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Ono C, Tanaka S, Myouzen K, Iwasaki T, Ueda M, Oda Y, Yamamoto K, Kochi Y, Baba Y. Upregulated Fcrl5 disrupts B cell anergy and causes autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276014. [PMID: 37841260 PMCID: PMC10569490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell anergy plays a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance by inhibiting autoreactive B cell activation to prevent autoimmune diseases. Here, we demonstrated that Fc receptor-like 5 (Fcrl5) upregulation contributes to autoimmune disease pathogenesis by disrupting B cell anergy. Fcrl5-a gene whose homologs are associated with human autoimmune diseases-is highly expressed in age/autoimmunity-associated B cells (ABCs), an autoreactive B cell subset. By generating B cell-specific Fcrl5 transgenic mice, we demonstrated that Fcrl5 overexpression in B cells caused systemic autoimmunity with age. Additionally, Fcrl5 upregulation in B cells exacerbated the systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease model. Furthermore, an increase in Fcrl5 expression broke B cell anergy and facilitated toll-like receptor signaling. Thus, Fcrl5 is a potential regulator of B cell-mediated autoimmunity by regulating B cell anergy. This study provides important insights into the role of Fcrl5 in breaking B cell anergy and its effect on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Ono
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Myouzen
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mahoko Ueda
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Zheng Y, Yu M, Chen Y, Xue L, Zhu W, Fu G, Morris SW, Wen R, Wang D. CARD19, a Novel Regulator of the TAK1/NF-κB Pathway in Self-Reactive B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1222-1235. [PMID: 36961449 PMCID: PMC10156913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The caspase recruitment domain family member (CARD)11-Bcl10-Malt1 signalosome controls TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation and regulates BCR-induced NF-κB activation. In this study, we discovered that CARD19 interacted with TAK1 and inhibited TAB2-mediated TAK1 ubiquitination and activation. Although CARD19 deficiency in mice did not affect B cell development, it enhanced clonal deletion, receptor editing, and anergy of self-reactive B cells, and it reduced autoantibody production. Mechanistically, CARD19 deficiency increased BCR/TAK1-mediated NF-κB activation, leading to increased expression of transcription factors Egr2/3, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl/Cbl-b, which are known inducers of B cell tolerance in self-reactive B cells. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that although CARD19 deficiency did not affect the overall Ag-induced gene expression in naive B cells, it suppressed BCR signaling and increased hyporesponsiveness of self-reactive B cells. As a result, CARD19 deficiency prevented Bm12-induced experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. In summary, CARD19 negatively regulates BCR/TAK1-induced NF-κB activation and its deficiency increases Egr2/3 and c-Cbl/Cbl-b expression in self-reactive B cells, thereby enhancing B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Yu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Wen Zhu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Guoping Fu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Renren Wen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Demin Wang
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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3
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Lee J, Robinson ME, Sun R, Kume K, Ma N, Cosgun KN, Chan LN, Leveille E, Geng H, Vykunta VS, Shy BR, Marson A, Katz S, Chen J, Paietta E, Meffre E, Vaidehi N, Müschen M. Dynamic phosphatase-recruitment controls B-cell selection and oncogenic signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532151. [PMID: 36993276 PMCID: PMC10054997 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of B-cell receptor (BCR) 1 signaling, and subsequent antigen-encounter in germinal centers 2,3 represent milestones of B-lymphocyte development that are both marked by sharp increases of CD25 surface-expression. Oncogenic signaling in B-cell leukemia (B-ALL) 4 and lymphoma 5 also induced CD25-surface expression. While CD25 is known as an IL2-receptor chain on T- and NK-cells 6-9 , the significance of its expression on B-cells was unclear. Our experiments based on genetic mouse models and engineered patient-derived xenografts revealed that, rather than functioning as an IL2-receptor chain, CD25 expressed on B-cells assembled an inhibitory complex including PKCδ and SHIP1 and SHP1 phosphatases for feedback control of BCR-signaling or its oncogenic mimics. Recapitulating phenotypes of genetic ablation of PKCδ 10 - 12 , SHIP1 13,14 and SHP1 14, 15,16 , conditional CD25-deletion decimated early B-cell subsets but expanded mature B-cell populations and induced autoimmunity. In B-cell malignancies arising from early (B-ALL) and late (lymphoma) stages of B-cell development, CD25-loss induced cell death in the former and accelerated proliferation in the latter. Clinical outcome annotations mirrored opposite effects of CD25-deletion: high CD25 expression levels predicted poor clinical outcomes for patients with B-ALL, in contrast to favorable outcomes for lymphoma-patients. Biochemical and interactome studies revealed a critical role of CD25 in BCR-feedback regulation: BCR-signaling induced PKCδ-mediated phosphorylation of CD25 on its cytoplasmic tail (S 268 ). Genetic rescue experiments identified CD25-S 268 tail-phosphorylation as central structural requirement to recruit SHIP1 and SHP1 phosphatases to curb BCR-signaling. A single point mutation CD25 S268A abolished recruitment and activation of SHIP1 and SHP1 to limit duration and strength of BCR-signaling. Loss of phosphatase-function, autonomous BCR-signaling and Ca 2+ -oscillations induced anergy and negative selection during early B-cell development, as opposed to excessive proliferation and autoantibody production in mature B-cells. These findings highlight the previously unrecognized role of CD25 in assembling inhibitory phosphatases to control oncogenic signaling in B-cell malignancies and negative selection to prevent autoimmune disease.
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卓 灵, 王 烁, 刘 星, 陈 保, 李 想. [Estradiol inhibits differentiation of mouse macrophage into a pro-inflammatory phenotype by upregulating the IRE1 α-XBP1 signaling axis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:432-437. [PMID: 35426809 PMCID: PMC9010986 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism by which estradiol modulates the immunophenotype of macrophages through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. METHODS Peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57 mice were cultured in the presence of 60 ng/mL interferon-γ (IFN-γ) followed by treatment with estradiol (1.0 nmol/L) alone, estradiol with estrogen receptor antagonist (Acolbifene, 4 nmol/L), estradiol with IRE1α inhibitor (4 μ 8 C), or estradiol with IRE1α agonist. After the treatments, the expression levels of MHC-Ⅱ, iNOS and endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins IRE1α, eIF2α and ATF6 in the macrophages were detected with Western blotting, and the mRNA levels of TGF-β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were detected with RT-PCR. RESULTS Estrogen treatment of the macrophages significantly decreased the expressions of M1-related proteins MHC-Ⅱ (P=0.021) and iNOS (P < 0.001) and the mRNA expressions of TNF-α (P=0.003) and IL-6 (P=0.004), increased the mRNA expression of TGF-β (P=0.002) and IL-10 (P=0.008), and up-regulated the protein expressions of IRE1α (P < 0.001) and its downstream transcription factor XBP-1 (P < 0.001). Addition of the estrogen inhibitor obviously blocked the effect of estrogen. Compared with estrogen treatment alone, combined treatment of the macrophages with estrogen and the IRE1α inhibitor 4 μ 8 C significantly up-regulated the protein expressions of MHC-Ⅱ (P=0.002) and iNOS (P=0.003) and the mRNA expressions of TNF-α (P=0.003) and IL-6 (P=0.024), and obviously down-regulated the mRNA expression of TGF-β (P < 0.001) and IL-10 (P < 0.001); these changes were not observed in cells treated with estrogen and the IRE1α agonist. CONCLUSION Estrogen can inhibit the differentiation of murine macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype by up-regulating the IRE1α-XBP-1 signaling axis, thereby producing an inhibitory effect on inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- 灵剑 卓
- />南方医科大学南方医院急诊科,广东 广州 510515Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 烁辰 王
- />南方医科大学南方医院急诊科,广东 广州 510515Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 星 刘
- />南方医科大学南方医院急诊科,广东 广州 510515Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 保安 陈
- />南方医科大学南方医院急诊科,广东 广州 510515Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 想 李
- />南方医科大学南方医院急诊科,广东 广州 510515Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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5
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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6
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Chiu K, Bashir ST, Chiu J, Nowak RA, Flaws JA. The Impact of Di-Isononyl Phthalate Exposure on Specialized Epithelial Cells in the Colon. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:142-153. [PMID: 34453847 PMCID: PMC8677456 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) is a high-molecular-weight phthalate commonly used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and other end products, such as medical devices and construction materials. Most of our initial exposure to DiNP occurs by ingestion of DiNP-contaminated foods. However, little is known about the effects of DiNP on the colon. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that DiNP exposure alters immune responses and impacts specialized epithelial cells in the colon. To test this hypothesis, adult female mice were orally dosed with corn-oil vehicle control or doses of DiNP ranging from 20 µg/kg/d to 200 mg/kg/d for 10-14 days. After the dosing period, mice were euthanized in diestrus, and colon tissues and sera were collected for histological, genomic, and proteomic analysis of various immune factors and specialized epithelial cells. Subacute exposure to DiNP significantly increased protein levels of Ki67 and MUC2, expression of a Paneth cell marker (Lyz1), and estradiol levels in sera compared with control. Gene expression of mucins (Muc1, Muc2, Muc3a, and Muc4), Toll-like receptors (Tlr4 and Tlr5), and specialized epithelial cells (ChgA, Lgr5, Cd24a, and Vil1) were not significantly different between treatment groups and control. Cytokine levels of IL-1RA and CXCL12 were also not significantly different between DiNP treatment groups and control. These data reveal that DiNP exposure increases circulating estradiol levels and gene expression in specialized epithelial cells with immune response capabilities (eg, goblet and Paneth cells) in the mouse colon, which may initiate immune responses to prevent further damage in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802-6178, USA
| | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3732, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
| | - Justin Chiu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802-6178, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802-6178, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
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7
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Zeng J, Aryal RP, Stavenhagen K, Luo C, Liu R, Wang X, Chen J, Li H, Matsumoto Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Ju T, Cummings RD. Cosmc deficiency causes spontaneous autoimmunity by breaking B cell tolerance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg9118. [PMID: 34613773 PMCID: PMC8494437 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Factors regulating the induction and development of B cell–mediated autoimmunity are not well understood. Here, we report that targeted deletion in murine B cells of X-linked Cosmc, encoding the chaperone required for expression of core 1 O-glycans, causes the spontaneous development of autoimmune pathologies due to a breakdown of B cell tolerance. BC-CosmcKO mice display multiple phenotypic abnormalities, including severe weight loss, ocular manifestations, lymphadenopathy, and increased female-associated mortality. Disruption of B cell tolerance in BC-CosmcKO mice is manifested as elevated self-reactive IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Cosmc-deficient B cells exhibit enhanced basal activation and responsiveness to stimuli. There is also an elevated frequency of spontaneous germinal center B cells in BC-CosmcKO mice. Mechanistically, loss of Cosmc confers enhanced B cell receptor (BCR) signaling through diminished BCR internalization. The results demonstrate that Cosmc, through control of core 1 O-glycans, is a previously unidentified immune checkpoint gene in maintaining B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajindra P. Aryal
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renyan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Schwarz JJ, Grundmann L, Kokot T, Kläsener K, Fotteler S, Medgyesi D, Köhn M, Reth M, Warscheid B. Quantitative proteomics identifies PTP1B as modulator of B cell antigen receptor signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/11/e202101084. [PMID: 34526379 PMCID: PMC8473724 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyses the function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B identifying its binding partners and dephosphorylation targets for modulating B cell antigen receptor signaling. B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is initiated by protein kinases and limited by counteracting phosphatases that currently are less well studied in their regulation of BCR signaling. Here, we used the B cell line Ramos to identify and quantify human B cell signaling components. Specifically, a protein tyrosine phosphatase profiling revealed a high expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in Ramos and human naïve B cells. The loss of PTP1B leads to increased B cell activation. Through substrate trapping in combination with quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified 22 putative substrates or interactors of PTP1B. We validated Igα, CD22, PLCγ1/2, CBL, BCAP, and APLP2 as specific substrates of PTP1B in Ramos B cells. The tyrosine kinase BTK and the two adaptor proteins GRB2 and VAV1 were identified as direct binding partners and potential substrates of PTP1B. We showed that PTP1B dephosphorylates the inhibitory receptor protein CD22 at phosphotyrosine 807. We conclude that PTP1B negatively modulates BCR signaling by dephosphorylating distinct phosphotyrosines in B cell-specific receptor proteins and various downstream signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schwarz
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Grundmann
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kokot
- Integrative Signalling Research, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Fotteler
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Medgyesi
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Integrative Signalling Research, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Meyer SJ, Steffensen M, Acs A, Weisenburger T, Wadewitz C, Winkler TH, Nitschke L. CD22 Controls Germinal Center B Cell Receptor Signaling, Which Influences Plasma Cell and Memory B Cell Output. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1018-1032. [PMID: 34330755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center reactions are established during a thymus-dependent immune response. Germinal center (GC) B cells are rapidly proliferating and undergo somatic hypermutation in Ab genes. This results in the production of high-affinity Abs and establishment of long-lived memory cells. GC B cells show lower BCR-induced signaling when compared with naive B cells, but the functional relevance is not clear. CD22 is a member of the Siglec family and functions as an inhibitory coreceptor on B cells. Interestingly, GC B cells downregulate sialic acid forms that serve as high-affinity ligands for CD22, indicating a role for CD22 ligand binding during GC responses. We studied the role of CD22 in the GC with mixed bone marrow chimeric mice and found a disadvantage of CD22-/- GC B cells during the GC reaction. Mechanistic investigations ruled out defects in dark zone/light zone distribution and affinity maturation. Rather, an increased rate of apoptosis in CD22-/- GC B cells was responsible for the disadvantage, also leading to a lower GC output in plasma cells and memory B cells. CD22-/- GC B cells showed a clearly increased calcium response upon BCR stimulation, which was almost absent in wild-type GC B cells. We conclude that the differential expression of the low-affinity cis CD22 ligands in the GC normally results in a strong attenuation of BCR signaling in GC B cells, probably due to higher CD22-BCR interactions. Therefore, attenuation of BCR signaling by CD22 is involved in GC output and B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie Steffensen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wadewitz
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Bioinformatics Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism and Potential Treatment Target of Ankylosing Spondylitis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7471291. [PMID: 34335866 PMCID: PMC8321739 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7471291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects the spinal joints, sacroiliac joints, and adjacent soft tissues. We conducted bioinformatics analysis to explore the molecular mechanism related to AS pathogenesis and uncover novel potential molecular targets for the treatment of AS. The profiles of GSE25101, containing gene expression data extracted from the blood of 16 AS patients and 16 matched controls, were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The background correction and standardization were carried out utilizing the transcript per million (TPM) method. After analysis of AS patients and the normal groups, we identified 199 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with upregulation and 121 DEGs with downregulation by the limma R package. The results of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs with upregulation were mainly associated with spliceosome, ribosome, RNA-catabolic process, electron transport chain, etc. And the DEGs with downregulation primarily participated in T cell-associated pathways and processes. After analysis of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, our data revealed that the hub genes, comprising MRPL13, MRPL22, LSM3, COX7A2, COX7C, EP300, PTPRC, and CD4, could be the treatment targets in AS. Our data furnish new hints to uncover the features of AS and explore more promising treatment targets towards AS.
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11
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Whillock AL, Ybarra TK, Bishop GA. TNF receptor-associated factor 3 restrains B-cell receptor signaling in normal and malignant B cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100465. [PMID: 33639170 PMCID: PMC8042179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF3 has diverse signaling functions, which vary by cell type. Uniquely in B lymphocytes, TRAF3 inhibits homeostatic survival. Highlighting the role of TRAF3 as a tumor suppressor, loss-of-function TRAF3 mutations are associated with human B-cell malignancies, while B-cell-specific deletion of TRAF3 in mice leads to autoimmunity and lymphoma development. The role of TRAF3 in inhibiting noncanonical NF-κB activation, CD40 and BAFF-R signaling to B cells is well documented. In contrast, TRAF3 enhances many T-cell effector functions, through associating with and enhancing signaling by the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD28 complex. The present study was designed to determine the role of TRAF3 in signaling via the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). The BCR is crucial for antigen recognition, survival, proliferation, and antibody production, and defects in BCR signaling can promote abnormal survival of malignant B cells. Here, we show that TRAF3 is associated with both CD79B and the BCR-activated kinases Syk and Btk following BCR stimulation. BCR-induced phosphorylation of Syk and additional downstream kinases was increased in TRAF3−/− B cells, with regulation observed in both follicular and marginal zone B-cell subsets. BCR stimulation of TRAF3−/− B cells resulted in increased surface expression of MHC-II, CD80, and CD86 molecules. Interestingly, increased survival of TRAF3−/− primary B cells was resistant to inhibition of Btk, while TRAF3-deficient malignant B-cell lines showed enhanced sensitivity. TRAF3 serves to restrain normal and malignant BCR signaling, with important implications for its role in normal B-cell biology and abnormal survival of malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Whillock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tiffany K Ybarra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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12
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Goodnow CC. COVID-19, varying genetic resistance to viral disease and immune tolerance checkpoints. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:177-191. [PMID: 33113212 PMCID: PMC7894315 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a zoonosis like most of the great plagues sculpting human history, from smallpox to pandemic influenza and human immunodeficiency virus. When viruses jump into a new species the outcome of infection ranges from asymptomatic to lethal, historically ascribed to “genetic resistance to viral disease.” People have exploited these differences for good and bad, for developing vaccines from cowpox and horsepox virus, controlling rabbit plagues with myxoma virus and introducing smallpox during colonization of America and Australia. Differences in resistance to viral disease are at the core of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) crisis, yet our understanding of the mechanisms in any interspecies leap falls short of the mark. Here I review how the two key parameters of viral disease are countered by fundamentally different genetic mechanisms for resistance: (1) virus transmission, countered primarily by activation of innate and adaptive immune responses; and (2) pathology, countered primarily by tolerance checkpoints to limit innate and adaptive immune responses. I discuss tolerance thresholds and the role of CD8 T cells to limit pathological immune responses, the problems posed by tolerant superspreaders and the signature coronavirus evasion strategy of eliciting only short‐lived neutralizing antibody responses. Pinpointing and targeting the mechanisms responsible for varying pathology and short‐lived antibody were beyond reach in previous zoonoses, but this time we are armed with genomic technologies and more knowledge of immune checkpoint genes. These known unknowns must now be tackled to solve the current COVID‐19 crisis and the inevitable zoonoses to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Burnett DL, Reed JH, Christ D, Goodnow CC. Clonal redemption and clonal anergy as mechanisms to balance B cell tolerance and immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:61-75. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Joanne H. Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
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14
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Liao ZH, Huang T, Xiao JW, Gu RC, Ouyang J, Wu G, Liao H. Estrogen signaling effects on muscle-specific immune responses through controlling the recruitment and function of macrophages and T cells. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:20. [PMID: 31358063 PMCID: PMC6661750 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen signaling is indispensable for muscle regeneration, yet the role of estrogen in the development of muscle inflammation, especially in the intramuscular T cell response, and the influence on the intrinsic immuno-behaviors of myofibers remain largely unknown. We investigated this issue using the mice model of cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced myoinjury, with or without estrogen level adjustment. Methods CTX injection i.m. (tibialis anterior, TA) was performed for preparing mice myoinjury model. Injection s.c. of 17β-estradiol (E2) or estrogen receptor antagonist 4-OHT, or ovariectomy (OVX), was used to change estrogen level of animal models in vivo. Serum E2 level was evaluated by ELISA. Gene levels of estrogen receptor (ERs) and cytokines/chemokines in inflamed muscle were monitored by qPCR. Inflammatory infiltration was observed by immunofluorescence. Macrophage and T cell phenotypes were analyzed by FACS. Immunoblotting was used to assess protein levels of ERs and immunomolecules in C2C12 myotubes treated with E2 or 4-OHT, in the presence of IFN-γ. Results We monitored the increased serum E2 level and the upregulated ERβ in regenerated myofibres after myotrauma. The absence of estrogen in vivo resulted in the more severe muscle inflammatory infiltration, involving the recruitment of monocyte/macrophage and CD4+ T cells, and the heightened proinflammatory (M1) macrophage. Moreover, estrogen signaling loss led to Treg cells infiltration decrease, Th1 response elevation in inflamed muscle, and the markedly expression upregulation of immunomolecules in IFN-γ-stimulated C2C12 myotubes in vitro. Conclusion Our data suggest that estrogen is a positive intervention factor for muscle inflammatory response, through its effects on controlling intramuscular infiltration and phenotypes of monocytes/macrophages, on affecting accumulation and function of Treg cells, and on suppressing Th1 response in inflamed muscle. Our findings also imply an inhibition effect of estrogen on the intrinsic immune behaviors of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Hong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiang Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rui Cai Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Emergency, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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15
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Noviski M, Tan C, Huizar J, Vykunta V, Mueller JL, Zikherman J. Optimal Development of Mature B Cells Requires Recognition of Endogenous Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:418-428. [PMID: 31167773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that highly autoreactive BCRs are actively removed from the developing B cell repertoire by Ag-dependent receptor editing and deletion. However, there is persistent debate about whether mild autoreactivity is simply tolerated or positively selected into the mature B cell repertoire as well as at what stage, to what extent, under what conditions, and into which compartments this occurs. In this study, we describe two minor, trackable populations of B cells in B1-8i Ig transgenic mice that express the VH186.2 H chain and recognize a common foreign Ag (the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl) but differ in L chain expression. We use the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling to define their reactivity toward endogenous Ags. The less autoreactive of these two populations is strongly counterselected during the development of mature B1a, follicular, and marginal zone B cells. By genetically manipulating the strength of BCR signal transduction via the titration of surface CD45 expression, we demonstrate that this B cell population is not negatively selected but instead displays characteristics of impaired positive selection. We demonstrate that mild self-reactivity improves the developmental fitness of B cell clones in the context of a diverse population of B cells, and positive selection by endogenous Ags shapes the mature B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John Huizar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Vivasvan Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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16
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Cruz Tleugabulova M, Zhao M, Lau I, Kuypers M, Wirianto C, Umaña JM, Lin Q, Kronenberg M, Mallevaey T. The Protein Phosphatase Shp1 Regulates Invariant NKT Cell Effector Differentiation Independently of TCR and Slam Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2276-2286. [PMID: 30796181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate lipid-reactive T cells that develop and differentiate in the thymus into iNKT1/2/17 subsets, akin to TH1/2/17 conventional CD4 T cell subsets. The factors driving the central priming of iNKT cells remain obscure, although strong/prolonged TCR signals appear to favor iNKT2 cell development. The Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (Shp1) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that has been identified as a negative regulator of TCR signaling. In this study, we found that mice with a T cell-specific deletion of Shp1 had normal iNKT cell numbers and peripheral distribution. However, iNKT cell differentiation was biased toward the iNKT2/17 subsets in the thymus but not in peripheral tissues. Shp1-deficient iNKT cells were also functionally biased toward the production of TH2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that Shp1 regulates the TCR and Slamf6 signaling cascades, which have been suggested to promote iNKT2 differentiation. Rather, Shp1 dampened iNKT cell proliferation in response to IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 but not following TCR engagement. Our findings suggest that Shp1 controls iNKT cell effector differentiation independently of positive selection through the modulation of cytokine responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Zhao
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Irene Lau
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Meggie Kuypers
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Clarissa Wirianto
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Juan Mauricio Umaña
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Qiaochu Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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17
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Cao Q, Zhao X, Bai J, Gery S, Sun H, Lin DC, Chen Q, Chen Z, Mack L, Yang H, Deng R, Shi X, Chong LW, Cho H, Xie J, Li QZ, Müschen M, Atkins AR, Liddle C, Yu RT, Alkan S, Said JW, Zheng Y, Downes M, Evans RM, Koeffler HP. Circadian clock cryptochrome proteins regulate autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12548-12553. [PMID: 29109286 PMCID: PMC5703267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system regulates numerous physiological processes including immune responses. Here, we show that mice deficient of the circadian clock genes Cry1 and Cry2 [Cry double knockout (DKO)] develop an autoimmune phenotype including high serum IgG concentrations, serum antinuclear antibodies, and precipitation of IgG, IgM, and complement 3 in glomeruli and massive infiltration of leukocytes into the lungs and kidneys. Flow cytometry of lymphoid organs revealed decreased pre-B cell numbers and a higher percentage of mature recirculating B cells in the bone marrow, as well as increased numbers of B2 B cells in the peritoneal cavity of Cry DKO mice. The B cell receptor (BCR) proximal signaling pathway plays a critical role in autoimmunity regulation. Activation of Cry DKO splenic B cells elicited markedly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins compared with cells from control mice, suggesting that overactivation of the BCR-signaling pathway may contribute to the autoimmunity phenotype in the Cry DKO mice. In addition, the expression of C1q, the deficiency of which contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, was significantly down-regulated in Cry DKO B cells. Our results suggest that B cell development, the BCR-signaling pathway, and C1q expression are regulated by circadian clock CRY proteins and that their dysregulation through loss of CRY contributes to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jingwen Bai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Oncology, Xiang An Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sigal Gery
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Pasadena, CA 91016
| | - Lauren Mack
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Ruishu Deng
- Sanford Burnham Preybs Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xianping Shi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Ling-Wa Chong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Han Cho
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Pasadena, CA 91016
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Serhan Alkan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jonathan W Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
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18
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Cheng D, Deobagkar-Lele M, Zvezdova E, Choi S, Uehara S, Baup D, Bennett SC, Bull KR, Crockford TL, Ferry H, Warzecha C, Marcellin M, de Peredo AG, Lesourne R, Anzilotti C, Love PE, Cornall RJ. Themis2 lowers the threshold for B cell activation during positive selection. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:205-213. [PMID: 27992403 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The positive and negative selection of lymphocytes by antigen is central to adaptive immunity and self-tolerance, yet how this is determined by different antigens is not completely understood. We found that thymocyte-selection-associated family member 2 (Themis2) increased the positive selection of B1 cells and germinal center B cells by self and foreign antigens. Themis2 lowered the threshold for B-cell activation by low-avidity, but not high-avidity, antigens. Themis2 constitutively bound the adaptor protein Grb2, src-kinase Lyn and signal transducer phospholipase γ2 (PLC-γ2), and increased activation of PLC-γ2 and its downstream pathways following B cell receptor stimulation. Our findings identify a unique function for Themis2 in differential signaling and provide insight into how B cells discriminate between antigens of different quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daian Cheng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ekaterina Zvezdova
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seeyoung Choi
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shoji Uehara
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Delphine Baup
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia C Bennett
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Ferry
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claude Warzecha
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul E Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Eakin AJ, Bustard MJ, McGeough CM, Ahmed T, Bjourson AJ, Gibson DS. Siglec-1 and -2 as potential biomarkers in autoimmune disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:635-44. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Eakin
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine; Altnagelvin Hospital Campus; Ulster University; Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
| | - Michael J. Bustard
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine; Altnagelvin Hospital Campus; Ulster University; Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
| | - Cathy M. McGeough
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine; Altnagelvin Hospital Campus; Ulster University; Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
| | - Tahanver Ahmed
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine; Altnagelvin Hospital Campus; Ulster University; Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine; Altnagelvin Hospital Campus; Ulster University; Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
| | - David S. Gibson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine; Altnagelvin Hospital Campus; Ulster University; Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
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20
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Getahun A, Beavers NA, Larson SR, Shlomchik MJ, Cambier JC. Continuous inhibitory signaling by both SHP-1 and SHIP-1 pathways is required to maintain unresponsiveness of anergic B cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:751-69. [PMID: 27114609 PMCID: PMC4854724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cambier et al. show that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain B cell anergy. Many autoreactive B cells persist in the periphery in a state of unresponsiveness called anergy. This unresponsiveness is rapidly reversible, requiring continuous BCR interaction with self-antigen and resultant regulatory signaling for its maintenance. Using adoptive transfer of anergic B cells with subsequent acute induction of gene deletion or expression, we demonstrate that the continuous activities of independent inhibitory signaling pathways involving the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain anergy. Acute breach of anergy by compromise of either of these pathways leads to rapid cell activation, proliferation, and generation of short-lived plasma cells that reside in extrafollicular foci. Results are consistent with predicted/observed reduction in the Lyn–SHIP-1–PTEN–SHP-1 axis function in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Nicole A Beavers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Sandy R Larson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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Gasparrini F, Feest C, Bruckbauer A, Mattila PK, Müller J, Nitschke L, Bray D, Batista FD. Nanoscale organization and dynamics of the siglec CD22 cooperate with the cytoskeleton in restraining BCR signalling. EMBO J 2016; 35:258-80. [PMID: 26671981 PMCID: PMC4741297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor organization and dynamics at the cell membrane are important factors of signal transduction regulation. Using super-resolution microscopy and single-particle tracking, we show how the negative coreceptor CD22 works with the cortical cytoskeleton in restraining BCR signalling. In naïve B cells, we found endogenous CD22 to be highly mobile and organized into nanodomains. The landscape of CD22 and its lateral diffusion were perturbed either in the absence of CD45 or when the CD22 lectin domain was mutated. To understand how a relatively low number of CD22 molecules can keep BCR signalling in check, we generated Brownian dynamic simulations and supported them with ex vivo experiments. This combined approach suggests that the inhibitory function of CD22 is influenced by its nanoscale organization and is ensured by its fast diffusion enabling a "global BCR surveillance" at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Feest
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Mirandola L, Wade R, Verma R, Pena C, Hosiriluck N, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Chiriva-Internati M. Sex-driven differences in immunological responses: challenges and opportunities for the immunotherapies of the third millennium. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:134-42. [PMID: 25901858 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Male-based studies, both at the biochemical and at the pre-clinical/clinical trial levels, still predominate in the scientific community. Many studies are based on the wrong assumption that both sexes are fundamentally identical in their response to treatments. As a result, findings obtained mainly in males are applied to females, resulting in negative consequences female patients. In cancer immunotherapy, there is still a scarce focus on this topic. Here we review the main differences in immune modulation and immune system biology between males and females with a particular focus on how these differences affect cancer immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. METHODS We reviewed articles published on PubMed from 1999 to 2014, using the keywords: sex hormones, immune response, estrogen, immunotherapy, testosterone, cancer vaccines, sex-based medicine. We also present new data wherein the expression of the cancer testis antigen, Ropporin-1, was determined in patients with multiple myeloma, showing that the expression of Ropporin-1 was influenced by sex. RESULTS Male and female immune systems display radical differences mainly due to the immune regulatory effects of sex hormones. These differences might have a dramatic impact on the immunological treatment of cancer. Moreover, the expression of tumor antigens that can be targeted by anti-cancer vaccines is associated with sex. CONCLUSION Future clinical trials focusing on cancer immunotherapy will need to take into account the differences in the immune response and in the frequency of target antigen expression between male and females, in order to optimize these anti-cancer immunotherapies of the third millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX , USA
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Russell L, John S, Cullen J, Luo W, Shlomchik MJ, Garrett-Sinha LA. Requirement for Transcription Factor Ets1 in B Cell Tolerance to Self-Antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:3574-83. [PMID: 26355157 PMCID: PMC4568556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation and survival of autoreactive B cells is normally limited by a variety of self-tolerance mechanisms, including clonal deletion, anergy, and clonal ignorance. The transcription factor c-ets-1 (encoded by the Ets1 gene) has B cell-intrinsic roles in regulating formation of Ab-secreting cells by controlling the activity of Blimp1 and Pax5 and may be required for B cell tolerance to self-antigen. To test this, we crossed Ets1(-/-) mice to two different transgenic models of B cell self-reactivity, the anti-hen egg lysozyme BCR transgenic strain and the AM14 rheumatoid factor transgenic strain. BCR transgenic Ets1(-/-) mice were subsequently crossed to mice either carrying or lacking relevant autoantigens. We found that B cells lacking c-ets-1 are generally hyperresponsive in terms of Ab secretion and form large numbers of Ab-secreting cells even in the absence of cognate Ags. When in the presence of cognate Ag, different responses were noted depending on the physical characteristics of the Ag. We found that clonal deletion of highly autoreactive B cells in the bone marrow was intact in the absence of c-ets-1. However, peripheral B cells lacking c-ets-1 failed to become tolerant in response to stimuli that normally induce B cell anergy or B cell clonal ignorance. Interestingly, high-affinity soluble self-antigen did cause B cells to adopt many of the classical features of anergic B cells, although such cells still secreted Ab. Therefore, maintenance of appropriate c-ets-1 levels is essential to prevent loss of self-tolerance in the B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Russell
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Shinu John
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jaime Cullen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Corresponding Author Communications to: Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha, Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Room B3-306, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, , Telephone: 716-881-7995, FAX: 716-849-6655
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
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Lorkova L, Scigelova M, Arrey TN, Vit O, Pospisilova J, Doktorova E, Klanova M, Alam M, Vockova P, Maswabi B, Klener P, Petrak J. Detailed Functional and Proteomic Characterization of Fludarabine Resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135314. [PMID: 26285204 PMCID: PMC4540412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a chronically relapsing aggressive type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma considered incurable by currently used treatment approaches. Fludarabine is a purine analog clinically still widely used in the therapy of relapsed MCL. Molecular mechanisms of fludarabine resistance have not, however, been studied in the setting of MCL so far. We therefore derived fludarabine-resistant MCL cells (Mino/FR) and performed their detailed functional and proteomic characterization compared to the original fludarabine sensitive cells (Mino). We demonstrated that Mino/FR were highly cross-resistant to other antinucleosides (cytarabine, cladribine, gemcitabine) and to an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) ibrutinib. Sensitivity to other types of anti-lymphoma agents was altered only mildly (methotrexate, doxorubicin, bortezomib) or remained unaffacted (cisplatin, bendamustine). The detailed proteomic analysis of Mino/FR compared to Mino cells unveiled over 300 differentially expressed proteins. Mino/FR were characterized by the marked downregulation of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and BTK (thus explaining the observed crossresistance to antinucleosides and ibrutinib), but also by the upregulation of several enzymes of de novo nucleotide synthesis, as well as the up-regulation of the numerous proteins of DNA repair and replication. The significant upregulation of the key antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in Mino/FR cells was associated with the markedly increased sensitivity of the fludarabine-resistant MCL cells to Bcl-2-specific inhibitor ABT199 compared to fludarabine-sensitive cells. Our data thus demonstrate that a detailed molecular analysis of drug-resistant tumor cells can indeed open a way to personalized therapy of resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lorkova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Ondrej Vit
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pospisilova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Doktorova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Klanova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mahmudul Alam
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vockova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bokang Maswabi
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klener
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Petrak
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Coelomic cavity–derived B-1 and splenic marginal zone (MZ) B lymphocytes play principal roles in frontline host protection at homeostasis and during primary humoral immune responses. Although they share many features that enable rapid and broad-based defense against pathogens, these innate-like subsets have disparate B cell receptor (BCR) signaling features. Members of the Fc receptor–like (FCRL) family are preferentially expressed by B cells and possess tyrosine-based immunoregulatory function. An unusual characteristic of many of these cell surface proteins is the presence of both inhibitory (ITIM) and activating (ITAM-like) motifs in their cytoplasmic tails. In mice, FCRL5 is a discrete marker of splenic MZ and peritoneal B-1 B cells and has both ITIM and ITAM-like sequences. Recent work explored its signaling properties and identified that FCRL5 differentially influences innate-like BCR function. Closer scrutiny of these differences disclosed the ability of FCRL5 to counter-regulate BCR activation by recruiting SHP-1 and Lyn to its cytoplasmic motifs. Furthermore, the disparity in FCRL5 regulation between MZ and B-1 B cells correlated with relative intracellular concentrations of SHP-1. These findings validate and extend our understanding of the unique signaling features in innate-like B cells and provide new insight into the complexity of FCRL modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Davis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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26
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Sex disparities in melanoma outcomes: The role of biology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shp1 signalling is required to establish the long-lived bone marrow plasma cell pool. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4273. [PMID: 24978161 PMCID: PMC4083441 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline or B-cell-specific loss of Ptpn6 gene encoding the Shp1 protein tyrosine phosphatase leads to skewed B lymphopoiesis and systemic autoimmunity. Here, to study its role in B-cell terminal differentiation, we generated Ptpn6f/fAicdaCre/+ mice with Shp1 ablated only in activated B cells. We show that Ptpn6f/fAicdaCre/+ mice have normal B-cell development but exhibit defective class-switched primary and recalled antibody response to a T-cell-dependent antigen. Germinal centres are present but do not persist and memory B cells are not formed. Interestingly, Shp1-deficient plasma cells are generated in the spleen but do not contribute to the bone marrow long-lived pool. Plasma cells lacking Shp1 exhibit aberrant α4β1 integrin activation due to dysregulated Src- and PI3-kinase signalling and manifest attenuated migration in vitro and defective bone marrow homing when reconstituted in vivo. Interrupting α4β1–VCAM-1 interaction rectifies this defect. These data suggest that Shp1 signalling is required for the establishment of a life-long protective humoral immunity. SHP-1 signalling is required for the normal development of B lymphocytes but its role in the terminal differentiation of these cells has not been fully established. Here, the authors show that SHP-1 ablation impairs the establishment of long-lived bone marrow-resident plasma cells due to aberrant integrin activation.
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28
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Alsadeq A, Hobeika E, Medgyesi D, Kläsener K, Reth M. The role of the Syk/Shp-1 kinase-phosphatase equilibrium in B cell development and signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:268-76. [PMID: 24899508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction from the BCR is regulated by the equilibrium between kinases (e.g., spleen tyrosine kinase [Syk]) and phosphatases (e.g., Shp-1). Previous studies showed that Syk-deficient B cells have a developmental block at the pro/pre-B cell stage, whereas a B cell-specific Shp-1 deficiency promoted B-1a cell development and led to autoimmunity. We generated B cell-specific Shp-1 and Syk double-knockout (DKO) mice and compared them to the single-knockout mice deficient for either Syk or Shp-1. Unlike Syk-deficient mice, the DKO mice can generate mature B cells, albeit at >20-fold reduced B cell numbers. The DKO B-2 cells are all Syk-negative, whereas the peritoneal B1 cells of the DKO mice still express Syk, indicating that they require this kinase for their proper development. The DKO B-2 cells cannot be stimulated via the BCR, whereas they are efficiently activated via TLR or CD40. We also found that in DKO pre-B cells, the kinase Zap70 is associated with the pre-BCR, suggesting that Zap70 is important to promote B cell maturation in the absence of Syk and SHP-1. Together, our data show that a properly balanced kinase/phosphatase equilibrium is crucial for normal B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Alsadeq
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - David Medgyesi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
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30
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He JS, Meyer-Hermann M, Xiangying D, Zuan LY, Jones LA, Ramakrishna L, de Vries VC, Dolpady J, Aina H, Joseph S, Narayanan S, Subramaniam S, Puthia M, Wong G, Xiong H, Poidinger M, Urban JF, Lafaille JJ, Curotto de Lafaille MA. The distinctive germinal center phase of IgE+ B lymphocytes limits their contribution to the classical memory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2755-71. [PMID: 24218137 PMCID: PMC3832920 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct class switching to IgE generates IgE+ GC cells that are highly apoptotic and do not contribute to the memory compartment, while sequential switching through an IgG+ intermediate results in the generation of long-lived IgE+ plasma cells. The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of memory IgE responses are poorly understood, and the role played by germinal center (GC) IgE+ cells in memory responses is particularly unclear. IgE+ B cell differentiation is characterized by a transient GC phase, a bias toward the plasma cell (PC) fate, and dependence on sequential switching for the production of high-affinity IgE. We show here that IgE+ GC B cells are unfit to undergo the conventional GC differentiation program due to impaired B cell receptor function and increased apoptosis. IgE+ GC cells fail to populate the GC light zone and are unable to contribute to the memory and long-lived PC compartments. Furthermore, we demonstrate that direct and sequential switching are linked to distinct B cell differentiation fates: direct switching generates IgE+ GC cells, whereas sequential switching gives rise to IgE+ PCs. We propose a comprehensive model for the generation and memory of IgE responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shu He
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648
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31
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Zhang Y, Wang JY, Han W. A role for CMTM7 in BCR expression and survival in B-1a but not B-2 cells. Int Immunol 2013; 26:47-57. [PMID: 24080084 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are an important cell population for the production of natural antibodies and front-line host defense. Here, we show that the MARVEL-domain-containing membrane protein CMTM7 (CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 7) plays a critical role in BCR expression and survival in B-1a cells. We analyzed lymphocyte development in Rag1⁻/⁻ mice reconstituted with Cmtm7(flox/⁺) fetal liver cells because of the unexpected lethality of the Cmtm7(flox/⁺) heterozygotes. We found a mild reduction of serum IgM and a significantly reduced B-1a population in the peritoneal cavity of Rag1⁻/⁻ mice reconstituted with Cmtm7(flox/⁺) cells compared with those reconstituted with wild-type (WT) cells. The reduction of B-1a cells in Cmtm7(flox/⁺) mice was associated with reduced BCR expression and increased spontaneous cell death in these cells. In addition, both B-1a and B-1b cells derived from Cmtm7(flox/⁺) fetal liver cells contained a lower frequency of cells capable of spontaneously differentiating into IgM-secreting plasma cells than did those derived from WT fetal liver cells. Furthermore, Cmtm7(flox/⁺) B-1a and B-1b cells responded poorly to LPS-induced proliferation. In striking contrast to the defects in B-1 cells, Cmtm7(flox/⁺) B-2 cells did not show obvious abnormalities when compared with WT B-2 cells. These results demonstrate a specific role for CMTM7 in BCR expression and survival in B-1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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32
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Johnson DJ, Pao LI, Dhanji S, Murakami K, Ohashi PS, Neel BG. Shp1 regulates T cell homeostasis by limiting IL-4 signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1419-31. [PMID: 23797092 PMCID: PMC3698519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Absence of the phosphatase Shp1 in T cells does not affect the TCR signaling threshold but results in IL-4 sensitivity and memory phenotype cells. The protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 is expressed ubiquitously in hematopoietic cells and is generally viewed as a negative regulatory molecule. Mutations in Ptpn6, which encodes Shp1, result in widespread inflammation and premature death, known as the motheaten (me) phenotype. Previous studies identified Shp1 as a negative regulator of TCR signaling, but the severe systemic inflammation in me mice may have confounded our understanding of Shp1 function in T cell biology. To define the T cell–intrinsic role of Shp1, we characterized mice with a T cell–specific Shp1 deletion (Shp1fl/fl CD4-cre). Surprisingly, thymocyte selection and peripheral TCR sensitivity were unaltered in the absence of Shp1. Instead, Shp1fl/fl CD4-cre mice had increased frequencies of memory phenotype T cells that expressed elevated levels of CD44. Activation of Shp1-deficient CD4+ T cells also resulted in skewing to the Th2 lineage and increased IL-4 production. After IL-4 stimulation of Shp1-deficient T cells, Stat 6 activation was sustained, leading to enhanced Th2 skewing. Accordingly, we observed elevated serum IgE in the steady state. Blocking or genetic deletion of IL-4 in the absence of Shp1 resulted in a marked reduction of the CD44hi population. Therefore, Shp1 is an essential negative regulator of IL-4 signaling in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Johnson
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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Taher TE, Muhammad HA, Rahim A, Flores-Borja F, Renaudineau Y, Isenberg DA, Mageed RA. Aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in lupus: inherent or induced and potential therapeutic targets. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:866-80. [PMID: 23701475 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus is a prototype autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. The disease is complex; manifest diverse clinical symptoms and disease mechanisms. This complexity has provided many leads to explore: from disease mechanisms to approaches for therapy. B-lymphocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the cause of aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in patients and, indeed, its causal relationship with the disease remain unclear. DESIGN This article provides a synopsis of current knowledge of immunological abnormalities in lupus with an emphasis on abnormalities in the B-lymphocyte compartment. RESULTS There is evidence for abnormalities in most compartments of the immune system in animal models and patients with lupus including an ever expanding list of abnormalities within the B-lymphocyte compartment. In addition, recent genome-wide linkage analyses in large cohorts of patients have identified new sets of genetic association factors some with potential links with defective B-lymphocyte responses although their full pathophysiological effects remain to be determined. The accumulating knowledge may help in the identification and application of new targeted therapies for treating lupus disease. CONCLUSIONS Cellular, molecular and genetic studies have provided significant insights into potential causes of immunological defects associated with lupus. Most of this insight relate to defects in B- and T-lymphocyte tolerance, signalling and responses. For B-lymphocytes, there is evidence for altered regulation of inter and intracellular signalling pathways at multiple levels. Some of these abnormalities will be discussed within the context of potential implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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FCRL5 exerts binary and compartment-specific influence on innate-like B-cell receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1282-90. [PMID: 23509253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like splenic marginal zone (MZ) and peritoneal cavity B1 B lymphocytes share critical responsibilities in humoral responses but have divergent B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling features. A discrete marker of these subsets with tyrosine-based dual regulatory potential termed "Fc receptor-like 5" (FCRL5) was investigated to explore this discrepancy. Although FCRL5 repressed the robust BCR activity that is characteristic of MZ B cells, it had no influence on antigen receptor stimulation that is blunted in peritoneal cavity-derived B1 B cells. The molecular basis for the receptor's inhibitory function derived from recruitment of the Src homology-2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) to a cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif. Surprisingly, mutagenesis of this docking site unearthed coactivation properties for FCRL5 that were orchestrated by independent association of the Lyn Src-family kinase with an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-like sequence. FCRL5's unique binary regulation directly correlated with SHP-1 and Lyn activity, which, like BCR function, differed between MZ and B1 B cells. These findings collectively imply a specialized counterregulatory role for FCRL molecules at the intersection of innate and adaptive immunity.
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35
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Sindhava VJ, Bondada S. Multiple regulatory mechanisms control B-1 B cell activation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:372. [PMID: 23251136 PMCID: PMC3523257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells constitute a unique subset of B cells identified in several species including mice and humans. B-1 cells are further subdivided into B-1a and B-1b subsets as the former but not the later express CD5. The B-1a subset contributes to innate type of immune responses while the B-1b B cell subset contributes to adaptive responses. B-1 cell responses to B cell receptor (BCR) as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation are tightly regulated due to the cross-reactivity of antigen specific receptors on B-1 cells to self-antigens. B-1 cells are elevated in several autoimmune diseases. CD5 plays a major role in down regulation of BCR responses in the B-1a cell subset. Reduced amplification of BCR induced signals via CD19 and autoregulation of BCR and TLR responses by B-1 cell produced IL-10 appear to have a role in regulation of both B-1a and B-1b B cell responses. Siglec G receptors and Lyn kinase also regulate B-1 cell responses but their differential role in the two B-1 cell subsets is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, KY, USA
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CD22 and Siglec-G in B cell function and tolerance. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:413-20. [PMID: 22677186 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved into two main arms: the primitive innate arm that is the first line of defense but relatively short-lived and broad acting; and the advanced adaptive arm that generates immunological memory, allowing rapid, specific recall responses. T cell-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigens (Ags) invoke innate immune responses. However, due to its 'at the ready' nature, how the innate arm of the immune system maintains tolerance to potentially abundant host TI-2 Ags remains elusive. Therefore, it is important to define the mechanisms that establish innate immune tolerance. This review highlights recent insights into B cell tolerance to theoretical self TI-2 Ags, and examines how the B cell-restricted sialic acid binding Ig-like lectins (Siglecs), CD22 and Siglec-G, might contribute to this process.
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Khalil AM, Cambier JC, Shlomchik MJ. B cell receptor signal transduction in the GC is short-circuited by high phosphatase activity. Science 2012; 336:1178-81. [PMID: 22555432 PMCID: PMC3777391 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) generate memory B and plasma cells, which are essential for long-lived humoral immunity. GC B cells with high-affinity B cell receptors (BCRs) are selectively expanded. To enable this selection, BCRs of such cells are thought to signal differently from those with lower affinity. We show that, surprisingly, most proliferating GC B cells did not demonstrate active BCR signaling. Rather, spontaneous and induced signaling was limited by increased phosphatase activity. Accordingly, both SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SH2 domain-containing inositol 5 phosphatase were hyperphosphorylated in GC cells and remained colocalized with BCRs after ligation. Furthermore, SHP-1 was required for GC maintenance. Intriguingly, GC B cells in the cell-cycle G(2) period regained responsiveness to BCR stimulation. These data have implications for how higher-affinity B cells are selected in the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Khalil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Adv Hematol 2012; 2012:230173. [PMID: 22570658 PMCID: PMC3337580 DOI: 10.1155/2012/230173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a group of diseases that range from benign polyclonal to malignant monoclonal lymphoid proliferations. They arise secondary to treatment with immunosuppressive drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. Three main pathologic subsets/stages of evolution are recognised: early, polymorphic, and monomorphic lesions. The pathogenesis of PTLDs seems to be multifactorial. Among possible infective aetiologies, the role of EBV has been studied in depth, and the virus is thought to play a central role in driving the proliferation of EBV-infected B cells that leads to subsequent development of the lymphoproliferative disorder. It is apparent, however, that EBV is not solely responsible for the “neoplastic” state. Accumulated genetic alterations of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (deletions, mutations, rearrangements, and amplifications) and epigenetic changes (aberrant hypermethylation) that involve tumour suppressor genes are integral to the pathogenesis. Antigenic stimulation also plays an evident role in the pathogenesis of PTLDs. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) that are critical to fight viral infections have been thought to play a pathogenetically relevant role in PTLDs. Furthermore, regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which are modulators of immune reactions once incited, seem to have an important role in PTLDs where antigenic stimulation is key for the pathogenesis.
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Wang Y, Zhu Z, Church TD, Lugogo NL, Que LG, Francisco D, Ingram JL, Huggins M, Beaver DM, Wright JR, Kraft M. SHP-1 as a critical regulator of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced inflammation in human asthmatic airway epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3371-81. [PMID: 22371396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against exposure of the airway to infectious agents. Src homology protein (SHP)-1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is a negative regulator of signaling pathways that are critical to the development of asthma and host defense. We hypothesize that SHP-1 function is defective in asthma, contributing to the increased inflammatory response induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen known to exacerbate asthma. M. pneumoniae significantly activated SHP-1 in airway epithelial cells collected from nonasthmatic subjects by bronchoscopy with airway brushing but not in cells from asthmatic subjects. In asthmatic airway epithelial cells, M. pneumoniae induced significant PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and IL-8 production compared with nonasthmatic cells, which were reversed by SHP-1 overexpression. Conversely, SHP-1 knockdown significantly increased IL-8 production and PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation in the setting of M. pneumoniae infection in nonasthmatic cells, but it did not exacerbate these three parameters already activated in asthmatic cells. Thus, SHP-1 plays a critical role in abrogating M. pneumoniae-induced IL-8 production in nonasthmatic airway epithelial cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activity, but it is defective in asthma, resulting in an enhanced inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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40
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Samuelson EM, Laird RM, Maue AC, Rochford R, Hayes SM. Blk haploinsufficiency impairs the development, but enhances the functional responses, of MZ B cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:620-9. [PMID: 21894171 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blk was identified two decades ago as a B-cell-specific member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. Recent studies, however, have discovered that Blk is expressed in many cell types outside of the B lineage, including early thymic precursors, interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells and pancreatic β-cells. In light of these recent discoveries, we performed a more comprehensive analysis of Blk expression patterns in hematopoietic cells and found that Blk is differentially expressed in mature B-cell subsets, with marginal zone (MZ) B cells expressing high levels, B1 B cells expressing intermediate-to-high levels and follicular (FO) B cells expressing low levels of Blk. To determine whether these differences in Blk expression levels reflected differential requirements for Blk in MZ, B1 and FO B-cell development, we analyzed the effects of reducing and eliminating Blk expression on B-cell development. We report that both Blk haploinsufficiency and Blk deficiency impaired the generation of MZ B cells. Moreover, although there were fewer MZ B cells in Blk(+/-) and Blk(-/-) mice as compared with Blk(+/+) mice, Blk-mutant MZ B cells were hyper-responsive to B-cell receptor stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study has revealed a previously unappreciated role for Blk in the development and activation of MZ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Samuelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Townsend MJ, Monroe JG, Chan AC. B-cell targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases: an updated perspective. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:264-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Duong BH, Tian H, Ota T, Completo G, Han S, Vela JL, Ota M, Kubitz M, Bovin N, Paulson JC, Paulson J, Nemazee D. Decoration of T-independent antigen with ligands for CD22 and Siglec-G can suppress immunity and induce B cell tolerance in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 207:173-87. [PMID: 20038598 PMCID: PMC2812539 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B lymphocytes first encountering self-antigens in peripheral tissues are normally regulated by induction of anergy or apoptosis. According to the “two-signal” model, antigen recognition alone should render B cells tolerant unless T cell help or inflammatory signals such as lipopolysaccharide are provided. However, no such signals seem necessary for responses to T-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens, which are multimeric antigens lacking T cell epitopes and Toll-like receptor ligands. How then do mature B cells avoid making a TI-2–like response to multimeric self-antigens? We present evidence that TI-2 antigens decorated with ligands of inhibitory sialic acid–binding Ig-like lectins (siglecs) are poorly immunogenic and can induce tolerance to subsequent challenge with immunogenic antigen. Two siglecs, CD22 and Siglec-G, contributed to tolerance induction, preventing plasma cell differentiation or survival. Although mutations in CD22 and its signaling machinery have been associated with dysregulated B cell development and autoantibody production, previous analyses failed to identify a tolerance defect in antigen-specific mutant B cells. Our results support a role for siglecs in B cell self-/nonself-discrimination, namely suppressing responses to self-associated antigens while permitting rapid “missing self”–responses to unsialylated multimeric antigens. The results suggest use of siglec ligand antigen constructs as an approach for inducing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Hoa Duong
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Interferon-beta treatment in multiple sclerosis attenuates inflammatory gene expression through inducible activity of the phosphatase SHP-1. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:27-44. [PMID: 19559654 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-beta is a current treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon-beta is thought to exert its therapeutic effects on MS by down-modulating the immune response by multiple potential pathways. Here, we document that treatment of MS patients with interferon beta-1a (Rebif) results in a significant increase in the levels and function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in PBMCs. SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of cytokine signaling, inflammatory gene expression, and CNS demyelination as evidenced in mice deficient in SHP-1. In order to examine the functional significance of SHP-1 induction in MS PBMCs, we analyzed the activity of proinflammatory signaling molecules STAT1, STAT6, and NF-kappaB, which are known SHP-1 targets. Interferon-beta treatment in vivo resulted in decreased NF-kappaB and STAT6 activation and increased STAT1 activation. Further analysis in vitro showed that cultured PBMCs of MS patients and normal subjects had a significant SHP-1 induction following interferon-beta treatment that correlated with decreased NF-kappaB and STAT6 activation. Most importantly, experimental depletion of SHP-1 in cultured PBMCs abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of interferon-beta treatment, indicating that SHP-1 is a predominant mediator of interferon-beta activity. In conclusion, interferon-beta treatment upregulates SHP-1 expression resulting in decreased transcription factor activation and inflammatory gene expression important in MS pathogenesis.
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Miller AT, Beisner DR, Liu D, Cooke MP. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B is a negative regulator of BCR signaling that controls B cell selection and tolerance induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4696-704. [PMID: 19342645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (or Itpkb) converts inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate upon Ag receptor activation and controls the fate and function of lymphocytes. To determine the role of Itpkb in B cell tolerance, Itpkb(-/-) mice were crossed to transgenic mice that express a BCR specific for hen egg lysozyme (IgHEL). B cells from Itpkb(-/-) IgHEL mice possess an anergic phenotype, hypoproliferate in response to cognate Ag, and yet they exhibit enhanced Ag-induced calcium signaling. In IgHEL transgenic mice that also express soluble HEL, lack of Itpkb converts anergy induction to deletion. These data establish Itpkb as a negative regulator of BCR signaling that controls the fate of developing B cells and tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Miller
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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Cariappa A, Takematsu H, Liu H, Diaz S, Haider K, Boboila C, Kalloo G, Connole M, Shi HN, Varki N, Varki A, Pillai S. B cell antigen receptor signal strength and peripheral B cell development are regulated by a 9-O-acetyl sialic acid esterase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 206:125-38. [PMID: 19103880 PMCID: PMC2626685 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that the enzymatic acetylation and deacetylation of a cell surface carbohydrate controls B cell development, signaling, and immunological tolerance. Mice with a mutation in sialate:O-acetyl esterase, an enzyme that specifically removes acetyl moieties from the 9-OH position of α2–6-linked sialic acid, exhibit enhanced B cell receptor (BCR) activation, defects in peripheral B cell development, and spontaneously develop antichromatin autoantibodies and glomerular immune complex deposits. The 9-O-acetylation state of sialic acid regulates the function of CD22, a Siglec that functions in vivo as an inhibitor of BCR signaling. These results describe a novel catalytic regulator of B cell signaling and underscore the crucial role of inhibitory signaling in the maintenance of immunological tolerance in the B lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaiah Cariappa
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Cady CT, Rice JS, Ott VL, Cambier JC. Regulation of hematopoietic cell function by inhibitory immunoglobulin G receptors and their inositol lipid phosphatase effectors. Immunol Rev 2008; 224:44-57. [PMID: 18759919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous autoimmune and inflammatory disorders stem from the dysregulation of hematopoietic cell activation. The activity of inositol lipid and protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the receptors that recruit them, is critical for prevention of these disorders. Balanced signaling by inhibitory and activating receptors is now recognized to be an important factor in tuning cell function and inflammatory potential. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of membrane proximal events in signaling by inhibitory/regulatory receptors focusing on structural and functional characteristics of receptors and their effectors Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 and SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase-1. We review use of new strategies to identify novel regulatory receptors and effectors. Finally, we discuss complementary actions of paired inhibitory and activating receptors, using Fc gammaRIIA and Fc gammaRIIB regulation human basophil activation as a prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol T Cady
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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Kim SJ, Caton M, Wang C, Khalil M, Zhou ZJ, Hardin J, Diamond B. Increased IL-12 inhibits B cells' differentiation to germinal center cells and promotes differentiation to short-lived plasmablasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2437-48. [PMID: 18809711 PMCID: PMC2556778 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells activated by antigen in T cell–dependent immune responses can become short-lived plasma cells, which remain in the spleen, or germinal center–derived memory or plasma cells, which show evidence of affinity maturation and, in the case of plasma cells, migrate to the bone marrow. We show that this cell fate decision can be governed by the cytokine environment engendered by activated dendritic cells (DCs). DCs from mice lacking the Fc receptor γ chain exhibited an activated phenotype in vitro. They secreted more of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12, which led to the preferential generation of short-lived splenic plasma cells, with ensuing low affinity antibodies and a diminished recall response. Understanding the factors that regulate antigen-activated B cell differentiation and memory cell formation has implications for both antibody-mediated autoimmune disease and protective antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jung Kim
- Autoimmune Disease Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Amara K, Trimeche M, Ziadi S, Laatiri A, Hachana M, Korbi S. Prognostic significance of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1774-86. [PMID: 18539616 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) exhibits heterogeneous clinical features and a marked variable response to treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the prognostic significance of the methylation status of DAPK, GSTP1, P14, P15, P16, P33, RB1, SHP1, CDH1, APC, BLU, VHL, TIMP3, and RASSF1A genes in 46 DLBCL specimens from Tunisian patients. Methylation status of each gene was correlated with clinicopathological parameters including the International Prognostic Index (IPI), the germinal center immunophenotype, and response to treatment and survival. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and differences were compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS Hypermethylation of SHP1 was associated with elevated lactate dehydrogenase level (P = 0.031). P16 and VHL were frequently hypermethylated in patients with high IPI scores (P = 0.006 and 0.004) and a performance status of two or more (P = 0.007 and 0.047). In addition, hypermethylation of P16 was significantly associated with advanced clinical stages and B symptoms (P = 0.041 and 0.012). Interestingly, hypermethylation of DAPK was significantly correlated with resistance to treatment (P = 0.023). With regard to survival rates, promoter hypermethylation of DAPK, P16, and VHL were significantly associated with shortened OS (P = 0.003, 0.001, and 0.017, respectively) and DFS (P = 0.006, 0.003, and 0.046, respectively). In multivariate analysis, hypermethylation of DAPK remains an independent prognostic factor in predicting shortened OS (P = 0.001) and DFS (P = 0.024), as well as the IPI and the germinal center status. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that DLBCLs with hypermethylated P16, VHL, DAPK, and SHP1 commonly show a biologically aggressive phenotype and worse prognosis. Interestingly, hypermethylation of DAPK was found to be an independent prognostic factor that may be used in conjunction with the conventional prognostic factors such as the IPI and the germinal center status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amara
- Department of Pathology, Farhat-Hached Hospital of Sousse, Tunisia
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