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Huo Y, Cheng Y, Dong X, Cheng Q, Liang X, Duan P, Yu Y, Yan L, Qiu T, Pan Z, Dai H. Pleiotropic effects of nitric oxide sustained-release system for peripheral nerve repair. Acta Biomater 2024; 182:28-41. [PMID: 38761961 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The regenerative microenvironment after peripheral nerve injury is imbalanced and difficult to rebalance, which is mainly affected by inflammation, oxidative stress, and inadequate blood supply. The difficulty in remodeling the nerve regeneration microenvironment is the main reason for slow nerve regeneration. Traditional drug treatments have certain limitations, such as difficulty in penetrating the blood-nerve barrier and lack of pleiotropic effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to build multifunctional nerve grafts that can effectively regulate the regenerative microenvironment and promote nerve regeneration. Nitric oxide (NO), a highly effective gas transmitter with diatomic radicals, is an important regulator of axonal growth and migration, synaptic plasticity, proliferation of neural precursor cells, and neuronal survival. Moreover, NO provides potential anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and blood vessel promotion applications. However, excess NO may cause cell death and neuroinflammatory cell damage. The prerequisite for NO treatment of peripheral nerve injury is that it is gradually released over time. In this study, we constructed an injectable NO slow-release system with two main components, including macromolecular NO donor nanoparticles (mPEG-P(MSNO-EG) nanoparticles, NO-NPs) and a carrier for the nanoparticles, mPEG-PA-PP injectable temperature-sensitive hydrogel. Due to the multiple physiological regulation of NO and better physiological barrier penetration, the conduit effectively regulates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of damaged peripheral nerves, promotes nerve vascularization, and nerve regeneration and docking, accelerating the nerve regeneration process. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The slow regeneration speed of peripheral nerves is mainly due to the destruction of the regeneration microenvironment. Neural conduits with drug delivery capabilities have the potential to improve the microenvironment of nerve regeneration. However, traditional drugs are hindered by the blood nerve barrier and cannot effectively target the injured area. NO, an endogenous gas signaling molecule, can freely cross the blood nerve barrier and act on target cells. However, excessive NO can lead to cell apoptosis. In this study, a NO sustained-release system was constructed to regulate the microenvironment of nerve regeneration through various pathways and promote nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yannan Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianzhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yongle Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lesan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenyu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China; Wuhan University of Technology Advanced Engineering Technology Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan 528400, China.
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Ratna S, Annadata V, Chou DW, Rosenberg JD, Gray ML. The impact of frailty on facial nerve recovery following Bell's palsy. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104276. [PMID: 38604099 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with Bell's palsy, the sudden onset of facial paralysis, have variable recovery. Frailty has been recognized as an important factor in predicting recovery. This study investigated the relationship between frailty and facial nerve recovery in Bell's palsy patients. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on 95 Bell's palsy patients at a single institution's Department of Otolaryngology from 2014 to 2023. A clinically relevant facial nerve recovery was defined as a House-Brackmann (HB) score decrease>1 between the initial and most recent visit. Patients without follow-up visits or initial HB scores <3 were excluded. Frailty was measured by modified frailty index-5 (mFI-5) at the time of Bell's palsy diagnosis. Elderly patients were those over 65 years at presentation (n = 29). Frail patients had mFI-5 > 1 (n = 8). Chi-squared analyses, Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regression models were conducted in SPSS. RESULTS The analytic sample included 95 patients (median age = 56.8 years, IQR = 24.1) presenting with an initial HB score > 2. 36 % of patients' HB scores decreased by ≥2 within the follow-up period. Frailty (unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) = 6.3, 95 % CI = [1.2, 33.1], p = .023) was associated with facial nerve recovery while age was not (unadjusted OR = 1.07, 95 % CI = [0.44, 2.59], p = .889). The mFI-5 adjusted OR was 8.43 (95 % CI = [1.38, 51.4], p = .021) when adjusting for age, gender, treatment modality, access to care, and follow-up duration in a logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS Frailty correlated with enhanced facial nerve recovery after Bell's palsy in this cohort; age was not significantly associated. Further investigation into factors associated with frailty, including increased surveillance and treatment frequency, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Ratna
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vivek Annadata
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - David W Chou
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rosenberg
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingyang L Gray
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Bae SH, Park HR, Lim H, Kim HY, Cheon T, Jung J, Hyun YM. The functional and biological effects of systemic dexamethasone on mice with facial nerve crushing injury. Head Neck 2024. [PMID: 38924195 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroid therapy is commonly recommended for acute facial nerve weakness; however, its effectiveness in treating traumatic nerve injuries remains controversial. This study investigated the functional recovery and cellular effects of systemic dexamethasone administration after facial nerve injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were assigned to two groups by intraperitoneal injection: the phosphate-buffered saline group and the dexamethasone group. Facial nerve crush injury was induced, followed by the functional grading of recovery. Cellular effects were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and intravital imaging. RESULTS Macrophage infiltration into the facial nerves was significantly inhibited by systemic dexamethasone administration. However, dexamethasone group slightly delayed the functional recovery of the facial nerve compared to the PBS group. In addition, the morphological changes in the nerve were not significantly different between the two groups at 14 days post-injury. Macrophage migration analysis in the intravital imaging also showed no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS In summary, systemic dexamethasone successfully inhibited leukocyte infiltration; however, functional recovery was delayed compared to the PBS control group. Clinically, these findings indicate that more evidence and research are required to use steroid pulse therapy for the treatment of traumatic facial nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunseo Lim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Yeol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taeuk Cheon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsei Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Hazer Rosberg DB, Stenberg L, Mahlapuu M, Dahlin LB. PXL01 alters macrophage response with no effect on axonal outgrowth or Schwann cell response after nerve repair in rats. Regen Med 2024; 19:327-343. [PMID: 38957920 PMCID: PMC11346556 DOI: 10.1080/17460751.2024.2361515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Adjunctive pharmacological treatment may improve nerve regeneration. We investigated nerve regeneration processes of PXL01 - a lactoferrin-derived peptide - after repair of the sciatic nerve in healthy Wistar rats.Materials & methods: PXL01, sodium hyaluronate (carrier) or sodium chloride was administered around the repair. After 6 days axonal outgrowth, Schwann cell response, pan- (CD68) and pro-healing (CD206) macrophages in sciatic nerve, sensory neuronal response in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in sciatic nerves and DRGs were analyzed.Results: Despite a lower number of pan-macrophages, other investigated variables in sciatic nerves or DRGs did not differ between the treatment groups.Conclusion: PLX01 applied locally inhibits inflammation through pan-macrophages in repaired sciatic nerves without any impact on nerve regeneration or pro-healing macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Burcu Hazer Rosberg
- Department of Translational Medicine – Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, MalmöSE-20502, Sweden
| | - Lena Stenberg
- Department of Translational Medicine – Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margit Mahlapuu
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Biology, Göteborg University , SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine – Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, MalmöSE-20502, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, LinköpingSE-58183, Sweden
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Smail SW, Abdulqadir SZ, Alalem LSS, Rasheed TK, Khudhur ZO, Mzury AFA, Awla HK, Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A. Enhancing sciatic nerve regeneration with osteopontin-loaded acellular nerve allografts in rats: Effects on macrophage polarization. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102379. [PMID: 38678741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional matrix glycoprotein with neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties. This study explored the potential of OPN-loaded acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) to repair sciatic nerves in male Wistar rats. The research also delved into the impact of OPN on macrophage phenotypes. We reconstructed a 10 mm nerve gap with ANAs containing OPN at 2 nM and 4 nM. The sciatic functional index (SFI) and paw withdrawal reflex latency (WRL) showed the significant efficacy of ANA/OPN (2 nM) in enhancement of target organ reinnervation and subsequent sensorimotor recovery compared to other groups. Electrophysiological and histomorphometric analyses further supported the regenerative properties of ANA/OPN (2 nM). Additionally, ANA/OPN (2 nM) promoted macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype and reduced proinflammatory cytokines at the injury site. In conclusion, the study suggested that ANA loaded with 2 nM OPN effectively repaired transected sciatic nerves in rats, potentially through enhancing axonal sprouting and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukur Wasman Smail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | | | | | - Taban Kamal Rasheed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq
| | | | | | - Harem Khdir Awla
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad B Ghayour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin, Iran.
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Lee JM, Yoo MC, Kim YJ, Kim SS, Yeo SG. Expression of ChAT, Iba-1, and nNOS in the Central Nervous System following Facial Nerve Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:595. [PMID: 38790700 PMCID: PMC11118893 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Facial nerve injury can cause significant functional impairment, impacting both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The present study evaluated changes in facial motor function, numbers of cholinergic neurons and microglia, and nNOS levels in the facial nucleus of the central nervous system (CNS) following peripheral facial nerve injury. Facial nerve function, as determined by eyeblink and whisker-movement reflexes, was evaluated at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after inducing facial nerve injury through compression or axotomy. The expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the facial nucleus of the CNS was analyzed 2, 4, and 12 weeks after peripheral facial nerve injury. Compression-induced facial nerve injury was found to lead to temporary facial motor impairment, whereas axotomy resulted in persistent impairment. Moreover, both compression and axotomy reduced ChAT expression and increased Iba-1 and nNOS expression in the facial nucleus, indicating upregulation of an inflammatory response and neurodegeneration. These results indicate that, compared with compression-induced injury, axotomy-induced facial nerve injury results in greater facial motor dysfunction and more persistent microglial and nitric oxide activation in the facial nucleus of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myung Chul Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
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Park JE, Kim DH. Advanced Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Therapeutic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304496. [PMID: 38716543 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The multifaceted biological defense system modulating complex immune responses against pathogens and foreign materials plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Recently developed biomaterials that can specifically regulate immune responses, nanoparticles, graphene, and functional hydrogels have contributed to the advancement of tissue engineering as well as disease treatment. The interaction between innate and adaptive immunity, collectively determining immune responses, can be regulated by mechanobiological recognition and adaptation of immune cells to the extracellular microenvironment. Therefore, applying immunomodulation to tissue regeneration and cancer therapy involves manipulating the properties of biomaterials by tailoring their composition in the context of the immune system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how the physicochemical attributes of biomaterials determine immune responses, focusing on the physical properties that influence innate and adaptive immunity. This review also underscores the critical aspect of biomaterial-based immune engineering for the development of novel therapeutics and emphasizes the importance of understanding the biomaterials-mediated immunological mechanisms and their role in modulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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Kim DS, Jo NG, Lee DW, Ko MH, Seo JH, Kim GW. Ultrasonographic Contrast and Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Nanoparticles in a Rat Model with Sciatic Neuritis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3031-3044. [PMID: 38562612 PMCID: PMC10982809 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s447691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peripheral nerve damage lacks an appropriate diagnosis consistent with the patient's symptoms, despite expensive magnetic resonance imaging or electrodiagnostic assessments, which cause discomfort. Ultrasonography is valuable for diagnosing and treating nerve lesions; however, it is unsuitable for detecting small lesions. Poly(vanillin-oxalate) (PVO) nanoparticles are prepared from vanillin, a phytochemical with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, PVO nanoparticles were cleaved by H2O2 to release vanillin, exert therapeutic efficacy, and generate CO2 to increase ultrasound contrast. However, the role of PVO nanoparticles in peripheral nerve lesion models is still unknown. Herein, we aimed to determine whether PVO nanoparticles can function as contrast and therapeutic agents for nerve lesions. Methods To induce sciatic neuritis, rats were administered a perineural injection of carrageenan using a nerve stimulator under ultrasonographic guidance, and PVO nanoparticles were injected perineurally to evaluate ultrasonographic contrast and therapeutic effects. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to detect mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ie, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2. Results In the rat model of sciatic neuritis, PVO nanoparticles generated CO2 bubbles to increase ultrasonographic contrast, and a single perineural injection of PVO nanoparticles suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2, reduced the expression of F4/80, and increased the expression of GAP43. Conclusion The results of the current study suggest that PVO nanoparticles could be developed as ultrasonographic contrast agents and therapeutic agents for nerve lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Sol Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Jo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hansol Convalescence Rehabilitation Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Seo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Wook Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Bertelli JA, Rosa ICN, Ghizoni MF. Retrograde peripheral nerve regeneration from sensory to motor pathways in rats: a new experimental concept in nerve repair. Neurol Res 2024; 46:125-131. [PMID: 37729085 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2258039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polarity of nerve grafts does not interfere with axon growth. Our goal was to investigate whether axons can regenerate in a retrograde fashion within sensory pathways and then extend into motor pathways, leading to muscle reinnervation. METHODS Fifty-four rats were randomized into four groups. In Group 1, the ulnar nerve was connected end-to-end to the superficial radial nerve after neurectomy of the radial nerve in the axilla. In Group 2, the ulnar nerve was connected end-to-end to the radial nerve distal to the humerus; the radial nerve then was divided in the axilla. In Group 3, the radial nerve was divided in the axilla, but no nerve reconstruction was performed. In Group 4, the radial nerve was crushed in the axilla. Over 6 months, we behaviorally assessed the recovery of toe spread in the right operated-upon forepaw by lifting the rat by its tail and lowering it onto a flat surface. Six months after surgery, rats underwent reoperation, nerve transfers were tested electrophysiologically, and the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) was removed for histological evaluation. RESULTS Rats in the crush group recovered toe spread between 5 and 8 days after surgery. Rats with nerve transfers demonstrated electrophysiological and histological findings of nerve regeneration but no behavioral recovery. CONCLUSIONS Ulnar nerve axons regrew into the superficial radial nerve and then into the PIN to reinnervate the extensor digitorum communis. We were unable to demonstrate behavioral recovery because rats cannot readapt to cross-nerve transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A Bertelli
- Department of Surgery in lieu of Department of Surgical Techniques, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carvalho Nunes Rosa
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, University of the South of Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Ghizoni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, University of the South of Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Zou J, Xia H, Jiang Q, Su Z, Wen S, Liang Z, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhang Z, Chen D, Yang L, Guo L. Exosomes derived from odontogenic stem cells: Its role in the dentin-pulp complex. Regen Ther 2023; 24:135-146. [PMID: 37415682 PMCID: PMC10320411 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Odontogenic stem cells originate from cranial neural crest cells and offer unique advantages in the regeneration of dentin-pulp complex. There is increasing evidence that stem cells exert their biological functions mainly through exosome-based paracrine effects. Exosomes contain DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, etc., which can play a role in intercellular communication and have similar therapeutic potential to stem cells. In addition, compared with stem cells, exosomes also have the advantages of good biocompatibility, high drug carrying capacity, easy to obtain, and few side effects. Odontogenic stem cell-derived exosomes mainly affect the regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex by regulating processes such as dentintogenesis, angiogenesis, neuroprotection and immunomodulation. This review aimed to describe "cell-free therapies" based on odontogenic stem cell-derived exosomes, which aim to regenerate the dentin-pulp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Zou
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Xia
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianzhou Jiang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikang Su
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyi Wen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitian Liang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanting Ouyang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaohong Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lvhua Guo
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Starinets A, Ponomarenko A, Tyrtyshnaia A, Manzhulo I. Synaptamide modulates glial and neurotransmitter activity in the spinal cord during neuropathic pain. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 134:102361. [PMID: 37935251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine, or synaptamide, is an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid that is known for synaptogenic and neurogenic effects. In our previous studies we have shown that synaptamide attenuates neuropathic pain, facilitates remyelination, and reduces neuroinflammation after the chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. In the current study, we show that daily synaptamide administration (4 mg/kg/day) within 14 days post-surgery: (1) decreases micro- and astroglia activity in the dorsal and ventral horns of the lumbar spinal cord; (2) modulates pro-inflammatory (IL1β, IL6) and anti-inflammatory (IL4, IL10) cytokine level in the serum and spinal cord; (3) leads to a rise in synaptamide and anandamide concentration in the spinal cord; (4) enhances IL10, CD206 and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase synthesis in macrophage cell culture following LPS-induced inflammation. Thus, the ability of synaptamide to modulate glial and cytokine activity indicates its potential for implementation in the treatment peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starinets
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Arina Ponomarenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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12
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Mankavi F, Ibrahim R, Wang H. Advances in Biomimetic Nerve Guidance Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2528. [PMID: 37764557 PMCID: PMC10536071 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nervous system are a common clinical issue, causing dysfunctions of the motor and sensory systems. Surgical interventions such as nerve autografting are necessary to repair damaged nerves. Even with autografting, i.e., the gold standard, malfunctioning and mismatches between the injured and donor nerves often lead to unwanted failure. Thus, there is an urgent need for a new intervention in clinical practice to achieve full functional recovery. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), providing physicochemical cues to guide neural regeneration, have great potential for the clinical regeneration of peripheral nerves. Typically, NGCs are tubular structures with various configurations to create a microenvironment that induces the oriented and accelerated growth of axons and promotes neuron cell migration and tissue maturation within the injured tissue. Once the native neural environment is better understood, ideal NGCs should maximally recapitulate those key physiological attributes for better neural regeneration. Indeed, NGC design has evolved from solely physical guidance to biochemical stimulation. NGC fabrication requires fundamental considerations of distinct nerve structures, the associated extracellular compositions (extracellular matrices, growth factors, and cytokines), cellular components, and advanced fabrication technologies that can mimic the structure and morphology of native extracellular matrices. Thus, this review mainly summarizes the recent advances in the state-of-the-art NGCs in terms of biomaterial innovations, structural design, and advanced fabrication technologies and provides an in-depth discussion of cellular responses (adhesion, spreading, and alignment) to such biomimetic cues for neural regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (F.M.); (R.I.)
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13
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Dong G, Kogan S, Venugopal N, Chang E, He L, Faal F, Shi Y, Phillips McCluskey L. Interleukin (IL)-1 Receptor Signaling Is Required for Complete Taste Bud Regeneration and the Recovery of Neural Taste Responses following Axotomy. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3439-3455. [PMID: 37015809 PMCID: PMC10184746 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1355-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental or traumatic nerve injury causes the degeneration of associated taste buds. Unlike most sensory systems, the sectioned nerve and associated taste buds can then regenerate, restoring neural responses to tastants. It was previously unknown whether injury-induced immune factors mediate this process. The proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β, and their requisite receptor are strongly expressed by anterior taste buds innervated by the chorda tympani nerve. We tested taste bud regeneration and functional recovery in mice lacking the IL-1 receptor. After axotomy, the chorda tympani nerve regenerated but was initially unresponsive to tastants in both WT and Il1r KO mice. In the absence of Il1r signaling, however, neural taste responses remained minimal even >8 weeks after injury in both male and female mice, whereas normal taste function recovered by 3 weeks in WT mice. Failed recovery was because of a 57.8% decrease in regenerated taste buds in Il1r KO compared with WT axotomized mice. Il1a gene expression was chronically dysregulated, and the subset of regenerated taste buds were reinnervated more slowly and never reached full volume as progenitor cell proliferation lagged in KO mice. Il1r signaling is thus required for complete taste bud regeneration and the recovery of normal taste transmission, likely by impairing taste progenitor cell proliferation. This is the first identification of a cytokine response that promotes taste recovery. The remarkable plasticity of the taste system makes it ideal for identifying injury-induced mechanisms mediating successful regeneration and recovery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Taste plays a critical role in nutrition and quality of life. The adult taste system is highly plastic and able to regenerate following the disappearance of most taste buds after experimental nerve injury. Several growth factors needed for taste bud regeneration have been identified, but we demonstrate the first cytokine pathway required for the recovery of taste function. In the absence of IL-1 cytokine signaling, taste bud regeneration is incomplete, preventing the transmission of taste activity to the brain. These results open a new direction in revealing injury-specific mechanisms that could be harnessed to promote the recovery of taste perception after trauma or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangkuo Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Schuyler Kogan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Natasha Venugopal
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Eddy Chang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Fama Faal
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lynnette Phillips McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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14
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Starinets A, Tyrtyshnaia A, Manzhulo I. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Synaptamide in the Peripheral Nervous System in a Model of Sciatic Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076273. [PMID: 37047247 PMCID: PMC10093792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA), or synaptamide, is an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that exhibits synaptogenic and neurogenic effects. In our previous studies, synaptamide administration inhibited the neuropathic pain-like behavior and reduced inflammation in the central nervous system following sciatic nerve injury. In the present study, we examine the effect of synaptamide on the peripheral nervous system in a neuropathic pain condition. The dynamics of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba-1), CD68, CD163, myelin basic protein, and the production of interleukin 1β and 6 within the sciatic nerve, as well as the neuro-glial index and the activity of iba-1, CD163, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), are studied. According to our results, synaptamide treatment (4 mg/kg/day) (1) decreases the weight-bearing deficit after nerve trauma; (2) enhances the remyelination process in the sciatic nerve; (3) shows anti-inflammatory properties in the peripheral nervous system; (4) decreases the neuro-glial index and GFAP immunoreactivity in the DRG; (5) inhibits nNOS- and SP-ergic activity in the DRG, which might contribute to neuropathic pain attenuation. In general, the current study demonstrates the complex effect of synaptamide on nerve injury, which indicates its high potential for neuropathic pain management.
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15
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Yu C, Wang X, Qin J. Effect of necrostatin-1 on sciatic nerve crush injury in rat models. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:74. [PMID: 36717933 PMCID: PMC9885697 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is an inhibitor of the receptor interacting protein (RIP)1 kinase, which acts as an inhibitor of necroptosis, a special form of necrosis. In the present study, the effect of Nec-1 on peripheral nerve injury (PNI) was investigated. METHODS The PNI model was established by inducing sciatic nerve injury. Hematoxylin-eosin and immunofluorescence staining techniques were used to assess the extent of injury to nerve fibers and necrosis of Schwann cells (SCs). Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of necroptosis-related factors (RIP1 and RIP3). The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and the oxidative stress-related enzyme malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to indicate the degree of inflammation and oxidative stress. RESULTS Nec-1 could decrease the degree of peripheral nerve lesions after PNI and protect SCs and axons by inhibiting necroptosis. Furthermore, Nec-1 could reduce necroptosis by inhibiting RIP1 and effectively reduce inflammation and reactive oxygen species production at the early stage of PNI. CONCLUSIONS Alleviation of necroptosis by Nec-1 may provide new insights into therapies for the early stages of peripheral nerve repair after PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421000 Hunan China
| | - Jian Qin
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
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16
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Davis B, Wojtalewicz S, Erickson S, Veith J, Simpson A, Sant H, Shea J, Gale B, Agarwal J. Local delivery of FK506 to a nerve allograft is comparable to systemic delivery at suppressing allogeneic graft rejection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281911. [PMID: 36881592 PMCID: PMC9990949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if locally delivered FK506 could prevent allogeneic nerve graft rejection long enough to allow axon regeneration to pass through the nerve graft. An 8mm mouse sciatic nerve gap injury repaired with a nerve allograft was used to assess the effectiveness of local FK506 immunosuppressive therapy. FK506-loaded poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) nerve conduits were used to provide sustained local FK506 delivery to nerve allografts. Continuous and temporary systemic FK506 therapy to nerve allografts, and autograft repair were used as control groups. Serial assessment of inflammatory cell and CD4+ cell infiltration into the nerve graft tissue was performed to characterize the immune response over time. Nerve regeneration and functional recovery was serially assessed by nerve histomorphometry, gastrocnemius muscle mass recovery, and the ladder rung skilled locomotion assay. At the end of the study, week 16, all the groups had similar levels of inflammatory cell infiltration. The local FK506 and continuous systemic FK506 groups had similar levels of CD4+ cell infiltration, however, it was significantly greater than the autograft control. In terms of nerve histmorphometry, the local FK506 and continunous systemic FK506 groups had similar amounts of myelinated axons, although they were significantly lower than the autograft and temporary systemic FK506 group. The autograft had significantly greater muscle mass recovery than all the other groups. In the ladder rung assay, the autograft, local FK506, and continuous systemic FK506 had similar levels of skilled locomotion performance, whereas the temporary systemic FK506 group had significanty better performance than all the other groups. The results of this study suggest that local delivery of FK506 can provide comparable immunosuppression and nerve regeneration outcomes as systemically delivered FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Davis
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan Wojtalewicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Sierra Erickson
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob Veith
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew Simpson
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Himanshu Sant
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jill Shea
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bruce Gale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jay Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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17
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Yeoh S, Warner WS, Merchant SS, Hsu EW, Agoston DV, Mahan MA. Incorporating Blood Flow in Nerve Injury and Regeneration Assessment. Front Surg 2022; 9:862478. [PMID: 35529911 PMCID: PMC9069240 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.862478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a significant public health challenge, with limited treatment options and potential lifelong impact on function. More than just an intrinsic part of nerve anatomy, the vascular network of nerves impact regeneration, including perfusion for metabolic demands, appropriate signaling and growth factors, and structural scaffolding for Schwann cell and axonal migration. However, the established nerve injury classification paradigm proposed by Sydney Sunderland in 1951 is based solely on hierarchical disruption to gross anatomical nerve structures and lacks further information regarding the state of cellular, metabolic, or inflammatory processes that are critical in determining regenerative outcomes. This review covers the anatomical structure of nerve-associated vasculature, and describes the biological processes that makes these vessels critical to successful end-organ reinnervation after severe nerve injuries. We then propose a theoretical framework that incorporates measurements of blood vessel perfusion and inflammation to unify perspectives on all mechanisms of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Yeoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Wesley S. Warner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Samer S. Merchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Edward W. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Denes v. Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mark A. Mahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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18
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A Photosealed Cap Prevents Disorganized Axonal Regeneration and Neuroma following Nerve Transection in Rats. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022; 10:e4168. [PMID: 35265445 PMCID: PMC8901221 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroma is a common sequela of traumatic peripheral nerve injury that can result in pain and decreased quality of life for patients. Neuromas result from axonal outgrowth in an attempt to reestablish continuity with the disrupted distal nerve end. Photosealing is a light-activated technique whereby tissues can be securely isolated in a strong and secure manner. This study investigated whether photosealing of autologous vein and crosslinked human amniotic membrane (xHAM) to cap the proximal stump of transected sciatic nerve would prevent disorganized axonal regeneration and neuroma in a rat model.
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19
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Rodenhouse A, Talukder MAH, Lee JI, Govindappa PK, O'Brien M, Manto KM, Lloyd K, Wandling GD, Wright JR, Chen See JR, Anderson SL, Lamendella R, Hegarty JP, Elfar JC. Altered gut microbiota composition with antibiotic treatment impairs functional recovery after traumatic peripheral nerve crush injury in mice: effects of probiotics with butyrate producing bacteria. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:80. [PMID: 35197129 PMCID: PMC8867741 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibiotics (ABX) are widely used for life-threatening infections and also for routine surgical operations. Compelling evidence suggests that ABX-induced alterations of gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, are linked with diverse disease states including neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. To combat the consequences of dysbiosis, probiotics (PBX) are widely used. ABX-induced dysbiosis is reported to impair neurological function after spinal cord injury. Traumatic peripheral nerve injury (TPNI) results in profound neurologic impairment and permanent disability. It is unknown whether ABX treatment-induced dysbiosis has any impact on TPNI-induced functional recovery, and if so, what role medical-grade PBX could have on TPNI recovery. RESULTS In this study, ABX-induced dysbiosis and PBX-induced microbiota enrichment models were used to explore the potential role of gut microbiome in TPNI. Stool analysis with 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing confirmed ABX-induced dysbiosis and revealed that ABX-induced changes could be partially restored by PBX administration with an abundance of butyrate producing bacteria. Pre-injury ABX significantly impaired, but pre-injury PBX significantly improved post-TPNI functional recovery. Importantly, post-injury PBX protected against pre-injury ABX-induced functional impairment. These findings demonstrate that reestablishment of gut microbiota composition with butyrate producing PBX during ABX-induced dysbiosis could be a useful adjuvant therapy for TPNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rodenhouse
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Prem Kumar Govindappa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mary O'Brien
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kristen M Manto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kelsey Lloyd
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Grant D Wandling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Regina Lamendella
- Wright Labs LLC, Huntingdon, PA, USA
- Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, USA
| | - John P Hegarty
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John C Elfar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Mail code H089, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box-850, Hershey, PA, USA.
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20
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Changes of Functional, Morphological, and Inflammatory Reactions in Spontaneous Peripheral Nerve Reinnervation after Thermal Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9927602. [PMID: 35154578 PMCID: PMC8826209 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9927602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of energy-based devices has substantially increased the incidence of iatrogenic thermal injury to nerves (cauterization, etc.). While recovery of the nerve after thermal injury is important, the changes in neural structure, function, and peripheral inflammatory reactions postinjury remain unclear. This study is aimed at demonstrating the changes mentioned above during the acute, subacute, and chronic stages of nerve reinnervation after thermal injury. Spontaneous reinnervation was evaluated, including the neural structures, nerve conduction abilities, and muscle regeneration. These effects vary depending on the severity of thermal injury (slight, moderate, and severe). Peripheral inflammatory reactions, as impediments to reinnervation, were found in significant numbers 3 days after thermal injury, exhibiting high expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, but low expression of IL-10. Our findings reveal the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve reinnervation after thermal injury, which will assist in selecting appropriate treatments in further research.
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21
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Cho YS, Ryu O, Cho K, Kim D, Lim J, Hong SH, Cho YS. The effect of charge-balanced transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on rodent facial nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1388. [PMID: 35082405 PMCID: PMC8791984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of charge-balanced transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (cb-TENS) in accelerating recovery of the facial function and nerve regeneration after facial nerve (FN) section in a rat model. The main trunk of the left FN was divided and immediately sutured just distal to the stylomastoid foramen in 66 Sprague-Dawley rats. The control group had no electrical stimulus. The other two groups received cb-TENS at 20 Hz (20 Hz group) or 40 Hz (40 Hz group). Cb-TENS was administered daily for seven days and then twice a week for three weeks thereafter. To assess the recovery of facial function, whisker movement was monitored for four weeks. Histopathological evaluation of nerve regeneration was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy with immunofluorescence (IF) staining. In addition, the levels of various molecular biological markers that affect nerve regeneration were analyzed. Whisker movement in the cb-TENS groups showed faster and better recovery than the control group. The 40 Hz group showed significantly better movement at the first week after injury (p < 0.0125). In histopathological analyses using TEM, nerve axons and Schwann cells, which were destroyed immediately after the injury, recovered in all groups over time. However, the regeneration of the myelin sheath was remarkably rapid and thicker in the 20 Hz and 40 Hz groups than in the control group. Image analysis using IF staining showed that the expression levels of S100B and NF200 increased over time in all groups. Specifically, the expression of NF200 in the 20 Hz and 40 Hz groups increased markedly compared to the control group. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on ten representative neurotrophic factors, and the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly higher in the 20 and 40 Hz groups than in the control group (p < 0.015). Cb-TENS facilitated and accelerated FN recovery in the rat model, as it significantly reduced the recovery time for the whisker movement. The histopathological study and analysis of neurotrophic factors supported the role of cb-TENS in the enhanced regeneration of the FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sang Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jihyun Lim
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Yang-Sun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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22
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Acheta J, Stephens SBZ, Belin S, Poitelon Y. Therapeutic Low-Intensity Ultrasound for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration – A Schwann Cell Perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:812588. [PMID: 35069118 PMCID: PMC8766802 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.812588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions that can arise from trauma (e.g., compression, severance) and can lead to neuropathic pain as well as motor and sensory deficits. Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and nerve regeneration, treatments that ensure functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury are limited. Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells in peripheral nerves, orchestrate the response to nerve injury, by converting to a “repair” phenotype. However, nerve regeneration is often suboptimal in humans as the repair Schwann cells do not sustain their repair phenotype long enough to support the prolonged regeneration times required for successful nerve regrowth. Thus, numerous strategies are currently focused on promoting and extending the Schwann cells repair phenotype. Low-intensity ultrasound (LIU) is a non-destructive therapeutic approach which has been shown to facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration following nerve injury in rodents. Still, clinical trials in humans are scarce and limited to small population sizes. The benefit of LIU on nerve regeneration could possibly be mediated through the repair Schwann cells. In this review, we discuss the known and possible molecular mechanisms activated in response to LIU in repair Schwann cells to draw support and attention to LIU as a compelling regenerative treatment for peripheral nerve injury.
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23
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Pandey S, Mudgal J. A Review on the Role of Endogenous Neurotrophins and Schwann Cells in Axonal Regeneration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:398-408. [PMID: 34843075 PMCID: PMC9810669 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral nerve is traditionally referred to acquired nerve injury as they are the result of physical trauma due to laceration, stretch, crush and compression of nerves. However, peripheral nerve injury may not be completely limited to acquired physical trauma. Peripheral nerve injury equally implies clinical conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), Carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Physical trauma is commonly mono-neuropathic as it engages a single nerve and produces focal damage, while in the context of pathological conditions the damage is divergent involving a group of the nerve causing polyneuropathy. Damage to the peripheral nerve can cause a diverse range of manifestations from sensory impairment to loss of function with unpredictable recovery patterns. Presently no treatment option provides complete or functional recovery in nerve injury, as nerve cells are highly differentiated and inert to regeneration. However, the regenerative phenotypes in Schwann cells get expressed when a signalling cascade is triggered by neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are one of the promising biomolecules that are released naturally post-injury with the potential to exhibit better functional recovery. Pharmacological intervention modulating the expression of these neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) can prove to be a significant treatment option as endogenous compounds which may have remarkable innate advantage showing maximum 'biological relevance'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyak Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
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24
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Xiang Y, Dai J, Xu L, Li X, Jiang J, Xu J. Research progress in immune microenvironment regulation of muscle atrophy induced by peripheral nerve injury. Life Sci 2021; 287:120117. [PMID: 34740577 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Denervated skeletal muscular atrophy is primarily characterized by loss of muscle strength and mass and an unideal functional recovery of the muscle after extended denervation. This review emphasizes the interaction between the immune system and the denervated skeletal muscle. Immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and T-cells are activated and migrate to denervated muscle, where they release a high concentration of cytokines and chemokines. The migration of these immune cells, the transformation of different functional immune cell subtypes, and the cytokine network in the immune microenvironment may be involved in the regulatory process of muscle atrophy or repair. However, the exact mechanisms of the interaction between these immune cells and immune molecules in skeletal muscles are unclear. In this paper, the immune microenvironment regulation of muscle atrophy induced by peripheral nerve injury is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxian Xiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxi Dai
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Natl Res Inst Child Hlth & Dev, Div Transplantat Immunol, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junjian Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianguang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Zhu J, Li L, Ding J, Huang J, Shao A, Tang B. The Role of Formyl Peptide Receptors in Neurological Diseases via Regulating Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:753832. [PMID: 34650406 PMCID: PMC8510628 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.753832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a group of G protein-coupled cell surface receptors that play important roles in host defense and inflammation. Owing to the ubiquitous expression of FPRs throughout different cell types and since they interact with structurally diverse chemotactic agonists, they have a dual function in inflammatory processes, depending on binding with different ligands so that accelerate or inhibit key intracellular kinase-based regulatory pathways. Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, neurogenic tumors and cerebrovascular diseases. From recent studies, it is clear that FPRs are important biomarkers for neurological diseases as they regulate inflammatory responses by monitoring glial activation, accelerating neural differentiation, regulating angiogenesis, and controlling blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, thereby affecting neurological disease progression. Given the complex mechanisms of neurological diseases and the difficulty of healing, we are eager to find new and effective therapeutic targets. Here, we review recent research about various mechanisms of the effects generated after FPR binding to different ligands, role of FPRs in neuroinflammation as well as the development and prognosis of neurological diseases. We summarize that the FPR family has dual inflammatory functional properties in central nervous system. Emphasizing that FPR2 acts as a key molecule that mediates the active resolution of inflammation, which binds with corresponding receptors to reduce the expression and activation of pro-inflammatory composition, govern the transport of immune cells to inflammatory tissues, and restore the integrity of the BBB. Concurrently, FPR1 is essentially related to angiogenesis, cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Thus, treatment with FPRs-modulation may be effective for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Ding
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Lu Y, Shan Q, Ling M, Ni XA, Mao SS, Yu B, Cao QQ. Identification of key genes involved in axon regeneration and Wallerian degeneration by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:911-919. [PMID: 34472493 PMCID: PMC8530115 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury repair requires a certain degree of cooperation between axon regeneration and Wallerian degeneration. Therefore, investigating how axon regeneration and degeneration work together to repair peripheral nerve injury may uncover the molecular mechanisms and signal cascades underlying peripheral nerve repair and provide potential strategies for improving the low axon regeneration capacity of the central nervous system. In this study, we applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify differentially expressed genes in proximal and distal sciatic nerve segments from rats with sciatic nerve injury. We identified 31 and 15 co-expression modules from the proximal and distal sciatic nerve segments, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes in proximal modules promoted regeneration, while the differentially expressed genes in distal modules promoted neurodegeneration. Next, we constructed hub gene networks for selected modules and identified a key hub gene, Kif22, which was up-regulated in both nerve segments. In vitro experiments confirmed that Kif22 knockdown inhibited proliferation and migration of Schwann cells by modulating the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings provide a comparative framework of gene modules that are co-expressed in injured proximal and distal sciatic nerve segments, and identify Kif22 as a potential therapeutic target for promoting peripheral nerve injury repair via Schwann cell proliferation and migration. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Nantong University, China (approval No. S20210322-008) on March 22, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Ling
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi-An Ni
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su-Su Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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27
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Repurposing Small Molecules to Target PPAR-γ as New Therapies for Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091301. [PMID: 34572514 PMCID: PMC8465622 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow rate of neuronal regeneration that follows peripheral nerve repair results in poor recovery, particularly where reinnervation of muscles is delayed, leading to atrophy and permanent loss of function. There is a clear clinical need to develop drug treatments that can accelerate nerve regeneration safely, restoring connections before the target tissues deteriorate irreversibly. The identification that the Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway acts to limit neuronal growth rate is a promising advancement towards the development of drugs. Targeting Rho or ROCK directly can act to suppress the activity of this pathway; however, the pathway can also be modulated through the activation of upstream receptors; one of particular interest being peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). The connection between the PPAR-γ receptor and the Rho/ROCK pathway is the suppression of the conversion of inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-Rho to active guanosine triphosphate GTP-Rho, resulting in the suppression of Rho/ROCK activity. PPAR-γ is known for its role in cellular metabolism that leads to cell growth and differentiation. However, more recently there has been a growing interest in targeting PPAR-γ in peripheral nerve injury (PNI). The localisation and expression of PPAR-γ in neural cells following a PNI has been reported and further in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that delivering PPAR-γ agonists following injury promotes nerve regeneration, leading to improvements in functional recovery. This review explores the potential of repurposing PPAR-γ agonists to treat PNI and their prospective translation to the clinic.
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28
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Williams B, Lees F, Tsangari H, Hutchinson MR, Perilli E, Crotti TN. Effects of Mild and Moderate Monoclonal Antibody Dose on Inflammation, Bone Loss, and Activation of the Central Nervous System in a Female Collagen Antibody-induced Arthritis Mouse Model. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:511-522. [PMID: 34291686 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211033562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of severe inflammatory arthritis in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) murine model causes extensive joint damage and pain-like behavior compromising analysis. While mild models are less severe, their reduced, variable penetrance makes assessment of treatment efficacy difficult. This study aimed to compare macroscopic and microscopic changes in the paws, along with central nervous system activation between a mild and moderate CAIA model. Balb/c mice (n=18) were allocated to control, mild, and moderate CAIA groups. Paw inflammation, bone volume (BV), and paw volume (PV) were assessed. Histologically, the front paws were assessed for joint inflammation, cartilage damage, and pre/osteoclast-like cells and the lumbar spinal cord and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) region of the brain for glial reactivity. A moderate CAIA dose induced (1) significantly greater local paw inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and PV; (2) significantly more osteoclast-like cells on the bone surface and within the surrounding soft tissue; and (3) significantly greater glial reactivity within the PAG compared with the mild CAIA model. These findings support the use of a moderate CAIA model (higher dose of monoclonal antibodies with low-dose lipopolysaccharide) to induce more consistent histopathological features, without excessive joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Lees
- Adelaide Medical School.,ARC Centre for Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics
| | | | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Adelaide Medical School.,ARC Centre for Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics
| | - Egon Perilli
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, and Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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29
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Falo CP, Benitez R, Caro M, Morell M, Forte-Lago I, Hernandez-Cortes P, Sanchez-Gonzalez C, O’Valle F, Delgado M, Gonzalez-Rey E. The Neuropeptide Cortistatin Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Experimental Models of Peripheral Nerve Injury. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070947. [PMID: 34202793 PMCID: PMC8309056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is one of the most severe forms of chronic pain caused by the direct injury of the somatosensory system. The current drugs for treating neuropathies have limited efficacies or show important side effects, and the development of analgesics with novel modes of action is critical. The identification of endogenous anti-nociceptive factors has emerged as an attractive strategy for designing new pharmacological approaches to treat neuropathic pain. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory activity, recently identified as a natural analgesic peptide in several models of pain evoked by inflammatory conditions. Here, we investigated the potential analgesic effect of cortistatin in neuropathic pain using a variety of experimental models of peripheral nerve injury caused by chronic constriction or partial transection of the sciatic nerve or by diabetic neuropathy. We found that the peripheral and central injection of cortistatin ameliorated hyperalgesia and allodynia, two of the dominant clinical manifestations of chronic neuropathic pain. Cortistatin-induced analgesia was multitargeted, as it regulated the nerve damage-induced hypersensitization of primary nociceptors, inhibited neuroinflammatory responses, and enhanced the production of neurotrophic factors both at the peripheral and central levels. We also demonstrated the neuroregenerative/protective capacity of cortistatin in a model of severe peripheral nerve transection. Interestingly, the nociceptive system responded to nerve injury by secreting cortistatin, and a deficiency in cortistatin exacerbated the neuropathic pain responses and peripheral nerve dysfunction. Therefore, cortistatin-based therapies emerge as attractive alternatives for treating chronic neuropathic pain of different etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P. Falo
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Raquel Benitez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Maria Morell
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
- Genyo Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Pedro Hernandez-Cortes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Clara Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Francisco O’Valle
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, IBIMER and IBS-Granada, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (E.G.-R.)
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30
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do Carmo Oliveira TG, Dos Santos ACM, Assis AD, Borges RT, da Costa Silva JR, Ueira-Vieira C, Simões GF, Zanon RG. TNF-mimetic peptide mixed with fibrin glue improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:53-62. [PMID: 34090933 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surgical intervention is necessary following nerve trauma. Tubular prostheses can guide growing axons and inserting substances within these prostheses can be positive for the regeneration, making it an alternative for the current standard tools for nerve repair. Our aim was to investigate the effects of fibrin glue BthTL when combined with a synthetic TNF mimetic-action peptide on nerve regeneration. Male Wistar rats suffered left sciatic nerve transection. For repairing, we used empty silicon tubes (n = 10), tubes filled with fibrin glue BthTL (Tube + Glue group, n = 10) or tubes filled with fibrin glue BThTL mixed with TNF mimetic peptide (Tube + Glue + Pep group, n = 10). Animals were euthanized after 45 days. We collected nerves to perform immunostaining (neurofilament, GAP43, S100-β, NGFRp75 and Iba-1), light and transmission electron microscopy (for counting myelinated, unmyelinated and degenerated fibers; and for the evaluation of morphometric aspects of regenerated fibers) and collagen staining. All procedures were approved by local ethics committee (protocol 063/17). Tube + Glue + Pep group showed intense inflammatory infiltrate, higher Iba-1 expression, increased immunostaining for NGFRp75 receptor (which characterizes Schwann cell regenerative phenotype), higher myelin thickness and fiber diameter and more type III collagen deposition. Tube + Glue group showed intermediate results between empty tube and Tube + Glue + Pep groups for anti-NGFRp75 immunostaining, inflammation and collagen; on fiber counts, this group showed more degenerate fibers and fewer unmyelinated axons than others. Empty tube group showed superiority only in GAP43 immunostaining. A combination of BthTL glue and TNF mimetic peptide induced greater axonal regrowth and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tárika Gonçalves do Carmo Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Moreira Dos Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Alex Dias Assis
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael Teixeira Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Graciele Zanon
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
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31
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Powell R, Eleftheriadou D, Kellaway S, Phillips JB. Natural Biomaterials as Instructive Engineered Microenvironments That Direct Cellular Function in Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:674473. [PMID: 34113607 PMCID: PMC8185204 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.674473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve tissue function and regeneration depend on precise and well-synchronised spatial and temporal control of biological, physical, and chemotactic cues, which are provided by cellular components and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Therefore, natural biomaterials currently used in peripheral nerve tissue engineering are selected on the basis that they can act as instructive extracellular microenvironments. Despite emerging knowledge regarding cell-matrix interactions, the exact mechanisms through which these biomaterials alter the behaviour of the host and implanted cells, including neurons, Schwann cells and immune cells, remain largely unclear. Here, we review some of the physical processes by which natural biomaterials mimic the function of the extracellular matrix and regulate cellular behaviour. We also highlight some representative cases of controllable cell microenvironments developed by combining cell biology and tissue engineering principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Powell
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kellaway
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James B Phillips
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Lim EMF, Hoghooghi V, Hagen KM, Kapoor K, Frederick A, Finlay TM, Ousman SS. Presence and activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages are associated with CRYAB expression in vitro and after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:82. [PMID: 33761953 PMCID: PMC7992798 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation constitutes both positive and negative aspects to recovery following peripheral nerve injury. Following damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), immune cells such as macrophages play a beneficial role in creating a supportive environment for regrowing axons by phagocytosing myelin and axonal debris. However, a prolonged inflammatory response after peripheral nerve injury has been implicated in the pathogenesis of negative symptoms like neuropathic pain. Therefore, the post-injury inflammation must be carefully controlled to prevent secondary damage while allowing for regeneration. CRYAB (also known as alphaB-crystallin/HSPB5) is a small heat shock protein that has many protective functions including an immunomodulatory role in mouse models of multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and stroke. Because its expression wanes and rebounds in the early and late periods respectively after PNS damage, and CRYAB null mice with sciatic nerve crush injury display symptoms of pain, we investigated whether CRYAB is involved in the immune response following PNS injury. METHODS Sciatic nerve crush injuries were performed in age-matched Cryab knockout (Cryab-/-) and wildtype (WT) female mice. Nerve segments distal to the injury site were processed by immunohistochemistry for macrophages and myelin while protein lysates of the nerves were analyzed for cytokines and chemokines using Luminex and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peritoneal macrophages from the two genotypes were also cultured and polarized into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes where their supernatants were analyzed for cytokines and chemokines by ELISA and protein lysates for macrophage antigen presenting markers using western blotting. RESULTS We report that (1) more pro-inflammatory CD16/32+ macrophages are present in the nerves of Cryab-/- mice at days 14 and 21 after sciatic nerve crush-injury compared to WT counterparts, and (2) CRYAB has an immunosuppressive effect on cytokine secretion [interleukin (IL)-β, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] from pro-inflammatory macrophages in vitro. CONCLUSIONS CRYAB may play a role in curbing the potentially detrimental pro-inflammatory macrophage response during the late stages of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin-Mai F Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vahid Hoghooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kunal Kapoor
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ariana Frederick
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Trisha M Finlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Abstract
Neuropathy is a common complication of long-term diabetes that impairs quality of life by producing pain, sensory loss and limb amputation. The presence of neuropathy in both insulin-deficient (type 1) and insulin resistant (type 2) diabetes along with the slowing of progression of neuropathy by improved glycemic control in type 1 diabetes has caused the majority of preclinical and clinical investigations to focus on hyperglycemia as the initiating pathogenic lesion. Studies in animal models of diabetes have identified multiple plausible mechanisms of glucotoxicity to the nervous system including post-translational modification of proteins by glucose and increased glucose metabolism by aldose reductase, glycolysis and other catabolic pathways. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors not necessarily downstream of hyperglycemia can also contribute to the incidence, progression and severity of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. For example, peripheral nerve contains insulin receptors that transduce the neurotrophic and neurosupportive properties of insulin, independent of systemic glucose regulation, while the detection of neuropathy and neuropathic pain in patients with metabolic syndrome and failure of improved glycemic control to protect against neuropathy in cohorts of type 2 diabetic patients has placed a focus on the pathogenic role of dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of current understanding of potential initiating lesions for diabetic neuropathy and the multiple downstream mechanisms identified in cell and animal models of diabetes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain.
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Choi SJ, Park SY, Shin YH, Heo SH, Kim KH, Lee HI, Kim JK. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Wharton's Jelly Can Differentiate into Schwann Cell-Like Cells and Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Acellular Nerve Grafts. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:467-478. [PMID: 33515168 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwann cells (SCs) secrete neurotrophic factors and provide structural support and guidance during axonal regeneration. However, nearby nerves may be damaged to obtain primary SCs, and there is a lack of nervous tissue donors. We investigated the potential of Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) in differentiating into Schwann cell-like cells (WJ-SCLCs) as an alternative to SCs. We also examined whether implantation of WJ-SCLCs-laden acellular nerve grafts (ANGs) are effective in inducing functional recovery and nerve regeneration in an animal model of peripheral nerve injury. METHODS The differentiation of WJ-MSCs into WJ-SCLCs was determined by analyzing SC-specific markers. The secretion of neurotrophic factors was assessed by the Neuro Discovery antibody array. Neurite outgrowth and myelination of axons were found in a co-culture system involving motor neuron cell lines. The effects of ANGs on repairing sciatic nerves were evaluated using video gait angle test, isometric tetanic force analysis, and toluidine blue staining. RESULTS Compared with undifferentiated WJ-MSCs, WJ-SCLCs showed higher expression levels of SC-specific markers such as S100β, GFAP, KROX20, and NGFR. WJ-SCLCs also showed higher secreted amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor than did WJ-MSCs. WJ-SCLCs effectively promoted the outgrowth and myelination of neurites in motor neuron cells, and WJ-SCLCs laden ANGs significantly facilitated peripheral nerve regeneration in an animal model of sciatic nerve injury. CONCLUSION WJ-MSCs were readily differentiated into WJ-SCLCs, which effectively promoted the regeneration of peripheral nerves. Transplantation of WJ-SCLCs with ANGs might be useful for assisting peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Jin Choi
- Asan Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Lab Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Young Park
- Asan Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Lab Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic Road 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Heo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Lee
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Asan Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Lab Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic Road 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
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Cao QQ, Li S, Lu Y, Wu D, Feng W, Shi Y, Zhang LP. Transcriptome analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying facial nerve injury repair in rats. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2316-2323. [PMID: 33818518 PMCID: PMC8354104 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the transcriptional alterations inside the facial nucleus after facial nerve injury have been well studied, the gene expression changes in the facial nerve trunk after injury are still unknown. In this study, we established an adult rat model of facial nerve crush injury by compressing the right lateral extracranial nerve trunk. Transcriptome sequencing, differential gene expression analysis, and cluster analysis of the injured facial nerve trunk were performed, and 39 intersecting genes with significant variance in expression were identified. Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of the 39 intersecting genes revealed that these genes are mostly involved in leukocyte cell-cell adhesion and phagocytosis and have essential roles in regulating nerve repair. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to validate the expression of pivotal genes. Finally, nine pivotal genes that contribute to facial nerve recovery were identified, including Arhgap30, Akr1b8, C5ar1, Csf2ra, Dock2, Hcls1, Inpp5d, Sla, and Spi1. Primary Schwann cells were isolated from the sciatic nerve of neonatal rats. After knocking down Akr1b8 in Schwann cells with an Akr1b8-specific small interfering RNA plasmid, expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were decreased, while cell proliferation and migration were not obviously altered. These findings suggest that Akr1b8 likely regulates the interaction between Schwann cells and macrophages through regulation of cytokine expression to promote facial nerve regeneration. This study is the first to reveal a transcriptome change in the facial nerve trunk after facial nerve injury, thereby revealing the potential mechanism underlying repair of facial nerve injury. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Nantong University, China in 2018 (approval No. S20180923-007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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36
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Korimová A, Dubový P. N-Formylated Peptide Induces Increased Expression of Both Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (Fpr2) and Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) in Schwannoma Cells-An In Vitro Model for Early Inflammatory Profiling of Schwann Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122661. [PMID: 33322305 PMCID: PMC7763069 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following nerve injury, disintegrated axonal mitochondria distal to the injury site release mitochondrial formylated peptides and DNA that can induce activation and inflammatory profiling of Schwann cells via formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), respectively. We studied RT4 schwannoma cells to investigate the regulation of Fpr2 and TLR9 after stimulation with fMLF as a prototypical formylated peptide. RT4 cells were treated with fMLF at various concentrations and times with and without pretreatment with inhibitors (chloroquine for activated TLR9, PBP10 for Fpr2). Western blots of Fpr2, TLR9, p-p38, p-NFκB, and IL-6 were compared in relation to inflammatory profiling of RT4 cells and chemokine receptors (CCR2, CXCR4) as potential co-receptors of Fpr2. fMLF stimulation upregulated Fpr2 in RT4 cells at low concentrations (10 nM and 100 nM) but higher concentrations were required (10 µM and 50 µM) when the cells were pretreated with an activated TLR9 inhibitor. Moreover, the higher concentrations of fMLF could modulate TLR9 and inflammatory markers. Upregulation of Fpr2 triggered by 10 nM and 100 nM fMLF coincided with higher levels of chemokine receptors (CCR2, CXCR4) and PKCβ. Treating RT4 cells with fMLF, as an in vitro model of Schwann cells, uncovered Schwann cells’ complex responses to molecular patterns of release from injured axonal mitochondria.
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Zhang RR, Chen SL, Cheng ZC, Shen YY, Yi S, Xu H. Characteristics of cytokines in the sciatic nerve stumps and DRGs after rat sciatic nerve crush injury. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:57. [PMID: 33225981 PMCID: PMC7682062 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are essential cellular modulators of various physiological and pathological activities, including peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. However, the molecular changes of these cellular mediators after peripheral nerve injury are still unclear. This study aimed to identify cytokines critical for the regenerative process of injured peripheral nerves. METHODS The sequencing data of the injured nerve stumps and the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to sciatic nerve (SN) crush injury were analyzed to determine the expression patterns of genes coding for cytokines. PCR was used to validate the accuracy of the sequencing data. RESULTS A total of 46, 52, and 54 upstream cytokines were differentially expressed in the SNs at 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days after nerve injury. A total of 25, 28, and 34 upstream cytokines were differentially expressed in the DRGs at these time points. The expression patterns of some essential upstream cytokines are displayed in a heatmap and were validated by PCR. Bioinformatic analysis of these differentially expressed upstream cytokines after nerve injury demonstrated that inflammatory and immune responses were significantly involved. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings provide an overview of the dynamic changes in cytokines in the SNs and DRGs at different time points after nerve crush injury in rats, elucidate the biological processes of differentially expressed cytokines, especially the important roles in inflammatory and immune responses after peripheral nerve injury, and thus might contribute to the identification of potential treatments for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sai-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhang-Chun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,College of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin-Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Jou IM, Wu TT, Hsu CC, Yang CC, Huang JS, Tu YK, Lee JS, Su FC, Kuo YL. High molecular weight form of hyaluronic acid reduces neuroinflammatory response in injured sciatic nerve via the intracellular domain of CD44. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:673-680. [PMID: 32924257 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response after peripheral nerve injury is required for clearance of tissue debris and effective regeneration. Studies have revealed that hyaluronic acid (HA) may exert different properties depending on their molecular size. High molecular weight HA (>>1,000 kDa; HMW-HA) displays immunosuppressive properties, whereas low molecular weight HA (<800 kDa; LMW-HA) induces proinflammatory responses. The role of HMW-HA interaction with CD44, a major HA receptor, in neuroinflammatory responses has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of topical applications of HMW-HA on the sciatic nerve injury in an adult rat model. At the crush site on the sciatic nerve, the recordings of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and the levels of several proteins related to inflammatory response were assessed at time intervals of 2, 4, and 6 weeks postsurgery. Here, we show that the recovery effect of HMW-HA treatment had significantly shortened latency and increased amplitude of CMAP compared with crushed alone, crushed plus γ-secretase inhibitor with or without HA treatment at 6 weeks after surgery. Our data reveal that HMW-HA could downregulate the expression of IL1-β, TLR4, and MMP-9, whereas these proteins expression were increased when the CD44-ICD activity was inhibited using γ-secretase inhibitor. Our findings demonstrated a novel role of CD44-ICD in HA-mediated recovery of peripheral nerve injury. Clinical relevance: an alternative for the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Tu H, Zhang D, Wadman MC, Li YL. Dexamethasone ameliorates recovery process of neuromuscular junctions after tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injuries in mouse hindlimb. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Distribution of nerve fibers and nerve-immune cell association in mouse spleen revealed by immunofluorescent staining. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9850. [PMID: 32555231 PMCID: PMC7300136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates the immune system through the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates with the immune system through local nerve-immune cell interactions, including sympathetic/parasympathetic (efferent) and sensory (afferent) innervation to lymphoid tissue/organs. However, the precise mechanisms of this bi-directional crosstalk of the PNS and immune system remain mysterious. To study this kind of bi-directional crosstalk, we performed immunofluorescent staining of neurofilament and confocal microscopy to reveal the distribution of nerve fibers and nerve-immune cell associations inside mouse spleen. Our study demonstrates (i) extensive nerve fibers in all splenic compartments including the splenic nodules, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, marginal zones, trabeculae, and red pulp; (ii) close associations of nerve fibers with blood vessels (including central arteries, marginal sinuses, penicillar arterioles, and splenic sinuses); (iii) close associations of nerve fibers with various subsets of dendritic cells, macrophages (Mac1+ and F4/80+), and lymphocytes (B cells, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T cells). Our data concerning the extensive splenic innervation and nerve-immune cell communication will enrich our knowledge of the mechanisms through which the PNS affects the cellular- and humoral-mediated immune responses in healthy and infectious/non-infectious states.
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Protein Kinase Cα Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Schwann Cells by Activating ERK Signaling Pathway. Neuroscience 2020; 433:94-107. [PMID: 32171817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) and axon regeneration generally take place following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages play major role in WD. SCs, acting as repair cells and primary signal mediators, dedifferentiate and proliferate to remove the debris, form Büngner's bands and secrete trophic factors during these processes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we found that protein kinase Cα (PKCα), a serine/threonine kinase, expressed in SCs was significantly up-regulated after PNI. Activating PKCα with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester binds and activates PKCα) promoted SCs proliferation and migration. While, silence of PKCα by siRNAs inhibited these processes. PD184352, an inhibitor of MEK1, reversed the effect induced by PMA on SCs. Mechanism studies revealed that PKCα functioned through activating the ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, PKCα also exhibited a neuroprotective role by upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors in SCs. To sum up, this study offers novel insights for clarifying our understanding of the involvement of PKCα in the mechanism of peripheral nerve degeneration as well as regeneration.
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42
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Su S, Wu J, Gao Y, Luo Y, Yang D, Wang P. The pharmacological properties of chrysophanol, the recent advances. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110002. [PMID: 32066044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a universal Chinese medicine, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was used for centuries in different fields including pharmaceutical, health care and cosmetics. Chrysophanol (Chr) is one of the most important anthraquinone components isolated from plants of the Rheum genus. Current reports show that in Rheum officinale, Chr is the most abundant free anthraquinone compound [1] and exerts a number of beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and anti-depressive effects and offers neuroprotection. We collected information about Chr from the Internet databases PubMed, Web of Science, Europe PMC and CNKI with a combination of keywords including "Chr", "Pharmacology", and "Pharmacokinetics". All data about this ingredient in this review were extracted from articles published before September 2019. Based on the literature found, we concluded that (1) Chr exhibited potential anti-inflammation, anti-cardiovascular disease (CVD)and anti-cancer activities by regulating signaling pathway transduction (NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, etc.); (2) compared with free Chr, pharmacokinetic studies revealed that other forms of Chr, such as nanoparticle-based and liposome-based Chr, showed high bioavailability. Nevertheless, we also found that the understanding of the exact differences in the regulation of multiple molecular signaling pathways is in a preliminary stage and needs to be clarified. Moreover, further studies are required to determine the apoptotic mechanism of Chr in cancer cells. Finally, we found that (3) structure modification studies demonstrated potential relationships between structure and drug activity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacological activities, intracorporal processes and structure-activity relationships of Chr and to provide an up-to-date reference for further research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Su
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jiasi Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Du W, Zhao S, Gao F, Wei M, An J, Jia K, Li F, Zhu L, Hao J. IFN-γ/mTORC1 decreased Rab11 in Schwann cells of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, inhibiting cell proliferation via GLUT1 downregulation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5764-5776. [PMID: 31970777 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus. Rab11 is conserved gene-regulating vesicle traffic and reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by affecting insulin sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the role of Rab11 in the pathogenesis of DPN. In this study, Rab11 expression decreased in the sciatic nerves of diabetic mice with impaired conduction function versus those of normal mice. In vitro experiment revealed interferon-γ (IFN-γ), not high glucose and interleukin 1β was the main factor to lead to Rab11 downregulation in RSC96 cells. Again, both Rab11 knockdown and IFN-γ treatment caused cell viability inhibition and the decrease in BrdU-positive cells. In contrast, overexpression of Rab11 reversed IFN-γ-reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, mTORC1 not mTORC2 was proven to be suppressed by IFN-γ treatment in RSC96 cells, indicated in decreased phospho-p70S6K. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway resulted in Rab11 expression downregulation in RSC96 cells. Activation of the mTORC1 pathway effectively prevented IFN-γ-reduced Rab11 expression in RSC96 cells. Also, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) was found to be downregulated in RSC96 cells with Rab11 silence and overexpression of GLUT1 reversed Rab11 blocking-caused proliferation inhibition. Taken together, our findings suggest that IFN-γ decreases Rab11 expression via the inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, causing reduced cell proliferation in Schwann cells of DPN by GLUT1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyu Wei
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiahui An
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Keqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Electromyogram, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Hao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Hsu CG, Talukder MAH, Yue L, Turpin LC, Noble M, Elfar JC. Human equivalent dose of oral 4-aminopyridine differentiates nerve crush injury from transection injury and improves post-injury function in mice. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2098-2107. [PMID: 32394968 PMCID: PMC7716044 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), an FDA-approved drug for the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis, is used to improve neuromuscular function in patients with diverse demyelinating disorders. We recently demonstrated that local, transdermal or injectable forms of 4-AP improve myelination, nerve conduction velocity, muscle atrophy, and motor function after traumatic peripheral nerve injury in mice. While oral 4-AP is most commonly used in the clinic, it is unknown whether human equivalent oral doses of 4-AP have effects on traumatic peripheral nerve injury differentiation, myelination, muscle atrophy, functional recovery, and post-injury inflammatory processes in animals. Mice with sciatic nerve crush or denervation injury received oral or intraperitoneal 4-AP (10 μg) or vehicle alone and were examined for pharmacokinetics, motor function, muscle mass, intrinsic muscle force, nerve morphological and gene expression profiles. 4-AP showed linear pharmacokinetics and the maximum plasma 4-AP concentrations were proportional to 4-AP dose. Acute single dose of oral 4-AP administration induced a rapid transient improvement in motor function that was different in traumatic peripheral nerve injury with or without nerve continuity, chronic daily oral 4-AP treatment significantly enhanced post crush injury motor function recovery and this effect was associated with improved myelination, muscle mass, and ex vivo muscle force. Polymerase chain reaction array analysis with crushed nerve revealed significant alterations in gene involved in axonal inflammation and regeneration. These findings provide convincing evidence that regardless of the route of administration, 4-AP can acutely differentiate traumatic peripheral nerve injury with or without nerve continuity and can enhance in vivo functional recovery with better preservation of myelin sheaths, muscle mass, and muscle force. The animal experiments were approved by the University Committee on Animal Research (UCAR) at the University of Rochester (UCAR-2009-019) on March 31, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia George Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Li Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Loel C Turpin
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John C Elfar
- Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Tajdaran K, Chan K, Shoichet MS, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Local delivery of FK506 to injured peripheral nerve enhances axon regeneration after surgical nerve repair in rats. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:211-221. [PMID: 31141732 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Administration of FK506, an FDA approved immunosuppressant, has been shown to enhance nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injuries. However, the severe side effects of the systemically delivered FK506 has prevented clinicians from the routine use of the drug. In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness of our fibrin gel-based FK506 delivery system to promote axon regeneration in a rat peripheral nerve transection and immediate surgical repair model. In addition, biodistribution of FK506 from the local delivery system to the surrounding tissues was analyzed in vivo. Rats in the negative control groups either did not receive any delivery system treatment or received fibrin gel with empty microspheres. The experimental groups included rats treated with fibrin gel loaded with solubilized, particulate, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microspheres-encapsulated FK506. Rats in experimental groups receiving FK506 microspheres and the particulate FK506 regenerated the highest number of motor and sensory neurons. Histomorphometric analysis also demonstrated greater numbers of myelinated axons following particulate FK506 and FK506 microspheres treatment compared to the negative control groups. In biodistribution studies, FK506 was found at the nerve repair site, the sciatic nerve, and spinal cord, with little to no drug detection in other vital organs. Hence, the local application of FK506 via our delivery systems enhanced axon regeneration whilst avoiding the toxicity of systemic FK506. This local delivery strategy represents a new opportunity for clinicians to use for cases of peripheral nerve injuries. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work for the first time investigated the influence of locally administered FK506 to the site of nerve injury and immediate repair directly on the number of motor and sensory neurons that regenerated their axons. Furthermore, using the immediate nerve repair model, we obtained valuable information about the biodistribution of FK506 within the nervous system following its release from the delivery system implanted at the site of nerve injury and repair. The strategy of local FK506 delivery holds a great promise in the clinical translation, as the localized delivery circumvents the main limitation of the systemic delivery of FK506, that of immunosuppression and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Tajdaran
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katelyn Chan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ronchi G, Morano M, Fregnan F, Pugliese P, Crosio A, Tos P, Geuna S, Haastert-Talini K, Gambarotta G. The Median Nerve Injury Model in Pre-clinical Research - A Critical Review on Benefits and Limitations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:288. [PMID: 31316355 PMCID: PMC6609919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful introduction of innovative treatment strategies into clinical practise strongly depends on the availability of effective experimental models and their reliable pre-clinical assessment. Considering pre-clinical research for peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction, the far most used nerve regeneration model in the last decades is the sciatic nerve injury and repair model. More recently, the use of the median nerve injury and repair model has gained increasing attention due to some significant advantages it provides compared to sciatic nerve injury. Outstanding advantages are the availability of reliable behavioural tests for assessing posttraumatic voluntary motor recovery and a much lower impact on the animal wellbeing. In this article, the potential application of the median nerve injury and repair model in pre-clinical research is reviewed. In addition, we provide a synthetic overview of a variety of methods that can be applied in this model for nerve regeneration assessment. This article is aimed at helping researchers in adequately adopting this in vivo model for pre-clinical evaluation of peripheral nerve reconstruction as well as for interpreting the results in a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Morano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Crosio
- UO Microchirurgia e Chirurgia della Mano, Ospedale Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Tos
- UO Microchirurgia e Chirurgia della Mano, Ospedale Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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47
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Cobos EJ, Nickerson CA, Gao F, Chandran V, Bravo-Caparrós I, González-Cano R, Riva P, Andrews NA, Latremoliere A, Seehus CR, Perazzoli G, Nieto FR, Joller N, Painter MW, Ma CHE, Omura T, Chesler EJ, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Rangachari M, Woolf CJ, Costigan M. Mechanistic Differences in Neuropathic Pain Modalities Revealed by Correlating Behavior with Global Expression Profiling. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1301-1312. [PMID: 29386116 PMCID: PMC5908229 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain is a major morbidity of neural injury, yet its mechanisms are incompletely understood. Hypersensitivity to previously non-noxious stimuli (allodynia) is a common symptom. Here, we demonstrate that the onset of cold hypersensitivity precedes tactile allodynia in a model of partial nerve injury, and this temporal divergence was associated with major differences in global gene expression in innervating dorsal root ganglia. Transcripts whose expression change correlates with the onset of cold allodynia were nociceptor related, whereas those correlating with tactile hypersensitivity were immune cell centric. Ablation of TrpV1 lineage nociceptors resulted in mice that did not acquire cold allodynia but developed normal tactile hypersensitivity, whereas depletion of macrophages or T cells reduced neuropathic tactile allodynia but not cold hypersensitivity. We conclude that neuropathic pain incorporates reactive processes of sensory neurons and immune cells, each leading to distinct forms of hypersensitivity, potentially allowing drug development targeted to each pain type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique J Cobos
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Chelsea A Nickerson
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vijayendran Chandran
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0296, USA
| | - Inmaculada Bravo-Caparrós
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael González-Cano
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla Riva
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nick A Andrews
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey R Seehus
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gloria Perazzoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Nicole Joller
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michio W Painter
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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48
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Jung YH, Shin NY, Jang JH, Lee WJ, Lee D, Choi Y, Choi SH, Kang DH. Relationships among stress, emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and cytokines. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15345. [PMID: 31045776 PMCID: PMC6504531 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain has multiple functions, and its structures are very closely related to one another. Thus, the brain areas associated with stress, emotion, and intelligence are closely connected. The purpose of this study was to investigate the multiple associations between stress and emotional intelligence (EI), between EI and intelligence quotient (IQ), between cytokines and stress, and between cytokines and IQ. We measured the stress, EI, cognitive intelligence using IQ, and cytokine levels of 70 healthy subjects. We also analyzed the association of cytokines with IQ according to hemispheric dominance using the brain preference indicator (BPI). We found significant negative correlations between stress and the components of EI, such as emotional awareness and expression, emotional thinking, and emotional regulation. High levels of anger, which is a component of stress, were significantly related to poor emotional regulation. Additionally, emotional application was positively correlated with full-scale IQ scores and scores on the vocabulary, picture arrangement, and block design subtests of the IQ test. High IL-10 levels were significantly associated with low stress levels only in the right-brain-dominant group. High IL-10 and IFN-gamma levels have been associated with high scores of arithmetic intelligence. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were negatively associated with vocabulary scores and full-scale IQ, but IL-10 and IFN-gamma were positively associated with scores on the arithmetic subtest in left-brain-dominant subjects. On the other hand, IL-10 showed positive correlations with scores for vocabulary and for vocabulary and arithmetic in right-brain-dominant subjects. Furthermore, we found significant linear regression models which can show integrative associations and contribution on emotional and cognitive intelligence. Thus, we demonstrated that cytokines, stress, and emotional and cognitive intelligence are closely connected one another related to brain structure and functions. Also, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 had negative effects, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10 and IFN-gamma) showed beneficial effects, on stress levels, and multiple dimensions of emotional and cognitive intelligence. Additionally, these relationships among cytokines, stress, and emotional and cognitive intelligence differed depending on right and left hemispheric dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | | | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Won Joon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital
| | - Dasom Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Yoobin Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Emotional Information and Communication Technology Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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49
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Morikawa S, Iribar H, Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Ezaki T, Izeta A. Pericytes in Cutaneous Wound Healing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:1-63. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Büttner R, Schulz A, Reuter M, Akula AK, Mindos T, Carlstedt A, Riecken LB, Baader SL, Bauer R, Morrison H. Inflammaging impairs peripheral nerve maintenance and regeneration. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12833. [PMID: 30168637 PMCID: PMC6260910 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves declines during aging, contributing to the development of neuropathies, limiting organism function. Changes in Schwann cells prompt failures in instructing maintenance and regeneration of aging nerves; molecular mechanisms of which have yet to be delineated. Here, we identified an altered inflammatory environment leading to a defective Schwann cell response, as an underlying mechanism of impaired nerve regeneration during aging. Chronic inflammation was detected in intact uninjured old nerves, characterized by increased macrophage infiltration and raised levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and CC chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11). Schwann cells in the old nerves appeared partially dedifferentiated, accompanied by an activated repair program independent of injury. Upon sciatic nerve injury, an initial delayed immune response was followed by a persistent hyperinflammatory state accompanied by a diminished repair process. As a contributing factor to nerve aging, we showed that CCL11 interfered with Schwann cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that increased infiltration of macrophages and inflammatory signals diminish regenerative capacity of aging nerves by altering Schwann cell behavior. The study identifies CCL11 as a promising target for anti‐inflammatory therapies aiming to improve nerve regeneration in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Büttner
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
- Department of Genetics and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Michael Reuter
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Asha K. Akula
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Thomas Mindos
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | | | - Lars B. Riecken
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
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