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Chen X, Ning Y, Pan S, Liu B, Chang Y, Pang W, Duan X. Mixing during Trapping Enabled a Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Smartphone Immunoassay Using Acoustic Streaming. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2386-2394. [PMID: 34102847 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smartphone-enabled microfluidic chemiluminescence immunoassay is a promising portable system for point-of-care (POC) biosensing applications. However, due to the rather faint emitted light in such a limited sample volume, it is still difficult to reach the clinically accepted range when the smartphone serves as a standalone detector. Besides, the multiple separation and washing steps during sample preparation hinder the immunoassay's applications for POC usage. Herein, we proposed a novel acoustic streaming tweezers-enabled microfluidic immunoassay, where the probe particles' purification, reaction, and sensing were simply achieved on the same chip at continuous-flow conditions. The dedicatedly designed high-speed microscale vortexes not only enable dynamic trapping and washing of the probe particles on-demand but also enhance the capture efficiency of the heterogeneous particle-based immunoassay through active mixing during trapping. The enriched probe particles and enhanced biomarker capture capability increase the local chemiluminescent light intensity and enable direct capture of the immunobinding signal by a regular smartphone camera. The system was tested for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) sensing both in buffer and serum, where a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL and a large dynamic response range from 0.3 to 10 ng/mL using only 10 μL of sample were achieved in a total assay time of less than 15 min. With the advantages of on-chip integration of sample preparation and detection and high sensing performance, the developed POC platform could be applied for many on-site diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Freitag S, Baumgartner B, Radel S, Schwaighofer A, Varriale A, Pennacchio A, D'Auria S, Lendl B. A thermoelectrically stabilized aluminium acoustic trap combined with attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy for detection of Escherichia coli in water. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1811-1819. [PMID: 33949396 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01264e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic trapping is a non-contact particle manipulation method that holds great potential for performing automated assays. We demonstrate an aluminium acoustic trap in combination with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for detection of E. coli in water. The thermal conductivity of aluminium was exploited to thermo-electrically heat and hold the acoustic trap at the desired assay temperature of 37 °C. Systematic characterisation and optimisation of the acoustic trap allowed high flow rates while maintaining high acoustic trapping performance. The ATR element serves not only as a reflector for ultrasound standing wave generation but also as a sensing interface. The enzyme conversion induced by alkaline phosphatase-labelled bacteria was directly monitored in the acoustic trap using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Sequential injection analysis allowed automated liquid handling, including non-contact bacteria retention, washing and enzyme-substrate exchange within the acoustic trap. The presented method was able to detect E. coli concentrations as low as 1.95 × 106 bacteria per mL in 197 min. The demonstrated ultrasound assisted assay paves the way to fully automated bacteria detection devices based on acoustic trapping combined with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Freitag
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bettina Baumgartner
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Radel
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Binkley MM, Cui M, Berezin MY, Meacham JM. Antibody Conjugate Assembly on Ultrasound-Confined Microcarrier Particles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6108-6116. [PMID: 33449635 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugates are important next-generation drugs and imaging agents. Assembly of these increasingly complex constructs requires precise control over processing conditions, which is a challenge for conventional manual synthesis. This inadequacy has motivated the pursuit of new approaches for efficient, controlled modification of high-molecular-weight biologics such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. We report a novel, hands-free, semiautomated platform for synthetic manipulation of biomolecules using acoustically responsive microparticles as three-dimensional reaction substrates. The microfluidic reactor incorporates a longitudinal acoustic trap that controls the chemical reactions within a localized acoustic field. Forces generated by this field immobilize the microscale substrates against the continuous flow of participating chemical reagents. Thus, the motion of substrates and reactants is decoupled, enabling exquisite control over multistep reaction conditions and providing high-yield, high-purity products with minimal user input. We demonstrate these capabilities by conjugating clinically relevant antibodies with a small molecule. The on-bead synthesis comprises capture of the antibody, coupling of a fluorescent tag, product purification, and product release. Successful capture and modification of a fluorescently labeled antibody are confirmed via fold increases of 49 and 11 in the green (antibody)- and red (small-molecule dye)-channel median intensities determined using flow cytometry. Antibody conjugates assembled on acoustically responsive, ultrasound-confined microparticles exhibit similar quality and quantity to those prepared manually by a skilled technician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Binkley
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Jubel Hall, Room 203K, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Mingyang Cui
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Jubel Hall, Room 203K, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Berezin
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Jubel Hall, Room 203K, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - J Mark Meacham
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Jubel Hall, Room 203K, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Bach JS, Bruus H. Theory of acoustic trapping of microparticles in capillary tubes. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:023107. [PMID: 32168631 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.023107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a semianalytical theory for the acoustic fields and particle-trapping forces in a viscous fluid inside a capillary tube with arbitrary cross section and ultrasound actuation at the walls. We find that the acoustic fields vary axially on a length scale proportional to the square root of the quality factor of the two-dimensional (2D) cross-section resonance mode. This axial variation is determined analytically based on the numerical solution to the eigenvalue problem in the 2D cross section. The analysis is developed in two steps: First, we generalize a recently published expression for the 2D standing-wave resonance modes in a rectangular cross section to arbitrary shapes, including the viscous boundary layer. Second, based on these 2D modes, we derive analytical expressions in three dimensions for the acoustic pressure, the acoustic radiation and trapping force, as well as the acoustic energy flux density. We validate the theory by comparison to three-dimensional numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Bach
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, and DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, and DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Habibi R, Neild A. Sound wave activated nano-sieve (SWANS) for enrichment of nanoparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3032-3044. [PMID: 31396609 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00369j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic actuation is widely used in microfluidic systems as a method of controlling the behaviour of suspended matter. When acoustic waves impinge on particles, a radiation force is exerted which can cause migration over multiple acoustic time periods; in addition the scattering of the wave by the particle will affect the behaviour of nearby particles. This interparticle effect, or Bjerknes force, tends to attract particles together. Here, instead of manipulating a dilute sample of particles, we examine the acoustic excitation of a packed bed. We fill a microfluidic channel with microparticles, such that they form a closely packed structure and then excite them at the particle's resonant frequency. In this scenario, each particle acts as a source of scattered waves and we show that these waves are highly effective at attracting nanoparticles onto the surface of the microparticles, and nanoparticle collection characterises the performance of this mechanically activated packed bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhollah Habibi
- Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Fornell A, Johannesson C, Searle SS, Happstadius A, Nilsson J, Tenje M. An acoustofluidic platform for non-contact trapping of cell-laden hydrogel droplets compatible with optical microscopy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044101. [PMID: 31312286 PMCID: PMC6624123 DOI: 10.1063/1.5108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Production of cell-laden hydrogel droplets as miniaturized niches for 3D cell culture provides a new route for cell-based assays. Such production can be enabled by droplet microfluidics and here we present a droplet trapping system based on bulk acoustic waves for handling hydrogel droplets in a continuous flow format. The droplet trapping system consists of a glass capillary equipped with a small piezoelectric transducer. By applying ultrasound (4 MHz), a localized acoustic standing wave field is generated in the capillary, trapping the droplets in a well-defined cluster above the transducer area. The results show that the droplet cluster can be retained at flow rates of up to 76 μl/min, corresponding to an average flow speed of 3.2 mm/s. The system allows for important operations such as continuous perfusion and/or addition of chemical reagents to the encapsulated cells with in situ optical access. This feature is demonstrated by performing on-chip staining of the cell nuclei. The key advantages of this trapping method are that it is label-free and gentle and thus well-suited for biological applications. Moreover, the droplets can easily be released on-demand, which facilitates downstream analysis. It is envisioned that the presented droplet trapping system will be a valuable tool for a wide range of multistep assays as well as long-term monitoring of cells encapsulated in gel-based droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fornell
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Johannesson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Axel Happstadius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Nilsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Tenje
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Saeidi D, Saghafian M, Haghjooy Javanmard S, Hammarström B, Wiklund M. Acoustic dipole and monopole effects in solid particle interaction dynamics during acoustophoresis. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:3311. [PMID: 31255151 DOI: 10.1121/1.5110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for measurements of secondary acoustic radiation forces acting on solid particles in a plain ultrasonic standing wave. The method allows for measurements of acoustic interaction forces between particles located in arbitrary positions such as in between a pressure node and a pressure antinode. By utilizing a model that considers both density- and compressibility-dependent effects, the observed particle-particle interaction dynamics can be well understood. Two differently sized polystyrene micro-particles (4.8 and 25 μm, respectively) were used in order to achieve pronounced interaction effects. The particulate was subjected to a 2-MHz ultrasonic standing wave in a microfluidic channel, such as commonly used for acoustophoresis. Observation of deflections in the particle pathways shows that the particle interaction force is not negligible under this circumstance and has to be considered in accurate particle manipulation applications. The effect is primarily pronounced when the distance between two particles is small, the sizes of the particles are different, and the acoustic properties of the particles are different relative to the media. As predicted by theory, the authors also observe that the interaction forces are affected by the angle between the inter-particle centerline and the axis of the standing wave propagation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Saeidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saghafian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Björn Hammarström
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
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Freitag S, Baumgartner B, Tauber S, Gasser C, Radel S, Schwaighofer A, Lendl B. An Acoustic Trap for Bead Injection Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7672-7678. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Freitag
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Baumgartner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tauber
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasser
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Radel
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Engin ED. The use of multiplexing technology in the immunodiagnosis of infectious agents. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:109-122. [PMID: 30663510 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2018.1563551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, definitive diagnosis of infectious diseases is made by cultivation of the causative agent, while various antigens and antibodies as biomarkers of various diseases are detected by commercially available ELISA kits. PCR has emerged as a major innovation that greatly accelerated the accumulation of genomic and transcriptomic data, yet it has also revolutionized microbial diagnostics by enabling the detection of pathogen nucleic acid. Despite the advantages of and vast experience in ELISA and PCR, the next generation research and diagnostic tools have to fulfill the requirements of systems and synthetic biology era. Multiplex bead assays hold this promise by providing a more complete multi-parametric picture of the biological phenomenon of interest at a fraction of time, sample volume and cost required for conventional assay systems. To date, numerous multiplex bead assays have been described to detect multiple antigen, antibody and nucleic acid targets of both microbial pathogens and immune response. These assays have been successfully used in diagnostic, cohort screening and research setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Doruk Engin
- a Biotechnology Institute , Ankara University , Tandogan , Ankara , Turkey
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Abstract
High-throughput multiplex protein biomarker assays continue to gain significance in the fields of biomarker discovery and drug development, due to their economical use of not only the precious clinical biological samples but also expensive reagents. Among these platforms, homogeneous multiplex systems have potential for short assay run times and cost-effective reagent consumptions. However, these systems must overcome challenges of signal cross talk and biochemical cross-reactivity. Despite these obstacles, several homogeneous multiplex immunoassays have been demonstrated. These include fluorescent polarization, fluorescent resonance energy transfer with quantum dots or graphene, luminescent oxygen-channeling immunoassay coupled with aqueous two-phase systems and DNA proximity assays. The balance between speed/simplicity and high multiplexing and robustness of these homogeneous multiplex immunoassays are discussed in this review.
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