 28 day follow-up period. Keratinocytes (KTs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were isolated from skin samples and used to establish BASS. The following antibiotic/antiseptic treatment was applied every 48 h: colistin (1%), chlorhexidine digluconate (1%), sodium chloride (0.02%), and polyhexanide (0.1%). Cell viability (LIVE/DEAD® assay), structural integrity (histological evaluation), and epidermal barrier function (trans-epidermal water loss, (TEWL), Tewameter®) were also evaluated. Cell viability percentage of BASS treated with chlorhexidine digluconate was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) than the other antiseptics at day 28. Compared to other treatments, chlorhexidine digluconate and polyhexanide significantly affected the epithelium. No significant differences were found regarding epidermal barrier. These results may be useful for treatment protocols after implantation of BASS in patients and evaluating them in clinical practice. BASS represent a suitable model to test in vitro the impact of different treatments of other skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (E.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (E.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Pérez-Castejón
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (E.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vílchez
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (E.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
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Sanabria-de la Torre R, Fernández-González A, Quiñones-Vico MI, Montero-Vilchez T, Arias-Santiago S. Bioengineered Skin Intended as In Vitro Model for Pharmacosmetics, Skin Disease Study and Environmental Skin Impact Analysis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E464. [PMID: 33142704 PMCID: PMC7694072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to be an update of Bioengineered Artificial Skin Substitutes (BASS) applications. At the first moment, they were created as an attempt to replace native skin grafts transplantation. Nowadays, these in vitro models have been increasing and widening their application areas, becoming important tools for research. This study is focus on the ability to design in vitro BASS which have been demonstrated to be appropriate to develop new products in the cosmetic and pharmacology industry. Allowing to go deeper into the skin disease research, and to analyze the effects provoked by environmental stressful agents. The importance of BASS to replace animal experimentation is also highlighted. Furthermore, the BASS validation parameters approved by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) are also analyzed. This report presents an overview of the skin models applicable to skin research along with their design methods. Finally, the potential and limitations of the currently available BASS to supply the demands for disease modeling and pharmaceutical screening are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Subongkot T, Sirirak T. Development and skin penetration pathway evaluation of microemulsions for enhancing the dermal delivery of celecoxib. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111103. [PMID: 32438237 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a microemulsion using PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides as a surfactant to enhance the dermal delivery of celecoxib. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using the colocalization technique was also used to investigate the skin penetration pathway of the microemulsion. The prepared microemulsion formulations were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, size distribution and type. The celecoxib-loaded microemulsion had particle sizes ranging from 48 to 214 nm with neutral charge and significantly increased the skin penetration of celecoxib. According to the CLSM study, the microemulsion might attach to any part of the skin before releasing the entrapped drug to penetrate the tissue. The transfollicular pathway might be the major skin penetration pathway for the microemulsion, whereas the intercellular and transcellular pathways are minor ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirapit Subongkot
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.
| | - Thanchanok Sirirak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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Lalatsa A, Patel PV, Sun Y, Kiun CC, Karimi F, Zekonyte J, Emeriewen K, Saleh GM. Transcutaneous anaesthetic nano-enabled hydrogels for eyelid surgery. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119003. [PMID: 31935474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.119003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Local anaesthetics are administered as a diffuse superficial slow injection in blepharoplasty. Current transcutaneous local anaesthetic formulations are not licensed for use on the face due to safety concerns. Here we report for the first time the permeation of local anaesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine loaded SNEDDS and their hydrogels) across human eyelid and mouse skin as a novel and ocular safe formulation for eyelid surgery. SNEDDS were loaded with high levels of anaesthetics and incorporated within carbomer hydrogels to yield nano-enabled gels. Lidocaine hydrogels have a significantly reduced lag time compared to EMLA, while they enhance lidocaine flux across human eyelid skin by 5.2 fold. Ex vivo tape stripping experiments indicated localisation of anaesthetics within the stratum corneum and dermis. Initial histopathological studies have shown no apparent signs of skin irritation. These results highlight the potential clinical capability of nano-enabled anaesthetic hydrogels as a non-invasive anaesthetic procedure for eyelid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Priyanka V Patel
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Yujiao Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Chong C Kiun
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Ferishtah Karimi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Jurgita Zekonyte
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Anglesea Building, Anglesea Road, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
| | - Krisztina Emeriewen
- The National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - George M Saleh
- The National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
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Al-Mayahy MH, Sabri AH, Rutland CS, Holmes A, McKenna J, Marlow M, Scurr DJ. Insight into imiquimod skin permeation and increased delivery using microneedle pre-treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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James T, Collins S, Amlôt R, Marczylo T. Optimisation and validation of a GC-MS/MS method for the analysis of methyl salicylate in hair and skin samples for use in human-volunteer decontamination studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:84-89. [PMID: 30738341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate has a long history of use as a chemical warfare agent simulant for volatile lipophilic compounds such as sulphur mustard. An improved isotope dilution GC-MS/MS method was developed, optimised and validated for the analysis of methyl salicylate in human skin and hair samples, for use in emergency decontamination volunteer studies. Following derivatisation, quantification was measured on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, set to EI mode and conducting multiple reaction monitoring of target ions. The mass transitions were 209 → 179 and 213 → 161 for quantitation of methyl salicylate and methyl salicylate D4, respectively whereas qualifier ion transitions used to verify identity were 209 → 169 and 213 → 89. The method achieved excellent coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.9968 to 0.9999) over the range of 0.5-5000 ng/ml and the LOD and LOQ were 0.05 ng/ml and 0.5 ng/ml. The method was further validated for accuracy (intra-day and inter-day average 100.28% to 102.03% and 99.48% to 102.33%, respectively) and precision (intra-day RSD 1.43% to 2.35%, inter-day RSD 1.91% to 2.97%) at three concentrations (25, 250 and 2500 ng/ml). The validated method was successfully used to identify methyl salicylate in samples of human skin generated during volunteer studies of emergency decontamination systems and in hair of staff conducting these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Samuel Collins
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK
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Calatayud-Pascual MA, Sebastian-Morelló M, Balaguer-Fernández C, Delgado-Charro MB, López-Castellano A, Merino V. Influence of Chemical Enhancers and Iontophoresis on the In Vitro Transdermal Permeation of Propranolol: Evaluation by Dermatopharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040265. [PMID: 30544534 PMCID: PMC6321337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess, in vitro, the possibility of administering propranolol transdermally and to evaluate the usefulness of the dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) method in assessing the transport of drugs through stratum corneum, using propranolol as a model compound. Four chemical enhancers (decenoic and oleic acid, laurocapram, and R-(+)-limonene) and iontophoresis at two current densities, 0.25 and 0.5 mA/cm2 were tested. R-(+)-limonene, and iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/cm2 were proven to be the most efficient in increasing propranolol transdermal flux, both doubled the original propranolol transdermal flux. Iontophoresis was demonstrated to be superior than the chemical enhancer because it allowed faster delivery of the drug. The DPK method was sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle vehicle-induced effects on the skin permeation of propranolol. The shorter duration of these experiments and their ability to provide mechanistic information about partition between vehicle and skin and diffusivity through skin place them as practical and potentially insightful approach to quantify and, ultimately, optimize topical bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Aracely Calatayud-Pascual
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - María Sebastian-Morelló
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - Cristina Balaguer-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - M Begoña Delgado-Charro
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Alicia López-Castellano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - Virginia Merino
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universidad de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés sn, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Kahraman E, Neşetoğlu N, Güngör S, Ünal DŞ, Özsoy Y. The combination of nanomicelles with terpenes for enhancement of skin drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Heylings JR, Davies DJ, Burton R. Dermal absorption of testosterone in human and pig skin in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sullivan KM, Aggarwal M, Akins JM, Fabian E, Heylings JR, Raabe H, Shah P(P, Wiemann C, Peffer R. CONFIRMATION OF ACCEPTANCE
I, the undersigned chair of the Intensive Course, Dr. Nada Trunk Širca, hereby inform you that the following person:
Name: Amir Mohammadamini
Organization: University Payam Noor Mahabad, Iran
Has been accepted into the Intensive Course (Summer School): European Higher Education Area and Labour Market, which will be held in Piran, Slovenia from 13-17 May.
This Summer School is organized by the International School for Social and Business Studies (ISSBS) as part of the project Erasmus+, Jean Monnet Chair, titled EU Integration: European HE Area and Labour Market (EU:HELM)/. It is co-founded by the ISSBS and Erasmus+, Jean Monnet (ref. no. 2017- 2248; 586923-EPP-1-2017-1-SI-EPPJMO-CHAIR).
Two one-week intensive courses will be delivered:
a) Competitive EU – Research Policies, Innovations and Entrepreneurship b) European Higher Education and Graduates’ Employability
Dr. Nada Trunk Širca Intensive Course Chair
In Celje, Slovenia on 23 April 2019.
Dermal absorption for pesticide health risk assessment: Harmonization of study design and data reporting for North American Regulatory submissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:197-205. [PMID: 28916468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Buist H, Craig P, Dewhurst I, Hougaard Bennekou S, Kneuer C, Machera K, Pieper C, Court Marques D, Guillot G, Ruffo F, Chiusolo A. Guidance on dermal absorption. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04873. [PMID: 32625532 PMCID: PMC7010093 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This guidance on the assessment of dermal absorption has been developed to assist notifiers, users of test facilities and Member State authorities on critical aspects related to the setting of dermal absorption values to be used in risk assessments of active substances in Plant Protection Products (PPPs). It is based on the 'scientific opinion on the science behind the revision of the guidance document on dermal absorption' issued in 2011 by the EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR). The guidance refers to the EFSA PPR opinion in many instances. In addition, the first version of this guidance, issued in 2012 by the EFSA PPR Panel, has been revised in 2017 on the basis of new available data on human in vitro dermal absorption for PPPs and wherever clarifications were needed. Basic details of experimental design, available in the respective test guidelines and accompanying guidance for the conduct of studies, have not been addressed but recommendations specific to performing and interpreting dermal absorption studies with PPPs are given. Issues discussed include a brief description of the skin and its properties affecting dermal absorption. To facilitate use of the guidance, flow charts are included. Guidance is also provided, for example, when there are no data on dermal absorption for the product under evaluation. Elements for a tiered approach are presented including use of default values, data on closely related products, in vitro studies with human skin (regarded to provide the best estimate), data from experimental animals (rats) in vitro and in vivo, and the so called 'triple pack' approach. Various elements of study design and reporting that reduce experimental variation and aid consistent interpretation are presented. A proposal for reporting data for assessment reports is also provided. The issue of nanoparticles in PPPs is not addressed. Data from volunteer studies have not been discussed since their use is not allowed in EU for risk assessment of PPPs.
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Holmes AM, Scurr DJ, Heylings JR, Wan KW, Moss GP. Dendrimer pre-treatment enhances the skin permeation of chlorhexidine digluconate: Characterisation by in vitro percutaneous absorption studies and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:90-101. [PMID: 28363491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin penetration and localisation of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) within the skin have been investigated in order to better understand and optimise the delivery using a nano polymeric delivery system of this topically-applied antimicrobial drug. Franz-type diffusion cell studies using in vitro porcine skin and tape stripping procedures were coupled with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to visualise the skin during various treatments with CHG and polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM). Pre-treatment of the skin with PAMAM dendrimers significantly increased the amount and depth of permeation of CHG into the skin in vitro. The effect observed was not concentration dependant in the range 0.5-10mM PAMAM. This could be important in terms of the efficiency of treatment of bacterial infection in the skin. It appears that the mechanism of enhancement is due to the PAMAM dendrimer disrupting skin barrier lipid conformation or by occluding the skin surface. Franz-type diffusion cell experiments are complimented by the detailed visualisation offered by the semi-quantitative ToF-SIMS method which provides excellent benefits in terms of sensitivity and fragment ion specificity. This allows a more accurate depth profile of chlorhexidine permeation within the skin to be obtained and potentially affords the opportunity to map the co-localisation of permeants with skin structures, thus providing a greater ability to characterise skin absorption and to understand the mechanism of permeation, providing opportunities for new and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Holmes
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jon R Heylings
- Dermal Technology Laboratory Ltd., MedIC4, Keele University Science and Innovation Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK
| | - Ka-Wai Wan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Gary P Moss
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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Davies DJ, Heylings JR, Gayes H, McCarthy TJ, Mack MC. Further development of an in vitro model for studying the penetration of chemicals through compromised skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 38:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Assessing the Impact of Mechanical Damage on Full-Thickness Porcine and Human Skin Using an In Vitro Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:434623. [PMID: 26247021 PMCID: PMC4515495 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For most xenobiotics, the rates of percutaneous absorption are limited by diffusion through the horny layer of skin. However, percutaneous absorption of chemicals may seriously increase when the skin is damaged. The aim of this work was to develop an in vitro representative model of mechanically damaged skins. The epidermal barrier was examined following exposure to a razor, a rotating brush, and a microneedle system in comparison to tape-stripping which acted as a reference. Excised full-thickness skins were mounted on a diffusion chamber in order to evaluate the effect of injuries and to mimic physiological conditions. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was greatly increased when the barrier function was compromised. Measurements were made for all the damaged biopsies and observed histologically by microscopy. On human and porcine skins, the tape-stripping application (0 to 40 times) showed a proportional increase in TEWL which highlights the destruction of the stratum corneum. Similar results were obtained for all cosmetic instruments. This is reflected in our study by the nonsignificant difference of the mean TEWL scores between 30 strips and mechanical damage. For a specific appreciation, damaged skins were then selected to qualitatively evaluate the absorption of a chlorogenic acid solution using fluorescence microscopy.
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Abstract
The study of a drug's dermal penetration profile provides important pharmaceutical data for the rational development of topical and transdermal delivery systems because the skin is a broadly used delivery route for local and systemic drugs and a potential route for gene therapy and vaccines. Monitoring drug penetration across the skin and quantifying its levels in different skin layers have been constant challenges due to the detection limitations of the available techniques, as well as the inherent interference in this tissue. This review explores and discusses several bionalytical methods that are indispensable tools to study drugs across the skin. In addressing the main topic, we structure the review highlighting the skin as an important route of drug administration and its structure, skin membrane models most used and its properties, in vitro and in vivo assays most used in the study of drug delivery to the skin, the techniques for processing the skin for subsequent analysis by bioanalytical methods that have a theoretical and practical approach showing its applicability, limitations and also including examples of its use. This review has a comprehensive approach in order to help researchers design their experiments and update the applicability and advances in this area of expertise.
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Development of an in vitro model for studying the penetration of chemicals through compromised skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:176-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Moran JW, Bell S. Skin permeation of organic gunshot residue: implications for sampling and analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6071-9. [PMID: 24837230 DOI: 10.1021/ac501227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is based on detection of particulates formed from metals found in the primer. Recent concerns regarding the interpretation of GSR evidence has led to interest in alternatives such as the organic constituents (organic gunshot residue, OGSR) found in propellants. Previous work has shown OGSR to be detectable on hands for several hours after a firing event, and given the lipophilic nature of these compounds, it was expected that losses due to secondary transfer (an issue with GSR particulates) would be negligible. However, other loss mechanisms have been identified, specifically skin permeation and evaporation. This paper describes experimental and modeling studies used to elucidate characteristics of skin permeation of 5 compounds present in OGSR. Pharmaceutical methods were adapted to characterize skin permeation using a skin surrogate and Franz diffusion cells. The amount of compounds deposited on skin after an authentic firing event (1 and 2 shots) was experimentally determined and applied for the permeation experiments. A fully validated selected ion monitoring GC/MS method was developed for quantitative analysis, and easily accessible online tools were employed for modeling. Results showed that OGSR residues should be detectable on skin for many hours after a firing event of as few as one or two shots, with detection capability being a function of the efficacy of sampling and sample preparation and the instrumental method employed. The permeation rates of the OGSR compounds were sufficiently different to suggest the potential to develop methods to approximate time-since-deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wade Moran
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall Room 208, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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19
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Comparison of the skin penetration of Garcinia mangostana extract in particulate and non-particulate form. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Judd AM, Scurr DJ, Heylings JR, Wan KW, Moss GP. Distribution and visualisation of chlorhexidine within the skin using ToF-SIMS: a potential platform for the design of more efficacious skin antiseptic formulations. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1896-905. [PMID: 23636837 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to increase the efficacy of a topically applied antimicrobial compound the permeation profile, localisation and mechanism of action within the skin must first be investigated. METHODS Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to visualise the distribution of a conventional antimicrobial compound, chlorhexidine digluconate, within porcine skin without the need for laborious preparation, radio-labels or fluorescent tags. RESULTS High mass resolution and high spatial resolution mass spectra and chemical images were achieved when analysing chlorhexidine digluconate treated cryo-sectioned porcine skin sections by ToF-SIMS. The distribution of chlorhexidine digluconate was mapped throughout the skin sections and our studies indicate that the compound appears to be localised within the stratum corneum. In parallel, tape strips taken from chlorhexidine digluconate treated porcine skin were analysed by ToF-SIMS to support the distribution profile obtained from the skin sections. CONCLUSIONS ToF-SIMS can act as a powerful complementary technique to map the distribution of topically applied compounds within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Judd
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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Zhao Y, Moddaresi M, Jones SA, Brown MB. A dynamic topical hydrofluoroalkane foam to induce nanoparticle modification and drug release in situ. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:521-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Potard G, Laugel C, Schaefer H, Marty JP. The stripping technique: in vitro absorption and penetration of five UV filters on excised fresh human skin. SKIN PHARMACOLOGY AND APPLIED SKIN PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 13:336-44. [PMID: 11096375 DOI: 10.1159/000029941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article gives the results of a study whose aim was to compare the compartmental distribution and absorption of 5 UV filters, in vitro, by fresh human skin, after exposure times of 30 min and 16 h. These UV filters from BASF (octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone 4, benzophenone 3, octyl triazone and octocrylene) were incorporated separately in a simple oil-in-water emulsion. The composition of the emulsions was designed in order to obtain a sun protection factor of 5. Therefore the UV filters were introduced into the emulsions at different concentrations. We show that the affinity for each skin level [stratum corneum (SC), viable epidermis, dermis and receptor fluid] is different according to the test substance used. Some substances accumulated in the SC, whereas others passed through the skin very quickly and were quantified in the receptor fluid. The stripping technique allowed us to see that more than 94% of the chemical compound in the SC was in the first eight tapes. The problem of individual values below the limit of detection was raised, a correlation between the two exposure times was found (y = 1.702x - 0.105; R = 0.94) and a classification of products according to their affinity for the SC was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Potard
- Research Unit in Dermopharmacology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Pellett M, Roberts M, Hadgraft J. Supersaturated solutions evaluated with an in vitro stratum corneum tape stripping technique. Int J Pharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)04897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Heylings JR, Clowes HM, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Fielding I, Hilton J, Kimber I. Sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene: influence of vehicle on absorption and lymph node activation. Toxicology 1996; 109:57-65. [PMID: 8619253 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(96)03304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Effective skin sensitization is dependent upon immune activation of lymph nodes draining the site of exposure. The influence of vehicle formulation on the vigour of lymph node cell proliferative responses to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) has been examined. Mice (BALB/c strain) were exposed topically to 0.5% DNCB dissolved in either acetone or propylene glycol (PG). A significantly greater lymph node cell proliferative response was induced by DNCB in acetone. The observed differences were not attributable to variations in the numbers of immunostimulatory dendritic cells accumulating in the draining nodes following sensitization. In parallel studies, the absorption and cutaneous disposition of DNCB dissolved in acetone or PG were measured in vitro using static diffusion cells and full thickness mouse skin. Although flux of DNCB through the skin was comparable with both vehicles over 24 h, the absorption of the allergen during the first 4 h of exposure was significantly faster when acetone was used as the vehicle. Localization of DNCB demonstrated that much less of the chemical allergen was present in the skin at 4 h when applied in PG vehicle. However, there were no measurable vehicle effects on skin disposition of DNCB at 24 h. These data indicate that the sensitization potential of DNCB is influenced significantly by the nature of the vehicle used, possibly due to consequential effects on chemical absorption and disposition. The studies described in this paper reveal that the application vehicle may have a significant influence on the ability of DNCB to induce immune activation of draining lymph nodes and hence skin sensitization and that this may in turn be associated with important changes in the absorption and/or disposition of the chemical within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Heylings
- Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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