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Wang T, Wang Y, Zhao S, Han Y, Li Q, Liu P, Li X, Xiao C. Target-specific affinity separation of the bioactive compounds from herbal extract using the spin column packed with the immobilized protein microspheres prior to LC-MS analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465322. [PMID: 39217733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Excellent pretreatments before instrumental analysis are critical for separation and determination of target compounds for discovery of new drugs from herb medicines. We developed a rapid and highly-selective method to separate the bioactive compounds from herbal extract using protein affinity-selection spin column, which was packed with the new sorbent materials from integrating the recombinant β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) directly out of cell lysates onto the surface of microspheres. Protein affinity-selection spin column was placed in a centrifugal tube, where after the non-specific binders were released to the filtrate under the operational centrifugation, the specific binders on the spin column were cleaned with a washing solvent for LC-MS analysis. The known agonists of β2-AR were retained/released on protein affinity-selection spin column but not on control column, demonstrating the method with good recovery (79.4∼95.7 %) and high repeatability (RSD < 3.5 %). The adsorption features of three ligands on the spin column were described best by Prism saturation binding model, and the high-affinity binding and the large binding capacity of the spin column make it feasible to trap the trace analytes effectively. It was applied in separating bioactive compounds from Alstoniae Scholaris extract, two of which were identified as picrinine and oleanolic acid in combination with LC-MS and verified as the potential agonists towards β2-AR though molecular docking and cell experiments. Our study demonstrated that, the spin column with the immobilized protein sorbents in the centrifugal filter device represents a promising tool, enabling rapid and target-specific affinity separation of the bioactive compounds from herbal extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Shoucheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yaokun Han
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Pei Liu
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710065, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710065, PR China.
| | - Chaoni Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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Yang Y, Li D, Liu B. The preparation of a boronate affinity-based controlled oriented imprinting coating on a silica nanoparticle surface for the separation and purification of shikimic acid in herbal medicine. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2878-2887. [PMID: 38639924 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA) is one of the most effective drugs against the A (H1N1) virus and has high medicinal value. Additionally, it has the ability to generate non-toxic herbicides and antimicrobial medications. The extraction from plants has proven to be the main route of production of SA with economic benefits and environmental efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to perform purification of SA from these herbal medicines before quantifying it. In this study, researchers employed a boronate affinity-based controlled oriented surface imprinting technique to produce molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as highly effective solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorbents for the isolation and purification of SA. 3-Fluoro-4-formylphenylboronic acid functionalized silica nanoparticles were used as supporting materials for immobilizing SA. Poly(2-anilinoethanol) with a higher hydrophilic domain can be used as an effective imprinting coating. The prepared SA-imprinted silica nanoparticles exhibited several significant results, such as good specificity, high binding capacity (39.06 ± 2.24 mg g-1), moderate binding constant (6.61 × 10-4 M-1), fast kinetics (8 min) and low binding pH (pH 5.0) toward SA. The replication of SA-imprinted silica nanoparticles was deemed satisfactory. The SA-imprinted silica nanoparticles could be still reused after seven adsorption-desorption cycles, which indicated high chemical stability. In addition, the recoveries of the proposed method for SA at three spiked level analysis in star aniseed and meadow cranesbill were 96.2% to 109.0% and 91.6% to 103.5%, respectively. The SA-imprinted silica nanoparticles that have been prepared are capable of identifying the target SA in real herbal medicines. Our approach makes sample pre-preparation simple, fast, selective and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China.
| | - Daojin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China.
| | - Bingqian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China.
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Chang Y, Chen Y, Wu M, Liu L, Song Q. Electrochemical detection of glycoproteins using boronic acid-modified metal-organic frameworks as dual-functional signal reporters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4452-4458. [PMID: 37641924 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The sensitive analysis of glycoproteins is of great importance for early diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. In this work, a sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor was developed for the detection of glycoproteins using 4-formylphenylboric acid (FPBA)-modified Cu-based metal-organic frameworks (FPBA-Cu-MOFs) as dual-functional signal probes. The target captured by the aptamer-modified electrode allowed the attachment of FPBA-Cu-MOFs based on the interaction between boronic acid and glycan on glycoproteins. Large numbers of Cu2+ ions in FPBA-Cu-MOFs produced an amplified signal for the direct voltammetric detection of glycoproteins. The electrochemical aptasensor showed a detection limit as low as 6.5 pg mL-1 for prostate specific antigen detection. The method obviates the use of antibody and enzymes for molecular recognition and signal output. The dual-functional MOFs can be extended to the design of other biosensors for the determination of diol-containing biomolecules in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China.
| | - Yixuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China.
| | - Mian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China.
| | - Qijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
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Liu Y, Dang X, Chen H. A molecularly imprinted polymer monolithic column with dual template and bifunctional monomers for selective extraction and simultaneous determination of eight phenolics from polycarbonate cups. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1273:341493. [PMID: 37423657 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) monolithic column was prepared in situ in a pipette tip using phenol and bisphenol A as dual templates, 4-vinyl pyridine and β-cyclodextrin as bifunctional monomers. It was used for the selective and simultaneous solid phase extraction of eight phenolics, including phenol, m-cresol, p-tert-butylphenol, bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bisphenol E, bisphenol Z, and bisphenol AP. The MIP monolithic column was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and nitrogen adsorption experiment. The results of selective adsorption experiments showed that the MIP monolithic column can selective recognize the phenolics and have excellent adsorption property. The imprinting factor for bisphenol A can be as high as 4.31, and the maximum adsorption capacity for bisphenol Z can reach 201.66 mg g-1. Under the optimal extraction conditions, a selective and simultaneous extraction and determination method for eight phenolics was established based on the MIP monolithic column and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The linear ranges (LRs) of the eight phenolics were 0.5-200 μg L-1, the limits of quantification (LOQs) and detection (LODs) were 0.5-2.0 μg L-1 and 0.15-0.67 μg L-1. The method was applied to detect the migration quantity of the eight phenolics from polycarbonate cups and had satisfactory recovery. The method has the advantages of simple synthesis, short extraction time, as well as good repeatability and reproducibility, which provides a sensitive and reliable strategy for extracting and detecting phenolics from food contact material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xueping Dang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Huaixia Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
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Xu J, Pang Y, Yan Z, Shen X. Ti4+ modified melamine foam in the pipette tip for effective solid-phase extraction of glyphosate in aqueous samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang S, Wang H, Ding Y, Li W, Gao H, Ding Z, Lin P, Gu J, Ye M, Yan T, Chen H, Ye J. Filter paper- and smartphone-based point-of-care tests for rapid and reliable detection of artificial food colorants. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu Y, Dang X, Ding H, Chen H. Specific Recognition and Solid Phase Extraction of Three Primary Aromatic Amines Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Monolith for the Migration Detection in Food Contact Materials. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Semiquantitative naked-eye detection of synthetic food colorants using highly-branched pipette tip as an all-in-one device. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1211:339901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Grau J, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Salvador A. A high-throughput magnetic-based pipette tip microextraction as an alternative to conventional pipette tip strategies: Determination of testosterone in human saliva as a proof-of-concept. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Filter paper-based colorimetric analysis: An instrument-free strategy for semiquantitative naked-eye detection of food colorants. Food Chem 2022; 390:133087. [PMID: 35551021 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A filter paper-based colorimetric strategy for instrument-independent visual detection of artificial food colorants (FCs) was developed in this study. Indicator papers were prepared via the one-step polycondensation of silane coupling agents onto glass microfiber filter papers, and colorimetric cards with a fine one-to-one correspondence between their colors and FCs concentrations were straightforward obtained by the extraction of FCs with indicator papers by virtue of electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic effect. Filter papers post-modified via such a simple way were proved to be of improved binding class selectivity and colorimetric sensitivity, allowing for in-situ colorimetric assay of FCs in an unprecedently wide range of applicable pH (1.0-12.0) with high reliability and fine versatility. Finally, the semiquantitative naked-eye determination of FCs (Allura red, brilliant blue and sunset yellow) in real-world drink samples was experimentally confirmed to be feasible by comparison with the findings of UV-vis absorption spectra, HPLC and mass spectra.
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Bagheri AR, Aramesh N, Gong Z, Cerda V, Lee HK. Two-dimensional materials as a platform in extraction methods: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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12
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Sun H, Feng J, Han S, Ji X, Li C, Feng J, Sun M. Recent advances in micro- and nanomaterial-based adsorbents for pipette-tip solid-phase extraction. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:189. [PMID: 33991231 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are a lot of review papers of sample pretreatment, but the comprehensive review on pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) is lacking. This review (133 references) is mainly devoted to the development of different types of micro- and nanosorbent-based PT-SPE, including silica materials, carbon materials, organic polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. Each section mainly introduces and discusses the preparation methods, advantages and limitations of adsorbents, and their applications to environmental, biological, and food samples. This review also demonstrates the advantages of PT-SPE like convenience, speed, less organic solvent, and low cost. Finally, the future application and development trend of PT-SPE are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
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Oliveira AS, Schlesner SK, Voss M, da Costa AB, Flores EMM, Barin JS. Combining In-Tip Reaction and Infrared Thermal Imaging for Fast and Portable Enthalpimetric Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14959-14966. [PMID: 33112616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the in-tip thermal infrared enthalpimetry (in-tip TIE) method is proposed for fast enthalpimetric analysis. In this method, the reactions inside the tips of a multichannel pipette were combined with temperature monitoring by an infrared camera. The filter paper was used inside the tips to retain reagents as solutions (wetted paper mode) or as solids (dried paper mode) to perform neutralization, redox, or precipitation reactions. The dried reagents inside the tips were obtained by oven drying a solution retained in the filter paper. The determination of the total acidity of the vinegar, ascorbic acid in vitamin C tablets, and chloride in soy sauces and saline inhalation solutions was performed as examples of the application of the proposed method. The agreement with reference methods ranged from 98 to 107%. The use of reagents dried inside the tip was feasible, leading to a simple aspiration of sample solution within the 12 tips of the pipette to perform a rapid analysis (1 min). Therefore, up to 720 measurements in 1 h were feasible for in-tip TIE over up to 12 measurements for the reference methods. Moreover, miniaturization reduced reagent consumption and residue generation. For example, for in-tip TIE, only 3.6 mL of residues was generated (n = 12) over 60-240 mL in reference methods (n = 3). Contrarily to other TIE methods, no microplates or stirring was required, opening possibilities for field analysis since the multichannel pipette and the infrared camera are both operated with batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Kunde Schlesner
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica Voss
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Adilson Ben da Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Quimiometria - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas e Processos Industriais, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS 96815-900, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Smanioto Barin
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Wang S, Li W, Sun P, Xu Z, Ding Y, Xu W, Xu W, Gu J. Selective extraction of myoglobin from human serum with antibody-biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles. Talanta 2020; 219:121327. [PMID: 32887062 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) is an ideal biochemical marker for the diagnosis of certain diseases caused by damage to heart muscle or skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, serum myoglobin levels are usually very low while the interference components in real sample are extremely abundent. Hence, it is of great clinical significance to establish an effective method for Mb targeting. To obtain desired selectivity, targeting biomolecules like antibody and aptamer are essential to 'the state of the art'. However, such biomolecules suffer from many disadvantages, such as hard to prepare, susceptible to protease degradation, and high cost. Thus, novel alternatives that can overcome these issues are highly desirable. Herein, we pioneered a template-anchored controllable surface imprinting strategy for selective extraction of Mb from human serum via combining with facile magnetic separation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Mb-imprinted MNPs, as antibody-biomimetic materials, were prepared using amino group-modified MNPs as substrates and water-soluble self-polymerizable dopamine as imprinting monomer. The optimized imprinting time was 70 min, giving an optimal performance with high practical imprinting efficiency (up to 41%), high imprinting factor (4.2), high binding affinity (Kd=(2.05 ± 0.09) × 10-5 M), as well as excellent recognition selectivity. Moreover, compared to bare MNPs, Mb-imprinted MNPs possessed markedly better pH tolerance. Finally, the selective extraction of Mb from human serum sample by Mb-imprinted MNPs was experimentally confirmed and the recoveries of Mb in spiked serum ranged from (91.12 ± 6.81)% to (107.99 ± 7.76)%, indicating that the Mb-imprinted MNPs could be competent for the selective analysis of Mb in real bio-samples like human serum with high precision and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshou Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China; Engineering Research Institute of AHUT, Anhui University of Technology, PR China.
| | - Wenzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China
| | - Panwen Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China
| | - Zhongqiu Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China
| | - Yuwen Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China
| | - Jing Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology. #328 Huolishan Avenue, Yushan District, Maanshan, Anhui, 243032, PR China.
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