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Wang P, Ding L, Zhang Y, Jiang X. A Novel Aptamer Biosensor Based on a Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing Chip for High-Sensitivity and Rapid Enrofloxacin Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1027. [PMID: 38131787 PMCID: PMC10741520 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone widely used in animal husbandry, presents environmental and human health hazards due to its stability and incomplete hydrolysis leading to residue accumulation. To address this concern, a highly sensitive aptamer biosensor utilizing a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensing chip and microfluidic technology was developed for rapid enrofloxacin residue detection. AuNPs were prepared by the seed method and the AuNPs-Apt complexes were immobilized on the chip by the sulfhydryl groups modified on the end of the aptamer. The properties and morphologies of the sensing chip and AuNPs-Apt complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The sensing chip was able to detect enrofloxacin in the range of 0.01-100 ng/mL with good linearity, and the relationship between the response of the sensing chip and the concentration was Δλ (nm) = 1.288log ConENR (ng/mL) + 5.245 (R2 = 0.99), with the limit of detection being 0.001 ng/mL. The anti-interference, repeatability, and selectivity of this sensing chip were studied in detail. Compared with other sensors, this novel aptamer biosensor based on AuNPs-Apt complexes is expected to achieve simple, stable, and economical application in the field of enrofloxacin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liyun Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.W.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Yumei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xingdong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
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Zhang Y, Duan B, Bao Q, Yang T, Wei T, Wang J, Mao C, Zhang C, Yang M. Aptamer-modified sensitive nanobiosensors for the specific detection of antibiotics. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:8607-8613. [PMID: 32820795 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The overuse or abuse of quinolone antibiotics such as enrofloxacin (ENR) in veterinary medicine results in the presence of their residues in food and environment. Thus, a sensitive method is needed to detect them. Herein, we demonstrate a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based aptasensor for ENR detection, using core-shell upconversion nanoparticles (CSUNPs) as an energy donor and graphene oxide (GO) as an energy acceptor. The core-shell structure and Gd3+ doping significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of CSUNPs and the FRET efficiency. The ENR aptamer was conjugated to CSUNPs through ligand exchange, and the π-π stacking between the aptamer and GO brought the aptamer-modified CSUNPs to the surface of the GO sheets, resulting in the formation of a CSUNP-GO complex and the subsequent quenching of CSUNP fluorescence. As a result, an aptasensor was established with the fluorescence of CSUNPs correlated with the ENR concentration within the range of 0.976 ng mL-1 to 62.5 ng mL-1, allowing ENR to be detected at a limit of 0.47 ng mL-1. This method reduced the detection limit by approximately 13-fold in 2 h compared to the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The aptasensor could also be applied to detect ENR from commercial milk powder samples with a detection limit of 1.59 ng mL-1, which was far below the regulated maximum residue limit of ENR in milk. The aptasensor could not detect other antibiotics, suggesting its good specificity towards ENR. Our work demonstrates a highly selective, sensitive and cost-effective method for detecting antibiotic residues in veterinary medicine. Since the aptamer can be switched to one recognizing another antibiotic, the aptasensors are used as a plug-and-play platform that can detect a variety of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Innovation of Silkworm and Bee Resources, China and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Bo Duan
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Bao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiancheng Wei
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Innovation of Silkworm and Bee Resources, China and Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Noman, USA.
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mingying Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Innovation of Silkworm and Bee Resources, China and Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Selection of specific aptamer against enrofloxacin and fabrication of graphene oxide based label-free fluorescent assay. Anal Biochem 2018; 549:124-129. [PMID: 29574118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Specific ssDNA aptamers for the antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) were isolated from an enriched nucleotide library by SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) method with high binding affinity. After seven rounds, five aptamers were selected and identified. Apt58 with highest affinity and sensitivity (Kd = 14.19 nM) was employed to develop a label-free fluorescent biosensing approach based on aptamer, graphene oxide (GO) and native fluorescence of ENR for determination of ENR residue in raw milk samples. Under optimized experimental conditions, the linear range was from 5 nM to 250 nM and LOD was calculated to be 3.7 nM, and the recovery rate was between 94.1% and 108.5%. The integration of aptamer and GO in this bioassay provides a promising way for rapid, sensitive and cost-effective detection of ENR in real samples like raw milk.
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Sheng W, Li S, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang S. Visual and rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for enrofloxacin using dyed polymer microspheres and quantum dots. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Jiang J, Xiao M, Wang S, Liu K, Wang X, Liu T. Polarized low-coherence interferometer based on a matrix CCD and birefringence crystal with a two-dimensional angle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15977-15986. [PMID: 28789108 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an electronically scanned polarized low-coherence interferometer (PLCI) based on a matrix charge-coupled-device and birefringence crystal with a two-dimensional angle is proposed and demonstrated. By using a sensing interferometer composed of the fiber end face and the glass surface, the proposed system is applied to displacement measurement. The two-dimensional interference fringes are captured and comprehensive demodulated by different algorithms. The experimental results showed that, compared with a traditional PLCI system, the proposed system significantly expanded the measurement range (reach ~301 μm), and meanwhile ensured low measurement deviation (kept within ± 7 nm) and high resolution (2.52 nm).
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Ton XA, Acha V, Haupt K, Tse Sum Bui B. Direct fluorimetric sensing of UV-excited analytes in biological and environmental samples using molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles and fluorescence polarization. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 36:22-8. [PMID: 22541891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, robust, sensitive and economic sensing method, based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) synthetic antibody mimic, and fluorescence polarization analysis, for the direct detection of UV-excited fluorescent analytes in food and environmental samples was developed. Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics were used as fluorescent model analytes. Water-compatible MIP nanoparticles were synthesized with enrofloxacin (ENRO) as the imprinting template. Fluorescence polarization measurements then allow the direct determination of the amount of ENRO and other structurally related piperazine-based fluoroquinolones that bind to the MIP. No separation step was required since this technique distinguishes in situ analyte molecules bound to the MIP from the free analyte in solution. This assay was successfully applied for the first time to determine FQs in real samples, i.e. tap water and milk, without any prior concentration step, by simply adding a known amount of MIP. No interference by the sample components was observed even though the excitation was in the UV region. In tap water, a low limit of detection of 0.1 nM for ENRO was achieved with 5 μg mL(-1) of MIP. In milk, ENRO and danofloxacin, whose MRLs have been fixed at 0.28 μM and 0.08 μM, respectively, could be selectively measured and distinguished from other families of antibiotics. The procedure is very easy and practical as it consists of simply precipitating the milk proteins with acetonitrile and adding buffer and MIP to the supernatant before reading the polarization values with a spectrofluorimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Anh Ton
- Compiègne University of Technology, UMR CNRS 6022, Compiègne, France.
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Cao L, Sui J, Kong D, Li Z, Lin H. Generic Immunoassay of Quinolones: Production and Characterization of Anti-pefloxacin Antibodies as Broad Selective Receptors. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Giroud F, Gorgy K, Gondran C, Cosnier S, Pinacho DG, Marco MP, Sánchez-Baeza FJ. Impedimetric Immunosensor Based on a Polypyrrole−Antibiotic Model Film for the Label-Free Picomolar Detection of Ciprofloxacin. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8405-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901290m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Giroud
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karine Gorgy
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chantal Gondran
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel G. Pinacho
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - M.-Pilar Marco
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Baeza
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
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Sui J, Lin H, Cao L, Li Z. Dot-immunogold filtration assay for rapid screening of three fluoroquinolones. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100902889936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Petz M. Recent applications of surface plasmon resonance biosensors for analyzing residues and contaminants in food. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Investigation of surface plasmon resonance biosensor for skin sensitizers studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:308-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Tsekenis G, Garifallou GZ, Davis F, Millner PA, Pinacho DG, Sanchez-Baeza F, Marco MP, Gibson TD, Higson SPJ. Detection of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Milk via a Labeless Immunoassay Based upon an Alternating Current Impedance Protocol. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9233-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8014752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsekenis
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Goulielmos-Zois Garifallou
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Frank Davis
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Paul A. Millner
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Daniel G. Pinacho
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Baeza
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - M.-Pilar Marco
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Tim D. Gibson
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
| | - Séamus P. J. Higson
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K., School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), CSIC, CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain, and T and D Technology Ltd., Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF3 4AA, U.K
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Rezaei B, Mokhtari A. Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of enrofloxacin using the Ru(phen)3(2+)-Ce(IV) system and central composite design for the optimization of chemical variables. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:357-64. [PMID: 18500697 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive, simple, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of enrofloxacin (ENRO) using a flow-injection system. This method is based on rapid reduction of Ru(phen)(3)(3+), which is produced in the reaction between Ru(phen)(3)(2+) and acidic Ce(IV) by ENRO, producing strong CL. A central composite design (CCD) was used for optimization of the chemical variables. Regression analysis of the data from the CCD demonstrated that a second-order polynomial model is an adequate description of the surface over the factor limits studied. Optimization using CCD gave approximately four-fold better results than the single-factor-at-a-time method. Under optimal experimental conditions, the CL response was proportional to the concentration of ENRO over a wide range (0.008-3.6 microg/mL) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9986 and a detection limit of 0.003 microg/mL (3sigma). The relative standard deviation for 11 repeated determinations of 0.14 microg/mL ENRO was 4.2%. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial formulations, spiked plasma and spiked poultry tissue. Sample analyses showed good recovery percentages for drugs and spiked plasma (95.1-103.9%). Recovery percentages for spiked poultry tissue were in the range 77.6-87.3%. The minimum sampling rate was 100 samples/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156 IR, Iran.
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Electrogeneration of polymer films functionalized by fluoroquinolone models for the development of antibiotic immunosensor. Ing Rech Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmret.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Zhang S, Liu Z, Zhou N, Wang Z, Shen J. A liposome immune lysis assay for enrofloxacin in carp and chicken muscle. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 612:83-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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