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Bouzón-Arnáiz I, Avalos-Padilla Y, Biosca A, Caño-Prades O, Román-Álamo L, Valle J, Andreu D, Moita D, Prudêncio M, Arce EM, Muñoz-Torrero D, Fernàndez-Busquets X. The protein aggregation inhibitor YAT2150 has potent antimalarial activity in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro cultures. BMC Biol 2022; 20:197. [PMID: 36271358 PMCID: PMC9587658 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background By 2016, signs of emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin and partner drugs were detected in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Recently, the independent evolution of artemisinin resistance has also been reported in Africa and South America. This alarming scenario calls for the urgent development of new antimalarials with novel modes of action. We investigated the interference with protein aggregation, which is potentially toxic for the cell and occurs abundantly in all Plasmodium stages, as a hitherto unexplored drug target in the pathogen. Results Attempts to exacerbate the P. falciparum proteome’s propensity to aggregation by delivering endogenous aggregative peptides to in vitro cultures of this parasite did not significantly affect their growth. In contrast, protein aggregation inhibitors clearly reduced the pathogen’s viability. One such compound, the bis(styrylpyridinium) salt YAT2150, exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity with an in vitro IC50 of 90 nM for chloroquine- and artemisinin-resistant lines, arresting asexual blood parasites at the trophozoite stage, as well as interfering with the development of both sexual and hepatic forms of Plasmodium. At its IC50, this compound is a powerful inhibitor of the aggregation of the model amyloid β peptide fragment 1-40, and it reduces the amount of aggregated proteins in P. falciparum cultures, suggesting that the underlying antimalarial mechanism consists in a generalized impairment of proteostasis in the pathogen. YAT2150 has an easy, rapid, and inexpensive synthesis, and because it fluoresces when it accumulates in its main localization in the Plasmodium cytosol, it is a theranostic agent. Conclusions Inhibiting protein aggregation in Plasmodium significantly reduces the parasite’s viability in vitro. Since YAT2150 belongs to a novel structural class of antiplasmodials with a mode of action that potentially targets multiple gene products, rapid evolution of resistance to this drug is unlikely to occur, making it a promising compound for the post-artemisinin era. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01374-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Bouzón-Arnáiz
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yunuen Avalos-Padilla
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Biosca
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Omar Caño-Prades
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Román-Álamo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Fac. Medicina Univ. Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Fac. Medicina Univ. Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa M Arce
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Simmons WR, Wain L, Toker J, Jagadeesh J, Garrett LJ, Pek RH, Hamza I, Bodine DM. Normal Iron Homeostasis Requires the Transporter SLC48A1 for Efficient Heme-Iron Recycling in Mammals. Front Genome Ed 2021; 2:8. [PMID: 34713217 PMCID: PMC8525403 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals over 65% of the total body iron is located within erythrocytes in the heme moieties of hemoglobin. Iron homeostasis requires iron absorbed from the diet by the gut as well as recycling of iron after the destruction of senescent erythrocytes. Senescent erythrocytes are engulfed by reticuloendothelial system macrophages where hemoglobin is broken down in the lysosomes, releasing heme for iron recovery in the cytoplasm. We recently showed that the SLC48A1 protein is responsible for transporting heme from the lysosome to the cytoplasm. CRISPR generated SLC48A1-deficient mice accumulate heme in their reticuloendothelial system macrophages as hemozoin crystals. Here we describe additional features of SLC48A1-deficient mice. We show that visible hemozoin first appears in the reticuloendothelial system macrophages of SLC48A1-deficient mice at 8 days of age, indicating the onset of erythrocyte recycling. Evaluation of normal and SLC48A1-deficient mice on iron-controlled diets show that SLC48A1-mediated iron recycling is equivalent to at least 10 parts per million of dietary iron. We propose that mutations in human SLC48A1 could contribute to idiopathic iron disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Simmons
- Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lily Wain
- Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Toker
- Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jaya Jagadeesh
- Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa J Garrett
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rini H Pek
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - David M Bodine
- Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Artemisinin-Based Drugs Target the Plasmodium falciparum Heme Detoxification Pathway. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02137-20. [PMID: 33495226 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02137-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART)-based antimalarial drugs are believed to exert lethal effects on malarial parasites by alkylating a variety of intracellular molecular targets. Recent work with live parasites has shown that one of the alkylated targets is free heme within the parasite digestive vacuole, which is liberated upon hemoglobin catabolism by the intraerythrocytic parasite, and that reduced levels of heme alkylation occur in artemisinin-resistant parasites. One implication of heme alkylation is that these drugs may inhibit parasite detoxification of free heme via inhibition of heme-to-hemozoin crystallization; however, previous reports that have investigated this hypothesis present conflicting data. By controlling reducing conditions and, hence, the availability of ferrous versus ferric forms of free heme, we modify a previously reported hemozoin inhibition assay to quantify the ability of ART-based drugs to target the heme detoxification pathway under reduced versus oxidizing conditions. Contrary to some previous reports, we find that artemisinins are potent inhibitors of hemozoin crystallization, with effective half-maximal concentrations approximately an order of magnitude lower than those for most quinoline-based antimalarial drugs. We also examine hemozoin and in vitro parasite growth inhibition for drug pairs found in the most commonly used ART-based combination therapies (ACTs). All ACTs examined inhibit hemozoin crystallization in an additive fashion, and all but one inhibit parasite growth in an additive fashion.
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Herraiz T, Guillén H, González-Peña D, Arán VJ. Antimalarial Quinoline Drugs Inhibit β-Hematin and Increase Free Hemin Catalyzing Peroxidative Reactions and Inhibition of Cysteine Proteases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15398. [PMID: 31659177 PMCID: PMC6817881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium affects millions people worldwide. Plasmodium consumes hemoglobin during its intraerythrocytic stage leaving toxic heme. Parasite detoxifies free heme through formation of hemozoin (β-hematin) pigment. Proteolysis of hemoglobin and formation of hemozoin are two main targets for antimalarial drugs. Quinoline antimarial drugs and analogs (β-carbolines or nitroindazoles) were studied as inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The most potent inhibitors were quinacrine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine followed by quinidine, mefloquine and quinine whereas 8-hydroxyquinoline and β-carbolines had no effect. Compounds that inhibited β-hematin increased free hemin that promoted peroxidative reactions as determined with TMB and ABTS substrates. Hemin-catalyzed peroxidative reactions were potentiated in presence of proteins (i.e. globin or BSA) while antioxidants and peroxidase inhibitors decreased peroxidation. Free hemin increased by chloroquine action promoted oxidative reactions resulting in inhibition of proteolysis by three cysteine proteases: papain, ficin and cathepsin B. Glutathione reversed inhibition of proteolysis. These results show that active quinolines inhibit hemozoin and increase free hemin which in presence of H2O2 that abounds in parasite digestive vacuole catalyzes peroxidative reactions and inhibition of cysteine proteases. This work suggests a link between the action of quinoline drugs with biochemical processes of peroxidation and inhibition of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hugo Guillén
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana González-Peña
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Osman CP, Ismail NH, Widyawaruyanti A, Imran S, Tumewu L, Choo CY, Ideris S. Evaluation of a Series of 9,10-Anthraquinones as Antiplasmodial Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180607085102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: A phytochemical study on medicinal plants used for the treatment of fever
and malaria in Africa yielded metabolites with potential antiplasmodial activity, many of which are
Anthraquinones (AQ). AQs have similar sub-structure as naphthoquinones and xanthones, which
were previously reported as novel antiplasmodial agents.
</P><P>
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the structural requirements of 9,10-
anthraquinones with hydroxy, methoxy and methyl substituents to exert strong antiplasmodial activity
and to investigate their possible mode of action.
</P><P>
Methods: Thirty-one AQs were synthesized through Friedel-Crafts reaction and assayed for antiplasmodial
activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7). The selected compounds were
tested for toxicity and probed for their mode of action against β-hematin dimerization through
HRP2 and lipid catalyses. The most active compounds were subjected to a docking study using
AutoDock 4.2.
</P><P>
Results: The active AQs have similar common structural characteristics. However, it is difficult to
establish a structure-activity relationship as certain compounds are active despite the absence of the
structural features exhibited by other active AQs. They have either ortho- or meta-arranged
substituents and one free hydroxyl and/or carbonyl groups. When C-6 is substituted with a methyl
group, the activity of AQs generally increased. 1,3-DihydroxyAQ (15) showed good antiplasmodial
activity with an IC50 value of 1.08 µM, and when C-6 was substituted with a methyl group, 1,3-
dihydroxy-6-methylAQ (24) showed stronger antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 value of 0.02
µM, with better selectivity index. Compounds 15 and 24 showed strong HRP2 activity and mild
toxicity against hepatocyte cells. Molecular docking studies showed that the hydroxyl groups at the
ortho (23) and meta (24) positions are able to form hydrogen bonds with heme, of 3.49 Å and 3.02
Å, respectively.
</P><P>
Conclusion: The activity of 1,3-dihydroxy-6-methylAQ (24) could be due to their inhibition against
the free heme dimerization by inhibiting the HRP2 protein. It was further observed that the
anthraquinone moiety of compound 24 bind in parallel to the heme ring through hydrophobic interactions,
thus preventing crystallization of heme into hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Puteh Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Syahrul Imran
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lidya Tumewu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Chee Yan Choo
- MedChem Herbal Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharinah Ideris
- MedChem Herbal Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Singh SV, Manhas A, Singh SP, Mishra S, Tiwari N, Kumar P, Shanker K, Srivastava K, Sashidhara KV, Pal A. A phenolic glycoside from Flacourtia indica induces heme mediated oxidative stress in Plasmodium falciparum and attenuates malaria pathogenesis in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 30:1-9. [PMID: 28545664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flacourtia indica is especially popular among the various communities of many African countries where it is being used traditionally for the treatment of malaria. In our previous report, we have identified some phenolic glycosides from the aerial parts of F. indica as promising antiplasmodial agents under in vitro conditions. PURPOSE Antimalarial bioprospection of F. indica derived phenolic glycoside in Swiss mice (in vivo) with special emphasis on its mode of action. METHODS Chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum was routinely cultured and used for the in vitro studies. The in vivo antimalarial potential of phenolic glycoside was evaluated against P. berghei in Swiss mice through an array of parameters viz., hematological, biochemical, chemo-suppression and mean survival time. RESULTS 2-(6-benzoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-(1α, 2α, 6α-trihydroxy-3-oxocyclohex-4-enoyl)-5-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (CPG), a phenolic glycoside isolated from the aerial parts of F. indica was found to exhibit promising antiplasmodial activity by arresting the P. falciparum growth at the trophozoite stage. Spectroscopic investigations reveal that CPG possesses a strong binding affinity with free heme moieties. In addition, these interactions lead to the inhibition of heme polymerization in malaria parasite, augmenting oxidative stress, and delaying the rapid growth of parasite. Under in-vivo condition, CPG exhibited significant antimalarial activity against P. berghei at 50 and 75mg/kg body weight through chemo-suppression of parasitemia and ameliorating the parasite induced inflammatory and oxidative (hepatic) imbalance in the experimental mice. CONCLUSION CPG was found to be a potential antimalarial constituent of F. indica with an explored mechanism of action, which also offers the editing choices for developing CPG based antimalarial chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Vardan Singh
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ashan Manhas
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Suriya P Singh
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sonali Mishra
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Nimisha Tiwari
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Parmanand Kumar
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Kumkum Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
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Evaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity of different extracts of Artemisia aucheri Boiss. and A. armeniaca Lam. and fractions of the most potent extracts. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:825370. [PMID: 24558335 PMCID: PMC3914376 DOI: 10.1155/2014/825370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten extracts with different polarity from two Iranian Artemisia species, A. armeniaca Lam. and A. aucheri Boiss, were screened for their antimalarial properties by in vitro
β-hematin formation assay. Dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of both plants showed significant antimalarial activities with IC50 values of 1.36 ± 0.01 and 1.83 ± 0.03 mg/mL and IC90 values of 2.12 ± 0.04 and 2.62 ± 0.09 mg/mL for A. armeniaca and A. aucheri, respectively. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of DCM extracts of both plants by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) over silica gel with solvent mixtures of increasing polarities afforded seven fractions. Two fractions from DCM extract of A. armeniaca and four fractions from DCM extract of A. aucheri showed potent antimalarial activity with reducing IC50 and IC90 values compared to extracts. The most potent fraction belonged to DCM extract of A. armeniaca with IC50 and IC90 values of 0.47 ± 0.006 and 0.71 ± 0.006 mg/mL, respectively.
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Phospholipid membrane-mediated hemozoin formation: the effects of physical properties and evidence of membrane surrounding hemozoin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70025. [PMID: 23894579 PMCID: PMC3720957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid membranes are thought to be one of the main inducers of hemozoin formation in Plasmodia and other blood-feeding parasites. The “membrane surrounding hemozoin” has been observed in infected cells but has not been observed in in vitro experiments. This study focused on observing the association of phospholipid membranes and synthetic β-hematin, which is chemically identical to hemozoin, and on a further exploration into the mechanism of phospholipid membrane-induced β-hematin formation. Our results showed that β-hematin formation was induced by phospholipids in the fluid phase but not in the gel phase. The ability of phospholipids to induce β-hematin formation was inversely correlated with gel-to-liquid phase transition temperatures, suggesting an essential insertion of heme into the hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipid membrane to form β-hematin. For this study, a cryogenic transmission electron microscope was used to achieve the first direct observation of the formation of a monolayer of phospholipid membrane surrounding β-hematin.
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Gorka AP, de Dios A, Roepe PD. Quinoline drug-heme interactions and implications for antimalarial cytostatic versus cytocidal activities. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5231-46. [PMID: 23586757 DOI: 10.1021/jm400282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the most successful molecular target for antimalarial drugs has been heme biomineralization within the malarial parasite digestive vacuole. Heme released from catabolized host red blood cell hemoglobin is toxic, so malarial parasites crystallize heme to nontoxic hemozoin. For years it has been accepted that a number of effective quinoline antimalarial drugs (e.g., chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine) function by preventing hemozoin crystallization. However, recent studies over the past decade have revealed a surprising molecular diversity in quinoline-heme molecular interactions. This diversity shows that even closely related quinoline drugs may have quite different molecular pharmacology. This paper reviews the molecular diversity and highlights important implications for understanding quinoline antimalarial drug resistance and for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gorka
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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Hussain AI, Anwar F, Chatha SA, Latif S, Sherazi ST, Ahmad A, Worthington J, Sarker SD. Chemical composition and bioactivity studies of the essential oils from two Thymus species from the Pakistani flora. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cytostatic versus cytocidal activities of chloroquine analogues and inhibition of hemozoin crystal growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:356-64. [PMID: 23114783 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01709-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an improved, nonhazardous, high-throughput assay for in vitro quantification of antimalarial drug inhibition of β-hematin (hemozoin) crystallization performed under conditions that are more physiological relative to previous assays. The assay uses the differential detergent solubility of crystalline and noncrystalline forms of heme and is optimized via the use of lipid catalyst. Using this assay, we quantify the effect of pH on the crystal growth-inhibitory activities of current quinoline antimalarials, evaluate the catalytic efficiencies of different lipids, and test for a possible correlation between hemozoin inhibition by drugs versus their antiplasmodial activity. Consistent with several previous reports, we found a good correlation between hemozoin inhibition potency versus cytostatic antiplasmodial potency (50% inhibitory concentration) for a series of chloroquine (CQ) analogues. However, we found no correlation between hemozoin inhibition potency and cytocidal antiplasmodial potency (50% lethal dose) for the same drugs, suggesting that cellular targets for these two layers of 4-aminoquinoline drug activity differ. This important concept is also explored further for QN and its stereoisomers in the accompanying paper (A. P. Gorka, K. S. Sherlach, A. C. de Dios, and P. D. Roepe, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57:365-374, 2013).
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Nhien NTT, Huy NT, Uyen DT, Deharo E, Hoa PTL, Hirayama K, Harada S, Kamei K. Effect of Inducers, Incubation Time and Heme Concentration on IC(50) Value Variation in Anti-heme Crystallization Assay. Trop Med Health 2012; 39:119-26. [PMID: 22438701 PMCID: PMC3289280 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2011-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme detoxification through crystallization into hemozoin has been suggested as a good target for the development of screening assays for new antimalarials. However, comparisons among the data obtained from different experiments are difficult, and the IC50 values (the concentrations of drug that are required to inhibit 50% of hemozoin formation) for the same drug vary widely. We studied the effects of changes in heme concentration (precursor of β-hematin), incubation time and three inducers (SDS, Tween 20 and linoleic acid) on the IC50 of some antimalarials (chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine, and clotrimazole). The results showed that increasing both inducer concentration and incubation time raised the IC50 of selected antimalarials. Any change in those factors caused the IC50 value to vary. Standardization of assay conditions is, therefore, necessary to increase reproducibility and reduce discrepancies in assay performance. Considering all of the variables, the best choice of inducers is in the order of SDS > Tween 20 > linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Thuy Nhien
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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13
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Nhien NTT, Huy NT, Naito M, Oida T, Uyen DT, Huang M, Kikuchi M, Harada S, Nakayama K, Hirayama K, Kamei K. Neutralization of toxic haem by Porphyromonas gingivalis haemoglobin receptor. J Biochem 2009; 147:317-25. [PMID: 19861401 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Free haem is known to be toxic to organs, tissues and cells. It enhances permeability by binding to a cell membrane, which leads to cell death, and damages lipids, proteins and DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Lysine- and arginine-specific gingipains (Kgp and RgpA/B) are major proteinases that play an important role in the pathogenicity of a black-pigmented periodontopathogen named Porphyromonas gingivalis. One of the adhesin domains of gingipain, HbR could bind haem as an iron nutrient source for P. gingivalis. Using erythrocyte and its membrane as a model, results from the present study demonstrate that recombinant HbR expressed in Escherichia coli could inhibit haem-induced haemolysis, probably through removing haem from the haem-membrane complex and lowering free haem toxicity by mediating dimerization of haem molecules. The ability to protect a cell membrane from haem toxicity is a new function for HbR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Thuy Nhien
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Colorimetric high-throughput screen for detection of heme crystallization inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2564-8. [PMID: 19307367 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01466-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infects 500 million people annually, a number that is likely to rise as drug resistance to currently used antimalarials increases. During its intraerythrocytic stage, the causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, metabolizes hemoglobin and releases toxic heme, which is neutralized by a parasite-specific crystallization mechanism to form hemozoin. Evidence suggests that chloroquine, the most successful antimalarial agent in history, acts by disrupting the formation of hemozoin. Here we describe the development of a 384-well microtiter plate screen to detect small molecules that can also disrupt heme crystallization. This assay, which is based on a colorimetric assay developed by Ncokazi and Egan (K. K. Ncokazi and T. J. Egan, Anal. Biochem. 338:306-319, 2005), requires no parasites or parasite-derived reagents and no radioactive materials and is suitable for a high-throughput screening platform. The assay's reproducibility and large dynamic range are reflected by a Z factor of 0.74. A pilot screen of 16,000 small molecules belonging to diverse structural classes was conducted. The results of the target-based assay were compared with a whole-parasite viability assay of the same small molecules to identify small molecules active in both assays.
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15
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Uyen DT, Huy NT, Trang DTX, Nhien NTT, Oida T, Hirayama K, Harada S, Kamei K. Effects of Amino Acids on Malarial Heme Crystallization. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1483-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Thanh Uyen
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
| | | | | | - Tatsuo Oida
- Department of Materials and Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
| | | | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
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16
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Huy NT, Mizunuma K, Kaur K, Nhien NTT, Jain M, Uyen DT, Harada S, Jain R, Kamei K. 2-tert-butyl-8-quinolinamines exhibit potent blood schizontocidal antimalarial activity via inhibition of heme crystallization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2842-7. [PMID: 17562796 PMCID: PMC1932521 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00288-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that the attachment of a bulky metabolically stable tert-butyl group at the C-2 position of a quinoline ring in primaquine results in a tremendous improvement in the blood schizontocidal antimalarial activity of 8-quinolinamine. Because free heme released from hemoglobin catabolism in a malarial parasite is highly toxic, the parasite protects itself mainly by crystallization of heme into insoluble nontoxic hemozoin. We now demonstrate the ability of 2-tert-butylprimaquine to inhibit in vitro beta-hematin formation, to form a complex with heme with a stoichiometry of 1:1, and to enhance heme-induced hemolysis. The results described herein indicate that a major improvement in the blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity of 2-tert-butylprimaquine might be due to a disturbance of heme catabolism pathway in the malarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Huy NT, Maeda A, Uyen DT, Trang DTX, Sasai M, Shiono T, Oida T, Harada S, Kamei K. Alcohols induce beta-hematin formation via the dissociation of aggregated heme and reduction in interfacial tension of the solution. Acta Trop 2007; 101:130-8. [PMID: 17274939 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the malarial pigment, a unique hemozoin crystal with unit cells comprised of heme dimers, has been proposed as an ideal target for antimalarial screening. The mechanism of beta-hematin formation (a synthetic crystal structurally identical to hemozoin) has been suggested that a hydrophobic interaction is needed to solubilize heme, but this hypothesis needs further evidence. Direct study of the process of hemozoin formation in the malarial food vacuole has not been performed, due to complicated groups of lipids and proteins. To overcome this difficulty and to explore the environmental conditions for beta-hematin formation, we systematically studied beta-hematin formation induced by a series of small normal alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol), which are structurally similar. For the first time, the ability of beta-hematin inducer could be evaluated by its concentration that is required to enhance heme crystallization by 50% (EC(50) values). These values provide a rapid and convenient tool for comparing the ability of initiators in beta-hematin formation. Our results showed that the ability of alcohols to induce beta-hematin formation in the order: n-butanol>n-propanol>ethanol>methanol. The induction of beta-hematin formation by alcohols is related with their degree of hydrophobicity and ability to solubilize heme, suggesting that the dissociation of aggregated heme by alcohols is a major factor in beta-hematin formation. In addition, alcohols can reduce the surface tension of a solution, thus lowering the energy barrier for creating critical nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; Venture Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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18
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Huy NT, Uyen DT, Maeda A, Trang DTX, Oida T, Harada S, Kamei K. Simple colorimetric inhibition assay of heme crystallization for high-throughput screening of antimalarial compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:350-3. [PMID: 17088494 PMCID: PMC1797674 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00985-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current assays for screening new antimalarials need initiators of beta-hematin formation that require laborious preparation, special devices, and substrates. In this study, based on reduction of heme absorption in beta-hematin formation, we developed a simple colorimetric assay using Tween 20 as an initiator and a microplate reader for high-throughput screening of inhibitors of beta-hematin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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