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Ye Z, Zheng Y, Li N, Zhang H, Li Q, Wang X. Repair of spinal cord injury by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on rat models. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1448777. [PMID: 39169950 PMCID: PMC11335736 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1448777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exo) in improving spinal cord injury (SCI) to mitigate the risk of translational discrepancies from animal experiments to clinical applications. Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature search up to March 2024 using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the studies. Data analysis was performed using STATA16 software. Results A total of 30 studies were included. The results indicated that BMSCs-Exo significantly improved the BBB score in SCI rats (WMD = 3.47, 95% CI [3.31, 3.63]), inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (SMD = -3.12, 95% CI [-3.57, -2.67]), and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 (SMD = 2.76, 95% CI [1.88, 3.63]) and TGF-β (SMD = 3.89, 95% CI [3.02, 4.76]). Additionally, BMSCs-Exo significantly reduced apoptosis levels (SMD = -4.52, 95% CI [-5.14, -3.89]), promoted the expression of axonal regeneration markers NeuN cells/field (SMD = 3.54, 95% CI [2.65, 4.42]), NF200 (SMD = 4.88, 95% CI [3.70, 6.05]), and the number of Nissl bodies (SMD = 1.89, 95% CI [1.13, 2.65]), and decreased the expression of astrogliosis marker GFAP (SMD = -5.15, 95% CI [-6.47, -3.82]). The heterogeneity among studies was primarily due to variations in BMSCs-Exo transplantation doses, with efficacy increasing with higher doses. Conclusion BMSCs-Exo significantly improved motor function in SCI rats by modulating inflammatory responses, reducing apoptosis, inhibiting astrogliosis, and promoting axonal regeneration. However, the presence of selection, performance, and detection biases in current animal experiments may undermine the quality of evidence in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongduo Ye
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yukun Zheng
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Lanzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaibin Zhang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Overgaard Wichmann T, Hedegaard Højsager M, Hasager Damkier H. Water channels in the brain and spinal cord-overview of the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1414662. [PMID: 38818518 PMCID: PMC11137310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1414662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the fluid flow in the brain and spinal cord is essential for discovering the mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of central nervous system diseases. During recent years, research has highlighted the complexity of the fluid flow movement in the brain through a glymphatic system and a lymphatic network. Less is known about these pathways in the spinal cord. An important aspect of fluid flow movement through the glymphatic pathway is the role of water channels, especially aquaporin 1 and 4. This review provides an overview of the role of these aquaporins in brain and spinal cord, and give a short introduction to the fluid flow in brain and spinal cord during in the healthy brain and spinal cord as well as during traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Finally, this review gives an overview of the current knowledge about the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, highlighting some of the complexities and knowledge gaps in the field.
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Swindell WR. Meta-analysis of differential gene expression in lower motor neurons isolated by laser capture microdissection from post-mortem ALS spinal cords. Front Genet 2024; 15:1385114. [PMID: 38689650 PMCID: PMC11059082 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1385114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease for which underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The motor neuron is a central player in ALS pathogenesis but different transcriptome signatures have been derived from bulk analysis of post-mortem tissue and iPSC-derived motor neurons (iPSC-MNs). Methods This study performed a meta-analysis of six gene expression studies (microarray and RNA-seq) in which laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate lower motor neurons from post-mortem spinal cords of ALS and control (CTL) subjects. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with consistent ALS versus CTL expression differences across studies were identified. Results The analysis identified 222 ALS-increased DEGs (FDR <0.10, SMD >0.80) and 278 ALS-decreased DEGs (FDR <0.10, SMD < -0.80). ALS-increased DEGs were linked to PI3K-AKT signaling, innate immunity, inflammation, motor neuron differentiation and extracellular matrix. ALS-decreased DEGs were associated with the ubiquitin-proteosome system, microtubules, axon growth, RNA-binding proteins and synaptic membrane. ALS-decreased DEG mRNAs frequently interacted with RNA-binding proteins (e.g., FUS, HuR). The complete set of DEGs (increased and decreased) overlapped significantly with genes near ALS-associated SNP loci (p < 0.01). Transcription factor target motifs with increased proximity to ALS-increased DEGs were identified, most notably DNA elements predicted to interact with forkhead transcription factors (e.g., FOXP1) and motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1). Some of these DNA elements overlie ALS-associated SNPs within known enhancers and are predicted to have genotype-dependent MNX1 interactions. DEGs were compared to those identified from SOD1-G93A mice and bulk spinal cord segments or iPSC-MNs from ALS patients. There was good correspondence with transcriptome changes from SOD1-G93A mice (r ≤ 0.408) but most DEGs were not differentially expressed in bulk spinal cords or iPSC-MNs and transcriptome-wide effect size correlations were weak (bulk tissue: r ≤ 0.207, iPSC-MN: r ≤ 0.037). Conclusion This study defines a robust transcriptome signature from LCM-based motor neuron studies of post-mortem tissue from ALS and CTL subjects. This signature differs from those obtained from analysis of bulk spinal cord segments and iPSC-MNs. Results provide insight into mechanisms underlying gene dysregulation in ALS and highlight connections between these mechanisms, ALS genetics, and motor neuron biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Nekanti U, Sakthivel PS, Zahedi A, Creasman DA, Nishi RA, Dumont CM, Piltti KM, Guardamondo GL, Hernandez N, Chen X, Song H, Lin X, Martinez J, On L, Lakatos A, Pawar K, David BT, Guo Z, Seidlits SK, Xu X, Shea LD, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ. Multichannel bridges and NSC synergize to enhance axon regeneration, myelination, synaptic reconnection, and recovery after SCI. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:12. [PMID: 38499577 PMCID: PMC10948859 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Regeneration in the injured spinal cord is limited by physical and chemical barriers. Acute implantation of a multichannel poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) bridge mechanically stabilizes the injury, modulates inflammation, and provides a permissive environment for rapid cellularization and robust axonal regrowth through this otherwise inhibitory milieu. However, without additional intervention, regenerated axons remain largely unmyelinated (<10%), limiting functional repair. While transplanted human neural stem cells (hNSC) myelinate axons after spinal cord injury (SCI), hNSC fate is highly influenced by the SCI inflammatory microenvironment, also limiting functional repair. Accordingly, we investigated the combination of PLG scaffold bridges with hNSC to improve histological and functional outcome after SCI. In vitro, hNSC culture on a PLG scaffold increased oligodendroglial lineage selection after inflammatory challenge. In vivo, acute PLG bridge implantation followed by chronic hNSC transplantation demonstrated a robust capacity of donor human cells to migrate into PLG bridge channels along regenerating axons and integrate into the host spinal cord as myelinating oligodendrocytes and synaptically integrated neurons. Axons that regenerated through the PLG bridge formed synaptic circuits that connected the ipsilateral forelimb muscle to contralateral motor cortex. hNSC transplantation significantly enhanced the total number of regenerating and myelinated axons identified within the PLG bridge. Finally, the combination of acute bridge implantation and hNSC transplantation exhibited robust improvement in locomotor recovery. These data identify a successful strategy to enhance neurorepair through a temporally layered approach using acute bridge implantation and chronic cell transplantation to spare tissue, promote regeneration, and maximize the function of new axonal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Nekanti
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Pooja S Sakthivel
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Atena Zahedi
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dana A Creasman
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Nishi
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katja M Piltti
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Glenn L Guardamondo
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Norbert Hernandez
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xingyuan Chen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hui Song
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Martinez
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lillian On
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anita Lakatos
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Pawar
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhiling Guo
- Department of Medicine & Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorder, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorder, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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5
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Benowitz LI, Xie L, Yin Y. Inflammatory Mediators of Axon Regeneration in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15359. [PMID: 37895039 PMCID: PMC10607492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most pathways in the mature central nervous system cannot regenerate when injured, research beginning in the late 20th century has led to discoveries that may help reverse this situation. Here, we highlight research in recent years from our laboratory identifying oncomodulin (Ocm), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, and chemokine CCL5 as growth factors expressed by cells of the innate immune system that promote axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve and elsewhere in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We also review the role of ArmC10, a newly discovered Ocm receptor, in mediating many of these effects, and the synergy between inflammation-derived growth factors and complementary strategies to promote regeneration, including deleting genes encoding cell-intrinsic suppressors of axon growth, manipulating transcription factors that suppress or promote the expression of growth-related genes, and manipulating cell-extrinsic suppressors of axon growth. In some cases, combinatorial strategies have led to unprecedented levels of nerve regeneration. The identification of some similar mechanisms in human neurons offers hope that key discoveries made in animal models may eventually lead to treatments to improve outcomes after neurological damage in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry I. Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lili Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yuqin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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Wong KA, Benowitz LI. Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration after Optic Nerve Injury: Role of Inflammation and Other Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710179. [PMID: 36077577 PMCID: PMC9456227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve, like most pathways in the mature central nervous system, cannot regenerate if injured, and within days, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that extend axons through the optic nerve, begin to die. Thus, there are few clinical options to improve vision after traumatic or ischemic optic nerve injury or in neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, dominant optic neuropathy, or optic pathway gliomas. Research over the past two decades has identified several strategies to enable RGCs to regenerate axons the entire length of the optic nerve, in some cases leading to modest reinnervation of di- and mesencephalic visual relay centers. This review primarily focuses on the role of the innate immune system in improving RGC survival and axon regeneration, and its synergy with manipulations of signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, and cell-extrinsic suppressors of axon growth. Research in this field provides hope that clinically effective strategies to improve vision in patients with currently untreatable losses could become a reality in 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Wong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (K.A.W.); (L.I.B.)
| | - Larry I. Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (K.A.W.); (L.I.B.)
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Leckenby JI, Chacon MA, Milek D, Lichtman JW, Grobbelaar AO. Axonal Regeneration Through Autologous Grafts: Does the Axonal Load Influence Regeneration? J Surg Res 2022; 280:379-388. [PMID: 36037615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two-stage free functional muscle transfers for long-standing facial palsy can yield unpredictable results. Earlier studies have demonstrated incomplete regeneration across neurorrhaphies in native nerve and higher donor axonal counts correlating with improved outcomes but axonal count in nerve grafts have not been as thoroughly reviewed. To investigate the impact of varying axonal counts in autologous grafts on functional outcomes of repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were allocated into three groups: Direct Nerve Repair (DNR, n = 50), Small Nerve Graft (SNG, n = 50), and Large Nerve Graft (LNG, n = 50). All grafts were inset into the Posterior Auricular Nerve with ear movement recovery (EMR) monitored as functional outcome. At various postoperative weeks (POWs), excised specimens were imaged with electron microscopy. Axonal counts were measured proximal to, distal (DAC) to, and within grafts. Total Success Ratio (TSR) was calculated. RESULTS In DNR, DAC was significantly lower than proximal axonal counts at all POWs, with maximum TSR of 80%. TSR for LNG and SNG were significantly lower at all POWs when compared to DNR, with maximums of 56% and 38%, respectively. LNG had a significantly larger DAC than SNG at POW12 and beyond. A direct relationship was present between DAC and EMR for all values. CONCLUSIONS Higher native axonal count of autologous nerve grafts resulted in higher percentage of regeneration across neurorrhaphies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Leckenby
- The Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
| | | | - David Milek
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Adriaan O Grobbelaar
- The Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
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Song Y, Li X, Liu X, Yu Z, Zhang G. Calycosin Alleviates Oxidative Injury in Spinal Astrocytes by Regulating the GP130/JAK/STAT Pathway. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:881-887. [PMID: 35584953 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal injury is a complicated disease and is reported to be associated with damages on spinal astrocytes induced by oxidative injury. Astragali Radi, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is reported to have promising efficacy in protecting injuries in the central nervous system. This study aims to investigate the effect of calycosin, an isoflavone phytoestrogens isolated from Astragali Radi, on oxidative injury in spinal astrocytes induced by H2O2 and the underlying mechanism. Primary rat spinal astrocytes were pretreated with 5, 10, and 20 μM calycosin and subjected to H2O2 treatment for 24 h to establish an oxidative injury model. Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 assay to screen the optimized concentration of calycosin. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the apoptotic rate and cell cycle. The expression level of Brdu was visualized using the immunofluorescence assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6 in spinal astrocytes. We found that proliferation was inhibited and that apoptosis was induced by the stimulation of H2O2. The expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6 were significantly elevated in H2O2-treated astrocytes. After the treatment of calycosin, proliferation was facilitated, and apoptosis was suppressed. These phenomena were accompanied by the downregulation of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6, which were abolished by the co-administration of PI3K (ly294002) or STAT3 (stattic) inhibitor. Overall, calycosin alleviated oxidative injury in spinal astrocytes by mediating the GP130/JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Song
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xu Li
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhaozhong Yu
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Beliard B, Ahmanna C, Tiran E, Kanté K, Deffieux T, Tanter M, Nothias F, Soares S, Pezet S. Ultrafast Doppler imaging and ultrasound localization microscopy reveal the complexity of vascular rearrangement in chronic spinal lesion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6574. [PMID: 35449222 PMCID: PMC9023600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe damage to the microvascular network. The process of spontaneous repair is accompanied by formation of new blood vessels; their functionality, however, presumably very important for functional recovery, has never been clearly established, as most studies so far used fixed tissues. Here, combining ultrafast Doppler imaging and ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) on the same animals, we proceeded at a detailed analysis of structural and functional vascular alterations associated with the establishment of chronic SCI, both at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Using a standardized animal model of SCI, our results demonstrate striking hemodynamic alterations in several subparts of the spinal cord: a reduced blood velocity in the lesion site, and an asymmetrical hypoperfusion caudal but not rostral to the lesion. In addition, the worsening of many evaluated parameters at later time points suggests that the neoformed vascular network is not yet fully operational, and reveals ULM as an efficient in vivo readout for spinal cord vascular alterations. Finally, we show statistical correlations between the diverse biomarkers of vascular dysfunction and SCI severity. The imaging modality developed here will allow evaluating recovery of vascular function over time in pre-clinical models of SCI. Also, used on SCI patients in combination with other quantitative markers of neural tissue damage, it may help classifying lesion severity and predict possible treatment outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Beliard
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Chaimae Ahmanna
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Tiran
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Kadia Kanté
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Fatiha Nothias
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Soares
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Pezet
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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Assunção Silva RC, Pinto L, Salgado AJ. Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:850-896. [PMID: 34783046 DOI: 10.1002/med.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The axonal growth-restrictive character of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) makes finding a therapeutic strategy a very demanding task, due to the postinjury events impeditive to spontaneous axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Considering SCI pathophysiology complexity, it has been suggested that an effective therapy should tackle all the SCI-related aspects and provide sensory and motor improvement to SCI patients. Thus, the current aim of any therapeutic approach for SCI relies in providing neuroprotection and support neuroregeneration. Acknowledging the current SCI treatment paradigm, cell transplantation is one of the most explored approaches for SCI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) being in the forefront of many of these. Studies showing the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation after SCI have been proposing a paracrine action of these cells on the injured tissues, through the secretion of protective and trophic factors, rather than attributing it to the action of cells itself. This manuscript provides detailed information on the most recent data regarding the neuroregenerative effect of the secretome of MSCs as a cell-free based therapy for SCI. The main challenge of any strategy proposed for SCI treatment relies in obtaining robust preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo models, before moving to the clinics, so we have specifically focused on the available vertebrate and mammal models of SCI currently used in research and how can SCI field benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Assunção Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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12
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Stepankova K, Jendelova P, Machova Urdzikova L. Planet of the AAVs: The Spinal Cord Injury Episode. Biomedicines 2021; 9:613. [PMID: 34071245 PMCID: PMC8228984 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medical and life-disrupting condition with devastating consequences for the physical, social, and professional welfare of patients, and there is no adequate treatment for it. At the same time, gene therapy has been studied as a promising approach for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders by delivering remedial genes to the central nervous system (CNS), of which the spinal cord is a part. For gene therapy, multiple vectors have been introduced, including integrating lentiviral vectors and non-integrating adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. AAV vectors are a promising system for transgene delivery into the CNS due to their safety profile as well as long-term gene expression. Gene therapy mediated by AAV vectors shows potential for treating SCI by delivering certain genetic information to specific cell types. This review has focused on a potential treatment of SCI by gene therapy using AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Liao Z, Wang W, Deng W, Zhang Y, Song A, Deng S, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li Z. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Secreted TSG-6 Is Anti-Inflammatory and Promote Tissue Repair After Spinal Cord Injury. ASN Neuro 2021. [PMCID: PMC8135204 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211010628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes patients paralysis and hard to recover. The therapeutic effects of current clinical drugs are accompanied by side effects. In recent years, stem cell therapy has attracted the attention of researchers. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) have been widely used in various diseases due to their excellent paracrine function. TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), a secretion factor of stem cells, may play an important role in hucMSCs in the treatment of SCI. So we conducted an experiment to explore its effect. We first observed that the expression of TSG-6 increased in SCI rats after injected with hucMSCs. Then, we used siRNA to knowdown the expression of TSG-6. We treated SCI rats with TSG-6-knockdown hucMSCs. Without TSG-6 expression, hucMSCs treatment made the tissue recovery worse and the number of Nissl bodies less. Meanwhile, neutrophils infiltrated more in the damaged parts. Our research also proved that TSG-6 may help demyelination recovering and alleviate astrocytes gathering in the injury sites. Our study revealed that hucMSCs secreted TSG-6 may decrease the degeneration of myelin sheath, reduce inflammation, decrease neuron loss and promote tissue repair. These results provided a new therapeutic factor for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiyue Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aishi Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sihao Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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van Erp S, van Berkel AA, Feenstra EM, Sahoo PK, Wagstaff LJ, Twiss JL, Fawcett JW, Eva R, Ffrench-Constant C. Age-related loss of axonal regeneration is reflected by the level of local translation. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113594. [PMID: 33450233 PMCID: PMC8024785 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration capacity is reduced as CNS axons mature. Using laser-mediated axotomy, proteomics and puromycin-based tagging of newly-synthesized proteins in a human embryonic stem cell-derived neuron culture system that allows isolation of axons from cell bodies, we show here that efficient regeneration in younger axons (d45 in culture) is associated with local axonal protein synthesis (local translation). Enhanced regeneration, promoted by co-culture with human glial precursor cells, is associated with increased axonal synthesis of proteins, including those constituting the translation machinery itself. Reduced regeneration, as occurs with the maturation of these axons by d65 in culture, correlates with reduced levels of axonal proteins involved in translation and an inability to respond by increased translation of regeneration promoting axonal mRNAs released from stress granules. Together, our results provide evidence that, as in development and in the PNS, local translation contributes to CNS axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan van Erp
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Annemiek A van Berkel
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M Feenstra
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, SC, USA
| | - Laura J Wagstaff
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, SC, USA
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Eva
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles Ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Siebert JR, Osterhout DJ. Select neurotrophins promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell process outgrowth in the presence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1009-1023. [PMID: 33453083 PMCID: PMC7986866 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Axonal damage and the subsequent interruption of intact neuronal pathways in the spinal cord are largely responsible for the loss of motor function after injury. Further exacerbating this loss is the demyelination of neighboring uninjured axons. The post-injury environment is hostile to repair, with inflammation, a high expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) around the glial scar, and myelin breakdown. Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment with the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (cABC) creates a permissive environment around a spinal lesion that permits axonal regeneration. Neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophic factor-3 (NT-3), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) have been used to promote neuronal survival and stimulate axonal growth. CSPGs expressed near a lesion also inhibit migration and differentiation of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the spinal cord, and cABC treatment can neutralize this inhibition. This study examined the neurotrophins commonly used to stimulate axonal regeneration after injury and their potential effects on OPCs cultured in the presence of CSPGs. The results reveal differential effects on OPCs, with BDNF and GDNF promoting process outgrowth and NT-3 stimulating differentiation of OPCs, while CNTF appears to have no observable effect. This finding suggests that certain neurotrophic agents commonly utilized to stimulate axonal regeneration after a spinal injury may also have a beneficial effect on the endogenous oligodendroglial cells as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Siebert
- Physician Assistant ProgramDepartment of BiologySlippery Rock UniversitySlippery Rock PennsylvaniaSlippery RockPAUSA
| | - Donna J. Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
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16
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A bioactive injectable self-healing anti-inflammatory hydrogel with ultralong extracellular vesicles release synergistically enhances motor functional recovery of spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2523-2534. [PMID: 33615043 PMCID: PMC7873581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair and motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a worldwide challenge. The inflammatory microenvironment is one of main obstacles on inhibiting the recovery of SCI. Using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived extracellular vesicles to replace MSCs transplantation and mimic cell paracrine secretions provides a potential strategy for microenvironment regulation. However, the effective preservation and controlled release of extracellular vesicles in the injured spinal cord tissue are still not satisfied. Herein, we fabricated an injectable adhesive anti-inflammatory F127-polycitrate-polyethyleneimine hydrogel (FE) with sustainable and long term extracellular vesicle release (FE@EVs) for improving motor functional recovery after SCI. The orthotopic injection of FE@EVs hydrogel could encapsulate extracellular vesicles on the injured spinal cord, thereby synergistically induce efficient integrated regulation through suppressing fibrotic scar formation, reducing inflammatory reaction, promoting remyelination and axonal regeneration. This study showed that combining extracellular vesicles into bioactive multifunctional hydrogel should have great potential in achieving satisfactory locomotor recovery of central nervous system diseases. The novel FE hydrogel was designed for encapsulating the extracellular vesicles (FE@EVs). FE hydrogel exert the capabilities of temperature-responsive, injectable, adhesive and biocompatible. FE hydrogel with sustainable and long-term extracellular vesicle release for improving motor functional recovery after SCI. FE@EVs plays a vital role in pathological process of spinal cord injury in rats.
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17
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Tsata V, Möllmert S, Schweitzer C, Kolb J, Möckel C, Böhm B, Rosso G, Lange C, Lesche M, Hammer J, Kesavan G, Beis D, Guck J, Brand M, Wehner D. A switch in pdgfrb + cell-derived ECM composition prevents inhibitory scarring and promotes axon regeneration in the zebrafish spinal cord. Dev Cell 2021; 56:509-524.e9. [PMID: 33412105 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, perivascular cell-derived scarring after spinal cord injury impedes axonal regrowth. In contrast, the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the spinal lesion site of zebrafish is permissive and required for axon regeneration. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this interspecies difference have not been investigated. Here, we show that an injury to the zebrafish spinal cord triggers recruitment of pdgfrb+ myoseptal and perivascular cells in a PDGFR signaling-dependent manner. Interference with pdgfrb+ cell recruitment or depletion of pdgfrb+ cells inhibits axonal regrowth and recovery of locomotor function. Transcriptional profiling and functional experiments reveal that pdgfrb+ cells upregulate expression of axon growth-promoting ECM genes (cthrc1a and col12a1a/b) and concomitantly reduce synthesis of matrix molecules that are detrimental to regeneration (lum and mfap2). Our data demonstrate that a switch in ECM composition is critical for axon regeneration after spinal cord injury and identify the cellular source and components of the growth-promoting lesion ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsata
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Developmental Biology, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stephanie Möllmert
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schweitzer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kolb
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Conrad Möckel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Böhm
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Rosso
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Hammer
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gokul Kesavan
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Guijarro-Belmar A, Domanski DM, Bo X, Shewan D, Huang W. The therapeutic potential of targeting exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Epac) for central nervous system trauma. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:460-469. [PMID: 32985466 PMCID: PMC7996029 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by traumatic spinal cord injury, which usually results in permanent sensorimotor disability. Damage to the spinal cord leads to a series of detrimental events including ischaemia, haemorrhage and neuroinflammation, which over time result in further neural tissue loss. Eventually, at chronic stages of traumatic spinal cord injury, the formation of a glial scar, cystic cavitation and the presence of numerous inhibitory molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to axonal regrowth. This is further hindered by a lack of intrinsic regrowth ability of adult neurons in the central nervous system. The intracellular signalling molecule, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), is known to play many important roles in the central nervous system, and elevating its levels as shown to improve axonal regeneration outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in animal models. However, therapies directly targeting cAMP have not found their way into the clinic, as cAMP is ubiquitously present in all cell types and its manipulation may have additional deleterious effects. A downstream effector of cAMP, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (Epac2), is mainly expressed in the adult central nervous system, and its activation has been shown to mediate the positive effects of cAMP on axonal guidance and regeneration. Recently, using ex vivo modelling of traumatic spinal cord injury, Epac2 activation was found to profoundly modulate the post-lesion environment, such as decreasing the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Pilot data with Epac2 activation also suggested functional improvement assessed by in vivo models of traumatic spinal cord injury. Therefore, targeting Epac2 in traumatic spinal cord injury could represent a novel strategy in traumatic spinal cord injury repair, and future work is needed to fully establish its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Guijarro-Belmar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dominik Mateusz Domanski
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Xuenong Bo
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Derryck Shewan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Jisuikang Promotes the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Regulating NgR/RhoA/ROCK Signal Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9542359. [PMID: 33354226 PMCID: PMC7735860 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9542359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Jisuikang (JSK) is an herbal formula composed of many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to be effective in promoting the rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) after more than ten years of clinical application. However, the mechanisms of JSK promoting nerve regeneration are yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of JSK protecting neurons, specifically the regulation of NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway. The motor function of rats was evaluated by the BBB score and inclined plate test, Golgi staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the microstructure of nerve tissue, and fluorescence double-labeling method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we found that JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI, protect the microstructure (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and dendritic spine) of neurons, and reduce the apoptosis rate of neurons in rats with SCI. In addition, JSK could inhibit the expression of Nogo receptor (NgR) in neurons and the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway in rats with SCI. These results indicated JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI by inhibiting the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway, which suggests the potential applicability of JSK as a nerve regeneration agent.
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20
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Neural Cadherin Plays Distinct Roles for Neuronal Survival and Axon Growth under Different Regenerative Conditions. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0325-20.2020. [PMID: 32967889 PMCID: PMC7688304 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0325-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing axons in the CNS often migrate along specific pathways to reach their targets. During embryonic development, this migration is guided by different types of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) present on the surface of glial cells or other neurons, including the neural cadherin (NCAD). Axons in the adult CNS can be stimulated to regenerate, and travel long distances. Crucially, however, while a few axons are guided effectively through the injured nerve under certain conditions, most axons never migrate properly. The molecular underpinnings of the variable growth, and the glial CAMs that are responsible for CNS axon regeneration remain unclear. Here we used optic nerve crush to demonstrate that NCAD plays multifaceted functions in facilitating CNS axon regeneration. Astrocyte-specific deletion of NCAD dramatically decreases regeneration induced by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) ablation in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Consistent with NCAD’s tendency to act as homodimers, deletion of NCAD in RGCs also reduces regeneration. Deletion of NCAD in astrocytes neither alters RGCs’ mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity nor lesion size, two factors known to affect regeneration. Unexpectedly, however, we find that NCAD deletion in RGCs reduces PTEN-deletion-induced RGC survival. We further show that NCAD deletion, in either astrocytes or RGCs, has negligible effects on the regeneration induced by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), suggesting that other CAMs are critical under this regenerative condition. Consistent with this notion, CNTF induces expression various integrins known to mediate cell adhesion. Together, our study reveals multilayered functions of NCAD and a molecular basis of variability in guided axon growth.
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21
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Vest M, Guida A, Colombini C, Cordes K, Pena D, Maki M, Briones M, Antonio S, Hollifield C, Tian E, James L, Borashan C, Woodson J, Rovig J, Shihadeh H, Karabachev A, Brosious J, Pistorio A. Closing the Gap Between Mammalian and Invertebrate Peripheral Nerve Injury: Protocol for a Novel Nerve Repair. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e18706. [PMID: 32851981 PMCID: PMC7484768 DOI: 10.2196/18706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes after peripheral nerve injuries are poor despite current nerve repair techniques. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence that mammalian axons are capable of spontaneous fusion after transection. Notably, certain invertebrate species are able to auto-fuse after transection. Although mammalian axonal auto-fusion has not been observed experimentally, no mammalian study to date has demonstrated regenerating axolemmal membranes contacting intact distal segment axolemmal membranes to determine whether mammalian peripheral nerve axons have the intrinsic mechanisms necessary to auto-fuse after transection. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess fusion competence between regenerating axons and intact distal segment axons by enhancing axon regeneration, delaying Wallerian degeneration, limiting the immune response, and preventing myelin obstruction. METHODS This study will use a rat sciatic nerve model to evaluate the effects of a novel peripheral nerve repair protocol on behavioral, electrophysiologic, and morphologic parameters. This protocol consists of a variety of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative interventions. Fusion will be assessed with electrophysiological conduction of action potentials across the repaired transection site. Axon-axon contact will be assessed with transmission electron microscopy. Behavioral recovery will be analyzed with the sciatic functional index. A total of 36 rats will be used for this study. The experimental group will use 24 rats and the negative control group will use 12 rats. For both the experimental and negative control groups, there will be both a behavior group and another group that will undergo electrophysiological and morphological analysis. The primary end point will be the presence or absence of action potentials across the lesion site. Secondary end points will include behavioral recovery with the sciatic functional index and morphological analysis of axon-axon contact between regenerating axons and intact distal segment axons. RESULTS The author is in the process of grant funding and institutional review board approval as of March 2020. The final follow-up will be completed by December 2021. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the efficacy of the proposed novel peripheral nerve repair protocol will be evaluated using behavioral and electrophysiologic parameters. The author believes this study will provide information regarding whether spontaneous axon fusion is possible in mammals under the proper conditions. This information could potentially be translated to clinical trials if successful to improve outcomes after peripheral nerve injury. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/18706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Vest
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Addison Guida
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Cory Colombini
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kristina Cordes
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Diana Pena
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Marwa Maki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Michael Briones
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Sabrina Antonio
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Carmen Hollifield
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Elli Tian
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Lucas James
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Christian Borashan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Johnnie Woodson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - John Rovig
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Hanaa Shihadeh
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Alexander Karabachev
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - John Brosious
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Ashley Pistorio
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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22
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Rigoni M, Negro S. Signals Orchestrating Peripheral Nerve Repair. Cells 2020; 9:E1768. [PMID: 32722089 PMCID: PMC7464993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Myology Center (Cir-Myo), University of Padua, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
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23
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Jack AS, Hurd C, Martin J, Fouad K. Electrical Stimulation as a Tool to Promote Plasticity of the Injured Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1933-1953. [PMID: 32438858 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike their peripheral nervous system counterparts, the capacity of central nervous system neurons and axons for regeneration after injury is minimal. Although a myriad of therapies (and different combinations thereof) to help promote repair and recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) have been trialed, few have progressed from bench-top to bedside. One of the few such therapies that has been successfully translated from basic science to clinical applications is electrical stimulation (ES). Although the use and study of ES in peripheral nerve growth dates back nearly a century, only recently has it started to be used in a clinical setting. Since those initial experiments and seminal publications, the application of ES to restore function and promote healing have greatly expanded. In this review, we discuss the progression and use of ES over time as it pertains to promoting axonal outgrowth and functional recovery post-SCI. In doing so, we consider four major uses for the study of ES based on the proposed or documented underlying mechanism: (1) using ES to introduce an electric field at the site of injury to promote axonal outgrowth and plasticity; (2) using spinal cord ES to activate or to increase the excitability of neuronal networks below the injury; (3) using motor cortex ES to promote corticospinal tract axonal outgrowth and plasticity; and (4) leveraging the timing of paired stimuli to produce plasticity. Finally, the use of ES in its current state in the context of human SCI studies is discussed, in addition to ongoing research and current knowledge gaps, to highlight the direction of future studies for this therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Jack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Hurd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, and City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Yang et al. (2020) identify glycerolipid metabolism as a neuron-intrinsic mechanism that regulates axonal growth and regeneration. Shifting glycerolipid metabolism toward increased triglyceride synthesis blocks PNS neuron regeneration, whereas shifting it toward membrane phospholipid synthesis overcomes regeneration failure in CNS neurons.
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25
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Tilve S, Iweka CA, Bao J, Hawken N, Mencio CP, Geller HM. Phospholipid phosphatase related 1 (PLPPR1) increases cell adhesion through modulation of Rac1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111911. [PMID: 32061832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid Phosphatase-Related Protein Type 1 (PLPPR1) is a six-transmembrane protein that belongs to the family of plasticity-related gene proteins, which is a novel brain-specific subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase superfamily. PLPPR1-5 have prominent roles in synapse formation and axonal pathfinding. We found that PLPPR1 overexpression in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro2a) results in increase in cell adhesion and reduced cell migration. During migration, these cells leave behind long fibrous looking extensions of the plasma membrane causing a peculiar phenotype. Cells expressing PLPPR1 showed decreased actin turnover and decreased disassembly of focal adhesions. PLPPR1 also reduced active Rac1, and expressing dominant negative Rac1 produced a similar phenotype to overexpression of PLPPR1. The PLPPR1-induced phenotype of long fibers was reversed by introducing constitutively active Rac1. In summary, we show that PLPPR1 decreases active Rac1 levels that leads to cascade of events which increases cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Hawken
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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26
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Repair strategies for traumatic spinal cord injury, with special emphasis on novel biomaterial-based approaches. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:252-260. [PMID: 31982183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system (CNS), the adult mammalian spinal cord displays only very poor ability for self-repair in response to traumatic lesions, which mostly lead to more or less severe, life-long disability. While even adult CNS neurons have a certain plastic potential, their intrinsic regenerative capacity highly varies among different neuronal populations and in the end, regeneration is almost completely inhibited due to extrinsic factors such as glial scar and cystic cavity formation, excessive and persistent inflammation, presence of various inhibitory molecules, and absence of trophic support and of a growth-supportive extracellular matrix structure. In recent years, a number of experimental animal models have been developed to overcome these obstacles. Since all those studies based on a single approach have yielded only relatively modest functional recovery, it is now consensus that different therapeutic approaches will have to be combined to synergistically overcome the multiple barriers to CNS regeneration, especially in humans. In this review, we particularly emphasize the hope raised by the development of novel, implantable biomaterials that should favor the reconstruction of the damaged nervous tissue, and ultimately allow for functional recovery of sensorimotor functions. Since human spinal cord injury pathology depends on the vertebral level and the severity of the traumatic impact, and since the timing of application of the different therapeutic approaches appears very important, we argue that every case will necessitate individual evaluation, and specific adaptation of therapeutic strategies.
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27
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He Y, Liu X, Chen Z. Glial Scar-a Promising Target for Improving Outcomes After CNS Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:340-352. [PMID: 31776856 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After central nervous system (CNS) injury, a series of stress responses induce astrocytes activation. Reactive astrocytes, which are typically different from astrocytes in normal conditions in altered morphology and gene expression, combine with extracellular matrix (ECM) components to form a glial scar at the lesion site, which walls of the injured region from neighboring healthier tissue. However, as a physical and molecular barrier, glial scar can impede patients' functional recovery in the late period of CNS injury. Thus, inhibiting glial scar formation in the chronic stage after CNS injury may be a promising target to improve outcomes. Since the therapeutic strategies targeting on mediating glial scar formation are regarded as an important part on improving functional recovery after CNS injury, in this review, we focus on the regulating effects of related signaling pathways and other molecules on glial scar, and the process of glial scar formation and the roles that it plays during the acute and chronic stages are also expounded in this article. We hope to get a comprehensive understanding of glial scar during CNS injury based on current researches and to open new perspectives for the therapies to promote functional recovery after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuyi People's Hospital, 28 Hongwu Road, Xuyi, 211700, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuyi People's Hospital, 28 Hongwu Road, Xuyi, 211700, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuyi People's Hospital, 28 Hongwu Road, Xuyi, 211700, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Bradbury EJ, Burnside ER. Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3879. [PMID: 31462640 PMCID: PMC6713740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury results in severe and irreversible loss of function. The injury triggers a complex cascade of inflammatory and pathological processes, culminating in formation of a scar. While traditionally referred to as a glial scar, the spinal injury scar in fact comprises multiple cellular and extracellular components. This multidimensional nature should be considered when aiming to understand the role of scarring in limiting tissue repair and recovery. In this Review we discuss recent advances in understanding the composition and phenotypic characteristics of the spinal injury scar, the oversimplification of defining the scar in binary terms as good or bad, and the development of therapeutic approaches to target scar components to enable improved functional outcome after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Emily R Burnside
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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29
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Goldbloom-Helzner L, Hao D, Wang A. Developing Regenerative Treatments for Developmental Defects, Injuries, and Diseases Using Extracellular Matrix Collagen-Targeting Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4072. [PMID: 31438477 PMCID: PMC6747276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the most widespread extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in the body and is important in maintaining the functionality of organs and tissues. Studies have explored interventions using collagen-targeting tissue engineered techniques, using collagen hybridizing or collagen binding peptides, to target or treat dysregulated or injured collagen in developmental defects, injuries, and diseases. Researchers have used collagen-targeting peptides to deliver growth factors, drugs, and genetic materials, to develop bioactive surfaces, and to detect the distribution and status of collagen. All of these approaches have been used for various regenerative medicine applications, including neovascularization, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we describe in depth the collagen-targeting approaches for regenerative therapeutics and compare the benefits of using the different molecules for various present and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Goldbloom-Helzner
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Dake Hao
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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30
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Fawcett JW. The Struggle to Make CNS Axons Regenerate: Why Has It Been so Difficult? Neurochem Res 2019; 45:144-158. [PMID: 31388931 PMCID: PMC6942574 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the CNS is inhibited by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Because these act in parallel, no single intervention has been sufficient to enable full regeneration of damaged axons in the adult mammalian CNS. In the external environment, NogoA and CSPGs are strongly inhibitory to the regeneration of adult axons. CNS neurons lose intrinsic regenerative ability as they mature: embryonic but not mature neurons can grow axons for long distances when transplanted into the adult CNS, and regeneration fails with maturity in in vitro axotomy models. The causes of this loss of regeneration include partitioning of neurons into axonal and dendritic fields with many growth-related molecules directed specifically to dendrites and excluded from axons, changes in axonal signalling due to changes in expression and localization of receptors and their ligands, changes in local translation of proteins in axons, and changes in cytoskeletal dynamics after injury. Also with neuronal maturation come epigenetic changes in neurons, with many of the transcription factor binding sites that drive axon growth-related genes becoming inaccessible. The overall aim for successful regeneration is to ensure that the right molecules are expressed after axotomy and to arrange for them to be transported to the right place in the neuron, including the damaged axon tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
- Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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31
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Kondratskaya E, Ievglevskyi O, Züchner M, Samara A, Glover JC, Boulland JL. Locomotor central pattern generator excitability states and serotonin sensitivity after spontaneous recovery from a neonatal lumbar spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2019; 1708:10-19. [PMID: 30521786 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spinal locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) in neonatal mice exhibits diverse output patterns, ranging from sub-rhythmic to multi-rhythmic to fictive locomotion, depending on its general level of excitation and neuromodulatory status. We have recently reported that the locomotor CPG in neonatal mice rapidly recovers the ability to produce neurochemically induced fictive locomotion following an upper lumbar spinal cord compression injury. Here we address the question of recovery of multi-rhythmic activity and the serotonin-sensitivity of the CPG. In isolated spinal cords from control and 3 days post-injury mice, application of dopamine and NMDA elicited multi-rhythmic activity with slow and fast components. The slow component comprised 10-20 s episodes of activity that were synchronous in ipsilateral or all lumbar ventral roots, and the fast components involved bursts within these episodes that displayed coordinated patterns of alternation between ipsilateral roots. Rhythm strength was the same in control and injured spinal cords. However, power spectral analysis of signal within episodes showed a reduced peak frequency after recovery. In control spinal cords, serotonin triggered fictive locomotion only when applied at high concentration (30 µM, constant NMDA). By contrast, in about 50% of injured preparations fictive locomotion was evoked by 2-3 times lower serotonin concentrations (10-15 µM). This increased serotonin sensitivity was correlated with post-injury changes in the expression of specific serotonin receptor transcripts, but not of dopamine receptor transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kondratskaya
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Ievglevskyi
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark Züchner
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina Samara
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Joel C Glover
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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32
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Tian T, Yu Z, Zhang N, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou S, Zhang C, Feng G, Huang F. Modified acellular nerve-delivering PMSCs improve functional recovery in rats after complete spinal cord transection. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:2480-2492. [PMID: 29106428 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the poor regeneration capacity of neurons and the inhibitory microenvironment, spontaneous regeneration in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains challenging. Tissue engineering is considered a promising approach for enhancing the regeneration of SCI by reconstructing the inherent structure and improving the microenvironment. In this study, the possibility of engineering a nerve complex, which is constructed by acellular nerve delivering placenta mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs), was assessed for the recovery of a transected spinal cord. Modified acellular nerve grafts were developed, and PMSCs labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were seeded on the graft to construct the engineered nerve complex. Then, the engineered nerve complex was implanted into a 2 mm-length transected gap of the spinal cord. Four weeks after the transplantation, numerous surviving PMSCs were observed in the lesion cavity by immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, co-localization between GFP and neurofilament-200 (NF200) and Neuronal Class III β-Tubulin (Tuj1) was observed at the bridge interface. The PMSCs-graft group exhibited significant function improvement as evaluated by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion score and footprint analysis. Eight weeks after surgery, the evoked response was restored in the PMSCs-graft group and numerous thick myelin sheathes were observed compared to that in the control groups. Collectively, our findings suggest that the nerve complex prepared by acellular nerve delivering PMSCs enhanced the structure and function regeneration of the spinal cord after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Shandong Province 264003, China.
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33
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Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience and devices are ushering in a new generation of medical treatments. Engineered biodevices are demonstrating the potential to create long-term changes in neural circuits, termed neuroplasticity. Thus, the approach of engineering neuroplasticity is rapidly expanding, building on recent demonstrations of improved quality of life for people with movement disorders, epilepsy, and spinal cord injury. In addition, discovering the fundamental mechanisms of engineered neuroplasticity by leveraging anatomically well-documented systems like the spinal cord is likely to provide powerful insights into solutions for other neurotraumas, such as stroke and traumatic brain injury, as well as neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. Now is the time for advancing both the experimental neuroscience, device development, and pioneering human trials to reap the benefits of engineered neuroplasticity as a therapeutic approach for improving quality of life after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet T Moritz
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- UW Institute of Neuroengineering (UWIN), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Washington Spinal Cord Injury Consortium, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington , Box 356490, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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34
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Xiao Z, Tang F, Zhao Y, Han G, Yin N, Li X, Chen B, Han S, Jiang X, Yun C, Zhao C, Cheng S, Zhang S, Dai J. Significant Improvement of Acute Complete Spinal Cord Injury Patients Diagnosed by a Combined Criteria Implanted with NeuroRegen Scaffolds and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:907-915. [PMID: 29871514 PMCID: PMC6050906 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718766279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells and biomaterials transplantation hold a promising treatment for functional
recovery in spinal cord injury (SCI) animal models. However, the functional recovery of
complete SCI patients was still a huge challenge in clinic. Additionally, there is no
clinical standard procedure available to diagnose precisely an acute patient as complete
SCI. Here, two acute SCI patients, with injury at thoracic 11 (T11) and cervical 4 (C4)
level respectively, were judged as complete injury by a stricter method combined with
American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale, magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) and nerve electrophysiology. Collagen scaffolds, named NeuroRegen scaffolds, with
human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted into the injury site.
During 1 year follow up, no obvious adverse symptoms related to the functional scaffolds
implantation were found after treatment. The recovery of the sensory and motor functions
was observed in the two patients. The sensory level expanded below the injury level, and
the patients regained the sense function in bowel and bladder. The thoracic SCI patient
could walk voluntary with the hip under the help of brace. The cervical SCI patient could
raise his lower legs against the gravity in the wheelchair and shake his toes under
control. The injury status of the two patients was improved from ASIA A complete injury to
ASIA C incomplete injury. Furthermore, the improvement of sensory and motor functions was
accompanied with the recovery of the interrupted neural conduction. These results showed
that the supraspinal control of movements below the injury was regained by functional
scaffolds implantation in the two patients who were judged as the complete injury with
combined criteria, it suggested that functional scaffolds transplantation could serve as
an effective treatment for acute complete SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Xiao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengwu Tang
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Han
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Na Yin
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sufang Han
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Jiang
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yun
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Changyu Zhao
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Shixiang Cheng
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- 2 The Neurosurgery & Neurology Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Tianjin, China.,Sai Zhang and Jianwu Dai contributed as co-corresponding authors
| | - Jianwu Dai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sai Zhang and Jianwu Dai contributed as co-corresponding authors
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35
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Tica J, Bradbury EJ, Didangelos A. Combined Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Identify Drug Targets in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1461. [PMID: 29758010 PMCID: PMC5983596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes irreversible tissue damage and severe loss of neurological function. Currently, there are no approved treatments and very few therapeutic targets are under investigation. Here, we combined 4 high-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics datasets, 7 days and 8 weeks following clinically-relevant rat SCI to identify proteins with persistent differential expression post-injury. Out of thousands of differentially regulated entities our combined analysis identified 40 significantly upregulated versus 48 significantly downregulated molecules, which were persistently altered at the mRNA and protein level, 7 days and 8 weeks post-SCI. Bioinformatics analysis was then utilized to identify currently available drugs with activity against the filtered molecules and to isolate proteins with known or unknown function in SCI. Our findings revealed multiple overlooked therapeutic candidates with important bioactivity and established druggability but with unknown expression and function in SCI including the upregulated purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), cathepsins A, H, Z (CTSA, CTSH, CTSZ) and proteasome protease PSMB10, as well as the downregulated ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), malic enzyme (ME1) and sodium-potassium ATPase (ATP1A3), amongst others. This work reveals previously unappreciated therapeutic candidates for SCI and available drugs, thus providing a valuable resource for further studies and potential repurposing of existing therapeutics for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Tica
- Imperial College London, Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Athanasios Didangelos
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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36
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Sekiya T, Holley MC. 'Surface Transplantation' for Nerve Injury and Repair: The Quest for Minimally Invasive Cell Delivery. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:429-441. [PMID: 29625774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is an ambitious, but arguably realistic, therapy for repair of the nervous system. Cell delivery is a major challenge for clinical translation, especially given the apparently inhibitory astrogliotic environment in degenerated tissue. However, astrogliotic tissue also contains endogenous structural and biochemical cues that can be harnessed for functional repair. Minimizing damage to these cues during cell delivery could enhance cell integration. This theory is supported by studies with an auditory astrocyte scar model, in which cells delivered onto the surface of the damaged nerve were more successfully integrated in the host than those injected into the tissue. We consider the application of this less invasive approach for nerve injury and its potential application to some neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Sekiya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Hikone Chuo Hospital, Department of Neurological Surgery, Hikone Chuo Hospital, 421 Nishiima-cho, Hikone, 522-0054, Japan.
| | - Matthew C Holley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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37
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Abstract
Proteoglycans are diverse, complex extracellular/cell surface macromolecules composed of a central core protein with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains; both of these components contribute to the growing list of important bio-active functions attributed to proteoglycans. Increasingly, attention has been paid to the roles of proteoglycans in nervous tissue development due to their highly regulated spatio/temporal expression patterns, whereby they promote/inhibit neurite outgrowth, participate in specification and maturation of various precursor cell types, and regulate cell behaviors like migration, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis and plasticity. These functions emanate from both the environments proteoglycans create around cells by retaining ions and water or serving as scaffolds for cell shaping or motility, and from dynamic interactions that modulate signaling fields for cytokines, growth factors and morphogens, which may bind to either the protein or GAG portions. Also, genetic abnormalities impacting proteoglycan synthesis during critical steps of brain development and response to environmental insults and injuries, as well as changes in microenvironment interactions leading to tumors in the central nervous system, all suggest roles for proteoglycans in behavioral and intellectual disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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38
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Ghosh S, Hui SP. Axonal regeneration in zebrafish spinal cord. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2018; 5:43-60. [PMID: 29721326 PMCID: PMC5911453 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss two interrelated events-axonal damage and repair-known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating axonal tracts and can restore full functionality after SCI. Unlike fish, axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system is extremely limited. As a consequence of an injury there is very little repair of disengaged axons and therefore functional deficit persists after SCI in adult mammals. In contrast, peripheral nervous system axons readily regenerate following injury and hence allow functional recovery both in mammals and fish. A better mechanistic understanding of these three scenarios could provide a more comprehensive insight into the success or failure of axonal regeneration after SCI. This review summarizes the present understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of axonal regeneration, in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system, and large scale gene expression analysis is used to focus on different events during regeneration. The discovery and identification of genes involved in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration and subsequent functional experimentation will provide more insight into the endogenous mechanism of myelination and remyelination. Furthermore, precise knowledge of the mechanism underlying the extraordinary axonal regeneration process in zebrafish will also allow us to unravel the potential therapeutic strategies to be implemented for enhancing regrowth and remyelination of axons in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteLowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool StDarlinghurstNSW 2010Australia.
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39
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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40
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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41
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González-Mayorga A, López-Dolado E, Gutiérrez MC, Collazos-Castro JE, Ferrer ML, del Monte F, Serrano MC. Favorable Biological Responses of Neural Cells and Tissue Interacting with Graphene Oxide Microfibers. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8253-8263. [PMID: 30023578 PMCID: PMC6044865 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering approaches show increasing promise for the treatment of neural diseases including spinal cord injury, for which an efficient therapy is still missing. Encouraged by both positive findings on the interaction of carbon nanomaterials such as graphene with neural components and the necessity of more efficient guidance structures for neural repair, we herein study the potential of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) microfibers as substrates for neural growth in the injured central neural tissue. Compact, bendable, and conductive fibers are obtained. When coated with neural adhesive molecules (poly-l-lysine and N-cadherin), these microfibers behave as supportive substrates of highly interconnected cultures composed of neurons and glial cells for up to 21 days. Synaptic contacts close to rGO are identified. Interestingly, the colonization by meningeal fibroblasts is dramatically hindered by N-cadherin coating. Finally, in vivo studies reveal the feasible implantation of these rGO microfibers as a guidance platform in the injured rat spinal cord, without evident signs of subacute local toxicity. These positive findings boost further investigation at longer implantation times to prove the utility of these substrates as components of advanced therapies for enhancing repair in the damaged central neural tissue including the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankor González-Mayorga
- Hospital
Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La
Mancha (HNP-SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Elisa López-Dolado
- Hospital
Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La
Mancha (HNP-SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Research
Unit of “Design and Development of Biomaterials for Neural
Regeneration”, Hospital Nacional
de Parapléjicos (HNP-SESCAM), Joint Research Unit with CSIC, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María C. Gutiérrez
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(ICMM-CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge E. Collazos-Castro
- Hospital
Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La
Mancha (HNP-SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Ferrer
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(ICMM-CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco del Monte
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(ICMM-CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Serrano
- Research
Unit of “Design and Development of Biomaterials for Neural
Regeneration”, Hospital Nacional
de Parapléjicos (HNP-SESCAM), Joint Research Unit with CSIC, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(ICMM-CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Maresin 1 Promotes Inflammatory Resolution, Neuroprotection, and Functional Neurological Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11731-11743. [PMID: 29109234 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1395-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is defective after spinal cord injury (SCI), which impairs tissue integrity and remodeling and leads to functional deficits. Effective pharmacological treatments for SCI are not currently available. Maresin 1 (MaR1) is a highly conserved specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) hosting potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties with potent tissue regenerative actions. Here, we provide evidence that the inappropriate biosynthesis of SPM in the lesioned spinal cord hampers the resolution of inflammation and leads to deleterious consequences on neurological outcome in adult female mice. We report that, after spinal cord contusion injury in adult female mice, the biosynthesis of SPM is not induced in the lesion site up to 2 weeks after injury. Exogenous administration of MaR1, a highly conserved SPM, propagated inflammatory resolution after SCI, as revealed by accelerated clearance of neutrophils and a reduction in macrophage accumulation at the lesion site. In the search of mechanisms underlying the proresolving actions of MaR1 in SCI, we found that this SPM facilitated several hallmarks of resolution of inflammation, including reduction of proinflammatory cytokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL3, CCL4, IL6, and CSF3), silencing of major inflammatory intracellular signaling cascades (STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, p38, and ERK1/2), redirection of macrophage activation toward a prorepair phenotype, and increase of the phagocytic engulfment of neutrophils by macrophages. Interestingly, MaR1 administration improved locomotor recovery significantly and mitigated secondary injury progression in a clinical relevant model of SCI. These findings suggest that proresolution, immunoresolvent therapies constitute a novel approach to improving neurological recovery after acute SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inflammation is a protective response to injury or infection. To result in tissue homeostasis, inflammation has to resolve over time. Incomplete or delayed resolution leads to detrimental effects, including propagated tissue damage and impaired wound healing, as occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI). We report that inflammation after SCI is dysregulated in part due to inappropriate synthesis of proresolving lipid mediators. We demonstrate that the administration of the resolution agonist referred to as maresin 1 (MaR1) after SCI actively propagates resolution processes at the lesion site and improves neurological outcome. MaR1 is identified as an interventional candidate to attenuate dysregulated lesional inflammation and to restore functional recovery after SCI.
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43
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Francardo V, Schmitz Y, Sulzer D, Cenci MA. Neuroprotection and neurorestoration as experimental therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:137-147. [PMID: 28988910 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease-modifying treatments remain an unmet medical need in Parkinson's disease (PD). Such treatments can be operationally defined as interventions that slow down the clinical evolution to advanced disease milestones. A treatment may achieve this outcome by either inhibiting primary neurodegenerative events ("neuroprotection") or boosting compensatory and regenerative mechanisms in the brain ("neurorestoration"). Here we review experimental paradigms that are currently used to assess the neuroprotective and neurorestorative potential of candidate treatments in animal models of PD. We review some key molecular mediators of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway that are likely to exert beneficial effects on multiple neural systems affected in PD. We further review past and current strategies to therapeutically stimulate these mediators, and discuss the preclinical evidence that exercise training can have neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects. A future translational task will be to combine behavioral and pharmacological interventions to exploit endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorestoration for therapeutic purposes. This type of approach is likely to provide benefit to many PD patients, despite the clinical, etiological, and genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yvonne Schmitz
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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44
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Domínguez-Bajo A, González-Mayorga A, López-Dolado E, Serrano MC. Graphene-Derived Materials Interfacing the Spinal Cord: Outstanding in Vitro and in Vivo Findings. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:71. [PMID: 29085285 PMCID: PMC5649236 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The attractiveness of graphene-derived materials (GDMs) for neural applications has fueled their exploration as components of biomaterial interfaces contacting the brain and the spinal cord. In the last years, an increasing body of work has been published on the ability of these materials to create biocompatible and biofunctional substrates able to promote the growth and activity of neural cells in vitro and positively interact with neural tissues when implanted in vivo. Encouraging results in the central nervous tissue might impulse the study of GDMs towards preclinical arena. In this mini-review article, we revise the most relevant literature on the interaction of GDMs with the spinal cord. Studies involving the implantation of these materials in vivo in the injured spinal cord are first discussed, followed by models with spinal cord slides ex vivo and a final description of selected results with neural cells in vitro. A closing debate of the major conclusions of these results is presented to boost the investigation of GDMs in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domínguez-Bajo
- Laboratory of Interfaces for Neural Repair, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ankor González-Mayorga
- Laboratory of Interfaces for Neural Repair, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Elisa López-Dolado
- Laboratory of Interfaces for Neural Repair, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Research Unit of "Design and development of biomaterials for neural regeneration", Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Joint Research Unit with CSIC, Toledo, Spain
| | - María C Serrano
- Research Unit of "Design and development of biomaterials for neural regeneration", Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Joint Research Unit with CSIC, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratory of Materials for Health, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Chedly J, Soares S, Montembault A, von Boxberg Y, Veron-Ravaille M, Mouffle C, Benassy MN, Taxi J, David L, Nothias F. Physical chitosan microhydrogels as scaffolds for spinal cord injury restoration and axon regeneration. Biomaterials 2017; 138:91-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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46
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Koseki H, Donegá M, Lam BY, Petrova V, van Erp S, Yeo GS, Kwok JC, Ffrench-Constant C, Eva R, Fawcett JW. Selective rab11 transport and the intrinsic regenerative ability of CNS axons. eLife 2017; 6:26956. [PMID: 28829741 PMCID: PMC5779230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons lose intrinsic axon regenerative ability with maturation, but the mechanism remains unclear. Using an in-vitro laser axotomy model, we show a progressive decline in the ability of cut CNS axons to form a new growth cone and then elongate. Failure of regeneration was associated with increased retraction after axotomy. Transportation into axons becomes selective with maturation; we hypothesized that selective exclusion of molecules needed for growth may contribute to regeneration decline. With neuronal maturity rab11 vesicles (which carry many molecules involved in axon growth) became selectively targeted to the somatodendritic compartment and excluded from axons by predominant retrograde transport However, on overexpression rab11 was mistrafficked into proximal axons, and these axons showed less retraction and enhanced regeneration after axotomy. These results suggest that the decline of intrinsic axon regenerative ability is associated with selective exclusion of key molecules, and that manipulation of transport can enhance regeneration. The nerves in the brain and spinal cord can be damaged by trauma, stroke and other conditions. Damage to these nerve fibres can destroy the connections they form with each other, which may lead to paralysis, loss of sensation and loss of body control. If we could stimulate the regeneration and reconnection of the damaged nerve fibres then neurological function could be restored. However, although embryonic nerve fibres can regenerate when they are transplanted into the adult central nervous system, this regenerative ability appears to be lost as the nerve fibres mature. To investigate when and why nerve fibres lose the ability to regenerate, Koseki et al. first developed a tissue culture assay in which individual nerve fibres were cut with a laser and imaged for several hours to track their regeneration (or failure to regenerate). The results demonstrate that nerve fibres from the central nervous system progressively lose the ability to grow and regenerate as they mature. To investigate why mature nerve fibres cannot regenerate, Koseki et al. measured whether nerve fibres can transport some of the molecules needed for growth and regeneration to sites of damage. This showed that the compartments in which some key growth molecules are transported become excluded from mature nerve fibres. These compartments are marked by a protein called rab11, and Koseki et al. found that forcing rab11 back into mature nerve fibres restored their ability to regenerate. There is still a lot of work needed before these findings can lead to a new regeneration treatment for patients, but it is a crucial step forwards. Furthermore, the assay developed by Koseki et al. could be used to develop and test such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Koseki
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Donegá
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Yh Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Veselina Petrova
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan van Erp
- MRC Centre of Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Sh Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cf Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Richard Eva
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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47
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Wehner D, Tsarouchas TM, Michael A, Haase C, Weidinger G, Reimer MM, Becker T, Becker CG. Wnt signaling controls pro-regenerative Collagen XII in functional spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:126. [PMID: 28743881 PMCID: PMC5526933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory extracellular matrix in a spinal lesion site is a major impediment to axonal regeneration in mammals. In contrast, the extracellular matrix in zebrafish allows substantial axon re-growth, leading to recovery of movement. However, little is known about regulation and composition of the growth-promoting extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrate that activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in fibroblast-like cells in the lesion site is pivotal for axon re-growth and functional recovery. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces expression of col12a1a/b and deposition of Collagen XII, which is necessary for axons to actively navigate the non-neural lesion site environment. Overexpression of col12a1a rescues the effects of Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition and is sufficient to accelerate regeneration. We demonstrate that in a vertebrate of high regenerative capacity, Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls the composition of the lesion site extracellular matrix and we identify Collagen XII as a promoter of axonal regeneration. These findings imply that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and Collagen XII may be targets for extracellular matrix manipulations in non-regenerating species. Following spinal injury in zebrafish, non-neural cells establish an extracellular matrix to promote axon re-growth but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors show that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fibroblast-like cells at a lesion activates axon re-growth via deposition of Collagen XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wehner
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Themistoklis M Tsarouchas
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andria Michael
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Christa Haase
- Institute for Immunology, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Michell M Reimer
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG-Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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GluD2 Endows Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapses with a High Regenerative Capacity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:4846-58. [PMID: 27122040 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0161-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although injured axons usually do not regenerate in the adult CNS, parallel fibers (PFs) regenerate synaptic connections onto cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). In this study, we investigated the role of GluD2 in this regenerative process after PF transection using GluD2-knock-out (KO) mice. All dendritic spines on distal dendrites were innervated by PFs in sham-operated wild-type controls, whereas one-third were devoid of innervation in GluD2-KO mice. In both genotypes, a steep drop in the number of PF synapses occurred with a reciprocal surge in the number of free spines on postlesion day 1, when the PF territory aberrantly expanded toward the proximal dendrites. In wild-type mice, the territory and number of PF synapses were nearly fully restored to normal on postlesion day 7, although PF density remained low. Moreover, presynaptic and postsynaptic elements were markedly enlarged, and the PF terminal-to-PC spine contact ratio increased from 1:1 to 1:2 at most synapses. On postlesion day 30, the size and contact ratio of PF synapses returned to sham-operated control values and PF density recovered through the sprouting and elongation of PF collaterals. However, GluD2-KO mice showed neither a hypertrophic response nor territorial restoration 7 d postlesion, nor the recovery of PF axons or synapses on postlesion day 30. This suggests that PF wiring regenerates initially by inducing hypertrophic responses in surviving synaptic elements (hypertrophic phase), followed by collateral formation by PF axons and retraction of PF synapses (remodeling phase). Without GluD2, no transition to these regenerative phases occurs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The glutamate receptor GluD2 expressed at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses regulates the formation and maintenance of the synapses. To investigate the role of GluD2 in their extraordinarily high regenerative capacity, the process after surgical transection of PFs was compared between wild-type and GluD2-knock-out mice. We discovered that, in wild-type mice, PF synapses regenerate initially by inducing hypertrophic responses in surviving synaptic elements, and then by sprouting and elongation of PF collaterals. Subsequently, hypertrophied PF synapses remodel into compact synapses. In GluD2-knock-out mice, PF wiring remains in the degenerative phase, showing neither a hypertrophic response nor recovery of PF axons or synapses. Our finding thus highlights that synaptic connection in the adult brain can regenerate with aid of GluD2.
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Trolle C, Ivert P, Hoeber J, Rocamonde-Lago I, Vasylovska S, Lukanidin E, Kozlova EN. Boundary cap neural crest stem cell transplants contribute Mts1/S100A4-expressing cells in the glial scar. Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621171 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM During development, boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) assist sensory axon growth into the spinal cord. Here we repositioned them to test if they assist regeneration of sensory axons in adult mice after dorsal root avulsion injury. MATERIALS & METHODS Avulsed mice received bNCSC or human neural progenitor (hNP) cell transplants and their contributions to glial scar formation and sensory axon regeneration were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and transganglionic tracing. RESULTS hNPs and bNCSCs form similar gaps in the glial scar, but unlike hNPs, bNCSCs contribute Mts1/S100A4 (calcium-binding protein) expression to the scar and do not assist sensory axon regeneration. CONCLUSION bNCSC transplants contribute nonpermissive Mts1/S100A4-expressing cells to the glial scar after dorsal root avulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Trolle
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ivert
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eugen Lukanidin
- Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Chawla RS, Züchner M, Mastrangelopoulou M, Lambert FM, Glover JC, Boulland JL. Cellular reactions and compensatory tissue re-organization during spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury in neonatal mice. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:928-946. [PMID: 28033684 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Following incomplete spinal cord injuries, neonatal mammals display a remarkable degree of behavioral recovery. Previously, we have demonstrated in neonatal mice a wholesale re-establishment and reorganization of synaptic connections from some descending axon tracts (Boulland et al.: PLoS One 8 (2013)). To assess the potential cellular mechanisms contributing to this recovery, we have here characterized a variety of cellular sequelae following thoracic compression injuries, focusing particularly on cell loss and proliferation, inflammation and reactive gliosis, and the dynamics of specific types of synaptic terminals. Early during the period of recovery, regressive events dominated. Tissue loss near the injury was severe, with about 80% loss of neurons and a similar loss of axons that later make up the white matter. There was no sign of neurogenesis, no substantial astroglial or microglial proliferation, no change in the ratio of M1 and M2 microglia and no appreciable generation of the terminal complement peptide C5a. One day after injury the number of synaptic terminals on lumbar motoneurons had dropped by a factor of 2, but normalized by 6 days. The ratio of VGLUT1/2+ to VGAT+ terminals remained similar in injured and uninjured spinal cords during this period. By 24 days after injury, when functional recovery is nearly complete, the density of 5-HT+ fibers below the injury site had increased by a factor of 2.5. Altogether this study shows that cellular reactions are diverse and dynamic. Pronounced recovery of both excitatory and inhibitory terminals and an increase in serotonergic innervation below the injury, coupled with a general lack of inflammation and reactive gliosis, are likely to contribute to the recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 928-946, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab S Chawla
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Mark Züchner
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Maria Mastrangelopoulou
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - François M Lambert
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,INCIA CNRS UMR 5287 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joel C Glover
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital
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