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Peng J, Federman HG, Hernandez C, Siracusa MC. Communication is key: Innate immune cells regulate host protection to helminths. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995432. [PMID: 36225918 PMCID: PMC9548658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections remain a significant global health issue and are responsible for devastating morbidity and economic hardships. During infection, helminths migrate through different host organs, which results in substantial tissue damage and the release of diverse effector molecules by both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Thus, host protective responses to helminths must initiate mechanisms that help to promote worm clearance while simultaneously mitigating tissue injury. The specialized immunity that promotes these responses is termed type 2 inflammation and is initiated by the recruitment and activation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Recent work has also revealed the importance of neuron-derived signals in regulating type 2 inflammation and antihelminth immunity. These studies suggest that multiple body systems coordinate to promote optimal outcomes post-infection. In this review, we will describe the innate immune events that direct the scope and intensity of antihelminth immunity. Further, we will highlight the recent progress made in our understanding of the neuro-immune interactions that regulate these pathways and discuss the conceptual advances they promote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Peng
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Hannah G. Federman
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Christina M. Hernandez
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mark C. Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark C. Siracusa,
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NIIMI K, MORIMOTO M. Cytokine elevation in the mouse small intestine at the early stage of infection with the gastrointestinal parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:573-580. [PMID: 33597317 PMCID: PMC8111354 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To eliminate pathogens, the initiation of an appropriate immune response is critical. When the gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp), invades the small intestine, a type-2 cytokine response is initiated; however, this response is not sufficient to clear the infection, and chronic infection can ensue. In this study, the host defense against Hp was investigated in mice with a focus on the role of CD4+ T cells. To this end, tissues from the small intestine and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) were collected every day from just after infection until Day 5 because many previous studies have described the later stages of infection from Day 8 to Day 12, during which Hp returns to the lumen and Th2 cytokine expression reaches its peak. In this study, we focused on investigating the initiation of the type-2 immune response. Our results indicated that the larvae encysted by Day 3. Increased type-2 cytokine gene expression started in the small intestine before Day 2 and increased again on Day 5. Interferon (IFN) γ increased significantly on the second day. Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis of MLN cells revealed that CD4+ T cells were not activated until Day 4. These results suggested that innate immune cells in submucosa are activated immediately after infection, but CD4+ T cells accumulate in the cyst zone later. In addition, IFNγ may have an important role in converting type-2 cytokine-producing cells from innate cells to CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae NIIMI
- School of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences,
Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendaishi, Miyagi 982-0215, Japan
| | - Motoko MORIMOTO
- School of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences,
Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendaishi, Miyagi 982-0215, Japan
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3
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Wang S, Wu P, Chen Y, Chai Y. Ambiguous roles and potential therapeutic strategies of innate lymphoid cells in different types of tumor. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1513-1525. [PMID: 32724393 PMCID: PMC7377136 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a significant development in the current understanding of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their roles in the innate immune system, where they regulate tissue homeostasis, inflammation, as well as tumor surveillance and tumorigenesis. Based on the limited studies of ILCs in cancer, ILCs may be classified into three subgroups depending on their phenotypic and functional characteristics: Group 1 ILCs, which include natural killer cells and ILC1s; Group 2 ILCs, which only contain ILC2s and Group 3 ILCs, which comprise of LTi cells and ILC3s. Group 1 ILCs predominantly exert antitumor activities, while Group 2 ILCs and Group 3 ILCs are predominantly procarcinogenic in nature. In different types of tumor, each ILC subset behaves differently. Current research is focused on investigating how ILCs may be manipulated and employed as therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. The present review aimed to summarize the characteristics and effects of ILCs in the context of tumor immunology, and provide novel insight into the pro- or anti-tumor activities of ILCs in different types of malignancy, including solid tumors, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, bladder or prostate, as well as melanoma, further to hematological malignancies, with the aim to highlight potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yongyuan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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4
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Coakley G, Harris NL. Interactions between macrophages and helminths. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12717. [PMID: 32249432 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, the major population of tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes, contribute significantly to the immune response during helminth infection. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) are induced early in the anti-helminth response following tissue insult and parasite recognition, amplifying the early type 2 immune cascade initiated by epithelial cells and ILC2s, and subsequently driving parasite expulsion. AAM also contribute to functional alterations in tissues infiltrated with helminth larvae, mediating both tissue repair and inflammation. Their activation is amplified and occurs more rapidly following reinfection, where they can play a dual role in trapping tissue migratory larvae and preventing or resolving the associated inflammation and damage. In this review, we will address both the known and emerging roles of tissue macrophages during helminth infection, in addition to considering both outstanding research questions and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Laraine Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zaghi E, Calvi M, Di Vito C, Mavilio D. Innate Immune Responses in the Outcome of Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Cure Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2794. [PMID: 31849972 PMCID: PMC6892976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of allogeneic transplant platforms, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) represents one of the latest and most promising curative strategies for patients affected by high-risk hematologic malignancies. Indeed, this platform ensures a suitable stem cell source immediately available for virtually any patents in need. Moreover, the establishment in recipients of a state of immunologic tolerance toward grafted hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remarkably improves the clinical outcome of this transplant procedure in terms of overall and disease free survival. However, the HLA-mismatch between donors and recipients has not been yet fully exploited in order to optimize the Graft vs. Leukemia effect. Furthermore, the efficacy of haplo-HSCT is currently hampered by several life-threatening side effects including the onset of Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD) and the occurrence of opportunistic viral infections. In this context, the quality and the kinetic of the immune cell reconstitution (IR) certainly play a major role and several experimental efforts have been greatly endorsed to better understand and accelerate the post-transplant recovery of a fully competent immune system in haplo-HSCT. In particular, the IR of innate immune system is receiving a growing interest, as it recovers much earlier than T and B cells and it is able to rapidly exert protective effects against both tumor relapses, GvHD and the onset of life-threatening opportunistic infections. Herein, we review our current knowledge in regard to the kinetic and clinical impact of Natural Killer (NK), γδ and Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) IRs in both allogeneic and haplo-HSCT. The present paper also provides an overview of those new therapeutic strategies currently being implemented to boost the alloreactivity of the above-mentioned innate immune effectors in order to ameliorate the prognosis of patients affected by hematologic malignancies and undergone transplant procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Zaghi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Calvi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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6
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Batyrova B, Luwaert F, Maravelia P, Miyabayashi Y, Vashist N, Stark JM, Soori SY, Tibbitt CA, Riese P, Coquet JM, Chambers BJ. PD-1 expression affects cytokine production by ILC2 and is influenced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2019; 8:8-23. [PMID: 31742928 PMCID: PMC7016838 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) can provide early cytokine help against a variety of pathogens in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Type 2 ILC (ILC2) are comparable to T helper 2 cells found in the adaptive immune system, which secrete cytokines such as interleukin 5 (IL‐5) and IL‐13 and have been found to play roles in host defense against helminth infections and in allergic responses. Recent studies have identified that programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) are highly expressed by ILC2. We examined whether PD‐1 plays a role in ILC2 function and whether there was any connection between PD‐1 and PPAR‐γ Methods To ensure that only innate immune cells were present, ILC2 cells were examined from RAG1−/− and PD‐1−/−xRAG1−/− mice under steady‐state or following inoculation with IL‐33. We also tested ILC2 generated from bone marrow of RAG1−/− and PD‐1−/−xRAG1−/− mice for their production of cytokines. These in vitro‐derived ILC2 were also exposed to agonist and antagonist of PPAR‐γ. Results We found that ILC2 from PD‐1−/−xRAG1−/− mice had reduced frequencies of IL‐5 and IL‐13 producing cells both in vitro upon IL‐33 stimulation and in vivo following intraperitoneal administration of IL‐33 when compared with ILC2 from RAG1−/− mice. However, by adding IL‐2, IL‐25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin to the in vitro cultures, the frequency of IL‐5 and IL‐13 expressing ILC2 from PD‐1−/−xRAG1−/− mice became similar to the frequency observed for ILC2 from RAG1−/− mice. In addition, PPAR‐γ agonists and antagonists were found to increase and decrease PD‐1 expression on ILC2 respectively. Conclusions These findings illustrate that chronic loss of PD‐1 plays a role in ILC2 function and PD‐1 expression can be modulated by PPAR‐γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Batyrova
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fien Luwaert
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Panagiota Maravelia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuria Miyabayashi
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neha Vashist
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Y Soori
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Tibbitt
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Uematsu T, Fujita T, Kobayashi N. Characterization of IL-17-producing T helper cells-like autoreactive T cells in aged mice. Exp Anim 2019; 68:483-490. [PMID: 31155554 PMCID: PMC6842792 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17-producing T helper cells (Th17) are attracting attention as a new CD4-positive
subset of T cells, reported to be responsible for various autoimmune diseases through
stimulation of the release of inflammatory cytokines from target cells. However, most
investigations of Th17 mediation of autoimmune diseases have focused on the experimental
autoimmune models derived from young animals, with few studies that have analyzed
physiological factors such as aging. The present study analyzed autoreactive T cells
established in a syngeneic mixed lymphocyte culture (sMLC) from aged mice and examined
their similarity with Th17. IL-17-producing autoreactive CD4-intermediate T cells were
observed in the sMLC; these expressed several stem cell markers or an immunosuppressive
receptor PD-1 on the cell surface and so seemed to be different to typical Th17 cells.
RT-PCR analysis revealed that purified Th17-like cells also expressed
Il17a, Il17f, Il23r,
Rorc and Tdt mRNA, but not Rag1 or
Rag2 mRNA. These findings that it is likely that Th17-like cells are
involved in autoimmune responses in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Uematsu
- Biomedical Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto, Saitama 364-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujita
- Biomedical Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto, Saitama 364-8501, Japan
| | - Noritada Kobayashi
- Biomedical Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto, Saitama 364-8501, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of evidence supports the relevance of the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 (IL-23/IL-17) pathway for the pathogenesis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and its treatment. Recently, innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a heterogeneous family of immune effector cells, have been identified as a relevant contributor in tissue homeostasis, partially via IL-23/IL-17 axis. This review describes the biology and the origins of the group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) in humans, focusing on their role in the pathogenesis of axSpA. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials showed the effectiveness of IL23/IL-17 axis inhibition in both spondyloarthritis (SpA) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Recent findings confirm the high prevalence of subclinical gut inflammation in patients with SpA. Translational data in humans have demonstrated an increase in the number of ILC3s responsive to IL-23 and producing either IL-22 or IL-17 in the gut of SpA patients. The observation of gut-derived ILC3s in circulation and at inflamed tissues in patients with SpA suggest a recirculation of ILCs from mucosal site to lymphoid tissues and possibly enthesis and joints. Multiple observations demonstrate the expansion of IL-17- and IL-22-producing ILC3 in the subclinically inflamed gut of SpA patients. These innate immune cells, also observed in normal entheses, seem to be able to re-circulate from the gut to inflamed tissues of SpA patients, thus contributing to the disease perpetuation. The development of tools that can provide access to diseased tissue from sacroiliac joint and spinal entheses will provide valuable knowledge on the role of ILC3 in axSpA pathogenesis.
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Colonna M. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Diversity, Plasticity, and Unique Functions in Immunity. Immunity 2019; 48:1104-1117. [PMID: 29924976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1, 2, and 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as tissue-resident innate correlates of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells. Recent studies suggest that ILCs are more diverse than originally proposed; this might reflect truly distinct lineages or adaptation of ILCs to disparate tissue microenvironments, known as plasticity. Given that ILCs strikingly resemble T cells, are they redundant? While the regulation, timing, and magnitude of ILC and primary T cell responses differ, tissue-resident memory T cells may render ILCs redundant during secondary responses. The unique impact of ILCs in immunity is probably embodied in the extensive array of surface and intracellular receptors that endow these cells with the ability to distinguish between normal and pathogenic components, interact with other cells, and calibrate their cytokine secretion accordingly. Here I review recent advances in elucidating the diversity of ILCs and discuss their unique and redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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10
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Barrow AD, Colonna M. Innate lymphoid cell sensing of tissue vitality. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 56:82-93. [PMID: 30529190 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a heterogeneous population of cytokine-secreting cells that colonize different tissues and are heavily reliant on cytokines and other secreted factors for their development, maintenance and effector functions. Most ILCs are tissue resident and differentiate in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. As tissue-resident sentinels, ILCs must rapidly identify pathogens or malignancy in an effort to return the tissue to homeostasis. Here we review the mechanisms that ILCs employ to sense cytokines and other potent immunoregulatory factors that promote their development in different tissues as well as the ability to distinguish pathogenic versus healthy tissue microenvironments and highlight the importance of these pathways for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Barrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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11
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Epicutaneous sensitization with nematode antigens of fish parasites results in the production of specific IgG and IgE. J Helminthol 2017; 92:403-409. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFish consumption plays an important role in the human diet.Hoplias malabaricus, trahira, is a freshwater fish widely appreciated in several Brazilian states and it is frequently infected byContracaecum multipapillatumthird-instar larvae (L3). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the allergenic potential of theC. multipapillatumL3 crude extract (CECM). BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (ip) with 10 or 50 μg CECM associated with 2 mg of aluminium hydroxide on days 0, 14 and 48. The determination of specific IgG and IgE antibody levels was done after immunization, and the late immunity was evaluated by the intradermal reaction in the ear pavilion. Epicutaneous sensitization was performed in the dorsal region, with antigenic exposure via a Finn-type chamber, containing 100 μg of chicken ovum albumin (OVA) or 100 μg CECM. After the exposures, the specific antibody levels were determined. In the ip immunization, there was a gradual increase in IgG antibody levels, independent of CECM concentration. In relation to IgE production, it was transitory, and immunization with 10 μg was more efficient than that of 50 μg. The same result was observed in the cellular hypersensitivity reaction. In the case of antigen exposure by the epicutaneous route, it was verified that only CECM was able to induce detectable levels of specific IgG and IgE antibodies. In the present study it was demonstrated that both intraperitoneal immunization and epicutaneous contact withC. multipapillatumlarval antigens are potentially capable of inducing allergic sensitization in mice.
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells are functionally diverse subsets of immune cells including the conventional natural killer cells, lymphoid tissue inducers, type 1, 2, and 3 with significant roles in immunity and pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) resemble type 2 helper (Th2) cells in cytokine production and contribute to anti-helminth immunity, maintaining mucosal tissue integrity, and adipose tissue browning. ILC2s play important roles in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and asthma. Studying the pathways of activation and regulation of ILC2s are currently a priority for giving a better understanding of pathogenesis of diseases with immunological roots. Recently, our laboratory and others have shown several pathways of regulation of ILC2s by co-stimulatory molecules such as ICOS, regulatory T cells and by compounds such as nicotine. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms of activation and regulation of ILC2s and the role of these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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13
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Taylor S, Huang Y, Mallett G, Stathopoulou C, Felizardo TC, Sun MA, Martin EL, Zhu N, Woodward EL, Elias MS, Scott J, Reynolds NJ, Paul WE, Fowler DH, Amarnath S. PD-1 regulates KLRG1 + group 2 innate lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1663-1678. [PMID: 28490441 PMCID: PMC5461001 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-2s) regulate immune responses to pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis in response to cytokines. Positive regulation of ILC-2s through ICOS has been recently elucidated. We demonstrate here that PD-1 is an important negative regulator of KLRG1+ ILC-2 function in both mice and humans. Increase in KLRG1+ ILC-2 cell numbers was attributed to an intrinsic defect in PD-1 signaling, which resulted in enhanced STAT5 activation. During Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, a significant expansion of KLRG1+ ILC-2 subsets occurred in Pdcd1-/- mice and, upon adoptive transfer, Pdcd1-/- KLRG1+ ILC-2s significantly reduced worm burden. Furthermore, blocking PD-1 with an antibody increased KLRG1+ ILC-2 cell number and reduced disease burden. Therefore, PD-1 is required for maintaining the number, and hence function, of KLRG1+ ILC-2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Taylor
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuefeng Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Grace Mallett
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Chaido Stathopoulou
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Tania C Felizardo
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Evelyn L Martin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Nathaniel Zhu
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Emma L Woodward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Martina S Elias
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Jonathan Scott
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
| | - Nick J Reynolds
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, England, UK
| | - William E Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shoba Amarnath
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK
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Moro K, Kabata H, Tanabe M, Koga S, Takeno N, Mochizuki M, Fukunaga K, Asano K, Betsuyaku T, Koyasu S. Interferon and IL-27 antagonize the function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and type 2 innate immune responses. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:76-86. [PMID: 26595888 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) are type 2 cytokine-producing cells of the innate immune system with important roles in helminth infection and allergic inflammation. Here we found that tissue-resident ILC2 cells proliferated in situ without migrating during inflammatory responses. Both type I and type II interferons and interleukin 27 (IL-27) suppressed ILC2 function in a manner dependent on the transcription factor STAT1. ILC2-mediated lung inflammation was enhanced in the absence of the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) receptor on ILC2 cells in vivo. IFN-γ effectively suppressed the function of tissue-resident ILC2 cells but not that of inflammatory ILC2 cells, and IL-27 suppressed tissue-resident ILC2 cells but not tissue-resident TH2 cells during lung inflammation induced by Alternaria alternata. Our results demonstrate that suppression mediated by interferon and IL-27 is a negative feedback mechanism for ILC2 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kabata
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koga
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Natsuki Takeno
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miho Mochizuki
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Characteristics of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their role in immunological disorders (an update). Cell Immunol 2015; 298:66-76. [PMID: 26429626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a novel family of hematopoietic effectors and regulators of innate immunity. Although these cells are morphologically similar to B cells and T cells, however they do not express antigen receptors. ILCs seems to have emerging roles in innate immune responses against infectious or non-infectious microorganisms, protection of the epithelial barrier, lymphoid organogenesis and inflammation, tissue remodeling and regulating homeostasis of tissue stromal cells. In addition, it has recently been reported that ILCs have a crucial role in several disorders such as allergy and autoimmunity. Based on their phenotype and functions, ILCs are classified into three major groups called ILCs1, ILCs2, and ILCs3. Here we reviewed the most recent data concerning diverse ILC phenotypes, subclasses, functions in immune responses as well as in immune mediated disorders.
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16
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Hulse KE, Stevens WW, Tan BK, Schleimer RP. Pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:328-46. [PMID: 25482020 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a complex inflammatory condition that affects a large proportion of the population world-wide and is associated with high cost of management and significant morbidity. Yet, there is a lack of population-based epidemiologic studies using current definitions of CRSwNP, and the mechanisms that drive pathogenesis in this disease remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the plethora of factors that likely contribute to CRSwNP pathogenesis. Defects in the innate function of the airway epithelial barrier, including diminished expression of antimicrobial products and loss of barrier integrity, combined with colonization by fungi and bacteria likely play a critical role in the development of chronic inflammation in CRSwNP. This chronic inflammation is characterized by elevated expression of many key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-5, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and CCL11, that help to initiate and perpetuate this chronic inflammatory response. Together, these factors likely combine to drive the influx of a variety of immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and lymphocytes, which participate in the chronic inflammatory response within the nasal polyps. Importantly, however, future studies are needed to demonstrate the necessity and sufficiency of these potential drivers of disease in CRSwNP. In addition to the development of new tools and models to aid mechanistic studies, the field of CRSwNP research also needs the type of robust epidemiologic data that has served the asthma community so well. Given the high prevalence, costs and morbidity, there is a great need for continued research into CRS that could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve treatment for patients who suffer from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hulse
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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18
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Diefenbach A, Colonna M, Koyasu S. Development, differentiation, and diversity of innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 2014; 41:354-365. [PMID: 25238093 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the discovery of an unprecedented complexity in innate lymphocyte lineages, now collectively referred to as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are preferentially located at barrier surfaces and are important for protection against pathogens and for the maintenance of organ homeostasis. Inappropriate activation of ILCs has been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Recent evidence suggests that ILCs can be grouped into two separate lineages, cytotoxic ILCs represented by conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and cytokine-producing helper-like ILCs (i.e., ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s). We will focus here on current work in humans and mice that has identified core transcriptional circuitry required for the commitment of lymphoid progenitors to the ILC lineage. The striking similarities in transcriptional control of ILC and T cell lineages reveal important insights into the evolution of transcriptional programs required to protect multicellular organisms against infections and to fortify barrier surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Centre for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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19
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Bowcutt R, Forman R, Glymenaki M, Carding SR, Else KJ, Cruickshank SM. Heterogeneity across the murine small and large intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15216-15232. [PMID: 25386070 PMCID: PMC4223255 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small and large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have evolved to have discrete functions with distinct anatomies and immune cell composition. The importance of these differences is underlined when considering that different pathogens have uniquely adapted to live in each region of the gut. Furthermore, different regions of the GIT are also associated with differences in susceptibility to diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammation. The large and small intestine, given their anatomical and functional differences, should be seen as two separate immunological sites. However, this distinction is often ignored with findings from one area of the GIT being inappropriately extrapolated to the other. Focussing largely on the murine small and large intestine, this review addresses the literature relating to the immunology and biology of the two sites, drawing comparisons between them and clarifying similarities and differences. We also highlight the gaps in our understanding and where further research is needed.
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20
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Li J, Razumilava N, Gores GJ, Walters S, Mizuochi T, Mourya R, Bessho K, Wang YH, Glaser SS, Shivakumar P, Bezerra JA. Biliary repair and carcinogenesis are mediated by IL-33-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3241-51. [PMID: 24892809 DOI: 10.1172/jci73742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the biliary epithelium triggers inflammation and fibrosis, which can result in severe liver diseases and may progress to malignancy. Development of a type 1 immune response has been linked to biliary injury pathogenesis; however, a subset of patients with biliary atresia, the most common childhood cholangiopathy, exhibit increased levels of Th2-promoting cytokines. The relationship among different inflammatory drivers, epithelial repair, and carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we determined that the Th2-activating cytokine IL-33 is elevated in biliary atresia patient serum and in the livers and bile ducts of mice with experimental biliary atresia. Administration of IL-33 to WT mice markedly increased cholangiocyte proliferation and promoted sustained cell growth, resulting in dramatic and rapid enlargement of extrahepatic bile ducts. The IL-33-dependent proliferative response was mediated by an increase in the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which released high levels of IL-13 that in turn promoted cholangiocyte hyperplasia. Induction of the IL-33/ILC2/IL-13 circuit in a murine biliary injury model promoted epithelial repair; however, induction of this circuit in mice with constitutive activation of AKT and YAP in bile ducts induced cholangiocarcinoma with liver metastases. These findings reveal that IL-33 mediates epithelial proliferation and suggest that activation of IL-33/ILC2/IL-13 may improve biliary repair and disruption of the circuit may block progression of carcinogenesis.
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21
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Characterization of mouse mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:731-41. [PMID: 24853670 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between adipose tissue and immunity has been established and fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) are considered as a source of immune cells. We discovered lymphoid clusters (LCs) in mouse mediastinal fat tissues (MFTs). In Th1-biased C57BL/6N (B6), Th2-biased DBA/2Cr (DBA) and autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ (MRL) mice strains, LCs without a fibrous capsule and germinal center were observed in white-colored MFTs extending from the diaphragm to the heart. The number and size of the LCs were larger in 12-month-old mice than in 3-month-old mice in all of the examined strains. Moreover, B6 had an especially large number of LCs compared with DBA and MRL. The immune cells in the LCs consisted of mainly T-cells and some B-cells. The majority of T-cells were CD4+ helper T (Th) cells, rather than CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells and no obvious immune cell population difference was present among the strains. Furthermore, high endothelial venules and lymphatic vessels in the LCs were better developed in B6 mice than in the other strains. Interestingly, some CD133+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and some c-Kit+/CD127+ natural helper cells were detected in the LCs. BrdU+ proliferating cells were more abundant in the LCs of B6 mice than in the LCs of the other strains and the number of BrdU+ cells increased with age. This is the first report of LCs in mouse MFTs. We suggest that the mouse genetic background affects LC size and number. We term the LCs "mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters". These clusters can be considered as niches for Th cell production.
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22
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Epidemiological studies suggest that autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are less frequent in individuals who are helminth carriers. This observation has been tested in murine models of colitis, MS, type 1 diabetes and asthma. In each case, mice colonized with helminths show protection from disease. This apparent down-modulation of inflammatory response resulting from helminth infection has triggered interest in exploring the potential clinical efficacy of controlled helminth infection in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. To date, clinical trials using helminth therapy (Trichura suis ova [TSO] or Necator americanus larvae) in MS have been small, safety-oriented trials of short duration, attempting to reproduce and confirm epidemiological and experimental data. Thus far, no adverse events related to therapeutic helminth infection have been observed. Nonetheless, there is a clear need for caution when considering such approaches. Some preliminary clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and immunological outcomes using TSO have been encouraging. Nevertheless, results should be interpreted with caution as the number of individuals studied was small and duration of follow up limited. Longer studies, monitoring safety and objective outcome measures are necessary to assess this novel therapeutic strategy in a more definitive fashion. An alternative approach to use of live helminth infections might arise from identification of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules mimicking the protective effects of parasite infection, i.e. capable of altering immune responses and, therefore, the course of autoimmune diseases. Although positive results from administering parasite products in mouse models of autoimmunity have been reported, much remains to be explored before the field can move from experimental animal models to application in clinical practice. To the best of my knowledge, parasite-derived molecules have not yet been administered as treatment for any autoimmune disease in humans. At this time, it is strongly recommended that live helminth or ova parasites be administered only to individuals participating in strictly monitored, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Montañeses 2325, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
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23
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Furusawa JI, Moro K, Motomura Y, Okamoto K, Zhu J, Takayanagi H, Kubo M, Koyasu S. Critical role of p38 and GATA3 in natural helper cell function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1818-26. [PMID: 23851685 PMCID: PMC3765427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural helper (NH) cells, a member of Lin(-)IL-2R(+)IL-7R(+)IL-25R(+)IL-33R(+)GATA3(+) group 2 innate lymphoid cell subset, are characterized by the expression of transcription factors GATA3 and RORα and production of large amounts of Th2 cytokines such as IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 upon IL-33 stimulation or a combination of IL-2 and IL-25. We have studied the signal transduction pathways critical for the cytokine expression and development of NH cell. Either stimulation with IL-33 or a combination of IL-2 and IL-25 induced p38 activation and phosphorylation of GATA3 in NH cells, and the phosphorylated form of GATA3 bound to the IL-5 and IL-13 promoters. All these events were blocked by SB203580, a p38 inhibitor. Inhibition of p38 also blocked IL-6 production. The mature NH cells lacking Gata3 were impaired in the proliferation and production of IL-5 and IL-13, but not IL-6, indicating that both p38 and GATA3 are critical for the proliferation and production of IL-5 and IL-13 and that the mechanisms downstream of p38 differ between IL-6 and IL-5/IL-13. In contrast, the NH cells lacking RORα showed no impairment in the proliferation and cytokine production, indicating that GATA3 but not RORα plays a pivotal role in the effector functions of mature NH cell. However, deletion of either GATA3 or RORα in hematopoietic stem cells severely blocked the development into NH cells. Our results demonstrate the important roles of p38 and GATA3 in NH cell functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/immunology
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Lymphopoiesis/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Furusawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory for Immune Cell System, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory for Immune Cell System, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Motomura
- Laboratory for Signal Network, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okamoto
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Takayanagi Osteonetwork Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Takayanagi Osteonetwork Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Signal Network, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory for Immune Cell System, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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24
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Koyasu S, Moro K. Th2-type innate immune responses mediated by natural helper cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1283:43-9. [PMID: 23617587 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural helper (NH) cells are a newly identified innate lymphocyte population that responds to a combination of interleukin (IL)-2 and either IL-25 or IL-33 to produce large amounts of T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines. NH cells have been identified in fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs), produce Th2 cytokines constitutively without any stimulation, and support the self-renewal of B1 cells and IgA production by B cells. Large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 produced upon helminth infection or in response to IL-33 can induce eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung and intestine; these cytokines, which activate NH cells, play important roles in antihelminth immunity and allergic diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koyasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Vosshenrich CAJ, Di Santo JP. Developmental programming of natural killer and innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:130-8. [PMID: 23490162 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years we have witnessed a blooming interest in innate lymphoid cell (ILC) biology thanks to the discovery of novel lineages of ILC that are phenotypically and functionally distinct from NK cells. While the importance of these novel ILC subsets as essential functional components of the early immune responses are now clearly established, many questions remain as to how early ILC developmental fates are determined and how specific effector functions associated with individual ILC subsets are achieved. As the founding member of the ILC family, properties of NK cells have defining attributes that characterize this group of innate effectors. Analysing their developmental rules may provide clues to principles that guide ILC development in general.
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26
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Abstract
Natural helper (NH) cells are a newly identified innate lymphocyte population, which respond to a combination of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-25 or IL-33 to produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines, most notably, IL-5 and IL-13. We identified NH cells in lymphoid clusters in adipose tissues, which we termed fat-associated lymphoid clusters. IL-5 and IL-13 produced by activated NH cells induce eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia, respectively, and play an important role in anti-helminth immunity and allergic diseases, such as asthma. In addition, NH cells produce TH2 cytokines constitutively in the absence of stimulation and support the self-renewal of B1 cells and IgA production by B cells. After our identification of NH cells, other groups have also reported novel TH2 cytokine-producing cells, such as nuocytes, and innate helper type 2 cells. There are similarities and differences between these newly identified cell populations and NH cells. Multipotent progenitor cell type 2 (MPP) cells can differentiate to other myeloid cells, making this a distinct cell type from the others. MPP cells, nuocytes, and innate helper type 2 cells respond to IL-25 alone in vivo, whereas NH cells do not respond to IL-25 without IL-2, although they respond strongly to IL-33. Localization of NH cells in fat-associated lymphoid clusters is an intriguing difference compared with the other cell types, which are found in the lymph node and/or spleen. This article summarizes current information regarding the emerging field of TH2-type innate lymphocytes.
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27
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Smith KA, Harcus Y, Garbi N, Hämmerling GJ, MacDonald AS, Maizels RM. Type 2 innate immunity in helminth infection is induced redundantly and acts autonomously following CD11c(+) cell depletion. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3481-9. [PMID: 22851746 PMCID: PMC3457557 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00436-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with gastrointestinal helminths generates a dominant type 2 response among both adaptive (Th2) and innate (macrophage, eosinophil, and innate lymphoid) immune cell types. Two additional innate cell types, CD11c(high) dendritic cells (DCs) and basophils, have been implicated in the genesis of type 2 immunity. Investigating the type 2 response to intestinal nematode parasites, including Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, we first confirmed the requirement for DCs in stimulating Th2 adaptive immunity against these helminths through depletion of CD11c(high) cells by administration of diphtheria toxin to CD11c.DOG mice. In contrast, responsiveness was intact in mice depleted of basophils by antibody treatment. Th2 responses can be induced by adoptive transfer of DCs, but not basophils, exposed to soluble excretory-secretory products from these helminths. However, innate type 2 responses arose equally strongly in the presence or absence of CD11c(high) cells or basophils; thus, in CD11c.DOG mice, the alternative activation of macrophages, as measured by expression of arginase-1, RELM-α, and Ym-1 (Chi3L3) in the intestine following H. polygyrus infection or in the lung following N. brasiliensis infection, was unaltered by depletion of CD11c-expressing DCs and alveolar macrophages or by antibody-mediated basophil depletion. Similarly, goblet cell-associated RELM-β in lung and intestinal tissues, lung eosinophilia, and expansion of innate lymphoid ("nuocyte") populations all proceeded irrespective of depletion of CD11c(high) cells or basophils. Thus, while CD11c(high) DCs initiate helminth-specific adaptive immunity, innate type 2 cells are able to mount an autonomous response to the challenge of parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Smith
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology (IMMEI), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter J Hämmerling
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew S. MacDonald
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
The co-evolution of a wide range of helminth parasites and vertebrates represented a constant pressure on the host's immune system and a selective force for shaping the immune response. Modulation of the immune system by parasites is accomplished partly by dendritic cells. When exposed to helminth parasites or their products, dendritic cells do not become classically mature and are potent inducers of Th2 and regulatory responses. Treating animals with helminths (eggs, larvae, extracts) causes dampening or in some cases prevention of allergic or autoimmune diseases. Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) possess a capacity to retune the immune cell repertoire, acting as a moderator of the host response not only to itself but also to third party antigens. In this review, we will focus on the ability of T. spiralis-stimulated dendritic cells to polarize the immune response toward Th2 and regulatory mode in vitro and in vivo and also on the capacity of this parasite to modulate autoimmune disease--such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Rachid R, Umetsu DT. Immunological mechanisms for desensitization and tolerance in food allergy. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:689-702. [PMID: 22821087 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a major public health concern in westernized countries, estimated to affect 5 % of children and 3-4 % of adults. Allergen-specific immunotherapy for food allergy is currently being actively evaluated, but is still experimental. The optimal protocol, in terms of the route of administration of the food, target maintenance dose, and duration of maintenance therapy, and the optimal patient for these procedures are still being worked out. The mechanisms underlying successful food desensitization are also unclear, in part, because there is no standard immunotherapy protocol. The mechanisms involved, however, may include mast cell and basophil suppression, development of food-specific IgG4 antibodies, reduction in the food-specific IgE/IgG4 ratio, up-regulation and expansion of natural or inducible regulatory T cells, a skewing from a Th2 to a Th1 profile, and the development of anergy and/or deletion in antigen-specific cells. Additional studies are required to elucidate and understand these mechanisms by which desensitization and tolerance are achieved, which may reveal valuable biomarkers for evaluating and following food allergic patients on immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Rachid
- Karp Laboratories, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Maizels RM, Hewitson JP, Smith KA. Susceptibility and immunity to helminth parasites. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:459-66. [PMID: 22795966 PMCID: PMC3437973 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection remains a global health problem, whilst the ability of worms to manipulate and dampen the host immune system is attracting interest in the fields of allergy and autoimmunity. Much progress has been made in the last two years in determining the cells and cytokines involved in induction of Type 2 immunity, which is generally protective against helminth infection. Innate cells respond to ‘alarmin’ cytokines (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP) by producing IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and this sets the stage for a more potent subsequent adaptive Th2 response. CD4+ Th2 cells then drive a suite of type 2 anti-parasite mechanisms, including class-switched antibodies, activated leukocytes and innate defence molecules; the concerted effects of these multiple pathways disable, degrade and dislodge parasites, leading to their destruction or expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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31
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Koyasu S, Moro K. Role of innate lymphocytes in infection and inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:101. [PMID: 22783250 PMCID: PMC3346161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation between the innate and adaptive immune responses is critical for enabling protective immunity against various invading microbes. Distinct types of effector T cells have different functions in adaptive immune responses. Th1 cells play important roles in the control of intracellular bacteria by producing IFN-γ to activate macrophages and in anti-viral immunity by producing IFN-γ and activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Th2 cell-derived cytokines are important in activating mast cells, eosinophils, and goblet cells in anti-helminth immunity. Th17 cells are pivotal for the inflammatory response mediated by neutrophils, which resists extracellular bacterial infection. In all cases, it is critical that the innate immune responses limit the growth and expansion of invading microbes until antigen-specific adaptive immune responses are established. Recent studies have identified multiple subsets in innate lymphocytes corresponding to previously defined Th subsets. Classical natural killer cells, RORγ+ lymphoid tissue inducer-related cells, and Th2-type innate lymphocytes play distinct roles in innate immune responses by producing Th1, Th17, and Th2 cytokines, respectively. Cooperation between innate lymphocytes and antigen-specific T and B cells are likely important in protective immunity against distinct types of microbes. The most recently identified subset is the RORγ-independent Lin−Thy-1+IL-7R+GATA3+ innate lymphocyte subset such as natural helper (NH) cell, which is Id2- and IL-7-dependent. This population produces Th2 cytokines, most notably IL-5 and IL-13, and plays a major role in innate immune responses during anti-helminth immunity. In addition, these cells are likely involved in the pathophysiology of some types of allergic diseases. We summarize here current knowledge regarding various innate lymphocyte subsets. In particular, we focus on the Th2-type innate lymphocyte subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koyasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Artis D. Innate lymphoid cells: critical regulators of allergic inflammation and tissue repair in the lung. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:284-9. [PMID: 22521139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of epithelial barrier function in the skin, respiratory tract and intestine is critical to limit exposure to commensal and pathogenic microbes and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently recognized innate immune cell population that plays critical roles in host defense, regulation of inflammation and promotion of wound healing and tissue repair at barrier surfaces. In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how ILC populations in the respiratory tract impact allergic airway inflammation and lung epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Spits H, Cupedo T. Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:647-75. [PMID: 22224763 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor yet can produce an array of effector cytokines that in variety match that of T helper cell subsets. ILCs function in lymphoid organogenesis, tissue remodeling, antimicrobial immunity, and inflammation, particularly at barrier surfaces. Their ability to promptly respond to insults inflicted by stress-causing microbes strongly suggests that ILCs are critical in first-line immunological defenses. Here, we review current data on developmental requirements, lineage relationships, and effector functions of two families of ILCs: (a) Rorγt-expressing cells involved in lymphoid tissue formation, mucosal immunity, and inflammation and (b) type 2 ILCs that are important for helminth immunity. We also discuss the potential roles of ILCs in the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases including allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hergen Spits
- Tytgat Institute of Liver and Intestinal Research of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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34
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López-Navarrete G, Ramos-Martínez E, Suárez-Álvarez K, Aguirre-García J, Ledezma-Soto Y, León-Cabrera S, Gudiño-Zayas M, Guzmán C, Gutiérrez-Reyes G, Hernández-Ruíz J, Camacho-Arroyo I, Robles-Díaz G, Kershenobich D, Terrazas LI, Escobedo G. Th2-associated alternative Kupffer cell activation promotes liver fibrosis without inducing local inflammation. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1273-86. [PMID: 22110380 PMCID: PMC3221364 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the final outcome of liver fibrosis. Kupffer cell-mediated hepatic inflammation is considered to aggravate liver injury and fibrosis. Alternatively-activated macrophages are able to control chronic inflammatory events and trigger wound healing processes. Nevertheless, the role of alternative Kupffer cell activation in liver harm is largely unclear. Thus, we evaluated the participation of alternatively-activated Kupffer cells during liver inflammation and fibrosis in the murine model of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage. To stimulate alternative activation in Kupffer cells, 20 Taenia crassiceps (Tc) larvae were inoculated into BALBc/AnN female mice. Six weeks post-inoculation, carbon tetrachloride or olive oil were orally administered to Tc-inoculated and non-inoculated mice twice per week during other six weeks. The initial exposure of animals to T. crassiceps resulted in high serum concentrations of IL-4 accompanied by a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA levels of Ym-1, with no alteration in iNOS expression. In response to carbon tetrachloride, recruitment of inflammatory cell populations into the hepatic parenchyma was 5-fold higher in non-inoculated animals than Tc-inoculated mice. In contrast, carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis was significantly less in non-inoculated animals than in the Tc-inoculated group. The latter showed elevated IL-4 serum levels and low IFN-γ concentrations during the whole experiment, associated with hepatic expression of IL-4, TGF-β, desmin and α-sma, as well as increased mRNA levels of Arg-1, Ym-1, FIZZ-1 and MMR in Kupffer cells. These results suggest that alternative Kupffer cell activation is favored in a Th2 microenvironment, whereby such liver resident macrophages could exhibit a dichotomic role during chronic hepatic damage, being involved in attenuation of the inflammatory response but at the same time exacerbation of liver fibrosis.
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Abstract
The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth infections has been a powerful force in shaping not only how immunity is initiated and maintained, but also how the body self-regulates and controls untoward immune responses to minimize overall harm. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in defining the immune cell types and molecules that are mobilized in response to helminth infection. Finally, we more broadly consider how these immunological players are blended and regulated in order to accommodate persistent infection or to mount a vigorous protective response and achieve sterile immunity.
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