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Wu S, Tatsis EC. Specialized metabolism in St John's wort. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102625. [PMID: 39236592 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The specialized metabolism of St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum L., is a key focus in medicinal plant research due to its hallmark bioactive compounds hyperforin and hypericin. Known for its traditional medicinal uses dating back to ancient times, St. John's wort is currently used for mild depression therapy. Recent research works have shed light on the biosynthesis of various metabolites in this plant, such as flavonoids, xanthones, hyperforin, and hypericin. The elucidation of these pathways, along with the discovery of novel enzymes like hyperforin synthase, support the pharmaceutical research by enabling scalable production of bioactive compounds for the development of new drugs. Elucidation of the hyperforin biosynthesis based on single-cell RNA-seq is an approach that will be expanded and accelerate the gene discovery and full pathway reconstitution of plant specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Evangelos C Tatsis
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; CEPAMS - CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Wu S, Morotti ALM, Yang J, Wang E, Tatsis EC. Single-cell RNA sequencing facilitates the elucidation of the complete biosynthesis of the antidepressant hyperforin in St. John's wort. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1439-1457. [PMID: 39135343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Hyperforin is the compound responsible for the effectiveness of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) as an antidepressant, but its complete biosynthetic pathway remains unknown. Gene discovery based on co-expression analysis of bulk RNA-sequencing data or genome mining failed to discover the missing steps in hyperforin biosynthesis. In this study, we sequenced the 1.54-Gb tetraploid H. perforatum genome assembled into 32 chromosomes with the scaffold N50 value of 42.44 Mb. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a type of cell, "Hyper cells", wherein hyperforin biosynthesis de novo takes place in both the leaves and flowers. Through pathway reconstitution in yeast and tobacco, we identified and characterized four transmembrane prenyltransferases (HpPT1-4) that are localized at the plastid envelope and complete the hyperforin biosynthetic pathway. The hyperforin polycyclic scaffold is created by a reaction cascade involving an irregular isoprenoid coupling and a tandem cyclization. Our findings reveal how and where hyperforin is biosynthesized, enabling synthetic-biology reconstitution of the complete pathway. Thus, this study not only deepens our comprehension of specialized metabolism at the cellular level but also provides strategic guidance for elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of other specializied metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ana Luisa Malaco Morotti
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Evangelos C Tatsis
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CEPAMS - CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Paponov M, Ziegler J, Paponov IA. Light exposure of roots in aeroponics enhances the accumulation of phytochemicals in aboveground parts of the medicinal plants Artemisia annua and Hypericum perforatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1079656. [PMID: 36743490 PMCID: PMC9893289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1079656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Light acts as a trigger to enhance the accumulation of secondary compounds in the aboveground part of plants; however, whether a similar triggering effect occurs in roots is unclear. Using an aeroponic setup, we investigated the effect of long-term exposure of roots to LED lighting of different wavelengths on the growth and phytochemical composition of two high-value medicinal plants, Artemisia annua and Hypericum perforatum. In A. annua, root exposure to white, blue, and red light enhanced the accumulation of artemisinin in the shoots by 2.3-, 2.5-, and 1.9-fold, respectively. In H. perforatum, root exposure to white, blue, red, and green light enhanced the accumulation of coumaroylquinic acid in leaves by 89, 65, 84, and 74%, respectively. Root lighting also increased flavonol concentrations. In contrast to its effects in the shoots, root illumination did not change phytochemical composition in the roots or root exudates. Thus, root illumination induces a systemic response, resulting in modulation of the phytochemical composition in distal tissues remote from the light exposure site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Paponov
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, Ås, Norway
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, Ås, Norway
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gusmão LA, Machado AEH, Perussi JR. Improved Hypericin solubility via β-cyclodextrin complexation: Photochemical and theoretical study for PDT applications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103073. [PMID: 35998882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (HY) is a lipophilic photosensitizer (PS) extensively employed for photodynamic therapy (PDT), presenting high absorption in the visible region, chemical and photostability, as well as a good triplet quantum yield. Supramolecular complexation of photosensitizers into cyclodextrins (CD) is promising to improve their poor solubility, compromising their bioavailability and upcoming applications in PDT. This research produced an inclusion complex between HY and β-CD through the co-solvent method. HY became soluble after inclusion into β-CD cavities, besides retaining its fluorescent and singlet oxygen quantum yields (ϕf =0.115 and ϕΔ= 0.23, respectively), which are essential parameters for PDT uses and are not reported in the literature. By the theoretical analysis, since ΔG < 0, it was easy to conclude that HY inclusion into β-CD is a spontaneous process. Additionally, the complexes presented no changes in excited states after complexation. β-CDHY was 27% more phototoxic than free HY when tested in MCF7 cells using 3 J cm-2 of irradiation, indicating a better cell uptake of HY. These outcomes suggest that the inclusion complex of HY into β-CD has the potential for use in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Araújo Gusmão
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
| | - Antonio Eduardo H Machado
- Laboratório de Fotoquímica e Ciência de Materiais, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO, Brasil
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Dayyih A, Gutberlet B, Preis E, Engelhardt KH, Amin MU, Abdelsalam AM, Bonsu M, Bakowsky U. Thermoresponsive Liposomes for Photo-Triggered Release of Hypericin Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Efficient Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31525-31540. [PMID: 35790214 PMCID: PMC9307054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial strategies with high efficacy against bacterial infections are urgently needed. The development of effective therapies to control bacterial infections is still a challenge. Herein, near-infrared (NIR)-activated thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) were loaded with the NIR-dye 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) and the water-soluble hypericin (Hyp) β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Hyp-βCD). DiR and Hyp-βCD loaded thermosensitive liposomes (DHβCD-TSL) are functionalized for photothermal triggered release and synergistic photodynamic therapy to eliminate the gram-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The dually active liposomes allow the production of heat and singlet oxygen species with the help of DiR and Hyp, respectively. The elevated temperature, generated by the NIR irradiation, irreversibly damages the bacterial membrane, increases the permeation, and melts the liposomes via a phase-transition mechanism, which allows the release of the Hyp-βCD complex. The photodynamic effect of Hyp-βCD eradicates the bacterial cells owing to its toxic oxygen species production. DHβCD-TSL measured the size of 130 nm with an adequate encapsulation efficiency of 81.3% of Hyp-βCD. They exhibited a phase transition temperature of 42.3 °C, while they remained stable at 37 °C, and 44% of Hyp-βCD was released after NIR irradiation (T > 47 °C). The bacterial viability dropped significantly after the synergistic treatment (>4 log10), indicating that the NIR-activated TSL have immense therapeutic potential to enhance the antibacterial efficacy. The liposomes showed good biocompatibility, which was confirmed by the cellular viability of mouse fibroblasts (L929).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice
Abu Dayyih
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Gutberlet
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Konrad H. Engelhardt
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Umair Amin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed M. Abdelsalam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Martina Bonsu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Decoupling of Plant Growth and Accumulation of Biologically Active Compounds in Leaves, Roots, and Root Exudates of Hypericum perforatum L. by the Combination of Jasmonate and Far-Red Lighting. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091283. [PMID: 34572496 PMCID: PMC8467824 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) fine tunes the growth–defense dilemma by inhibiting plant growth and stimulating the accumulation of secondary compounds. We investigated the interactions between JA and phytochrome B signaling on growth and the accumulation of selected secondary metabolites in Hypericum perforatum L., a medically important plant, by spraying plants with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and by adding far-red (FR) lighting. MeJA inhibited plant growth, decreased fructose concentration, and enhanced the accumulation of most secondary metabolites. FR enhanced plant growth and starch accumulation and did not decrease the accumulation of most secondary metabolites. MeJA and FR acted mostly independently with no observable interactions on plant growth or secondary metabolite levels. The accumulation of different compounds (e.g., hypericin, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acid) in shoots, roots, and root exudates showed different responses to the two treatments. These findings indicate that the relationship between growth and secondary compound accumulation is specific and depends on the classes of compounds and/or their organ location. The combined application of MeJA and FR enhanced the accumulation of most secondary compounds without compromising plant growth. Thus, the negative correlations between biomass and the content of secondary compounds predicted by the growth-defense dilemma were overcome.
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Hansen PE. NMR of Natural Products as Potential Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:3763. [PMID: 34205539 PMCID: PMC8235798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlines methods to investigate the structure of natural products with emphasis on intramolecular hydrogen bonding, tautomerism and ionic structures using NMR techniques. The focus is on 1H chemical shifts, isotope effects on chemical shifts and diffusion ordered spectroscopy. In addition, density functional theory calculations are performed to support NMR results. The review demonstrates how hydrogen bonding may lead to specific structures and how chemical equilibria, as well as tautomeric equilibria and ionic structures, can be detected. All these features are important for biological activity and a prerequisite for correct docking experiments and future use as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Alzoubi KH, Abdel-Hafiz L, Khabour OF, El-Elimat T, Alzubi MA, Alali FQ. Evaluation of the Effect of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra on Memory Impairment Induced by Chronic Psychosocial Stress in Rats: Role of BDNF. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5299-5314. [PMID: 33299301 PMCID: PMC7720289 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s278153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychosocial stress impairs memory function and leads to a depression-like phenotype induced by a persistent status of oxidative stress. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is widely used to relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression; however, its long-term use is associated with adverse effects. Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra is closely related to H. perforatum. Both plants belong to Hypericaceae family and share many biologically active compounds. Previous work by our group showed that methanolic extracts of H. triquetrifolium have potent antioxidant activity as well as high hypericin content, a component that proved to have stress-relieving and antidepressant effects by other studies. Therefore, we hypothesized that H. triquetrifolium would reduce stress-induced cognitive impairment in a rat model of chronic stress. OBJECTIVE To determine whether chronic treatment with H. triquetrifolium protects against stress-associated memory deficits and to investigate a possible mechanism. METHODS The radial arm water maze (RAWM) was used to test learning and memory in rats exposed to daily stress using the resident-intruder paradigm. Stressed and unstressed rats received chronic H. triquetrifolium or vehicle. We also measured levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. RESULTS Neither chronic stress nor chronic H. triquetrifolium administration affected performance during acquisition. However, memory tests in the RAWM showed that chronic stress impaired different post-encoding memory stages. H. triquetrifolium prevented this impairment. Furthermore, hippocampal BDNF levels were markedly lower in stressed animals than in unstressed animals, and chronic administration of H triquetrifolium chronic administration protected against this reduction. No significant difference was observed in the effects of chronic stress and/or H. triquetrifolium treatment on BDNF levels in the cerebellum and cortex. CONCLUSION H. triquetrifolium extract can oppose stress-associated hippocampus-dependent memory deficits in a mechanism that may involve BDNF in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid22110, Jordan
| | - Laila Abdel-Hafiz
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid22110, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid22110, Jordan
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A Alzubi
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Feras Q Alali
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, DohaQatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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de Araújo PR, Fonseca-Santos B, Kogawa AC, Salgado HRN, Chorilli M. A Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Hypericin in Foods, Herbal, Biological and Pharmaceutical Matrices. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4648-4657. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200531145624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
A review of analytical methods for the determination of hypericin in foods, herbal, biological
and pharmaceutical matrices.
Background:
Hypericin (HYP) is a naturally-occurring pigment obtained from some plants of the genus Hypericum.
Although HYP has been known for many years, it has recently attracted attention due to its varied biological
properties, such as anti-inflammatory and antidepressant activity and it is also an efficient photosensitizer.
Objective:
The objective of this review is to provide insights into the physicochemical properties of HYP, as well
as to report the analytical methods existing in the literature and official compendia for different matrices.
Methods:
The survey data were collected by Google Scholar® and Scopus® using keys terms.
Result:
Analytical methods involving HYP are mainly concerned with the quality control of pharmaceutical
preparations, foods, beverages, biological samples and drug delivery systems using different types of analysis
methods. Some difficulties have also been identified due to the physicochemical properties of HYP. It presents
great solubility in alkaline solutions, organic bases and common polar organic solvents.
Conclusion:
It can be analyzed by thin layer chromatography, spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet region, but the
most commonly used method is by HPLC. HYP presents monographs in the American, British and European
Pharmacopoeias, however, the methods of analysis are not yet harmonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rocha de Araújo
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kogawa
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Jarzębski M, Smułek W, Baranowska HM, Masewicz Ł, Kobus-Cisowska J, Ligaj M, Kaczorek E. Characterization of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and the impact of filtration process on bioactive extracts incorporated into carbohydrate-based hydrogels. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mathioudaki A, Berzesta A, Kypriotakis Z, Skaltsa H, Heilmann J. Phenolic metabolites from Hypericum kelleri Bald., an endemic species of Crete (Greece). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 146:1-7. [PMID: 29190454 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum kelleri Bald., growing as an endemic on the island of Crete (Greece). These compounds comprise four previously unknown prenylated xanthones 1,2-dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-1,1,5-tri(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-2,9-dione (kellerine A), 1,2-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-1,1,5-tri(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-2,9-dione (kellerine B), 1,2-dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-1,1-bi(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-2,9-dione (6-methylpatulone), (R/S)-1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4-[2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methylbut-3-enyl]-6-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one ((2″R/S)-kellerine C) and the hitherto undescribed depsidone (R/S)-1,3,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4-[2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methylbut-3-enyl]-11Η-dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]dioxepin-9-one ((2″R/S)-creticine). As known compounds, brevipsidone D, 4-geranyl-2-(2'-isobutyryl)-phloroglucinol, 4-geranyl-2-(2'-methylbutyryl)-phloroglucinol, I3, II8-biapigenin, quercetin, avicularin, pseudohypericin and neochlorogenic acid have been isolated. The structures were elucidated on the basis of their 1D, 2D NMR, CD and MS data. The study confirms the typical occurrence of xanthones in Hypericum section Oligostema (Boiss.) Stef., and is also the first report on the simultaneous isolation of acylphloroglucinols in this section. Furthermore the first evidence of depsidones in the genus Hypericum L. is reported. Cytotoxicity was investigated in HeLa cells for prenylated xanthones and the depsidones. Both triprenylated 1,2-dihydroxanthones (kellerine A and B) showed significant in vitro cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 2.5 ± 0.1 (kellerine A) and 5.9 ± 0.9 (kellerine B) μM, whereas other compounds were less cytotoxic (IC50 > 20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Mathioudaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece; Universität Regensburg, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ariola Berzesta
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece; Universität Regensburg, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zacharias Kypriotakis
- Technological Education Institute, School of Agricultural Production, Lab. of Taxonomy and Management of Wild Flora, Stavromenos P.O.Box 140, Heraklion-Crete, 71110, Greece
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Universität Regensburg, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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China H, Okada Y, Dohi T. Suppression Mechanism for Enol-Enol Isomerization of 2-Substituted Dimedones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyasu China
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yutaka Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
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Charisiadis P, Tsiafoulis CG, Tzakos AG, Gerothanassis IP. Dynamic changes in composition of extracts of natural products as monitored by in situ NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:764-768. [PMID: 25139153 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct in situ NMR observation and quantification, based on the aldehyde -CH chemical shift region, of the inter-conversion of secoiridoid derivatives due to temperature and solvent effects is demonstrated in complex extracts of natural products without prior isolation of the individual components. The equilibrium between the aldehyde hydrate form and the dialdehyde form of the oleuropein aglycon of an olive leaf aqueous extract in D(2)O was shown to be temperature dependent. The resulting thermodynamic values of the Van't Hoff plot with ΔH(o) = -26.34 ± 1.00 kJ mol(-1) and TΔS° (298 K) = -24.70 ± 1.00 kJ mol(-1) demonstrate a significant entropy term which nearly compensates the effect of enthalpy at room temperature. The equilibrium between the two diastereomeric hemiacetal forms and the dialdehyde form of the oleuropein 6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside aglycon of an olive leaf aqueous extract in CD(3) OD was also shown to be strongly temperature dependent again because of the significant entropy term (TΔS° (298 K) = -26.50 ± 1.39 kJ mol(-1)) compared with that of the enthalpy term (ΔH(o) = -36.64 ± 1.46 kJ mol(-1)). This is the first demonstration of the significant role of the entropy parameter in determining the equilibrium of chemical transformations in complex mixtures of natural products due to solvent and temperature effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Charisiadis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
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Charisiadis P, Kontogianni VG, Tsiafoulis CG, Tzakos AG, Siskos M, Gerothanassis IP. 1H-NMR as a structural and analytical tool of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of phenol-containing natural products and model compounds. Molecules 2014; 19:13643-82. [PMID: 25185070 PMCID: PMC6271058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental parameters that influence the resolution of 1H-NMR phenol OH signals are critically evaluated with emphasis on the effects of pH, temperature and nature of the solvents. Extremely sharp peaks (Δν1/2≤2 Hz) can be obtained under optimized experimental conditions which allow the application of 1H-13C HMBC-NMR experiments to reveal long range coupling constants of hydroxyl protons and, thus, to provide unequivocal assignment of the OH signals even in cases of complex polyphenol natural products. Intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds have a very significant effect on 1H OH chemical shifts which cover a region from 4.5 up to 19 ppm. Solvent effects on -OH proton chemical shifts, temperature coefficients (Δδ/ΔT), OH diffusion coefficients, and nJ(13C, O1H) coupling constants are evaluated as indicators of hydrogen bonding and solvation state of phenol -OH groups. Accurate 1H chemical shifts of the OH groups can be calculated using a combination of DFT and discrete solute-solvent hydrogen bond interaction at relatively inexpensive levels of theory, namely, DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G (2d,p). Excellent correlations between experimental 1H chemical shifts and those calculated at the ab initio level can provide a method of primary interest in order to obtain structural and conformational description of solute-solvent interactions at a molecular level. The use of the high resolution phenol hydroxyl group 1H-NMR spectral region provides a general method for the analysis of complex plant extracts without the need for the isolation of the individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Charisiadis
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
| | - Vassiliki G Kontogianni
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
| | | | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
| | - Michael Siskos
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
| | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
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15
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Davies SR, Jones K, Goldys A, Alamgir M, Chan BKH, Elgindy C, Mitchell PSR, Tarrant GJ, Krishnaswami MR, Luo Y, Moawad M, Lawes D, Hook JM. Purity assessment of organic calibration standards using a combination of quantitative NMR and mass balance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:3103-13. [PMID: 24948087 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) has been examined for purity assessment using a range of organic calibration standards of varying structural complexities, certified using the traditional mass balance approach. Demonstrated equivalence between the two independent purity values confirmed the accuracy of qNMR and highlighted the benefit of using both methods in tandem to minimise the potential for hidden bias, thereby conferring greater confidence in the overall purity assessment. A comprehensive approach to purity assessment is detailed, utilising, where appropriate, multiple peaks in the qNMR spectrum, chosen on the basis of scientific reason and statistical analysis. Two examples are presented in which differences between the purity assignment by qNMR and mass balance are addressed in different ways depending on the requirement of the end user, affording fit-for-purpose calibration standards in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Davies
- Chemical Reference Materials, National Measurement Institute, P.O. Box 138, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia
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16
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1H nuclear magnetic resonance based-metabolomic characterization of Peucedani Radix and simultaneous determination of praeruptorin A and praeruptorin B. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 93:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Zhang W, Gong X, Cai Y, Zhang C, Yu X, Fan J, Diao G. Investigation of water-soluble inclusion complex of hypericin with β-cyclodextrin polymer. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:366-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Quality evaluation and species differentiation of Rhizoma coptidis by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 747:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Pauli GF, Gödecke T, Jaki BU, Lankin DC. Quantitative 1H NMR. Development and potential of an analytical method: an update. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:834-51. [PMID: 22482996 PMCID: PMC3384681 DOI: 10.1021/np200993k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering the literature from mid-2004 until the end of 2011, this review continues a previous literature overview on quantitative (1)H NMR (qHNMR) methodology and its applications in the analysis of natural products. Among the foremost advantages of qHNMR is its accurate function with external calibration, the lack of any requirement for identical reference materials, a high precision and accuracy when properly validated, and an ability to quantitate multiple analytes simultaneously. As a result of the inclusion of over 170 new references, this updated review summarizes a wealth of detailed experiential evidence and newly developed methodology that supports qHNMR as a valuable and unbiased analytical tool for natural product and other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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20
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Charisiadis P, Primikyri A, Exarchou V, Tzakos A, Gerothanassis IP. Unprecedented ultra-high-resolution hydroxy group (1)H NMR spectroscopic analysis of plant extracts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2462-2466. [PMID: 22014168 DOI: 10.1021/np200329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A general method is demonstrated for obtaining ultra-high resolution in the phenolic hydroxy group 1H NMR spectroscopic region, in DMSO-d6 solution, with the addition of picric acid. Line-width reduction by a factor of over 100 was observed, which resulted in line-widths ranging from 1.6 to 0.6 Hz. This unprecedented resolution, in combination with the shielding sensitivity of the hydroxy group absorptions to substituent effects at least up to 11 bonds distant and the application of 2D 1H-13C HMBC techniques, allows the unequivocal structure analysis of natural products with phenolic hydroxy groups in complex plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Charisiadis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
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21
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Wang X, Sun H, Zhang A, Wang P, Han Y. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as a sensitive and powerful technology for metabolomic studies. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3451-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Staneva J, Denkova P, Todorova M, Evstatieva L. Quantitative analysis of sesquiterpene lactones in extract of Arnica montana L. by 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Novel determination of the total phenolic content in crude plant extracts by the use of 1H NMR of the -OH spectral region. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 688:54-60. [PMID: 21296205 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of the total phenolic content using (1)H NMR spectroscopy in the -OH spectral region is presented. The use of DMSO-d(6), which is an aprotic and strongly hydrogen bonding solvent, allows the "appearance" of the relative sharp resonances of phenolic hydroxyl protons in the region of 8-14 ppm. The determination of the total phenolic -OH content requires three steps: (i) a 1D (1)H NMR spectrum is obtained in DMSO-d(6); (ii) a subsequent 1D (1)H NMR spectrum is recorded with irradiation of the residual water signal which results in the elimination or reduction of the phenolic -OH groups, due to proton exchange; and (iii) 1D (1)H NMR spectra are recorded with the addition of a progressively increased amount of salt, NaHCO(3), which results in extensive linebroadening of the COOH resonances thus allowing the discrimination of the phenolic from the carboxylic acid signals. Integration, with respect to the internal standard TSP-d(4), of the signal resonances between 14 and 8 ppm in spectrum (i) which are either eliminated or reduced in intensity in steps (ii) and (iii) allows the quantitation of the total phenolic content. The method was applied to model compounds, a mixture of them and several extracts of natural products. The results of the proposed (1)H NMR method were compared to the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent method. Additionally, since (1)H NMR refers to the total phenolic hydroxyl protons, a reaction factor, A(e), is proposed that corresponds to the hydroxyl reactivity. The (1)H NMR method is rapid and accurate bearing the inherent advantages of the NMR spectroscopy and can be applied directly in complex extracts. Furthermore, it can be applied in a wide range of matrixes from crude plant extracts and food products to biological samples.
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Lubbe A, Pomahacová B, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Analysis of metabolic variation and galanthamine content in Narcissus bulbs by 1H NMR. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:66-72. [PMID: 19743067 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galanthamine is a benzazepine alkaloid used as a drug to relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. For pharmaceutical use this natural product has been extracted from the plant Leucojum aestivum (Amaryllidaceae) or produced synthetically. Limited supply of the natural source and high cost of synthetic production has led to a search for alternative sources of galanthamine. The bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) have been identified as a potential source of raw material for galanthamine extraction. Since inconsistent chemical composition can be an issue with medicinal plant material, it is of interest to know whether large variations occur between Narcissus bulbs grown in different geographical locations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether large differences exist in the overall metabolic profiles of Narcissus bulbs grown in the two most important cultivation regions. METHODOLOGY (1)H NMR and principal component analysis were used for an unbiased comparison of the bulb samples. RESULTS Overall metabolite profiles were quite similar, but galanthamine levels could slightly discriminate samples by geographical region. (1)H NMR was used for quantitation of galanthamine, and was found to be comparable to quantitation by HPLC. Compared with conventional chromatographic methods, sample preparation for (1)H NMR analysis is simple and rapid, and only a small amount of plant material is required. CONCLUSIONS Since useful qualitative and quantitative information about the metabolic state of Narcissus bulbs can be obtained by (1)H NMR, this method is useful for agricultural applications, and for quality control of raw material used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lubbe
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Kontogianni VG, Exarchou V, Troganis A, Gerothanassis IP. Rapid and novel discrimination and quantification of oleanolic and ursolic acids in complex plant extracts using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-Comparison with HPLC methods. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:188-95. [PMID: 19216877 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for NMR analysis of mixtures of oleanolic and ursolic acids that occur in natural products is described. These important phytochemicals have similar structure and their discrimination and quantification is rather difficult. We report herein the combined use of proton-carbon heteronuclear single-quantum coherence ((1)H-(13)C HSQC) and proton-carbon heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation ((1)H-(13)C HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, in the identification and quantitation of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA)in plant extracts of the Lamiaceae and Oleaceae family. The combination of (1)H-(13)C HSQC and (1)H-(13)C HMBC techniques allows the connection of the proton and carbon-13 spins across the molecular backbone resulting in the identification and, thus, discrimination of oleanolic and ursolic acid without resorting to physicochemical separation of the components. The quantitative results provided by 2D (1)H-(13)C HSQC NMR data were obtained within a short period of time ( approximately 14min) and are in excellent agreement with those obtained by HPLC, which support the efficiency of the suggested methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki G Kontogianni
- Section of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece
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