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Patyra E, Osiński Z, Kwiatek K. The Identification and Quantification of 21 Antibacterial Substances by LC-MS/MS in Natural and Organic Liquid Fertilizer Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:1644. [PMID: 38611923 PMCID: PMC11013321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics in animal production are widely used around the world for therapeutic and preventive purposes, and in some countries, they still serve as antibiotic growth stimulants. Regardless of the purpose of using antibiotics in livestock, they may be present in animal tissues and organs as well as in body fluids and excretions (feces and urine). Farm animal excrement in unprocessed form (natural fertilizers) or processed form (organic fertilizers) is applied to agricultural fields because it improves soil fertility. Antibiotics present in fertilizers may therefore contaminate the soil, surface, groundwater, and plants, which may pose a threat to the environment, animals, and humans. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods that will allow for the control of the presence of antibacterial substances in natural and organic fertilizers. Therefore, in this study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of 21 antibacterial substances in natural and organic liquid fertilizers. The developed method was used to analyze 62 samples of natural and organic liquid fertilizers, showing that over 24% of the tested samples were contaminated with antibiotics, mainly from the group of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Studies of post-fermentation sludge from biogas plants have shown that the processes of anaerobic methane fermentation, pH, and temperature changes taking place in bioreactors do not lead to the complete degradation of antibiotics present in the material used for biogas production. For this reason, monitoring studies of natural and organic fertilizers should be undertaken to limit the introduction of antibiotics into the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (Z.O.); (K.K.)
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An Y, Pan X, Cai Z, Xu M, Jiang D, Xu X. Simultaneous Analysis of Nicarbazin, Diclazuril, Toltrazuril, and Its Two Metabolites in Chicken Muscle and Eggs by In-Syringe Dispersive Solid-Phase Filter Clean-Up Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2024; 13:754. [PMID: 38472866 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicarbazin (NICA) and triazine anticoccidial drugs (diclazuril (DIZ) and toltrazuril (TOZ)) are the primary strategy for preventing and treating coccidiosis. To prevent the development of drug resistance and mitigate the potential chronic toxicity to humans resulting from prolonged exposure, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with high reliability and sensitivity was developed to determine NICA, DIZ, TOZ, and its two metabolites in chicken muscle and eggs. Upon establishing the extraction conditions involving 10 mL of acetonitrile and 10 min of sonication, in-syringe dispersive solid-phase extraction with silica was performed in combination with n-hexane clean-up. The selection of isotope peaks of precursor ions and low-mass range scanning allowed the two transitions for the quantification of all compounds. The limits of detection for DIZ and NICA were both 0.1 μg/kg, and for TOZ and metabolites, they were 0.3 μg/kg; the limits of quantitation were 0.3 and 1 μg/kg, respectively. The linear range was 0.25-50 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient r > 0.999. The average recoveries at three spiking levels in muscle and eggs were 90.1-105.2% and 94.0-103.7% with the relative standard deviations of 3.0-8.1% and 3.1-14.4%, respectively. The precision, accuracy, and stability were evaluated by three quality control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin An
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Zengxuan Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Meijia Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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3
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Yeh TW, Rairat T, Wang CM, Wu CF, Huang SW, Chou CC, Kuo HC. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, in suckling piglets following oral and intramuscular administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:36-47. [PMID: 37593974 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Toltrazuril (TZR) is currently the only registered chemotherapeutic drug in the European Union for the treatment of Cystoisospora suis. This study investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration-time profiles of TZR and its active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZR-SO2 ), after oral (per os, p.o.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration to suckling piglets. Following a single administration of TZR orally at 50 mg/piglet or intramuscularly at 45 mg/piglet, higher concentrations of TZR and TZR-SO2 were observed in all three investigated tissues after p.o. administration. The mean TZR concentration in serum peaked at 14 μg/mL (34.03 h) and 5.36 μg/mL (120 h), while TZR-SO2 peaked at 14.12 μg/mL (246 h) and 9.92 μg/mL (330 h) after p.o. and i.m. administration, respectively. TZR was undetectable in the liver after p.o. administration (18 days) and in the jejunum (24 days) after i.m. injection, while TZR-SO2 was still detectable in all three tissues after 36 days regardless of administration routes. This study showed that p.o. formulation exhibited faster absorption and higher serum/tissue TZR/TZR-SO2 concentrations than i.m. formulation. Both formulations generated sufficient therapeutic concentrations in the serum and jejunum, and sustained enough time to protect against Cystoisospora suis infection in the piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Wei Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chao-Ming Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Sun W, Wang B, Wang P, Liu B, Yan A, Pan B. Toltrazuril alkalizer-modifying solid dispersions against Toxoplasma gondii: A pharmacotechnical strategy to improve the efficacy of the drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106613. [PMID: 37863442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan that can parasitize nucleated cells of all warm-blooded animals, and seriously harm human and livestock. Toltrazuril (TOL) has insecticidal activity against parasites of the phylum Apicomplexan at multiple development stages, but the clinical application is limited by its poor water solubility. To improve the dissolution of TOL, nine ternary solid dispersions (SD) were prepared with PEG6000 as the carrier and various alkalizers as the pH modifier. Compared with the binary SD, all ternary SDs had improved TOL dissolution although dissolution rates differed. The complete dissolution was achieved for the Ca(OH)2-SD, associated with a gradual release of the alkalizer and adequate pH regulation of the microenvironment. DSC, PXRD and FTIR analyses indicated that TOL in the Ca(OH)2-SD was present in an amorphous form and had a strong hydrogen bond with Ca(OH)2. Within the drug concentration of 100 μg/mL, Ca(OH)2-SD was proved to have no damage to host cells by in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, and its anti-T. gondii efficacy was significantly higher than that of TOL and binary SD. The in vivo efficacy of Ca(OH)2-SD against T. gondii in mice further confirmed that Ca(OH)2-SD could be used as a new strategy to prevent T. gondii from killing mice and treat toxoplasmosis. In conclusion, Ca(OH)2-SD is expected to eventually turn into a clinical candidate for toxoplasmosis treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boxing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - An Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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5
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Sun W, Wang B, Wang P, Liu B, Pan B. Microenvironment pH modified solid dispersion of Toltrazuril as a new strategy to improve the treatment of experimental Apicomplexan infection. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106797. [PMID: 36528088 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa contains some of the most serious human and veterinary parasites, including Eimeria magna, Toxoplasma gondii, and many others. Toltrazuril (TOL) has activity against multiple stages of Apicomplexan parasites, but its clinical use is limited by low bioavailability. In present study, we prepared one new formulation named the microenvironment pH modified solid dispersion (pHM-SD), which was composed of three components including Ca(OH)2, TOL, and PVPk30 with the weight ratio of 1:8:8. In vivo evaluation for bioavailability and efficacy of the pHM-SD was conducted following oral administration and hypodermic injection. The performance of the pHM-SD was also contrast to corresponding results of raw material drug and commercial Baycox® to evaluate the advantages for clinical application. The results showed that the bioavailability of prototype TOL and its active metabolites toltrazuril sulfoxide (TOLSO), toltrazuril sulfone (TOLSO2) in rabbits were improved remarkably after oral administration of the pHM-SD. The safety of the pHM-SD via oral administration was adequately verified via the histopathological examination. We subsequently evaluated effects of the pHM-SD on Eimeria magna oocysts and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. In vivo anti-coccidia efficacy further confirmed that the pHM-SD could be used as a strategy to minimize the oocyst exposure. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-Toxoplasma tests showed that the pHM-SD had little damage to host cells within the concentration of 100 μg/ mL, and the anti-Toxoplasma efficacy was significantly improved compared with TOL. Combined with the above-mentioned experimental results, we conclude that the pHM-SD maybe a promising candidate for providing better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boxing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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Identification and Quantification of 29 Active Substances by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in Lyophilized Swine Manure Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010216. [PMID: 36615410 PMCID: PMC9822080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs are frequently employed to treat and prevent diseases in food-producing animals to improve animal health and to avoid the introduction of microorganisms into the food chain. The analysis of the presence of pharmaceutical residues in animal manure could help to evaluate the legal and illegal practices during food production without harming the animals and to correctly manage manure when it is going to be applied as a fertilizer. This article describes a method for the simultaneous analysis of 29 active substances, mostly antibiotics and antiparasitic agents. Substances were extracted from lyophilized manure with a methanol:McIlvaine solution and analyzed with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and a C18 HPLC column. The method was validated following European guidelines, the achieved trueness was between 63 and 128% (depending on the analytes), and the linearity was between 100 and 1500 µg/kg. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in 40 manure samples collected from pig farms where tetracycline was quantified in 7.5% of the samples. These results show the viability of this non-invasive method for the control of the legal and illegal administration of pharmaceuticals in food-producing animals.
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7
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Huo M, Ma W, Zhou K, Xu X, Liu Z, Huang L. Migration and toxicity of toltrazuril and its main metabolites in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134888. [PMID: 35561774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs heavily used in livestock are passed into the environment through different ways, resulting in risks to terrestrial environments and humans. The migration of toltrazuril (TOL), an important anticoccidial drug used intensively in livestock, and its main metabolites between the chicken manure compost, soil and vegetables was investigated, and then the impacts of TOL on the soil bacterial community and ARGs, soil enzyme activities and phytotoxicity were detected. In the process of aerobic composting for 80 days, except for toltrazuril sulfoxide (the degradation half-life was 59.74 d), TOL and ponazuril (PON) were not significantly degraded. However, TOL and its metabolites were significantly degraded in fertilized soil, and the degradation half-life was 28.17-346.50 d. Among the three drugs, only PON could migrate from soil to vegetables, and the residual concentrations of PON in lettuce and radish were 2.64-70.02 μg kg-1 and 0-2.80 μg kg-1, respectively. Moreover, TOL and its main metabolisms had no significant effect on the bacterial community structure and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes during composting, but affected the microbial activity in the soil. The presence of TOL and its main metabolites reduced soil urease activity, increased catalase activity, and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity at the beginning and then increased slightly. They had negative effects on plant growth. Compared with the control group, the inhibition rates of TOL and its metabolites on lettuce and radish seed germination were 8.33% and 26.74% respectively, and the inhibition rates of root elongation length were 25.88% and 34.45% respectively. These results showed that TOL and its main metabolites were ineffectively removed by aerobic composting, and could be migrated from composting to soil and vegetables, which had adverse effects on soil enzyme activity and plant growth. Therefore, its environmental ecological risk and human health risk needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Huo
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Zhang S, Xu X, Sun W, Zhang Z, Pan B, Hu Q. Enteric and hydrophilic polymers enhance dissolution and absorption of poorly soluble acidic drugs based on micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 168:106074. [PMID: 34798261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is often inadequate for the desired therapeutic effect. Micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion (micro pHm SD) is an effective method for enhancing the dissolution of pH-dependent soluble APIs. However, erratic bioavailability of these drugs was often found when the micro pHm SD of the drugs was orally administrated and passed through the gastrointestinal tract. Because the added alkalizer in micro pHm SD could be neutralized by the acid in the stomach, as a result not enough alkalizer is left to form alkaline micro-environment around the drug in the intestine, leading to poor dissolution and bioavailability of API. Enteric polymers are applicable materials for site-specific drug delivery that are insoluble in gastric tract but soluble in the intestine targeted for drug release. In this study, a poorly water-soluble model drug, toltrazuril (TOL), was prepared as enteric micro pHm SD with enteric, hydrophilic polymers and alkalizer. The surface of enteric micro pHm SD tablets staining and alkalizer protection test in the acid dissolution medium qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed the protective effects of the enteric polymer on the alkalizer. Dissolution studies revealed that the drug release from the enteric micro pHm SDs was improved significantly compared with micro pHm SD with no enteric polymer. The pH-dependent solubility of enteric polymer had effects on the dissolution of APIs from the SDs in neutral medium. Enteric micro pHm SDs with higher proportion of enteric polymer showed higher Cmax and dissolution rate of TOL. The physicochemical characterization and the molecular interaction between drug and matrix were analyzed by electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), finding that the formation of hydrogen bonds between TOL and matrix was helpful to promote dissolution of TOL. Ca(OH)2-TOL-PVPk30-HPMCAS 8: 8: 18: 6 was determined as the most optimal enteric micro pHm SD, which significantly improved the bioavailability of TOL and its active metabolism (TOLSO, TOLSO2) in pharmacokinetic study and could effectively reduce the irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa caused by the alkalizer Ca(OH)2 when the SD was orally administrated to rabbits. The present study demonstrates that formulating APIs with poor water solubility as enteric micro pHm SD is an effective method for protecting the alkalizer in SD and improving the dissolution of APIs and the bioavailability following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- The Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- The Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- The Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- The Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qin Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing 102206, China
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Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites after oral and parenteral administration of novel oil-based suspension based on micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion in rabbits. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109580. [PMID: 34597913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toltrazuril (TOL) is a broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug which is widely used in poultry and livestock. A novel oral suspension based on soybean oil-based TOL micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion (micro pHm SD) and a novel injectable suspension based on white oil-based TOL micro pHm SD were developed, showing high physicochemical stability and high drug release in vitro with good histocompatibility. The present study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of TOL and its major metabolites, e.g. toltrazuril sulfoxide (TOLSO) and toltrazuril sulfone (TOLSO2) in rabbits following oral or subcutaneous administration with these two TOL SD suspensions. The plasma concentrations of TOL, TOLSO and TOLSO2 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma concentration-time data were analyzed by a non-compartmental model analysis. The soybean oil-based TOL suspension after single oral administration at 20 mg/kg body weight (bw) significantly increased the plasma concentrations of TOL, TOLSO and TOLSO2 compared with Baycox® 5 % suspension. Following subcutaneous administration of the white oil-based TOL suspension (20 mg/kg bw), TOL was well absorbed and metabolized more slowly to TOLSO and TOLSO2, compared with oral administration, resulting in the significantly prolonged residence time in rabbits. The two suspensions significantly improved the relative bioavailability of TOL and its two metabolites, showing their potential usage in the control of coccidian in poultry and livestock.
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Cox S, Harvill L, Singleton S, Bergman J, DeBolt B. Bioanalytical RP-HPLC method for the determination of ponazuril in plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5210. [PMID: 34216023 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to establish a reliable technique for the quantitation of ponazuril in limited sample volumes. Samples were extracted with chloroform and separation was achieved with a Symmetry RP18 column. Ultraviolet absorption was measured at 254 nm. A combination of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (50:50) was used as the mobile phase. The calibration curve was linear from 0.1-25 μg/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 μg/mL with a 100 μL sample. The precision and accuracy were well within the range set by the Food and Drug Administration and the recovery was over 95%. This technique was used to analyze ponazuril samples and found to be appropriate for pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lainey Harvill
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Singleton
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joan Bergman
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Becky DeBolt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Goessens T, Baere SD, Troyer ND, Deknock A, Goethals P, Lens L, Pasmans F, Croubels S. Highly sensitive multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs including coccidiostats and anthelmintics in pond water using UHPLC-MS/MS: application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2117-2131. [PMID: 32969449 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs, such as coccidiostats and anthelmintics are routinely administered in extensive animal husbandry, finding their way into the aquatic environment through urine and/or feces of treated animals kept outdoors or by the application of contaminated liquid manure on agricultural fields and subsequent mechanisms of surface run-off, leaching and drift. Several of these compounds are known to exert acute and chronic toxicity effects on aquatic organisms, and can lead to changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The overall objective of this research was to develop, validate and apply a highly sensitive, multi-residue SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of 12 coccidiostats, registered as a feed supplement or veterinary medicine in Europe and three regularly used anthelmintics, in pond water, often functioning as amphibian habitat. Sample extraction was optimized using a fractional factorial resolution design. Pond water filtration efficiency (i.e. 80-118%, ≤25% RSD) and matrix effects (i.e. 72-119%, ≤39% RSD) were evaluated using water from respectively 3 and 20 different ponds in Flanders. By incorporating internal standards, overall results improved and adequate precision values (i.e.≤15%) were obtained according to the EMA guidelines. Acceptable within-run and between-run apparent recoveries, satisfactory precision as well as good linearity were demonstrated according to the CD 2002/657/EC, SANTE/12682/2019 and VICH 49 guidelines, except for robenidine for which the between-day precision was between 21.0 and 34.5%. Sample storage stability studies indicated that storage at 4 °C and analysis performed within 96 hours after sampling was sufficient to avoid loss by degradation for all compounds, excluding robenidine. Values for the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in nanograms per liter, which was essential for the environmental application of this novel method. The method was successfully applied on grab water samples from the water surface of 18 different ponds across Flanders, Belgium, detecting amprolium and levamisole at concentrations below the LOQ of 2.5 ng L-1 and at 250.0 ng L-1 or below the LOQ of 250.0 ng L-1, respectively. In conclusion, our newly developed method may provide insights about the contamination status of amphibian breeding ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goessens
- Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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12
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Mooney D, Coxon C, Richards K, Gill L, Mellander PE, Danaher M. A new sensitive method for the simultaneous chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometry detection of anticoccidials, including highly polar compounds, in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Al-Qadri RF, Abu-Basha EA, Ababneh MM, Bani Ismail Z, Idkaidek NM. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes and determination of their concentrations in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:339-346. [PMID: 32067240 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes following a single oral dose and to determine the plasma concentrations of these compounds in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. Eighteen healthy ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 each): pregnant ewes at 12-13 weeks of gestation (group A), nonpregnant ewes (group B), and pregnant ewes at 1-2 weeks before expected lambing date (group C). Ewes in all groups received a single oral dose of toltrazuril at 20 mg/kg body weight. In groups A and B, blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 hr, every 6 hr to day 3, every 12 hr to day 7 and thereafter every 24 hr to day 14 post-toltrazuril administration. In group C, parturition was induced 24-36 hr after toltrazuril administration then milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma samples were collected immediately after birth. Drug metabolites were assayed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method (UHPLC-UV). The maximum concentration (Cmax ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) , AUC to 24 and 48 hr (AUC0-24 ), and (AUC0-48 ) were significantly higher in pregnant ewes. Longer apparent half-life (T1/2 ), significantly higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) and total clearance (Cl/F) were observed in nonpregnant ewes. The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ), mean residence time (MRT) and elimination rate constant (Kel ) were similar in both groups. The AUC0-24 and AUC0-48 were significantly higher in nonpregnant ewes. The AUC0-t was significantly higher in pregnant ones. The ratio of plasma toltrazuril concentrations in ewes and toltrazuril concentrations in newborn lambs' plasma, allantoic fluid, and milk were 68%, 2.3%, and 5.3%, respectively. Results of this study showed that toltrazuril is well absorbed after a single oral dose in ewes with widespread distribution in different body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan F Al-Qadri
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ehab A Abu-Basha
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammed M Ababneh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasir M Idkaidek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Petra University, Amman, Jordan
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Charuaud L, Jarde E, Jaffrezic A, Thomas MF, Le Bot B. Veterinary pharmaceutical residues from natural water to tap water: Sales, occurrence and fate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 361:169-186. [PMID: 30179788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary pharmaceuticals (VPs) increasingly used in animal husbandry have led to their presence in aquatic environments -surface water (SW) or groundwater (GW) - and even in tap water. This review focuses on studies from 2007 to 2017. Sixty-eight different veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs) have been quantified worldwide in natural waters at concentrations ranging from nanograms per liter (ng L-1) to several micrograms per liter (μg L-1). An extensive up-to-date on sales and tonnages of VPs worldwide has been performed. Tetracyclines (TCs) antibiotics are the most sold veterinary pharmaceuticals worldwide. An overview of VPRs degradation pathways in natural waters is provided. VPRs can be degraded or transformed by biodegradation, hydrolysis or photolysis. Photo-degradation appears to be the major degradation pathway in SW. This review then reports occurrences of VPRs found in tap water, and presents data on VPRs removal in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) at each step of the process. VPRs have been quantified in tap water at ng L-1 concentration levels in four studies of the eleven studies dealing with VPRs occurrence in tap water. Overall removals of VPRs in DWTPs generally exceed 90% and advanced treatment processes (oxidation processes, adsorption on activated carbon, membrane filtration) greatly contribute to these removals. However, studies performed on full-scale DWTPs are scarce. A large majority of fate studies in DWTPs have been conducted under laboratory at environmentally irrelevant conditions (high concentration of VPRs (mg L-1), use of deionized water instead of natural water, high concentration of oxidant, high contact time etc.). Also, studies on VPRs occurrence and fate in tap water focus on antibiotics. There is a scientific gap on the occurrence and fate of antiparatic drugs in tap waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Charuaud
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Emilie Jarde
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes - UMR6118, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Marie-Florence Thomas
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Huang X, Wei S, Yao S, Zhang H, He C, Cao J. Development of molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor with reduced graphene oxide and titanium dioxide enhanced performance for the detection of toltrazuril in chicken muscle and egg. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:607-614. [PMID: 30469110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for toltrazuril (TZR) detection based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) immobilized on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) modified platinum (Pt) electrode surface was fabricated for the first time. The synergistic fast electron transfer ability, large electroactive surface area and high catalytic activity from rGO and TiO2 contribute to amplify the electrochemical signal and consequently improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were used to evaluate the performance of the electrochemical sensor. The results showed that the electrochemical sensor possessed high sensitivity, good selectivity and anti-interference ability toward TZR. By using the DPV, the electrochemical sensor displayed a wide linear concentration range from 0.43 to 42.54 μg/L, with a limit of detection of 0.21 μg/L (S/N = 3). Moreover, the recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD) were 85.0%-97.0% and 3.5%-6.4% at three concentration levels, respectively, implying that the established sensor is promising for the accurate detection of TZR at trace levels in chicken muscle and egg samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjin Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute for Food Control, Zhaoqing, 526060, China
| | - Shoulian Wei
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Su Yao
- School of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Huasheng Zhang
- Zhaoqing Institute for Food Control, Zhaoqing, 526060, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Zhaoqing Institute for Food Control, Zhaoqing, 526060, China
| | - Jiangfei Cao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
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Freudenschuss B, Ruttkowski B, Shrestha A, Abd-Elfattah A, Pagès M, Ladinig A, Joachim A. Antibody and cytokine response to Cystoisospora suis infections in immune-competent young pigs. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:390. [PMID: 29973271 PMCID: PMC6031197 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, investigations on the immune response to Cystoisospora suis infections focused on suckling piglets, the age group clinically most affected. Actively immunizing piglets is unfeasible due to their immature immune system and the typically early infection in the first days after birth. Therefore, understanding and possibly enhancing the immune response of immune-competent animals is the prerequisite to develop a passive immunization strategy for piglets which currently rely on very limited treatment options. Methods To investigate antibody and cytokine responses of immune-competent animals and the impact of the oral immunization protocol on their immune response, growers with unknown previous exposure to C. suis (10–11 weeks-old) were infected one or three times with different doses (600 and 6000 or 200 and 2000, respectively) of C. suis oocysts, and compared to uninfected controls. Oocyst excretion was evaluated, and blood and intestinal mucus antibody titers were determined by IFAT. Systemic production of Th1, Th2, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines was determined in different immune compartments at mRNA and (after stimulation with a recombinant merozoite-protein) at protein level by PCR and multiplex fluorescent immunoassay, respectively. Results Infection generated significantly increased serum IgA and IgG levels against C. suis sporozoites and merozoites, irrespective of infection mode, with IgG against merozoites showing the strongest increase. No clinical signs and only occasional excretion were observed. The systemic cytokine response to C. suis was only weak. Nonetheless, in white blood cells, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA-levels significantly increased after infection, whereas IFN-ɣ, IL-2 and TGF-β expression tended to decrease. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), IL-10 and TNF-α levels were elevated while splenic cytokine expression was unaltered upon infection. Stimulated MLN-derived lymphocytes from infected pigs produced slightly more IL-12 and less IFN-α than controls. Conclusions An infection and a subsequent systemic immune response can be induced in immune-competent animals by all evaluated infection models and growers can be used as models to mimic sow immunizations. The immune response to C. suis, although mild and with considerable variation in cytokine expression, was characterized by a Th2-associated and regulatory cytokine profile and antibody production. However, none of the parameters clearly stood out as a potential marker associated with protection. Antibody titers were significantly positively related with oocyst excretion and might thus serve as correlates for parasite replication or severity of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Freudenschuss
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aruna Shrestha
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elfattah
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Zhang L, Ren D, Zhou J, Peng G, Shu G, Yuan Z, Shi F, Zhao L, Yin L, Fan G, Liu C, Fu H. Toltrazuril mixed nanomicelle delivery system based on sodium deoxycholate–Brij C20 polyethylene ether–triton x100: Characterization, solubility, and bioavailability study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 163:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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da Silva RJ, Gomes AO, Franco PS, Pereira AS, Milian ICB, Ribeiro M, Fiorenzani P, dos Santos MC, Mineo JR, da Silva NM, Ferro EAV, de Freitas Barbosa B. Enrofloxacin and Toltrazuril Are Able to Reduce Toxoplasma gondii Growth in Human BeWo Trophoblastic Cells and Villous Explants from Human Third Trimester Pregnancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:340. [PMID: 28798905 PMCID: PMC5526852 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis is based on combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid. Due to teratogenic effects and bone marrow suppression caused by pyrimethamine, the establishment of new therapeutic strategies is indispensable to minimize the side effects and improve the control of infection. Previous studies demonstrated that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril reduced the incidence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of enrofloxacin and toltrazuril in the control of T. gondii infection in human trophoblast cells (BeWo line) and in human villous explants from the third trimester. BeWo cells and villous were treated with several concentrations of enrofloxacin, toltrazuril, sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, or combination of sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine, and the cellular or tissue viability was verified. Next, BeWo cells were infected by T. gondii (2F1 clone or the ME49 strain), whereas villous samples were only infected by the 2F1 clone. Then, infected cells and villous were treated with all antibiotics and the T. gondii intracellular proliferation as well as the cytokine production were analyzed. Finally, we evaluated the direct effect of enrofloxacin and toltrazuril in tachyzoites to verify possible changes in parasite structure. Enrofloxacin and toltrazuril did not decrease the viability of cells and villous in lower concentrations. Both drugs were able to significantly reduce the parasite intracellular proliferation in BeWo cells and villous explants when compared to untreated conditions. Regardless of the T. gondii strain, BeWo cells infected and treated with enrofloxacin or toltrazuril induced high levels of IL-6 and MIF. In villous explants, enrofloxacin induced high MIF production. Finally, the drugs increased the number of unviable parasites and triggered damage to tachyzoite structure. Taken together, it can be concluded that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril are able to control T. gondii infection in BeWo cells and villous explants, probably by a direct action on the host cells and parasites, which leads to modifications of cytokine release and tachyzoite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela J. da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Angelica O. Gomes
- Departament of Morphology, Federal University of Triângulo MineiroUberaba, Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ariane S. Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Iliana C. B. Milian
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of SienaSiena, Italy
| | - Maria C. dos Santos
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - José R. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Neide M. da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlandiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa A. V. Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
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Sun W, Pan B. Effect of micro-environment modification and polymer type on the in-vitro dissolution behavior and in-vivo performance of amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Teglia CM, Peltzer PM, Seib SN, Lajmanovich RC, Culzoni MJ, Goicoechea HC. Simultaneous multi-residue determination of twenty one veterinary drugs in poultry litter by modeling three-way liquid chromatography with fluorescence and absorption detection data. Talanta 2017; 167:442-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Larivière A, Lissalde S, Soubrand M, Casellas-Français M. Overview of Multiresidues Analytical Methods for the Quantitation of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Solid Matrixes: Comparison of Analytical Development Strategy for Sewage Sludge, Manure, Soil, and Sediment Samples. Anal Chem 2016; 89:453-465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Larivière
- Research
Group on Water, Soil and Environment (GRESE−EA 4330), University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Lissalde
- Research
Group on Water, Soil and Environment (GRESE−EA 4330), University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marilyne Soubrand
- Research
Group on Water, Soil and Environment (GRESE−EA 4330), University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Magali Casellas-Français
- Research
Group on Water, Soil and Environment (GRESE−EA 4330), National
Higher Engineering School of Limoges (ENSIL), Parc ESTER Technopole, 16 Rue Atlantis, 87720 Limoges, France
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Wohde M, Berkner S, Junker T, Konradi S, Schwarz L, Düring RA. Occurrence and transformation of veterinary pharmaceuticals and biocides in manure: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2016; 28:23. [PMID: 27761355 PMCID: PMC5044974 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The spread of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) and biocides via manure onto agriculturally used areas represents a very important emission into the environment for these product groups. Within this literature study, publicly available transformation studies with liquid manure are summarized. Transformation studies were evaluated regarding the transformation fate of tested substances, the origin and characteristics of used manure, the experimental setup, and the measured parameters. As main topics within the 42 evaluated transformation studies, the high dependency of transformation on temperature, redox potential, dry matter content, and other parameters is reported. Test duration throughout the studies ranged from 2 to 374 days and study temperature ranged from 5 to 55 °C. Only seven publications gave information on the redox potential of the manure. Further, the characterization of the matrix in many cases was inadequate due to missing parameters such as dry matter content or pH. Only three publications studied transformation of biocides. To allow for a consistent assessment of studies within the registration process, a harmonized internationally accepted and validated test method is needed. Additionally, monitoring data of VMPs in manure were collected from literature and evaluated regarding the origin and characteristics of the manure, the minimum/maximum found concentrations, and the percentage of identified compounds. Within the 27 evaluated publications, 1568 manure samples were analyzed and 39 different active substances for VMPs and 11 metabolites and transformation products of VMPs could be found in manure. Most often, the samples were analyzed for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Not one study searched for biocides or worked with a non-target approach. For sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline, concentrations exceeding the predicted environmental concentrations were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wohde
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Silvia Berkner
- Unit IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleansing Agents and Nanomaterials, German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Konradi
- Unit IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleansing Agents and Nanomaterials, German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Lisa Schwarz
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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23
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Selective pressurized liquid extraction as a sample-preparation technique for persistent organic pollutants and contaminants of emerging concern. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Zheng W, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zhang X, Fei C, Zhang K, Wang X, Wang M, Li T, Xiao S, Wang C, Xue F. Simultaneous determination of toltrazuril and its metabolites in chicken and pig skin+fat by UPLC-UV method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M, Berthod A, Carda-Broch S. Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography? J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Liao QG, Luo LG. Fast and Selective Pressurized Liquid Extraction with Simultaneous In-Cell Cleanup for the Analysis of Ethyl Carbamate in Fermented Solid Foods. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tang Z, Wu M, Li Y, Zheng X, Liu H, Cheng X, Xu L, Wang G, Hao H. Absolute quantification of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 in human tumor cell lines and tissues by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry using both isotopic and non-isotopic internal standards. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 772:59-67. [PMID: 23540248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1, DT-diaphorase) is a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for various tumors. Therefore, it is of significance to develop a robust method for the absolute quantification of NQO1. This study aimed to develop and validate a LC-MS/MS based method and to test the appropriateness of using non-isotopic analog peptide as the internal standard (IS) by comparing with a stable isotope labeled (SIL) peptide. The chromatographic performance and mass spectra between the selected signature peptide of NQO1 and the non-isotopic peptide were observed to be very similar. The use of the two internal standards was validated appropriate for the absolute quantification of NQO1, as evidenced by satisfactory validation results over a concentration range of 1.62-162 fmol μL(-1). This method has been successfully applied to the absolute quantification of NQO1 expression in various tumor cell lines and tissues. NQO1 expression in human tumor tissues is much higher than that in the neighboring normal tissues in both the cases of lung and colon cancer. The quantitative results obtained from the isotopic and non-isotopic methods are quite similar, further supporting that the use of non-isotopic analog peptide as internal standard is appropriate and feasible for the quantification of NQO1. By comparing with a classical isotopic IS, the present study indicates that the use of a non-isotopic peptide analog to the proteotypic peptide as the internal standard can get equal accuracy and preciseness in measuring NQO1. The universal applicability of the non-isotopic IS approach for the quantification of proteins warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Analysis of PhACs in Solid Environmental Samples (Soil, Sediment, and Sludge). ANALYSIS, REMOVAL, EFFECTS AND RISK OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE WATER CYCLE - OCCURRENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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