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Kalule F, Vudriko P, Nanteza A, Ekiri AB, Alafiatayo R, Betts J, Betson M, Mijten E, Varga G, Cook A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and molecular identification of beta-tubulin mutations associated with benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in goats from selected districts of Uganda. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 42:100889. [PMID: 37321794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites are among the most economically important pathogens of small ruminants causing serious economic losses and animal welfare problems for the livestock industry worldwide. The emergence of anthelmintic resistant H. contortus in small ruminants is a serious problem because it undermines effective helminth control and results in reduced productivity. Little is known about resistance to benzimidazoles (BZ) in Haemonchus in goats and sheep in Uganda. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and to identify the presence of benzimidazole resistance associated mutations in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of Haemonchus contortus in goats from selected districts of Uganda. A total of 200 goats from 10 districts of Uganda slaughtered at Kalerwe abattoir in Kampala were sampled for H. contortus adult worms. Faecal samples were also collected to detect other intestinal parasites. Faecal microscopy and analysis were performed using flotation and sedimentation techniques. DNA was extracted from adult worms and PCR and sequencing of the ITS- 2 region and β-tubulin isotype 1 gene performed to identify H. contortus species and to determine the presence of mutations associated with anthelmintic resistance respectively. Faecal microscopy showed that the most prevalent intestinal parasites were coccidia (98%), strongyles (97.5%), Strongyloides (82%), Paramphistomum (74.5%), Moniezia (46%), Fasciola (1.5%) and Trichuris (1%). Most goats had a high intestinal burden of coccidia (≥ 5000 oocyst per gram) and strongyles (≥ 1000 egg per gram), 65% and 67.5%, respectively. The prevalence of H. contortus adult worms was 63% (126/200). Sequencing of the partial β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of 54 Haemonchus contortus adult male isolates revealed the presence of mutations associated with anthelmintic resistance. The F200Y mutation was the most common mutation (13% of samples with good beta-tubulin sequences) followed by the E198A and E198K mutations, both found in 9% of sequenced samples. Mutation F167Y was not identified in any of the samples and there were no heterozygous individuals for any of the SNPS associated with BZ resistance that were identified in this study. These findings highlight the need for controlled use of anthelmintics especially benzimidazoles, to enable sustainable control of H. contortus in Uganda, and a need for further investigation to understand the resistance of other parasites identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kalule
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Zoetis, ALPHA Initiative, Mercuriusstraat 20, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Nanteza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel B Ekiri
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Betts
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Betson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis, ALPHA Initiative, Mercuriusstraat 20, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Varga
- Zoetis, ALPHA Initiative, Mercuriusstraat 20, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Alasdair Cook
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Reyes-Guerrero DE, Jiménez-Jacinto V, Alonso-Morales RA, Alonso-Díaz MÁ, Maza-Lopez J, Camas-Pereyra R, Olmedo-Juárez A, Higuera-Piedrahita RI, López-Arellano ME. Assembly and Analysis of Haemonchus contortus Transcriptome as a Tool for the Knowledge of Ivermectin Resistance Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030499. [PMID: 36986421 PMCID: PMC10059914 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (Hc) is an important parasitic nematode of small ruminants. In this study we assembled the transcriptome of Hc as a model to contribute to the knowledge about the profile of the differential gene expression between two Mexican Hc strains under different anthelmintic resistance statuses, one susceptible and the other resistant to ivermectin (IVMs and IVMr, respectively), in order to improve and/or to have new strategies of control and diagnosis. The transcript sequence reads were assembled and annotated. Overall, ~127 Mbp were assembled and distributed into 77,422 transcript sequences, and 4394 transcripts of the de novo transcriptome were matched base on at least one of the following criteria: (1) Phylum Nemathelminthes and Platyhelminthes, important for animal health care, and (2) ≥55% of sequence identity with other organisms. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (GOEA) was performed to study the level of gene regulation to IVMr and IVMs strains using Log Fold Change (LFC) filtering values ≥ 1 and ≥ 2. The upregulated-displayed genes obtained via GOEA were: 1993 (for LFC ≥ 1) and 1241 (for LFC ≥ 2) in IVMr and 1929 (for LFC ≥ 1) and 835 (for LFC ≥ 2) in IVMs. The enriched GO terms upregulated per category identified the intracellular structure, intracellular membrane-bounded organelle and integral component of the cell membrane as some principal cellular components. Meanwhile, efflux transmembrane transporter activity, ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity and ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity were associated with molecular function. Responses to nematicide activity, pharyngeal pumping and positive regulation of synaptic assembly were classified as biological processes that might be involved in events related to the anthelmintic resistance (AR) and nematode biology. The filtering analysis of both LFC values showed similar genes related to AR. This study deepens our knowledge about the mechanisms behind the processes of H. contortus in order to help in tool production and to facilitate the reduction of AR and promote the development of other control strategies, such as anthelmintic drug targets and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Emanuel Reyes-Guerrero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Jacinto
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Alejandro Alonso-Morales
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5. Carr. Fed. Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - René Camas-Pereyra
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, Col. San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán, C.P. 54714, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
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Wickramatunga PGTS, Gunawardene YINS, Chandrasekharan NV, Dassanayake RS. Genome organization, in-silico structure, and cellular localization of putative lipid transporter, ARV1 from parasitic nematode Setaria digitata. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Naderbandi M, Zibaei M, Haniloo A, Firoozeh F, Hatami Z, Shokri E, Taira K. Larva migrans in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with Toxocara cati ensured by PCR assay. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:257. [PMID: 35791007 PMCID: PMC9254581 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocara cati, the cat roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that known to cause toxocariasis in intermediate hosts and humans. In this study, we characterized the dynamics of T. cati larvae migration in BALB/c mice after inoculation with eggs and ensured the migration detecting the larval DNA by a PCR. To evaluate the dynamics of larval migration and distribution, twenty-four BALB/c mice were orally inoculated with 2500 T. cati infective eggs and the visceral organs of the infected animals were examined by pepsin digestion and microscopic parasite counts, followed by PCR at day 1 to 28 post-inoculation. RESULTS The PCR assays were successfully used for detection of T. cati larvae in tissue samples and T. cati larvae and the DNAs were found in the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and the brain. We detected T. cati in 92.2% of tissue samples by PCR, 30% higher than the conventional pepsin digestion technique. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that the PCR assay is a sensitive and specific for the detection of T. cati larvae. Therefore, it could become a useful tool for the investigation of the dynamics of larval migration and Toxocara infection in murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Naderbandi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Firoozeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Hatami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Elham Shokri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Kensuke Taira
- Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan
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Becker GM, Burke JM, Lewis RM, Miller JE, Morgan JLM, Rosen BD, Van Tassell CP, Notter DR, Murdoch BM. Variants Within Genes EDIL3 and ADGRB3 are Associated With Divergent Fecal Egg Counts in Katahdin Sheep at Weaning. Front Genet 2022; 13:817319. [PMID: 35360858 PMCID: PMC8960952 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.817319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) pose a severe threat to sheep production worldwide. Anthelmintic drug resistance coupled with growing concern regarding potential environmental effects of drug use have demonstrated the necessity of implementing other methods of GIN control. The aim of this study was to test for genetic variants associated with resistance or susceptibility to GIN in Katahdin sheep to improve the current understanding of the genetic mechanisms responsible for host response to GIN. Linear regression and case-control genome-wide association studies were conducted with high-density genotype data and cube-root transformed weaning fecal egg counts (tFEC) of 583 Katahdin sheep. The case-control GWAS identified two significant SNPs (P-values 1.49e-08 to 1.01e-08) within introns of the gene adhesion G protein-coupled receptor B3 (ADGRB3) associated with lower fecal egg counts. With linear regression, four significant SNPs (P-values 7.82e-08 to 3.34e-08) were identified within the first intron of the gene EGF-like repeats and discoidin domains 3 (EDIL3). These identified SNPs were in very high linkage disequilibrium (r2 of 0.996–1), and animals with alternate homozygous genotypes had significantly higher median weaning tFEC phenotypes compared to all other genotypes. Significant SNPs were queried through public databases to identify putative transcription factor binding site (TFBS) and potential lncRNA differences between reference and alternate alleles. Changes in TFBS were predicted at two SNPs, and one significant SNP was found to be within a predicted lncRNA sequence with greater than 90% similarity to a known lncRNA in the bovine genome. The gene EDIL3 has been described in other species for its roles in the inhibition and resolution of inflammation. Potential changes of EDIL3 expression mediated through lncRNA expression and/or transcription factor binding may impact the overall immune response and reduce the ability of Katahdin sheep to control GIN infection. This study lays the foundation for further research of EDIL3 and ADGRB3 towards understanding genetic mechanisms of susceptibility to GIN, and suggests these SNPs may contribute to genetic strategies for improving parasite resistance traits in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. Becker
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Joan M. Burke
- USDA, ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Ronald M. Lewis
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - James E. Miller
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Benjamin D. Rosen
- USDA, ARS, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Curtis P. Van Tassell
- USDA, ARS, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - David R. Notter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brenda M. Murdoch
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- *Correspondence: Brenda M. Murdoch,
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Charlier J, Bartley DJ, Sotiraki S, Martinez-Valladares M, Claerebout E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Thamsborg SM, Hoste H, Morgan ER, Rinaldi L. Anthelmintic resistance in ruminants: challenges and solutions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 115:171-227. [PMID: 35249662 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a growing concern for effective parasite control in farmed ruminants globally. Combatting AR will require intensified and integrated research efforts in the development of innovative diagnostic tests to detect helminth infections and AR, sustainable anthelmintic treatment strategies and the development of complementary control approaches such as vaccination and plant-based control. It will also require a better understanding of socio-economic drivers of anthelmintic treatment decisions, in order to support a behavioural shift and develop targeted communication strategies that promote the uptake of evidence-based sustainable solutions. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in these different fields of research activity related to AR in helminths of livestock ruminants in Europe and beyond. We conclude that in the advent of new challenges and solutions emerging from continuing spread of AR and intensified research efforts, respectively, there is a strong need for transnational multi-actor initiatives. These should involve all key stakeholders to develop indicators of infection and sustainable control, set targets and promote good practices to achieve them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, León, Spain
| | - E Claerebout
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Veterinary Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - H Hoste
- INRAE, UMR 1225 IHAP INRAE/ENVT, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, Napoli, Italy.
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Tuli MD, Li H, Li S, Zhai J, Wu Y, Huang W, Feng Y, Chen W, Yuan D. Molecular detection of a novel Ancylostoma sp. by whole mtDNA sequence from pangolin Manis javanica. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:70. [PMID: 35236404 PMCID: PMC8889679 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ancylostoma species are hematophagous parasites that cause chronic hemorrhage in various animals and humans. Pangolins, also known as scaly anteaters, are mammals that live in soil environments where they are readily exposed to soil-borne parasitic nematodes. However, only a limited number of helminth species have been identified in this animal host so far. Methods Ancylostoma sp. was isolated from a wild pangolin, and the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Ancylostoma sp. was obtained by Illumina sequencing of total genomic DNA. Results The circular complete mt genome that was assembled had a total length of 13,757 bp and comprised 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer ribosomal RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), two non-coding regions and one AT-rich region, but lacked the gene coding for ATPase subunit 8 (atp8). The overall AT content of the mt genome of Ancylostoma sp. was 76%, which is similar to that of other nematodes. The PCGs used two start codons (ATT and TTG) and three stop codons (TAA, TAG, and T). The nucleotide identity of the 12 PCGs ranged from 83.1% to 89.7% and had the highest sequence identity with Ancylostoma caninum among species in the Ancylostomatidae family. Also, the pangolin-derived Ancylostoma sp. lacked repeat sequences in the non-coding regions and in the unique sequence of the short non-coding regions, which differentiated it from other Ancylostoma species. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA and mtDNA sequences revealed that the Ancylostoma sp. was positioned in a separate branch in the subfamily Ancylostomatinae along with other Ancylostoma species. Conclusions The Ancylostoma sp. isolated from a pangolin in this study was identified as a possible new Ancylostoma species. The identification of this Ancylostoma sp. from pangolin enriches our knowledge of the species in the Ancylostomatidae family and provides information that will lead to a better understanding of the taxonomy, diagnostics, and biology of hookworms. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05191-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merga Daba Tuli
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yajiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Wanyi Huang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Dongjuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Shift from morphological to recent advanced molecular approaches for the identification of nematodes. Genomics 2022; 114:110295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Income N, Tongshoob J, Taksinoros S, Adisakwattana P, Rotejanaprasert C, Maneekan P, Kosoltanapiwat N. Helminth Infections in Cattle and Goats in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, with Focus on Strongyle Nematode Infections. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120324. [PMID: 34941851 PMCID: PMC8709319 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminths are major enteric parasites affecting the health of important livestock ruminants, such as cattle and goats. It is important to routinely survey these animals for helminth infections to allow effective management and control programs to be implemented. A cross-sectional helminth survey carried out in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, revealed the infection rate of gastrointestinal helminths in cattle (n = 157) and goats (n = 117) to be 35.7% and 88%, respectively, by microscopic fecal examination, and a 100% herd prevalence was observed in goats. Eggs of strongyle nematodes, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Paramphistomum spp., and Moniezia spp. were detected, with a relatively high rate of strongyle nematode infection in both cattle (28.7%) and goats (86.3%). Mixed infections were observed in 14.3% and 35.9% of egg-positive samples from cattle and goats, respectively. Risk factor analysis showed that dairy cattle were 5.1 times more likely to be infected with strongyles than meat cattle. In contrast, meat goats were 9.3 times more likely to be infected with strongyles than dairy goats. The inverse findings in cattle and goats are discussed. Female gender was associated with a higher risk of strongyle infection in goats. DNA sequencing and in-house semi-nested PCR with primers specific to a region in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) were successfully used to identify strongyle genera in randomly selected egg-positive cattle (n = 24) and goat (n = 24) samples. Four strongyle genera, i.e., Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., and Trichostrongylus spp. were identified by DNA sequencing. By semi-nested PCR, Cooperia spp. were detected as a major parasite of cattle (70.8%), whereas Haemonchus spp. were abundant in goats (100%). The majority of samples from cattle (58.3%) and goats (95.8%) were found to coinfect with at least two strongyle genera, suggesting that coinfection with multiple strongyle genera was more common than single infection in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicharee Income
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.I.); (J.T.)
- Livestock and Wildlife Hospital, Mahidol University, 199 Lum Sum, Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand
| | - Jarinee Tongshoob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.I.); (J.T.)
| | - Sarawut Taksinoros
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Chawarat Rotejanaprasert
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (C.R.); (P.M.)
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pannamas Maneekan
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (C.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.I.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-306-9172
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Tortorella E, Giugliano R, De Troch M, Vlaeminck B, de Viçose GC, de Pascale D. The Ethyl Acetate Extract of the Marine Edible Gastropod Haliotis tuberculata coccinea: a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:892-903. [PMID: 34714443 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Mollusca represents one of the largest groups of marine invertebrates. Nowadays, molluscan shellfish belonging to the classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda are of commercial interest for fisheries and aquaculture. Although bioactive properties of bivalve molluscs have been widely investigated and several dietary supplements have been brought to the market, the bioactive potentialities of marine gastropods are poorly documented. The present study investigated the bioactive properties of tissue extracts derived from Haliotis tuberculata coccinea, or "European abalone," an edible abalone species distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and the northeast Atlantic Ocean. A bioactive organic compound-rich extract was obtained using ethyl acetate as extracting solvent. It showed antimicrobial activity towards the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain RP62A, the emerging multi-drug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia D71 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, being the most sensitive strain. It also showed anthelmintic activity, evaluated through the toxicity against the target model helminth Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated a selective cytotoxic activity on the cancer cell lines A375, MBA-MD 231, HeLa, and MCF7, at the concentration of 250 µg/mL. The fatty acid composition of the bioactive extract was also investigated through FAME analysis. The fatty acid profile showed 45% of saturated fatty acids (SAFA), 22% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 33% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The presence of some biologically important secondary metabolites in the extract was also analysed, revealing the presence of alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Tortorella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111-80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Giugliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, " Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 16-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Vlaeminck
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Donatella de Pascale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111-80131, Naples, Italy.
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.
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11
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Knoll S, Dessì G, Tamponi C, Meloni L, Cavallo L, Mehmood N, Jacquiet P, Scala A, Cappai MG, Varcasia A. Practical guide for microscopic identification of infectious gastrointestinal nematode larvae in sheep from Sardinia, Italy, backed by molecular analysis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:505. [PMID: 34583765 PMCID: PMC8477562 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are ubiquitous in small ruminant farming, representing a major health and production concern. Given their differences in pathogenicity and the current problems regarding anthelmintic resistance, specific diagnosis of GIN is of significant importance. At present, the most widely applied method for this entails culture and microscopic analysis of third-stage larvae, allowing for identification at least to the genus level. Overall, a variety of keys for microscopic analysis have been published, showing substantial variation. Given this fact, this study aimed to produce a practical and updated guide for the identification of infective ovine GIN larvae. Methods Using existing keys and protocols, a total of 173larvae of the most common species/genera of ovine GIN from pooled faecal samples from Sardinia (Italy) were identified and extracted, and further individual molecular identification was performed. Morphometric and morphological data as well as high-quality photographs were collected and combined to produce the final guide. Results GIN microscopically and molecularly identified during this research include Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia curticei, and Chabertia ovina. Based on microscopic analysis, 73.5% of the larvae were correctly identified. Based on sheathed tail length, 91.8% were correctly classified into their respective preliminary groups. Conclusions It is crucial for the microscopic identification of infectious GIN larvae to examine each larva in its entirety and thus to take multiple characteristics into account to obtain an accurate diagnosis. However, a preliminary classification based on sheathed tail length (resulting in three groups: A, short; B, medium; C, long) was found to be effective. Further identification within group A can be achieved based on the presence of a cranial inflexion, caudal tubercles and full body measurements (Trichostrongylus spp. < 720 µm, T. circumcincta ≥ 720 µm). Larvae within group B can be differentiated based on sheathed tail morphometry (H. contortus > 65 µm, C. curticei ≤ 65 µm), the presence of cranial refractile bodies, total body length measurements (H. contortus ≤ 790 µm, C. curticei > 790 µm) and shape of the cranial extremity. Finally, all characteristics proposed for the differentiation between Oesophagostomum spp. and C. ovina larvae (group C) were found to have considerable restrictions. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05013-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Knoll
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luisa Meloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lia Cavallo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Scala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Varcasia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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12
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Maurizio A, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Cassini R. Quantitative Monitoring of Selected Groups of Parasites in Domestic Ruminants: A Comparative Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1173. [PMID: 34578205 PMCID: PMC8467286 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have had a significant impact on domestic ruminant health and production for a long time, but the emerging threat of drug resistance urgently requires an improved approach to parasite monitoring and control activities. The study reviewed the international literature to analyze the different proposals for the sampling approach and the quantitative estimation of parasite burdens in groups of animals. Moreover, the use of thresholds to decide when and which animal to treat was also investigated. The findings of the study highlighted the presence of a wide-ranging literature on quantitative monitoring for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), while more limited data were found for coccidia, and no specific indications were reported for tapeworms. Concerning liver flukes, bronchopulmonary nematodes (BPN) and permanent ectoparasites (lice and mange mites), the diagnostic process is usually aimed at the detection of the parasite rather than at the burden estimation. The main research gaps that need further investigation were also highlighted. For some groups of parasites (e.g., GIN and coccidia) the quantitative approach requires an improved standardization, while its usefulness needs to be confirmed for others (e.g., BPN and lice). The development of practical guidelines for monitoring is also encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16-35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.M.); (A.F.d.R.)
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13
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Ondua M, Mfotie Njoya E, Abdalla MA, McGaw LJ. Investigation of anthelmintic activity of the acetone extract and constituents of Typha capensis against animal parasitic Haemonchus contortus and free-living Caenorhabditis elegans. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3437-3449. [PMID: 34424423 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine in vitro anthelmintic activity of plant extracts of eleven plant species used traditionally in South Africa to treat various disorders including symptoms related to nematode infections, and to isolate bioactive compounds from the most active plant extract. Crude plant extracts were tested on different life-cycle stages of Haemonchus contortus. The cytotoxicity of the most active extracts, fractions and compounds was evaluated on Vero cells and the most potent extract, fractions and compounds were tested for their ability to kill the parasitic H. contortus and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Typha capensis acetone extract had the strongest egg hatching inhibitory effect with an EC50 of 184.94 μg/mL, and this extract also halted larval development of H. contortus with an EC50 of 83.30 μg/mL compared to the positive control (albendazole) with an EC50 of 2.66 μg/mL. Typha capensis crude extract and its butanol fraction had promising anthelmintic activity against both parasitic H. contortus and free-living C. elegans. Two compounds isolated from T. capensis, namely, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, had antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 3.16 μg/mL and 0.96 μg/mL respectively, and good anthelmintic activity against H. contortus with IC50 values of 55.61 μg/mL and 145.17 μg/mL respectively. Identification of bioactive compounds from the T. capensis crude extract supports development of this extract as a complementary or alternative treatment against haemonchosis. However, further research is necessary to confirm the anthelmintic efficacy of the plant, including in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moise Ondua
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. BOX 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Muna Ali Abdalla
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan.,Institut Für Pflanzenernährung Und Bodenkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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14
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Reslova N, Skorpikova L, Kyrianova IA, Vadlejch J, Höglund J, Skuce P, Kasny M. The identification and semi-quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal nematodes in faecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR assays. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:391. [PMID: 34372893 PMCID: PMC8351436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants is routinely based on morphological/morphometric analysis of parasite specimens recovered by coprological methods, followed by larval culture (LC) techniques. Such an approach is laborious, time-consuming, requires a skilled expert, and moreover suffers from certain limitations. Molecular tools are able to overcome the majority of these issues, providing accurate identification of nematode species and, therefore, may be valuable in sustainable parasite control strategies. METHODS Two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for specific detection of five main and one invasive GIN species, including an internal amplification control to avoid false-negative results, were designed targeting SSU rRNA and COI genetic markers, as well as established ITS1/2 sequences. The assays were optimized for analysis of DNA extracted directly from sheep faeces and verified for Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus battus, Chabertia ovina, and Ashworthius sidemi. Semi-quantitative evaluation of infection intensity was enabled using a plasmid construct and a dilution series of sheep faeces with a known number of nematode eggs. Assays were tested on 44 individually collected faecal samples from three farms, and results were compared to those from faecal egg counts (FEC) using the concentration McMaster technique and LC. RESULTS Multiplex real-time PCR assays showed great specificity to target nematodes. During the analysis of faecal samples, the assays proved to have higher sensitivity in strongylid-type egg detection over FEC by revealing three false-negative samples, while showing moderate agreement in evaluation of infection intensity. The multiplex assays further clarified GIN species identification compared to LC, which had confused determination of Teladorsagia spp. for Trichostrongylus spp. CONCLUSIONS Our multiplex assays proved to be a rapid and accurate approach enabling simultaneous and reliable GIN species identification from faeces and semi-quantitative estimation of the number of eggs present. This approach increases diagnostic value and may add a high degree of precision to evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy, where it is important to identify species surviving after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Skorpikova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Angela Kyrianova
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Arsenopoulos KV, Fthenakis GC, Katsarou EI, Papadopoulos E. Haemonchosis: A Challenging Parasitic Infection of Sheep and Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020363. [PMID: 33535656 PMCID: PMC7912824 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper reviews the challenges about haemonchosis-a significant and common parasitic infection of small ruminants. Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic parasite that localises in the abomasum of affected animals and exerts its pathogenicity by blood-sucking activity, adversely affecting the health and productivity of animals. The first challenge is the uneven distribution of the infection globally, this being more prevalent in tropical and subtropical and warm temperate and summer rainfall regions than in cool and cold temperate and arid regions; hence, this leads in differences in the approaches required for its control. Another challenge is the widespread presence of Haemonchus strains resistant to the various anthelmintics available: Benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones, closantel and monepantel, which makes the control of the infection difficult. The third challenge refers to the difficulty of diagnosing the disease, given that field evidence can provide suspicion about the infection, which needs to be subsequently confirmed by laboratory tests through parasitological or molecular techniques. The final challenge relates to the difficulties in the control of the infection and the necessity to use pharmaceutical products cautiously and with a planned approach, to avoid further development of anthelmintic resistance, also given that use of a recently licenced vaccine is not widespread. In conclusion, at the moment, we should be concerned, but not worried, about this infection, and apply correctly the appropriate health management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George C. Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.F.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Eleni I. Katsarou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.F.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Parija SC, Poddar A. Molecular diagnosis of infectious parasites in the post-COVID-19 era. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:3-10. [PMID: 34195053 PMCID: PMC8213111 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_12_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemicity of several parasitic diseases across the globe and recent evidence of distress among COVID-19 patients with preexisting parasitic infections requires strengthening One Health framework and advanced strategies for parasitic detection. Owing to the greater sensitivity and accuracy, molecular technologies such as conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, nested PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and xMAP technology have been extensively studied for parasitic diagnosis. Varieties of genes have been targeted for primer development where 18S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer regions, and mitochondrial DNAs coding for cytochrome, and other enzymes have been widely used. More recent, low-cost sequencing and advances in big data management have resulted in a slow but steady rise of next-generation sequencing-based approaches for parasite diagnosis. However, except for few parasites of global concerns such as Plasmodium and Entamoeba, most of the molecular tools and technologies are yet to witness bench to bedside and field translations. This review looks into some of the advancements in the molecular diagnosis of parasites that have potential relevance to clinical purposes and may pave the way toward disease management in an efficient and timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Poddar
- Scientist, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India
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17
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Navrátilová M, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Skálová L, Szotáková B, Langhansová L, Podlipná R. Pharmaceuticals in environment: the effect of ivermectin on ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31202-31210. [PMID: 32483720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM), used frequently especially in veterinary medicine, enters the environment mainly via excrements in pastures and could negatively affect non-target organisms including plants. The present study was designed to follow up on our previous investigations into IVM metabolism and its effects in the common meadow plant ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) during long-term exposure of both cell suspensions and whole plant regenerants. IVM uptake, distribution, and biotransformation pathways were studied using UHPLC-MS analysis. In addition, the IVM effect on antioxidant enzymes activities, proline concentration, the content of all polyphenols, and the level of the main bioactive secondary metabolites was also tested with the goal of learning more about IVM-induced stress in the plant organism. Our results showed that the ribwort plantain was able to uptake IVM and transform it via demethylation and hydroxylation. Seven and six metabolites respectively were detected in cell suspensions and in the roots of regenerants. However, only the parent drug IVM was detected in the leaves of the regenerants. IVM accumulated in the roots and leaves of plants might negatively affect ecosystems due to its toxicity to herbivorous invertebrates. As IVM exposition increased the activity of catalase, the concentration of proline and polyphenols, as well as decreased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and the concentration of the bioactive compounds acteoside and aucubin, long-term exposition of the ribwort plantain to IVM caused abiotic stress and might decrease the medicinal value of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
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18
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Pafčo B, Kreisinger J, Čížková D, Pšenková-Profousová I, Shutt-Phillips K, Todd A, Fuh T, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms? Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4786-4797. [PMID: 31573713 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) can result in a high potential for pathogen exchange. In recent decades, NHP and human interactions have become more frequent due to increasing habitat encroachment and ecotourism. Strongylid communities, which include members of several genera, are typically found in NHPs. Using optimized high-throughput sequencing for strain-level identification of primate strongylids, we studied the structure of strongylid communities in NHPs and humans co-habiting a tropical forest ecosystem in the Central African Republic. General taxonomic assignment of 85 ITS-2 haplotypes indicated that the studied primates harbour at least nine genera of strongylid nematodes, with Oesophagostomum and Necator being the most prevalent. We detected both host-specific and shared strongylid haplotypes. Skin-penetrating Necator gorillaehaplotypes were shared between humans and gorillas but Necator americanus were much more restricted to humans. Strongylid communities of local hunter-gatherers employed as trackers were more similar to those of gorillas compared to their relatives, who spent more time in villages. This was due to lower abundance of human-origin N. americanus in both gorillas and trackers. Habituated gorillas or those under habituation did not show larger overlap of strongylids with humans compared to unhabituated. We concluded that the occurrence of the human-specific strongylids in gorillas does not increase with direct contact between gorillas and humans due to the habituation. Overall, our results indicate that the degree of habitat sharing between hosts, together with mode of parasite transmission, are important factors for parasite spillover among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Čížková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Pšenková-Profousová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Scott H, Gilleard JS, Jelinski M, Barkema HW, Redman EM, Avramenko RW, Luby C, Kelton DF, Bauman CA, Keefe G, Dubuc J, Uehlinger FD. Prevalence, fecal egg counts, and species identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in replacement dairy heifers in Canada. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8251-8263. [PMID: 31326168 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Information is scarce regarding the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in Canadian dairy heifers. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy heifers, and using a novel deep-amplicon sequencing approach, to identify the predominant gastrointestinal nematode species in Canadian dairy replacement heifers. Fresh environmental fecal samples (n = 2,369) were collected from replacement heifers on 306 dairy farms across western Canada, Ontario, Québec, and Atlantic Canada. Eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were determined using a modified Wisconsin double-centrifugation sugar flotation technique. Predominant nematode species at the farm level were identified by deep-amplicon nemabiome sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer-2 rDNA locus of nematode third-stage larvae. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate predicted parasite prevalence and mean EPG in all heifers and by province, allowing for clustering within herds. Individual heifer egg counts ranged from 0 to 141 EPG (median: 0 EPG; interquartile range: 0 to 71 EPG). Gastrointestinal nematodes were detected in 20.9% (95% confidence interval: 17.2 to 24.6%) of heifers, and the predicted mean strongylid EPG accounting for clustering on farms was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 1.6). The predominant parasite species were Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi. This is the first study in Canada to use a combination of deep-amplicon nemabiome sequencing and a traditional egg count method to describe the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Scott
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - M Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - H W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - E M Redman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - R W Avramenko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - C Luby
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - D F Kelton
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave. W, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - C A Bauman
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave. W, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - G Keefe
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 50 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, Canada, C1A 4P3
| | - J Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - F D Uehlinger
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4.
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Morales-Rodríguez C, Anslan S, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Augustin S, Baranchikov Y, Bellahirech A, Burokienė D, Čepukoit D, Çota E, Davydenko K, Doğmuş Lehtijärvi HT, Drenkhan R, Drenkhan T, Eschen R, Franić I, Glavendekić M, de Groot M, Kacprzyk M, Kenis M, Kirichenko N, Matsiakh I, Musolin DL, Nowakowska JA, O’Hanlon R, Prospero S, Roques A, Santini A, Talgø V, Tedersoo L, Uimari A, Vannini A, Witzell J, Woodward S, Zambounis A, Cleary M. Forewarned is forearmed: harmonized approaches for early detection of potentially invasive pests and pathogens in sentinel plantings. NEOBIOTA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.47.34276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The number of invasive alien pest and pathogen species affecting ecosystem functioning, human health and economies has increased dramatically over the last decades. Discoveries of invasive pests and pathogens previously unknown to science or with unknown host associations yet damaging on novel hosts highlights the necessity of developing novel tools to predict their appearance in hitherto naïve environments. The use of sentinel plant systems is a promising tool to improve the detection of pests and pathogens before introduction and to provide valuable information for the development of preventative measures to minimize economic or environmental impacts. Though sentinel plantings have been established and studied during the last decade, there still remains a great need for guidance on which tools and protocols to put into practice in order to make assessments accurate and reliable. The sampling and diagnostic protocols chosen should enable as much information as possible about potential damaging agents and species identification. Consistency and comparison of results are based on the adoption of common procedures for sampling design and sample processing. In this paper, we suggest harmonized procedures that should be used in sentinel planting surveys for effective sampling and identification of potential pests and pathogens. We also review the benefits and limitations of various diagnostic methods for early detection in sentinel systems, and the feasibility of the results obtained supporting National Plant Protection Organizations in pest and commodity risk analysis.
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An appraisal of natural products active against parasitic nematodes of animals. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:306. [PMID: 31208455 PMCID: PMC6580475 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the scientific and patent literature on the activities of purified natural compounds has been reviewed, with the aim of assessing their suitability as anthelmintic drug discovery starting points. Only compounds described as active against parasitic nematodes of animals or against the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been analysed. Scientific articles published since 2010 and patents granted from 2000, both inclusive, have been included in this analysis. The results show a scarcity of novel chemical structures, a limited follow-up of compounds disclosed before 2010 and a bias towards the screening of plant products, almost to the exclusion of other sources, when microbial extracts have, historically, provided most starting points for anti-infective drugs. All plant products published in this period were previously known, alerting to the high re-discovery rates of a limited number of chemical classes from this source. The most promising compounds described in the literature reviewed here, namely the linear nemadectin-derivatives, are novel and of bacterial origin. Patented but otherwise unpublished spiroketal structures also appear as interesting scaffolds for future development. The patent literature confirmed that it is possible to patent derivatives of previously known products, making them valid starting points for translational research.
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The current status of anthelmintic resistance in a temperate region of Australia; implications for small ruminant farm management. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100313. [PMID: 31303219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Widespread anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a constraint on the profitability of the meat/wool industry. Limited published data is available on the prevalence and efficacy of anthelmintics, particularly in Australia where parasites affecting ruminant systems vary greatly between geographic regions. This paper reports on the anthelmintic resistance status in a temperate region of Victoria, Australia, a major sheep producing state largely affected by Trichostrongylus species and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance to any product was high (71%), with farms reporting varying levels of drug efficacies (21-100%). Resistance to older chemical groups (i.e. fenbendazole and levamisole) and single active macrocyclic lactone treatments was higher than newer chemical groups and combination treatments. This report provides clarity on anthelmintic resistance in the temperate region of Victoria and more importantly suggests that more comprehensive, regional specific anthelmintic resistance studies are required to understand the real level of chemical resistance threatening the effective control of worms.
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Kyriánová I, Kopecký O, Šlosárková S, Vadlejch J. Comparison of internal parasitic fauna in dairy goats at conventional and organic farms in the Czech Republic. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang T, Ma G, Ang CS, Korhonen PK, Xu R, Nie S, Koehler AV, Simpson RJ, Greening DW, Reid GE, Williamson NA, Gasser RB. Somatic proteome of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:311-320. [PMID: 30771357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a dearth of proteomic data to underpin fundamental investigations of parasites and parasitism at the molecular level. Here, using a high throughput LC-MS/MS-based approach, we undertook the first reported comprehensive, large-scale proteomic investigation of the barber's pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) - one of the most important parasitic nematodes of livestock animals worldwide. In total, 2487 unique H. contortus proteins representing different developmental stages/sexes (i.e. eggs, L3s and L4s, female (Af) and male (Am) adults) were identified and quantified with high confidence. Bioinformatic analyses of this proteome revealed substantial alterations in protein profiles during the life cycle, particularly in the transition from the free-living to the parasitic phase, and key groups of proteins involved specifically in feeding, digestion, metabolism, development, parasite-host interactions (including immunomodulation), structural remodelling of the body wall and adaptive processes during parasitism. This proteomic data set will facilitate future molecular, biochemical and physiological investigations of H. contortus and related nematodes, and the discovery of novel intervention targets against haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute. The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Carvalho VRD, Wilcken SRS, Wilcken CF, Castro BMDCE, Soares MA, Zanuncio JC. Technical and economic efficiency of methods for extracting genomic DNA from Meloidogyne javanica. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 157:108-112. [PMID: 30593846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes reduce the production of agricultural crops. Species diagnosis is essential to predict losses, determine economic damage levels and develop integrated pest management programs. DNA extraction techniques need to be improved for precise and rapid molecular diagnosis of nematodes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of DNA extraction and amplification by PCR, cost and execution time by Chelex, Worm Lysis Buffer Method (WLB), Holterman Lysis Buffer Method (HLB) and FastDNA methods for nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus. The qualitative and quantitative efficiency of DNA extraction varied between methods. The band size of the amplified PCR product with WLB, Chelex and HLB methods was 590 bp. Extraction with the FastDNA is not recommended for DNA extraction from nematodes because it results in a low DNA concentration without bands in PCR amplification, besides presenting high cost. The efficiency of the WLB method to extracting DNA from Meloidogyne javanica was greater, ensuring a higher concentration and purity of the extracted material and guaranteeing lower costs and greater ease of PCR amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rafaela de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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26
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Rashid MH, Gebrekidan H, Jabbar A. Multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assay to detect and differentiate gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:370. [PMID: 29954433 PMCID: PMC6022697 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) frequently infect South American camelids (alpacas and llamas) and cause economic losses due to reduced production of fiber, meat and/or leather. Our knowledge about the epidemiology and diagnosis of GINs in llamas and alpacas is limited, and reliable keys for the identification of the third-stage larvae (L3s) of some common nematodes (such as Camelostrogylus mentulatus) that infect alpacas and llamas remain undescribed. In this study, we modified two existing semi-quantitative multiplexed-tandem (MT)-PCR assays, originally developed for the GINs of sheep and cattle, to reliably detect and differentiate the common genera/species of GINs in the faeces of alpacas. RESULTS Following the establishment of the MT-PCR assay using positive and negative control samples, alpaca faecal samples were tested to validate the assay to detect and differentiate nematode genera/species, including C. mentulatus, Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. Sequencing of the MT-PCR products demonstrated specific (100%) amplification of the target nematode genera/species. Additionally, a comparison of results of the MT-PCR assay and the morphological identification of adult worms collected from the same 35 alpacas revealed that there was a good agreement (37-94%) between the two methods. However, some discrepancies were observed between the results of the MT-PCR assay and the morphological identification of adult worms. CONCLUSIONS The MT-PCR platform is an accurate, sensitive and rapid method for the diagnosis of GINs in alpacas, and it can be used as a substitute to larval culture to identify common nematodes in the faeces of alpacas and llamas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Rashid
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hagos Gebrekidan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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Yang X, Qi MW, Zhang ZZ, Gao C, Wang CQ, Lei WQ, Tan L, Zhao JL, Fang R, Hu M. Development and Evaluation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp) Assay for the Detection of Haemonchus contortus in Goat Fecal Samples. J Parasitol 2017; 103:161-167. [PMID: 28098507 DOI: 10.1645/16-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most significant strongylid nematodes infecting small ruminants, and it causes great economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of H. contortus is crucial to control strategies. Traditional microscopic examinations are the most common methods for the diagnosis of H. contortus , but they are time-consuming and inaccurate. Molecular methods based on PCR are more accurate, but need expensive machines usually only used in the laboratory. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive method that has been widely used to detect viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In the present study, a LAMP method targeting ribosomal ITS-2 gene for detection of the H. contortus in goat fecal samples has been established. The established LAMP method was H. contortus specific, and the sensitivity of LAMP was the same as that of the H. contortus species-specific PCR, with the lowest DNA level detected as being 1 pg. Examination of the clinical samples indicated that the positive rate of LAMP was higher than that of PCR, but no statistical difference was observed between LAMP and PCR (χ2 = 17.991, P = 0.053). In conclusion, a LAMP assay with a high specificity and a good sensitivity has been developed to detect H. contortus infection in goats. The established LAMP assay is useful for clinical diagnosis of H. contortus .
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - M W Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Z Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - C Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - C Q Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - W Q Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - L Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - J L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - R Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - M Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
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Gaínza YA, Fantatto RR, Chaves FCM, Bizzo HR, Esteves SN, Chagas ACDS. Piper aduncum against Haemonchus contortus isolates: cross resistance and the research of natural bioactive compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:383-393. [PMID: 27925067 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anthelminthic activity of the essential oil (EO) of Piper aduncum L. was tested in vitro on eggs and larvae of resistant (Embrapa2010) and susceptible (McMaster) isolates of Haemonchus contortus. The EO was obtained by steam distillation and its components identified by chromatography. EO concentrations of 12.5 to 0.02 mg/mL were used in the egg hatch test (EHT) and concentrations of 3.12 to 0.01 mg/mL in the larval development test (LDT). Inhibition concentrations (IC) were determined by the SAS Probit procedure, and significant differences assessed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. In the EHT, the IC50 for the susceptible isolate was 5.72 mg/mL. In the LDT, the IC50 and IC90 were, respectively, 0.10 mg/mL and 0.34 mg/mL for the susceptible isolate, and 0.22 mg/mL and 0.51 mg/mL for the resistant isolate. The EO (dillapiole 76.2%) was highly efficacious on phase L1. Due to the higher ICs obtained for the resistant isolate, it was raised the hypothesis that dillapiole may have a mechanism of action that resembles those of other anthelmintic compounds. We further review and discuss studies, especially those conducted in Brazil, that quantified the major constituents of P. aduncum-derived EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousmel Alemán Gaínza
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria - CENSA, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
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29
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A review of methods for nematode identification. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 138:37-49. [PMID: 27262374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes are non-segmented roundworms found in soil, aquatic environment, plants, or animals. Either useful or pathogenic, they greatly influence environmental equilibrium, human and animal health, as well as plant production. Knowledge on their taxonomy and biology are key issues to answer the different challenges associated to these organisms. Nowadays, most of the nematode taxonomy remains unknown or unclear. Several approaches are available for parasite identification, from the traditional morphology-based techniques to the sophisticated high-throughput sequencing technologies. All these techniques have advantages or drawbacks depending on the sample origin and the number of nematodes to be processed. This review proposes an overview of all newly available methods available to identify known and/or unknown nematodes with a specific focus on emerging high-throughput molecular techniques.
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30
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Kumarasingha R, Preston S, Yeo TC, Lim DSL, Tu CL, Palombo EA, Shaw JM, Gasser RB, Boag PR. Anthelmintic activity of selected ethno-medicinal plant extracts on parasitic stages of Haemonchus contortus. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:187. [PMID: 27036205 PMCID: PMC4818492 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in livestock animals globally, and considerable productivity losses to farmers. The control of these nematodes has relied largely on the use of a limited number of anthelmintics. However, resistance to many of these these anthelmintics is now widespread, and, therefore, there is a need to find new drugs to ensure sustained and effective treatment and control into the future. Methods Recently, we developed a screening assay to test natural, plant extracts with known inhibitory effects against the free-living worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this assay, we assessed here the effects of the extracts on motility and development of parasitic larval stages of Haemonchus contortus, one of the most important nematodes of small ruminants worldwide. Results The study showed that two of five extracts from Picria fel-terrae Lour. have a significant inhibitory effect (at concentrations of 3–5 mg/ml) on the motility and development of H. contortus larvae. Although the two extracts originated from the same plant, they displayed different levels of inhibition on motility and development, which might relate to the presence of various active constituents in these extracts, or the same constituents at different concentrations in distinct parts of the plant. Conclusions These results suggest that extracts from P. fel-terrae Lour. have promising anthelmintic activity and that more broadly, plant extracts are a potential rich source of anthelmintics to combat helminthic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Kumarasingha
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tiong-Chia Yeo
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC), KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, 93990, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Diana S L Lim
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC), KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, 93990, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chu-Lee Tu
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC), KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, 93990, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Jillian M Shaw
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter R Boag
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Zarlenga D, Hoberg E, Tuo W. The Identification of Haemonchus Species and Diagnosis of Haemonchosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:145-80. [PMID: 27238005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis is often equated with identification or detection when discussing parasitic diseases. Unfortunately, these are not necessarily mutually exclusive activities; diseases and infections are generally diagnosed and organisms are identified. Diagnosis is commonly predicated upon some clinical signs; in an effort to determine the causative agent, identification of genera and species is subsequently performed. Both identification and diagnosis play critical roles in managing an infection, and involve the interplay of direct and indirect methods of detection, particularly in light of the complex and expanding problem of drug-resistance in parasites. Accurate and authoritative identification that is cost- and time-effective, based on structural and molecular attributes of specimens, provides a foundation for defining parasite diversity and changing patterns of geographical distribution, host association and emergence of disease. Most techniques developed thus far have been grounded in assumptions based on strict host associations between Haemonchus contortus and small ruminants, that is, sheep and goats, and between Haemonchus placei and bovids. Current research and increasing empirical evidence of natural infections in the field demonstrates that this assumption misrepresents the host associations for these species of Haemonchus. Furthermore, the capacity of H. contortus to utilize a considerably broad spectrum of ungulate hosts is reflected in our understanding of the role of anthropogenic forcing, the 'breakdown' of ecological isolation, global introduction and host switching as determinants of distribution. Nuanced insights about distribution, host association and epidemiology have emerged over the past 30years, coincidently with the development of increasingly robust means for parasite identification. In this review and for the sake of argument, we would like to delineate the diagnosis of haemonchosis from the identification of the specific pathogen. As a foundation for exploring host and parasite biology, we will examine the evolution of methods for distinguishing H. contortus from other common gastrointestinal nematodes of agriculturally significant and free-ranging wild ruminants using morphological, molecular and/or immunological methods for studies at the species and genus levels.
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Preston S, Jabbar A, Nowell C, Joachim A, Ruttkowski B, Baell J, Cardno T, Korhonen PK, Piedrafita D, Ansell BRE, Jex AR, Hofmann A, Gasser RB. Low cost whole-organism screening of compounds for anthelmintic activity. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:333-43. [PMID: 25746136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to major problems with drug resistance in parasitic nematodes of animals, there is a substantial need and excellent opportunities to develop new anthelmintics via genomic-guided and/or repurposing approaches. In the present study, we established a practical and cost-effective whole-organism assay for the in vitro-screening of compounds for activity against parasitic stages of the nematode Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm). The assay is based on the use of exsheathed L3 (xL3) and L4 stages of H. contortus of small ruminants (sheep and goats). Using this assay, we screened a panel of 522 well-curated kinase inhibitors (GlaxoSmithKline, USA; code: PKIS2) for activity against H. contortus by measuring the inhibition of larval motility using an automated image analysis system. We identified two chemicals within the compound classes biphenyl amides and pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyridines, which reproducibly inhibit both xL3 and L4 motility and development, with IC50s of 14-47 μM. Given that these inhibitors were designed as anti-inflammatory drugs for use in humans and fit the Lipinski rule-of-five (including bioavailability), they show promise for hit-to-lead optimisation and repurposing for use against parasitic nematodes. The screening assay established here has significant advantages over conventional methods, particularly in terms of ease of use, throughput, time and cost. Although not yet fully automated, the current assay is readily suited to the screening of hundreds to thousands of compounds for subsequent hit-to-lead optimisation. The current assay is highly adaptable to many parasites of socioeconomic importance, including those causing neglected tropical diseases. This aspect is of major relevance, given the urgent need to deliver the goals of the London Declaration (http://unitingtocombatntds.org/resource/london-declaration) through the rapid and efficient repurposing of compounds in public-private partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron Nowell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tony Cardno
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Roeber F, Jex AR, Gasser RB. A real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections of small ruminants. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:145-152. [PMID: 25399093 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections in small ruminants is central to studying the biology and epidemiology of these parasites and underpins their control. Traditional methods of diagnosis are inaccurate, time-consuming and laborious. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for the molecular-based diagnosis of infections by real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roeber
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Comparison of individual and pooled faecal samples in sheep for the assessment of gastrointestinal strongyle infection intensity and anthelmintic drug efficacy using McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:216-23. [PMID: 25002307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to validate pooled faecal samples in sheep for the assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) strongyle infection intensity (faecal egg count - FEC) and anthelmintic drug efficacy (FEC reduction - FECR). Ten sheep farms located in the Campania region of southern Italy were selected for the study. In each farm, individual faecal samples from 20 adult sheep (when possible) were collected, before (D0) and after (D14) an anthelmintic treatment with albendazole. For each farm and at each time point (D0 and D14) the faecal samples were examined individually and as pools. Specifically, three different pool sizes (5, 10 and 20 individual sheep samples) and three different analytic sensitivities (namely 10 using Mini-FLOTAC; 15 and 50 using the two variants of McMaster - McM15 and McM50) were compared for FEC and FECR using individual and pooled faecal samples. GI strongyle intensity (eggs per gram of faeces - EPG) of pooled samples correlated positively with mean EPG of individual samples, with very high correlation coefficients (ranging from 0.94 to 0.99) across the 3 different pool sizes and analytic sensitivities. Mini-FLOTAC was more sensitive compared to the two variants of McMaster (McM15 and McM50) for the diagnosis of GI strongyles in sheep (100% vs 88.5% vs 75.9%) and resulted in significant higher FEC compared to both McM15 and McM50, with a mean difference in egg counts of approximately 90 EPG (p<0.001). The drug efficacy results showed that FECR was higher than 98% at most farms independently of the pool size and analytic sensitivity. With the exception of two farms, FECR was 100% when calculated for individual animals and across the different pool size and analytic sensitivities. In conclusion, the present study highlighted that pooling ovine faecal samples is a rapid procedure that holds promise as a valid strategy for assessing GI strongyles FEC and FECR in sheep.
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35
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Exploring the interface between diagnostics and maps of neglected parasitic diseases. Parasitology 2014; 141:1803-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAlthough not new, the ‘One Health’ concept is gaining progressively more importance in parasitology. Now more than ever, veterinary and human perspectives should be closely joined in diagnosis and surveillance of neglected parasitic diseases. We argue that concerted, standardized and harmonized diagnostic and surveillance strategies are needed for the control and/or elimination of animal and human neglected parasitic infections. A key challenge is to integrate parasitological data with available geospatial methods in an accessible and user-friendly framework. We discuss the capability of new diagnostic devices (e.g. Mini-FLOTAC) and geospatial technologies supported by mobile- and electronic-based approaches as one of the research priorities of the new millennium.
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