1
|
Jiang Y, Rastetter EB, Shaver GR, Rocha AV, Zhuang Q, Kwiatkowski BL. Modeling long-term changes in tundra carbon balance following wildfire, climate change, and potential nutrient addition. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:105-117. [PMID: 27898193 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the underlying mechanisms that control long-term recovery of tundra carbon (C) and nutrients after fire, we employed the Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model to simulate 200-yr post-fire changes in the biogeochemistry of three sites along a burn severity gradient in response to increases in air temperature, CO2 concentration, nitrogen (N) deposition, and phosphorus (P) weathering rates. The simulations were conducted for severely burned, moderately burned, and unburned arctic tundra. Our simulations indicated that recovery of C balance after fire was mainly determined by the internal redistribution of nutrients among ecosystem components (controlled by air temperature), rather than the supply of nutrients from external sources (e.g., nitrogen deposition and fixation, phosphorus weathering). Increases in air temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration resulted in (1) a net transfer of nutrient from soil organic matter to vegetation and (2) higher C : nutrient ratios in vegetation and soil organic matter. These changes led to gains in vegetation biomass C but net losses in soil organic C stocks. Under a warming climate, nutrients lost in wildfire were difficult to recover because the warming-induced acceleration in nutrient cycles caused further net nutrient loss from the system through leaching. In both burned and unburned tundra, the warming-caused acceleration in nutrient cycles and increases in ecosystem C stocks were eventually constrained by increases in soil C : nutrient ratios, which increased microbial retention of plant-available nutrients in the soil. Accelerated nutrient turnover, loss of C, and increasing soil temperatures will likely result in vegetation changes, which further regulate the long-term biogeochemical succession. Our analysis should help in the assessment of tundra C budgets and of the recovery of biogeochemical function following fire, which is in turn necessary for the maintenance of wildlife habitat and tundra vegetation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Jiang
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Edward B Rastetter
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Gaius R Shaver
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Adrian V Rocha
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Bonnie L Kwiatkowski
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Telloli C. Metal Concentrations in Snow Samples in an Urban Area in the Po Valley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2014.510095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Linder G, Brumbaugh W, Neitlich P, Little E. Atmospheric Deposition and Critical Loads for Nitrogen and Metals in Arctic Alaska: Review and Current Status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojap.2013.24010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Abbatt J, Oldridge N, Symington A, Chukalovskiy V, McWhinney R, Sjostedt S, Cox R. Release of Gas-Phase Halogens by Photolytic Generation of OH in Frozen Halide−Nitrate Solutions: An Active Halogen Formation Mechanism? J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6527-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102072t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - N. Oldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - A. Symington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - V. Chukalovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - R.D. McWhinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - S. Sjostedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - R.A. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boxe CS, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR, Murphy JG, Wooldridge PJ, Bertram TH, Cohen RC. Photochemical Production and Release of Gaseous NO2from Nitrate-Doped Water Ice. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:8520-5. [PMID: 16834249 DOI: 10.1021/jp0518815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-programmed NO2 emissions from frozen aqueous NaNO3 solutions irradiated at 313 nm were monitored as function of nitrate concentration and heating rate, H, above -30 degrees C. Emissions increase nonmonotonically with temperature, displaying transitions suggestive of underlying metamorphic transformations. Thus, NO2 emissions surge at ca. -8 degrees C in frozen [NO3-] > 200 microM samples warmed at H = 0.70 degrees C min(-1) under continuous irradiation, and also in the dark from samples that had been photolyzed at -30 degrees C. The amounts of NO2 released in individual thermograms, SigmaN, increase less than linearly with [NO3-] or the duration of experiments, revealing the significant loss of photogenerated NO2. The actual SigmaN proportional, variant [NO3-]1/2 dependence (at constant H) is consistent with NO2 hydrolysis: 2NO2 + H2O --> NO3- + NO2- + 2H+, overtaking NO2 desorption, even below the eutectic point (-18 degrees C for aqueous NaNO3). The increasingly larger NO2 losses detected in longer experiments (at constant [NO3-]) are ascribed to secondary photolysis of trapped NO2. The relevance of present results to the interpretation of polar NO2 measurements is briefly analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Boxe
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Walker TR, Young SD, Crittenden PD, Zhang H. Anthropogenic metal enrichment of snow and soil in north-eastern European Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 121:11-21. [PMID: 12475056 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal composition of winter snowpack, snow-melt filter residues and top-soil samples were determined along three transects through industrial towns in the Usa basin, North-East Russia: Inta, Usinsk and Vorkuta. Snow was analysed for Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn using ICP-MS (Ca and K by F-AAS for Vorkuta only), pH and acidity/alkalinity. Filter residues were analysed for: Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn using F-AAS and GF-AAS; top-soil samples were analysed for Ba, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn using F-AAS. Results indicate elevated concentrations of elements associated with alkaline combustion ash around the coal mining towns of Vorkuta and Inta. There is little evidence of deposition around the gas and oil town of Usinsk. Atmospheric deposition in the vicinity of Vorkuta, and to a lesser extent Inta, added significantly to the soil contaminant loading as a result of ash fallout. Acid deposition was associated with pristine areas whereas alkaline combustion ash near to emission sources more than compensated for the acidity caused by SO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Walker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gordon C, Wynn JM, Woodin SJ. Impacts of increased nitrogen supply on high Arctic heath: the importance of bryophytes and phosphorus availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 149:461-471. [PMID: 33873333 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• This study investigates effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on high Arctic heath vegetation, particularly bryophytes. • Heath communities received factorial combinations of nitrogen (0, 10 and 50 kg ha-1 yr-1 ) and phosphorus (0 and 5 kg ha-1 yr-1 ) in five applications per growing season, for 8 yr. • Nitrogen decreased lichen cover but did not affect cover of any other functional type. However, just 10 kg ha-1 yr-1 increased the proportion of physiologically active bryophte shoots, and decreased their nitrate assimilation capacity. Phosphorus had greater effects, and the combination of both nutrients altered species composition. Individual bryophyte species displayed contrasting responses to fertilization, suggesting that they should not be grouped as a single functional type. • The 'critical load' of nitrogen for Arctic heath lies below 10 kg ha-1 yr-1 . Nitrogen and phosphorus are colimiting in this sytem, so the critical load of nitrogen will be lower where phosphorus availability is greater. Responses of vegetation to any increase in net mineralisation due to soil warming will depend on the ratio in which nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities increase. The effects of nutrient enhancement are very persistent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gordon
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - J M Wynn
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - S J Woodin
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Honrath RE, Guo S, Peterson MC, Dziobak MP, Dibb JE, Arsenault MA. Photochemical production of gas phase NOxfrom ice crystal NO3−. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Introduction: The special issue of Atmospheric environment on arctic air, snow, and ice chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90302-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|