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Fu X, Wei S, Wang T, Fan H, Zhang Y, Costa CD, Brandner S, Yang G, Pan Y, He Y, Li N. Research Status of the Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptor 158 and Future Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081334. [PMID: 35456013 PMCID: PMC9027133 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets for therapeutic drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Many novel orphan GPCRs have been identified by human genome sequencing and considered as putative targets for refractory diseases. Of note, a series of studies have been carried out involving GPCR 158 (or GPR158) since its identification in 2005, predominantly focusing on the characterization of its roles in the progression of cancer and mental illness. However, advances towards an in-depth understanding of the biological mechanism(s) involved for clinical application of GPR158 are lacking. In this paper, we clarify the origin of the GPR158 evolution in different species and summarize the relationship between GPR158 and different diseases towards potential drug target identification, through an analysis of the sequences and substructures of GPR158. Further, we discuss how recent studies set about unraveling the fundamental features and principles, followed by future perspectives and thoughts, which may lead to prospective therapies involving GPR158.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Fu
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Shoupeng Wei
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hengxin Fan
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Clive Da Costa
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518039, China;
| | - Yihang Pan
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yulong He
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (N.L.)
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindhal Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.F.); (S.W.); (T.W.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.)
- China-UK Institute for Frontier Science, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (N.L.)
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Peng J. Targeting the GPR119/incretin axis: a promising new therapy for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:32. [PMID: 34233623 PMCID: PMC8265056 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as drug targets, and their physiological and pathological effects have been extensively studied. Among these receptors, GPR119 is expressed in multiple organs, including the liver. It can be activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. After GPR119 is activated, the cell secretes a variety of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, which may attenuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, reducing appetite, and regulating the intestinal microbial system. GPR119 has been a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus type 2 for many years, but its role in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease deserves further attention. In this review, we discuss relevant research and current progress in the physiology and pharmacology of the GPR119/incretin axis and speculate on the potential therapeutic role of this axis in metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, which provides guidance for transforming experimental research into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinghua Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
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Manaithiya A, Alam O, Sharma V, Javed Naim M, Mittal S, Khan IA. GPR119 agonists: Novel therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104998. [PMID: 34048996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) is a group of genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorders whose frequency has gradually risen worldwide. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (T2D) has started to achieve a pandemic level, and it is estimated that within the next decade, cases of diabetes might get double due to increase in aging population. Diabetes is rightly called the 'silent killer' because it has emerged to be one of the major causes, leading to renal failure, loss of vision; besides cardiac arrest in India. Thus, a clinical requirement for the oral drug molecules monitoring glucose homeostasis appears to be unmet. GPR119 agonist, a family of G-protein coupled receptors, usually noticed in β-cells of pancreatic as well as intestinal L cells, drew considerable interest for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). GPR119 monitors physiological mechanisms that enhance homeostasis of glucose, such as glucose-like peptide-1, gastrointestinal incretin hormone levels, pancreatic beta cell-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). In this manuscript, we have reviewed the work done in the last five years (2015-2020) which gives an approach to design, synthesize, evaluate and study the structural activity relationship of novel GPR119 agonist-based lead compounds. Our article would help the researchers and guide their endeavours in the direction of strategy and development of innovative, effective GPR119 agonist-based compounds for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Manaithiya
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India.
| | - Vrinda Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Shruti Mittal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Imran A Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Li H, Fang Y, Guo S, Yang Z. GPR119 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updated patent review (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:795-808. [PMID: 33896337 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1921152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a rapid-growing complex chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to lessened insulin secretion, insulin resistance and hepatic glucose overproduction. GPR119 is a class A of G protein-coupled receptor, expressed on certain enteroendocrine L and K cells in the small intestine and by β-cells within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Activation of GPR119 stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestinal tract and glucose-dependent release of insulin in pancreatic β-cells.Area covered: This review summarized the reported patents on GPR119 agonists from 2014 to present. The authors described the structural features of these novel synthetic molecules and compared their biological activities (including in vitro and in vivo) as potent GPR119 agonists for the treatment of diabetes.Expert opinion: GPR119 agonists remain the advantage of stimulating both insulin and incretin release in a glucose-dependent manner over other hypoglycemic agents, although some GPR119 agonist clinical candidates have been discontinued in Phase І or Phase II. GPR119 agonists will succeed to be developed as anti-diabetic drugs after accumulated scaffolds of agonists are discovered and the crystallographic structure of GPR119 is elucidated. The synergic effect of GPR119 agonist and DPP-4 inhibitor will also elicit a benefit for the new therapeutic of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuchun Guo
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Shanghai Jemincare Pharm Co., LTD, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Ruiz-Hernández A, Romero-Nava R, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Altered function and expression of the orphan GPR135 at the cardiovascular level in diabetic Wistar rats. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:484-491. [PMID: 31038027 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1597116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of mortality in patients with diabetes, these have been associated with changes in function and expression of receptors coupled to G proteins (GPCR), which include orphan receptors which some of them tend to modify in diabetes, although others are not known, such as GPR135. For this reason, the objective of this work was to study the expression of the orphan receptor GPR135 in brain, heart, kidney, aorta, lung, spleen and liver of diabetic rats, as well as its function by the administration of siRNA (small interfering RNA) and curves to isoproterenol. Our results showed that GPR135 is expressed in all tissues analyzed and its expression is modified due to diabetes, we also observed that the responses to isoproterenol increase in diabetic rats administered with siRNA. Therefore, we conclude that the orphan receptor GPR135 is expressed in different tissues and its expression tends to be modified due to diabetes, besides that it is functional and that it seems to be coupled to Gi/o protein which has negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, therefore, we do not rule out that it participates in the cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ruiz-Hernández
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- b Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- b Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Enrique Hong
- c Departamento de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
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Hoque M, Ali S, Hoda M. Current status of G-protein coupled receptors as potential targets against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:2237-2244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tyurenkov IN, Ozerov AA, Kurkin DV, Logvinova EO, Bakulin DA, Volotova EV, Borodin DD. Structure and biological activity of endogenous and synthetic agonists of GPR119. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR119, is a promising pharmacological target for a new class of hypoglycaemic drugs with an original mechanism of action, namely, increase in the glucose-dependent incretin and insulin secretion. In 2005, the first ligands were found and in the subsequent years, a large number of GPR119 agonists were synthesized in laboratories in various countries; the safest and most promising agonists have entered phase I and II clinical trials as agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The review describes the major endogenous GPR119 agonists and the main trends in the design and modification of synthetic structures for increasing the hypoglycaemic activity. The data on synthetic agonists are arranged according to the type of the central core of the molecules.
The bibliography includes 104 references.
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Yang JW, Kim HS, Choi YW, Kim YM, Kang KW. Therapeutic application of GPR119 ligands in metabolic disorders. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:257-269. [PMID: 28722242 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
GPR119 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and exhibits dual modes of action upon ligand-dependent activation: pancreatic secretion of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner and intestinal secretion of incretins. Hence, GPR119 has emerged as a promising target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus without causing hypoglycaemia. However, despite continuous efforts by many major pharmaceutical companies, no synthetic GPR119 ligand has been approved as a new class of anti-diabetic agents thus far, nor has any passed beyond phase II clinical studies. Herein, we summarize recent advances in research concerning the physiological/pharmacological effects of GPR119 and its synthetic ligands on the regulation of energy metabolism, and we speculate on future applications of GPR119 ligands for the treatment of metabolic diseases, focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In addition to their bioenergetic intracellular function, several classical metabolites act as extracellular signaling molecules activating cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), similar to hormones and neurotransmitters. "Signaling metabolites" generated from nutrients or by gut microbiota target primarily enteroendocrine, neuronal, and immune cells in the lamina propria of the gut mucosa and the liver and, through these tissues, the rest of the body. In contrast, metabolites from the intermediary metabolism act mainly as metabolic stress-induced autocrine and paracrine signals in adipose tissue, the liver, and the endocrine pancreas. Importantly, distinct metabolite GPCRs act as efficient pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators of key immune cells, and signaling metabolites may thus function as important drivers of the low-grade inflammation associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The concept of key metabolites as ligands for specific GPCRs has broadened our understanding of metabolic signaling significantly and provides a number of novel potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sofie Husted
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Rudenko
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siv A Hjorth
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ritter K, Buning C, Halland N, Pöverlein C, Schwink L. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 (GPR119) Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetes: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges. J Med Chem 2015; 59:3579-92. [PMID: 26512410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, recent advances and challenges in the development of GPR119 agonists as new oral antidiabetic drugs will be discussed. Such agonists are expected to exhibit a low risk to induce hypoglycemia as well as to have a beneficial impact on body weight. Many pharmaceutical companies have been active in the search for GPR119 agonists, making it a highly competitive area in the industrial environment. Several GPR119 agonists have been entered into clinical studies, but many have failed either in phase I or II and none has progressed beyond phase II. Herein we describe the strategies chosen by the different medicinal chemistry teams in academia and the pharmaceutical industry to improve potency, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and the safety profile of GPR119 agonists in the discovery phase in order to improve the odds for successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Ritter
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Buning
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nis Halland
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Pöverlein
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lothar Schwink
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
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Tao YX, Liang XF. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Huang H, Dai MH, Tao YX. Physiology and Therapeutics of the Free Fatty Acid Receptor GPR40. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:67-94. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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