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Lo HH, Chang HC, Wu YJ, Liao CT, Hsiao YM. Functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of degQ of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300441. [PMID: 38470163 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
High-temperature-requirement protein A (HtrA) family proteins play important roles in controlling protein quality and are recognized as virulence factors in numerous animal and human bacterial pathogens. The role of HtrA family proteins in plant pathogens remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the HtrA family protein, DegQ, in the crucifer black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (Xcc). DegQ is essential for bacterial attachment and full virulence of Xcc. Moreover, the degQ mutant strain showed increased sensitivity to heat treatment and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Expressing the intact degQ gene in trans in the degQ mutant could reverse the observed phenotypic changes. In addition, we demonstrated that the DegQ protein exhibited chaperone-like activity. Transcriptional analysis displayed that degQ expression was induced under heat treatment. Our results contribute to understanding the function and expression of DegQ of Xcc for the first time and provide a novel perspective about HtrA family proteins in plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Hsia Lo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ching Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tsai Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Luo H, Qu X, Deng X, He L, Wu Y, Liu Y, He D, Yin J, Wang B, Gan F, Tang B, Tang XF. HtrAs are essential for the survival of the haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 in response to heat, high salinity, and toxic substances. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0204823. [PMID: 38289131 PMCID: PMC10880668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02048-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and eukaryotic HtrAs can act as an extracytoplasmic protein quality control (PQC) system to help cells survive in stress conditions, but the functions of archaeal HtrAs remain unknown. Particularly, haloarchaea route most secretory proteins to the Tat pathway, enabling them to fold properly in well-controlled cytoplasm with cytosolic PQC systems before secretion. It is unclear whether HtrAs are required for haloarchaeal survival and stress response. The haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 encodes three Tat signal peptide-bearing HtrAs (NgHtrA, NgHtrB, and NgHtrC), and the signal peptides of NgHtrA and NgHtrC contain a lipobox. Here, the in vitro analysis reveals that the three HtrAs show different profiles of temperature-, salinity-, and metal ion-dependent proteolytic activities and could exhibit chaperone-like activities to prevent the aggregation of reduced lysozyme when their proteolytic activities are inhibited at low temperatures or the active site is disrupted. The gene deletion and complementation assays reveal that NgHtrA and NgHtrC are essential for the survival of strain J7-2 at elevated temperature and/or high salinity and contribute to the resistance of this haloarchaeon to zinc and inhibitory substances generated from tryptone. Mutational analysis shows that the lipobox mediates membrane anchoring of NgHtrA or NgHtrC, and both the membrane-anchored and free extracellular forms of the two enzymes are involved in the stress resistance of strain J7-2, depending on the stress conditions. Deletion of the gene encoding NgHtrB in strain J7-2 causes no obvious growth defect, but NgHtrB can functionally substitute for NgHtrA or NgHtrC under some conditions.IMPORTANCEHtrA-mediated protein quality control plays an important role in the removal of aberrant proteins in the extracytoplasmic space of living cells, and the action mechanisms of HtrAs have been extensively studied in bacteria and eukaryotes; however, information about the function of archaeal HtrAs is scarce. Our results demonstrate that three HtrAs of the haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 possess both proteolytic and chaperone-like activities, confirming that the bifunctional nature of HtrAs is conserved across all three domains of life. Moreover, we found that NgHtrA and NgHtrC are essential for the survival of strain J7-2 under stress conditions, while NgHtrB can serve as a substitute for the other two HtrAs under certain circumstances. This study provides the first biochemical and genetic evidence of the importance of HtrAs for the survival of haloarchaea in response to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education and Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education and Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education and Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Xu K, Zhao Q, Jiang HZ, Mou XR, Chang YF, Cao YQ, Miao C, Wu R, Wen YP, Huang XB, Yan QG, Du SY, Cao SJ. Molecular and functional characterization of HtrA protein in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109058. [PMID: 33862332 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pleuropneumoniae) causes serious economic loss for the swine industry. A high-temperature requirements A (HtrA)-like protease and its homologs have been reported to be involved in protein quality control and expression of important immunoprotective antigens in many pathogens. In this study, we showed that HtrA of A.pleuropneumoniae exhibited both chaperone and proteolytic activities. Moreover, Outer membrane protein P5 (OmpP5) in A.pleuropneumoniae and Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in porcine lung tissues were first discovered and identified as specific proteolytic substrates for rHtrA. The maximum cleavage activity occurs at 50 ℃ in a time-dependent manner. In addition, rHtrA mainly induced IgG 2a subtype of IgG and Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) response in a mice model, and promoted a significant proliferation of spleen lymphocytes compare with negative control (P < 0.05). The survival rates of 37.5 % were observed against A.pleuropneumoniae strain. Together, these data demonstrate that rHtrA plays a multi-functional role in A.pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ze Jiang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Ran Mou
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Yu-Qin Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Miao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen-Yan Du
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Kim H, Wu K, Lee C. Stress-Responsive Periplasmic Chaperones in Bacteria. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:678697. [PMID: 34046432 PMCID: PMC8144458 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.678697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Periplasmic proteins are involved in a wide range of bacterial functions, including motility, biofilm formation, sensing environmental cues, and small-molecule transport. In addition, a wide range of outer membrane proteins and proteins that are secreted into the media must travel through the periplasm to reach their final destinations. Since the porous outer membrane allows for the free diffusion of small molecules, periplasmic proteins and those that travel through this compartment are more vulnerable to external environmental changes, including those that result in protein unfolding, than cytoplasmic proteins are. To enable bacterial survival under various stress conditions, a robust protein quality control system is required in the periplasm. In this review, we focus on several periplasmic chaperones that are stress responsive, including Spy, which responds to envelope-stress, DegP, which responds to temperature to modulate chaperone/protease activity, HdeA and HdeB, which respond to acid stress, and UgpB, which functions as a bile-responsive chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kevin Wu
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Changhan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Molecular mechanism of networking among DegP, Skp and SurA in periplasm for biogenesis of outer membrane proteins. Biochem J 2021; 477:2949-2965. [PMID: 32729902 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) is an extremely challenging process. In the periplasm of Escherichia coli, a group of quality control factors work together to exercise the safe-guard and quality control of OMPs. DegP, Skp and SurA are the three most prominent ones. Although extensive investigations have been carried out, the molecular mechanism regarding the networking among these proteins remains mostly mysterious. Our group has previously studied the molecular interactions of OMPs with SurA and Skp, using single-molecule detection (SMD). In this work, again using SMD, we studied how OmpC, a representative of OMPs, interacts with DegP, Skp and SurA collectively. Several important discoveries were made. The self-oligomerization of DegP to form hexamer occurs over hundred micromolars. When OmpC is in a monomer state at a low concentration, the OmpC·DegP6 and OmpC·DegP24 complexes form when the DegP concentration is around sub-micromolars and a hundred micromolars, respectively. High OmpC concentration promotes the binding affinity of DegP to OmpC by ∼100 folds. Skp and SurA behave differently when they interact synergistically with DegP in the presence of substrate. DegP can degrade SurA-protected OmpC, but Skp-protected OmpC forms the ternary complex OmpC·(Skp3)n·DegP6 (n = 1,2) to resist the DegP-mediated degradation. Combined with previous results, we were able to depict a comprehensive picture regarding the molecular mechanism of the networking among DegP, Skp and SurA in the periplasm for the OMPs biogenesis under physiological and stressed conditions.
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Escobar Garduño E, Scior T, Soto Urzúa L, Martínez Morales LJ. Identification of residues for chaperone-like activity of OppA protein in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. AMB Express 2020; 10:153. [PMID: 32821976 PMCID: PMC7442780 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periplasmic oligopeptide binding protein (OppA) is part of a multimeric cytoplasmic membrane protein complex, whose function is known as peptide transporters found in Gram-negative bacteria. A chaperone-like activity has been found for the OppA from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, using biochemical experiments. Through computational analysis, we selected two amino acid residues (R41 and D42) that probably are involved in the chaperone-like activity. Our results to corroborate how OppA assists refolding and renaturation of lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-glucosidase denatured enzymes.
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Zarzecka U, Harrer A, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Skorko-Glonek J, Backert S. Chaperone activity of serine protease HtrA of Helicobacter pylori as a crucial survival factor under stress conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:161. [PMID: 31796064 PMCID: PMC6892219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease HtrA exhibits both proteolytic and chaperone activities, which are involved in cellular protein quality control. Moreover, HtrA is an important virulence factor in many pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, for which the crucial stage of infection is the cleavage of E-cadherin and other cell-to-cell junction proteins. METHODS The in vitro study of H. pylori HtrA (HtrAHp) chaperone activity was carried out using light scattering assays and investigation of lysozyme protein aggregates. We produced H. pylori ∆htrA deletion and HtrAHp point mutants without proteolytic activity in strain N6 and investigated the survival of the bacteria under thermal, osmotic, acidic and general stress conditions as well as the presence of puromycin or metronidazole using serial dilution tests and disk diffusion method. The levels of cellular and secreted proteins were examined using biochemical fraction and Western blotting. We also studied the proteolytic activity of secreted HtrAHp using zymography and the enzymatic digestion of β-casein. Finally, the consequences of E-cadherin cleavage were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that HtrAHp displays chaperone activity that inhibits the aggregation of lysozyme and is stable under various pH and temperature conditions. Next, we could show that N6 expressing only HtrA chaperone activity grow well under thermal, pH and osmotic stress conditions, and in the presence of puromycin or metronidazole. In contrast, in the absence of the entire htrA gene the bacterium was more sensitive to a number of stresses. Analysing the level of cellular and secreted proteins, we noted that H. pylori lacking the proteolytic activity of HtrA display reduced levels of secreted HtrA. Moreover, we compared the amounts of secreted HtrA from several clinical H. pylori strains and digestion of β-casein. We also demonstrated a significant effect of the HtrAHp variants during infection of human epithelial cells and for E-cadherin cleavage. CONCLUSION Here we identified the chaperone activity of the HtrAHp protein and have proven that this activity is important and sufficient for the survival of H. pylori under multiple stress conditions. We also pinpointed the importance of HtrAHp chaperone activity for E- cadherin degradation and therefore for the virulence of this eminent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Israeli M, Elia U, Rotem S, Cohen H, Tidhar A, Bercovich-Kinori A, Cohen O, Chitlaru T. Distinct Contribution of the HtrA Protease and PDZ Domains to Its Function in Stress Resilience and Virulence of Bacillus anthracis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 30833938 PMCID: PMC6387919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a lethal disease caused by the Gram-positive spore-producing bacterium Bacillus anthracis. We previously demonstrated that disruption of htrA gene, encoding the chaperone/protease HtrABA (High Temperature Requirement A of B. anthracis) results in significant virulence attenuation, despite unaffected ability of ΔhtrA strains (in which the htrA gene was deleted) to synthesize the key anthrax virulence factors: the exotoxins and capsule. B. anthracis ΔhtrA strains exhibited increased sensitivity to stress regimens as well as silencing of the secreted starvation-associated Neutral Protease A (NprA) and down-modulation of the bacterial S-layer. The virulence attenuation associated with disruption of the htrA gene was suggested to reflect the susceptibility of ΔhtrA mutated strains to stress insults encountered in the host indicating that HtrABA represents an important B. anthracis pathogenesis determinant. As all HtrA serine proteases, HtrABA exhibits a protease catalytic domain and a PDZ domain. In the present study we interrogated the relative impact of the proteolytic activity (mediated by the protease domain) and the PDZ domain (presumably necessary for the chaperone activity and/or interaction with substrates) on manifestation of phenotypic characteristics mediated by HtrABA. By inspecting the phenotype exhibited by ΔhtrA strains trans-complemented with either a wild-type, truncated (ΔPDZ), or non-proteolytic form (mutated in the catalytic serine residue) of HtrABA, as well as strains exhibiting modified chromosomal alleles, it is shown that (i) the proteolytic activity of HtrABA is essential for its N-terminal autolysis and subsequent release into the extracellular milieu, while the PDZ domain was dispensable for this process, (ii) the PDZ domain appeared to be dispensable for most of the functions related to stress resilience as well as involvement of HtrABA in assembly of the bacterial S-layer, (iii) conversely, the proteolytic activity but not the PDZ domain, appeared to be dispensable for the role of HtrABA in mediating up-regulation of the extracellular protease NprA under starvation stress, and finally (iv) in a murine model of anthrax, the HtrABA PDZ domain, was dispensable for manifestation of B. anthracis virulence. The unexpected dispensability of the PDZ domain may represent a unique characteristic of HtrABA amongst bacterial serine proteases of the HtrA family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'ayan Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Tidhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Bercovich-Kinori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofer Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Theodor Chitlaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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Xu X, Ran J, Jiao L, Liang X, Zhao R. Label free quantitative analysis of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spore germination subjected to low ambient pH. Food Res Int 2019; 115:580-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HtrA3 is a cellular partner of cytoskeleton proteins and TCP1α chaperonin. J Proteomics 2018; 177:88-111. [PMID: 29477555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human HtrA3 protease is involved in placentation, mitochondrial homeostasis, stimulation of apoptosis and proposed to be a tumor suppressor. Molecular mechanisms of the HtrA3 functions are poorly understood and knowledge concerning its cellular targets is very limited. There are two HtrA3 isoforms, the long (HtrA3L) and short (HtrA3S). Upon stress, their N-terminal domains are removed, resulting in the more active ΔN-HtrA3. By pull down and mass spectrometry techniques, we identified a panel of putative ΔN-HtrA3L/S substrates. We confirmed that ΔN-HtrA3L/S formed complexes with actin, β-tubulin, vimentin and TCP1α in vitro and in a cell and partially co-localized with the actin and vimentin filaments, microtubules and TCP1α in a cell. In vitro, both isoforms cleaved the cytoskeleton proteins, promoted tubulin polymerization and displayed chaperone-like activity, with ΔN-HtrA3S being more efficient in proteolysis and ΔN-HtrA3L - in polymerization. TCP1α, essential for the actin and tubulin folding, was directly bound by the ΔN-HtrA3L/S but not cleaved. These results indicate that actin, β-tubulin, vimentin, and TCP1α are HtrA3 cellular partners and suggest that HtrA3 may influence cytoskeleton dynamics. They also suggest different roles of the HtrA3 isoforms and a possibility that HtrA3 protease may also function as a co-chaperone. SIGNIFICANCE The HtrA3 protease stimulates apoptosis and is proposed to be a tumor suppressor and a therapeutic target, however little is known about its function at the molecular level and very few HtrA3 physiological substrates have been identified so far. Furthermore, HtrA3 is the only member of the HtrA family of proteins which, apart from the long isoform possessing the PD and PDZ domains (HtrA3L), has a short isoform (HtrA3S) lacking the PDZ domain. In this work we identified a large panel (about 150) of the tentative HtrA3L/S cellular partners which provides a good basis for further research concerning the HtrA3 function. We have shown that the cytoskeleton proteins actin, β-tubulin and vimentin, and the TCP1α chaperonin are cellular partners of both HtrA3 isoforms. Our findings indicate that HtrA3 may promote destabilization of the actin and vimentin cytoskeleton and suggest that it may influence the dynamics of the microtubule network, with the HtrA3S being more efficient in cytoskeleton protein cleavage and HtrA3L - in tubulin polymerization. Also, we have shown for the first time that HtrA3 has a chaperone-like, holdase activity in vitro - activity typical for co-chaperone proteins. The proposed HtrA3 influence on the cytoskeleton dynamics may be one of the ways in which HtrA3 promotes cell death and affects cancerogenesis. We believe that the results of this study provide a new insight into the role of HtrA3 in a cell and further confirm the notion that HtrA3 should be considered as a target of new anti-cancer therapies.
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Zarzecka U, Modrak-Wojcik A, Bayassi M, Szewczyk M, Gieldon A, Lesner A, Koper T, Bzowska A, Sanguinetti M, Backert S, Lipinska B, Skorko-Glonek J. Biochemical properties of the HtrA homolog from bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:992-1005. [PMID: 29155201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HtrA proteins due to their proteolytic, and in many cases chaperone activity, efficiently counteract consequences of stressful conditions. In the environmental bacterium and nosocomial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia HtrA (HtrASm) is induced as a part of adaptive response to host temperature (37°C). We examined the biochemical properties of HtrASm and compared them with those of model HtrAEc from Escherichia coli. We found that HtrASm is a protease and chaperone that operates over a wide range of pH and is highly active at temperatures between 35 and 37°C. The temperature-sensitive activity corresponded well with the lower thermal stability of the protein and weaker stability of the oligomer. Interestingly, the enzyme shows slightly different substrate cleavage specificity when compared to other bacterial HtrAs. A computational model of the three-dimensional structure of HtrASm indicates differences in the S1 substrate specificity pocket and suggests weaker inter-trimer interactions when compared to HtrAEc. The observed features of HtrASm suggest that this protein may play a protective role under stressful conditions acting both as a protease and a chaperone. The optimal temperatures for the protein activity may reflect the evolutionary adaptation of S. maltophilia to life in soil or aqueous environments, where the temperatures are usually much below 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Anna Modrak-Wojcik
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Martyna Bayassi
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Maciej Szewczyk
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-952, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-952, Poland
| | - Tomasz Koper
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland.
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He D, Xie X, Yang F, Zhang H, Su H, Ge Y, Song H, Chen PR. Quantitative and Comparative Profiling of Protease Substrates through a Genetically Encoded Multifunctional Photocrosslinker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Xie
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Fan Yang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haomiao Su
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yun Ge
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haiping Song
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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13
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He D, Xie X, Yang F, Zhang H, Su H, Ge Y, Song H, Chen PR. Quantitative and Comparative Profiling of Protease Substrates through a Genetically Encoded Multifunctional Photocrosslinker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14521-14525. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Xie
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Fan Yang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haomiao Su
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yun Ge
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haiping Song
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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14
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De Geyter J, Tsirigotaki A, Orfanoudaki G, Zorzini V, Economou A, Karamanou S. Protein folding in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16107. [PMID: 27573113 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While the entire proteome is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, almost half associates with, localizes in or crosses the bacterial cell envelope. In Escherichia coli a variety of mechanisms are important for taking these polypeptides into or across the plasma membrane, maintaining them in soluble form, trafficking them to their correct cell envelope locations and then folding them into the right structures. The fidelity of these processes must be maintained under various environmental conditions including during stress; if this fails, proteases are called in to degrade mislocalized or aggregated proteins. Various soluble, diffusible chaperones (acting as holdases, foldases or pilotins) and folding catalysts are also utilized to restore proteostasis. These responses can be general, dealing with multiple polypeptides, with functional overlaps and operating within redundant networks. Other chaperones are specialized factors, dealing only with a few exported proteins. Several complex machineries have evolved to deal with binding to, integration in and crossing of the outer membrane. This complex protein network is responsible for fundamental cellular processes such as cell wall biogenesis; cell division; the export, uptake and degradation of molecules; and resistance against exogenous toxic factors. The underlying processes, contributing to our fundamental understanding of proteostasis, are a treasure trove for the development of novel antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien De Geyter
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tsirigotaki
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georgia Orfanoudaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH and Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 1385, GR-711 10 Iraklio, Crete, Greece
| | - Valentina Zorzini
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastassios Economou
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH and Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 1385, GR-711 10 Iraklio, Crete, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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HtrA Is Important for Stress Resistance and Virulence in Haemophilus parasuis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2209-2219. [PMID: 27217419 PMCID: PMC4962635 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00147-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes Glässer's disease in swine, with polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis. The high-temperature requirement A (HtrA)-like protease, which is involved in protein quality control, has been reported to be a virulence factor in many pathogens. In this study, we showed that HtrA of H. parasuis (HpHtrA) exhibited both chaperone and protease activities. Finally, nickel import ATP-binding protein (NikE), periplasmic dipeptide transport protein (DppA), and outer membrane protein A (OmpA) were identified as proteolytic substrates for HpHtrA. The protease activity reached its maximum at 40°C in a time-dependent manner. Disruption of the htrA gene from strain SC1401 affected tolerance to temperature stress and resistance to complement-mediated killing. Furthermore, increased autoagglutination and biofilm formation were detected in the htrA mutant. In addition, the htrA mutant was significantly attenuated in virulence in the murine model of infection. Together, these data demonstrate that HpHtrA plays an important role in the virulence of H. parasuis.
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16
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Abstract
The major class of integral proteins found in the outer membrane (OM) of E. coli and Salmonella adopt a β-barrel conformation (OMPs). OMPs are synthesized in the cytoplasm with a typical signal sequence at the amino terminus, which directs them to the secretion machinery (SecYEG) located in the inner membrane for translocation to the periplasm. Chaperones such as SurA, or DegP and Skp, escort these proteins across the aqueous periplasm protecting them from aggregation. The chaperones then deliver OMPs to a highly conserved outer membrane assembly site termed the Bam complex. In E. coli, the Bam complex is composed of an essential OMP, BamA, and four associated OM lipoproteins, BamBCDE, one of which, BamD, is also essential. Here we provide an overview of what we know about the process of OMP assembly and outline the various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain how proteins might be integrated into the asymmetric OM lipid bilayer in an environment that lacks obvious energy sources. In addition, we describe the envelope stress responses that ensure the fidelity of OM biogenesis and how factors, such as phage and certain toxins, have coopted this essential machine to gain entry into the cell.
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17
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Nierop Groot MN, de Boer AG, van Pelt W, van der Hulst-van Arkel MC, de Leeuw P, Widjaja HCA, Smits MA, van der Wal FJ. A SpoT polymorphism correlates with chill stress survival and is prevalent in clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2900-9. [PMID: 25172931 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni to environmental stress is regarded as a risk factor for the transmission of C. jejuni from poultry or poultry products to humans. So far, the mechanisms underlying the capacity of C. jejuni to survive environmental stress conditions are not fully understood. In this study, we searched for polymorphisms in C. jejuni genes, potentially involved in resistance to chill stress. To this end, we assessed 3 groups of C. jejuni isolates (clinical, retail chicken meat, and feces) for survival of experimentally induced chill stress. For each isolate we sequenced 3 genes encoding the C. jejuni sigma factors FliA, RpoD, and RpoN as well as the genes for the transcriptional regulator SpoT and the periplasmic protein HtrA. Data suggest a higher prevalence of a specific polymorphism in spoT in clinical isolates compared with poultry meat or farm isolates. Moreover, this genotype correlated with enhanced survival of chill stress. The observation that the prevalence of this SNP is relatively high in clinical isolates, which most likely have been exposed to multiple forms of stress, suggest that this SNP may be a biomarker for enhanced survival of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Nierop Groot
- Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A G de Boer
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - W van Pelt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - P de Leeuw
- Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H C A Widjaja
- Livestock Research, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - M A Smits
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands Livestock Research, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - F J van der Wal
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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18
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Folding mechanisms of periplasmic proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:1517-28. [PMID: 24239929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
More than one fifth of the proteins encoded by the genome of Escherichia coli are destined to the bacterial cell envelope. Over the past 20years, the mechanisms by which envelope proteins reach their three-dimensional structure have been intensively studied, leading to the discovery of an intricate network of periplasmic folding helpers whose members have distinct but complementary roles. For instance, the correct assembly of ß-barrel proteins containing disulfide bonds depends both on chaperones like SurA and Skp for transport across the periplasm and on protein folding catalysts like DsbA and DsbC for disulfide bond formation. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the complex network of protein folding helpers present in the periplasm of E. coli and highlight the questions that remain unsolved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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19
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Sun R, Fan H, Gao F, Lin Y, Zhang L, Gong W, Liu L. Crystal structure of Arabidopsis Deg2 protein reveals an internal PDZ ligand locking the hexameric resting state. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37564-9. [PMID: 22961982 PMCID: PMC3481350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organelles have developed elaborate protein quality control systems to ensure their normal activity, among which Deg/HtrA proteases play an essential role. Plant Deg2 protease is a homologue of prokaryotic DegQ/DegP proteases and is located in the chloroplast stroma, where its proteolytic activity is required to maintain the efficiency of photosynthetic machinery during stress. Here, we demonstrate that Deg2 exhibits dual protease-chaperone activities, and we present the hexameric structure of Deg2 complexed with co-purified peptides. The structure shows that Deg2 contains a unique second PDZ domain (PDZ2) following a conventional PDZ domain (PDZ1), with PDZ2 orchestrating the cage assembly of Deg2. We discovered a conserved internal ligand for PDZ2 that mediates hexamer formation and thus locks the protease in the resting state. These findings provide insight into the diverse modes of PDZ domain-mediated regulation of Deg proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Sun
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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20
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Bai XC, Pan XJ, Wang XJ, Ye YY, Chang LF, Leng D, Lei J, Sui SF. Characterization of the structure and function of Escherichia coli DegQ as a representative of the DegQ-like proteases of bacterial HtrA family proteins. Structure 2011; 19:1328-37. [PMID: 21893291 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
HtrA family proteins play a central role in protein quality control in the bacterial periplasmic space. DegQ-like proteases, a group of bacterial HtrA proteins, are characterized by a short LA loop as compared with DegP-like proteases, and are found in many bacterial species. As a representative of the DegQ-like proteases, we report that Escherichia coli DegQ exists in vivo primarily as a trimer (substrate-free) or dodecamer (substrate-containing). Biochemical analysis of DegQ dodecamers revealed that the major copurified protein substrate is OmpA. Importantly, wild-type DegQ exhibited a much lower proteolytic activity, and thus higher chaperone-like activity, than DegP. Furthermore, using cryo-electron microscopy we determined high-resolution structures of DegQ 12- and 24-mers in the presence of substrate, thus revealing the structural mechanism by which DegQ moderates its proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-chen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Bæk KT, Vegge CS, Brøndsted L. HtrA chaperone activity contributes to host cell binding in Campylobacter jejuni. Gut Pathog 2011; 3:13. [PMID: 21939552 PMCID: PMC3260087 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute gastroenteritis caused by the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is associated with attachment of bacteria to the intestinal epithelium and subsequent invasion of epithelial cells. In C. jejuni, the periplasmic protein HtrA is required for efficient binding to epithelial cells. HtrA has both protease and chaperone activity, and is important for virulence of several bacterial pathogens. Results The aim of this study was to determine the role of the dual activities of HtrA in host cell interaction of C. jejuni by comparing an htrA mutant lacking protease activity, but retaining chaperone activity, with a ΔhtrA mutant and the wild type strain. Binding of C. jejuni to both epithelial cells and macrophages was facilitated mainly by HtrA chaperone activity that may be involved in folding of outer membrane adhesins. In contrast, HtrA protease activity played only a minor role in interaction with host cells. Conclusion We show that HtrA protease and chaperone activities contribute differently to C. jejuni's interaction with mammalian host cells, with the chaperone activity playing the major role in host cell binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer T Bæk
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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22
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The roles of chloroplast proteases in the biogenesis and maintenance of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:239-46. [PMID: 21645493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes one of the key reactions of photosynthesis, the light-driven conversion of water into oxygen. Although the structure and function of PSII have been well documented, our understanding of the biogenesis and maintenance of PSII protein complexes is still limited. A considerable number of auxiliary and regulatory proteins have been identified to be involved in the regulation of this process. The carboxy-terminal processing protease CtpA, the serine-type protease DegP and the ATP-dependent thylakoid-bound metalloprotease FtsH are critical for the biogenesis and maintenance of PSII. Here, we summarize and discuss the structural and functional aspects of these chloroplast proteases in these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: SI: Photosystem II.
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Different contributions of HtrA protease and chaperone activities to Campylobacter jejuni stress tolerance and physiology. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:57-66. [PMID: 21075890 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01603-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microaerophilic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial food-borne infections in the developed world. Tolerance to environmental stress relies on proteases and chaperones in the cell envelope, such as HtrA and SurA. HtrA displays both chaperone and protease activities, but little is known about how each of these activities contributes to stress tolerance in bacteria. In vitro experiments showed temperature-dependent protease and chaperone activities of C. jejuni HtrA. A C. jejuni mutant lacking only the protease activity of HtrA was used to show that the HtrA chaperone activity is sufficient for growth at high temperature or under oxidative stress, whereas the HtrA protease activity is essential only under conditions close to the growth limit for C. jejuni. However, the protease activity was required to prevent induction of the cytoplasmic heat shock response even under optimal growth conditions. Interestingly, the requirement of HtrA at high temperatures was found to depend on the oxygen level, and our data suggest that HtrA may protect oxidatively damaged proteins. Finally, protease activity stimulates HtrA production and oligomer formation, suggesting that a regulatory role depends on the protease activity of HtrA. Studying a microaerophilic organism encoding only two known periplasmic chaperones (HtrA and SurA) revealed an efficient HtrA chaperone activity and proposed multiple roles of the protease activity, increasing our understanding of HtrA in bacterial physiology.
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24
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Ribeiro-Guimarães ML, Marengo EB, Tempone AJ, Amaral JJ, Klitzke CF, Silveira EKXD, Portaro FCV, Pessolani MCV. Cloning, expression and characterisation of an HtrA-like serine protease produced in vivo by Mycobacterium leprae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:1132-8. [PMID: 20140374 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of chaperone proteases have been shown to play a role in bacterial pathogenesis. In a recent report, we demonstrated that the gene ML0176, which codes for a predicted HtrA-like protease, a gene conserved in other species of mycobacteria, is transcribed by Mycobacterium leprae in human leprosy lesions. In the present study, the recombinant ML0176 protein was produced and its enzymatic properties investigated. M. lepraerecombinant ML0176 was able to hydrolyse a variety of synthetic and natural peptides. Similar to other HtrA proteins, this enzyme displayed maximum proteolytic activity at temperatures above 40 degrees C and was completely inactivated by aprotinin, a protease inhibitor with high selectivity for serine proteases. Finally, analysis of M. leprae ML0176 specificity suggested a broader cleavage preference than that of previously described HtrAs homologues. In summary, we have identified an HtrA-like protease in M. lepraethat may constitute a potential new target for the development of novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategies against mycobacterial infections.
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25
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Huston WM. Bacterial proteases from the intracellular vacuole niche; protease conservation and adaptation for pathogenic advantage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:1-10. [PMID: 20402770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteases with important roles for bacterial pathogens that specifically reside within intracellular vacuoles are frequently homologous to those that have important virulence functions for other bacteria. Research has identified that some of these conserved proteases have evolved specialized functions for intracellular vacuole-residing bacteria. Unique proteases with pathogenic functions have also been described from Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, and Legionella. These findings suggest that there are further novel functions for proteases from these bacteria that remain to be described. This review summarizes the recent findings of novel protease functions from the intracellular human pathogenic bacteria that reside exclusively in vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina M Huston
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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26
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Contribution of proteomics toward solving the fascinating mysteries of the biogenesis of the envelope of Escherichia coli. Proteomics 2009; 10:771-84. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Allen WJ, Phan G, Waksman G. Structural biology of periplasmic chaperones. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 78:51-97. [PMID: 20663484 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(08)78003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteins often require specific helper proteins, chaperones, to assist with their correct folding and to protect them from denaturation and aggregation. The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria provides a particularly challenging environment for chaperones to function in as it lacks readily available energy sources such as adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) to power reaction cycles. Periplasmic chaperones have therefore evolved specialized mechanisms to carry out their functions without the input of external energy and in many cases to transduce energy provided by protein folding or ATP hydrolysis at the inner membrane. Structural and biochemical studies have in recent years begun to elucidate the specific functions of many important periplasmic chaperones and how these functions are carried out. This includes not only specific carrier chaperones, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of adhesive fimbriae in pathogenic bacteria, but also more general pathways including the periplasmic transport of outer membrane proteins and the extracytoplasmic stress responses. This chapter aims to provide an overview of protein chaperones so far identified in the periplasm and how structural biology has assisted with the elucidation of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Allen
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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28
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Baud C, Hodak H, Willery E, Drobecq H, Locht C, Jamin M, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Role of DegP for two-partner secretion in Bordetella. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:315-29. [PMID: 19703106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sorting of proteins destined to the surface or the extracellular milieu is mediated by specific machineries, which guide the protein substrates towards the proper route of secretion and determine the compartment in which folding occurs. In gram-negative bacteria, the two-partner secretion (TPS) pathway is dedicated to the secretion of large proteins rich in beta-helical structure. The secretion of the filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), a 230 kDa adhesin of Bordetella pertussis, represents a model TPS system. FHA is exported by the Sec machinery and transits through the periplasm in an extended conformation. From there it is translocated across the outer membrane by its dedicated transporter FhaC to finally fold into a long beta-helix at the cell surface in a progressive manner. In this work, we show that B. pertussis lacking the periplasmic chaperone/protease DegP has a strong growth defect at 37 degrees C, and the integrity of its outer membrane is compromised. While both phenotypes are significantly aggravated by the presence of FHA, the chaperone activity of DegP markedly alleviates the periplasmic stress. In vitro, DegP binds to non-native FHA with high affinity. We propose that DegP chaperones the extended FHA polypeptide in the periplasm and is thus involved in the TPS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baud
- INSERM U629, Lille, France
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29
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30
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Lewis C, Skovierova H, Rowley G, Rezuchova B, Homerova D, Stevenson A, Spencer J, Farn J, Kormanec J, Roberts M. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium HtrA: regulation of expression and role of the chaperone and protease activities during infection. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:873-881. [PMID: 19246758 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.023754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HtrA is a bifunctional stress protein required by many bacterial pathogens to successfully cause infection. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) htrA mutants are defective in intramacrophage survival and are highly attenuated in mice. Transcription of htrA in Escherichia coli is governed by a single promoter that is dependent on sigma(E) (RpoE). S. Typhimurium htrA also possesses a sigma(E)-dependent promoter; however, we found that the absence of sigma(E) had little effect on production of HtrA by S. Typhimurium. This suggests that additional promoters control expression of htrA in S. Typhimurium. We identified three S. Typhimurium htrA promoters. Only the most proximal promoter, htrAp3, was sigma(E) dependent. The other promoters, htrAp1 and htrAp2, are probably recognized by the principal sigma factor sigma(70). These two promoters were constitutively expressed but were also slightly induced by heat shock. Thus expression of htrA is different in S. Typhimurium and E. coli. The role of HtrA is to deal with misfolded/damaged proteins in the periplasm. It can do this either by degrading (protease activity) or folding/capturing (chaperone/sequestering, C/S, activity) the aberrant protein. We investigated which of these functions are important to S. Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo. Point or deletion mutants of htrA that encode variant HtrA molecules have been used in previous studies to investigate the role of different regions of HtrA in C/S and protease activity. These htrA variants were placed under the control of the S. Typhimurium htrAP123 promoters and expressed in a S. Typhimurium htrA mutant, GVB1343. Both wild-type HtrA and HtrA (HtrA S210A) lacking protease activity enabled GVB1343 to grow at high temperature (46 degrees C). Both molecules also significantly enhanced the growth/survival of GVB1343 in the liver and spleen of mice during infection. However, expression of wild-type HtrA enabled GVB1343 to grow to much higher levels than expression of HtrA S210A. Thus both the protease and C/S functions of HtrA operate in vivo during infection but the protease function is probably more important. Absence of either PDZ domain completely abolished the ability of HtrA to complement the growth defects of GVB1343 in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lewis
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Henrieta Skovierova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovak Republik
| | - Gary Rowley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Bronislava Rezuchova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovak Republik
| | - Dagmar Homerova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovak Republik
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Janice Spencer
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jacinta Farn
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jan Kormanec
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovak Republik
| | - Mark Roberts
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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31
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Bowl-shaped oligomeric structures on membranes as DegP's new functional forms in protein quality control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4858-63. [PMID: 19255437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811780106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the periplasm of Escherichia coli, DegP (also known as HtrA), which has both chaperone-like and proteolytic activities, prevents the accumulation of toxic misfolded and unfolded polypeptides. In solution, upon binding to denatured proteins, DegP forms large cage-like structures. Here, we show that DegP forms a range of bowl-shaped structures, independent of substrate proteins, each with a 4-, 5-, or 6-fold symmetry and all with a DegP trimer as the structural unit, on lipid membranes. These membrane-bound DegP assemblies have the capacity to recruit and process substrates in the bowl chamber, and they exhibit higher proteolytic and lower chaperone-like activities than DegP in solution. Our findings imply that DegP might regulate its dual roles during protein quality control, depending on its assembly state in the narrow bacterial envelope.
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32
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Ono K, Kutsukake K, Abo T. Suppression by enhanced RpoE activity of the temperature-sensitive phenotype of a degP ssrA double mutant in Escherichia coli. Genes Genet Syst 2009; 84:15-24. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.84.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ono
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Kazuhiro Kutsukake
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University
| | - Tatsuhiko Abo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University
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33
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Activation of DegP chaperone-protease via formation of large cage-like oligomers upon binding to substrate proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11939-44. [PMID: 18697939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805464105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells use molecular chaperones and proteases to implement the essential quality control mechanism of proteins. The DegP (HtrA) protein, essential for the survival of Escherichia coli cells at elevated temperatures with homologues found in almost all organisms uniquely has both functions. Here we report a mechanism for DegP to activate both functions via formation of large cage-like 12- and 24-mers after binding to substrate proteins. Cryo-electron microscopic and biochemical studies revealed that both oligomers are consistently assembled by blocks of DegP trimers, via pairwise PDZ1-PDZ2 interactions between neighboring trimers. Such interactions simultaneously eliminate the inhibitory effects of the PDZ2 domain. Additionally, both DegP oligomers were also observed in extracts of E. coli cells, strongly implicating their physiological importance.
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34
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Purins L, Van Den Bosch L, Richardson V, Morona R. Coiled-coil regions play a role in the function of the Shigella flexneri O-antigen chain length regulator WzzpHS2. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:1104-1116. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/014225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Purins
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Luisa Van Den Bosch
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vanessa Richardson
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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