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Gu Y, Zhao T, Sun B, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu G, Yu C. Integrated gold nanorods-based dual-signal platform for accurate total antioxidant capacity assessment in food samples. Talanta 2024; 280:126650. [PMID: 39128310 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in food is crucial for evaluating nutritional quality and potential health benefits. This study aims to enhance the sensitivity and reliability of TAC detection through a dual-signal method, combining colorimetric and photothermal signals. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) were utilized to establish a dual-signal method duo to the colorimetric and photothermal properties. Fenton reaction can etch the AuNRs from the tips, as a result, a blue shift in the longitudinal LSPR absorption peak was obtained, leading to significant changes in color and photothermal effects, facilitating discrimination through both visual observation and thermometer measurements. In the presence of antioxidants, the Fenton reaction was suppressed or inhibited, protecting the AuNRs from etching. The colorimetric and photothermal signals were therefore positively correlated with TAC levels, enabling dual-signal detection of TAC. The linear range of AA was 4-100 μM in both colorimetry and photothermal modes, with detection limits of 1.60 μM and 1.38 μM, respectively. This dual-signal approach achieves low detection limits, enhancing precision and sensitivity. The method thus has the potential to act as a promising candidate for TAC detection in food samples, contributing to improved food quality and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Gu
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, PR China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Lucky Healthcare Limited Liability Company, Baoding, 071054, PR China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, PR China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, PR China.
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, 061100, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Guangcai Xu
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, PR China
| | - Cong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
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2
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Liu S, Chen X, Zhao H, Lin T, Hou L, Zhao S. Rapid photothermal assay for ultrasensitive point-of-care detection of tumor markers based on a filter membrane. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:522. [PMID: 39112842 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive photothermal assay was designed for point-of-care testing (POCT) of tumor markers based on a filter membrane. Firstly, Cu2-xSe was successfully encapsulated in liposome spheres with biotin on the surface and connected to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) aptamer with 3'end modified biotin by streptavidin. Secondly, the CEA antibody was successfully modified on the surface of the nitrocellulose membrane through simple incubation. Finally, the assay process was completed using a disposable syringe, and the temperature was recorded using a handheld infrared temperature detector. In the range 0-50 ng mL-1, the temperature change of the nitrocellulose membrane has a strong linear relationship with CEA concentration, and the detection limit is 0.097 ng mL-1. It is worth noting that the entire testing process can be easily performed in 10 min, much shorter than traditional clinical methods. In addition, this method was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of CEA levels in human serum samples with a recovery of 96.2-103.3%. This rapid assay can be performed by "one suction and one push" through a disposable syringe, which is simple to operate, and the excellent sensitivity reveals the great potential of the proposed strategy in the POCT of tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xinlian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tianran Lin
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Li Hou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Yang J, Li G, Deng K, Huang H. A platinum glutamate acid complex as a peroxidase mimic: high activity, controllable chemical modification, and application in biosensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1093-1101. [PMID: 38284245 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Recent strides in nanotechnology have given rise to nanozymes, nanomaterials designed to emulate enzymatic functions. Despite their promise, challenges such as batch-to-batch variability and limited atomic utilization persist. This study introduces Pt(Glu)2, a platinum glutamic acid complex, as a versatile small-molecule peroxidase mimic. Synthesized through a straightforward method, Pt(Glu)2 exhibits robust catalytic activity and stability. Steady-state kinetics reveal a lower Km value compared to that of natural enzymes, signifying strong substrate affinity. Pt(Glu)2 was explored for controllable chemical modification and integration into cascade reactions with natural enzymes, surpassing other nanomaterials. Its facile synthesis and seamless integration enhance cascade reactions beyond the capabilities of nanozymes. In biosensing applications, Pt(Glu)2 enabled simultaneous detection of cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase in human serum with high selectivity and sensitivity. These findings illustrate the potential of small molecule mimetics in catalysis and biosensing, paving the way for their broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Lexian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Guoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Keqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Haowen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang S, Tan Q, Hu B, Xu Q, Li H. Engineering Entropy-Driven Nanomachine-Mediated Morphological Evolution of Anisotropic Silver Triangular Nanoplates for Colorimetric and Photothermal Biosensing. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12032-12038. [PMID: 37542454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
A DNA/RNA biosensor capable of single nucleotide variation (SNV) resolution is highly desirable for drug design and disease diagnosis. To meet the point-of-care demand, rapid, cost-effective, and accurate SNV detection is of great significance but still suffers from a challenge. In this work, a unique nonenzymatic dual-modal (multicolorimetric and photothermal) visualization DNA biosensor is first proposed for SNV identification on the basis of an entropy-driven nanomachine with double output DNAs and coordination etching of anisotropic silver triangular nanoplates (Ag TNPs). When the target initiates the DNA nanomachine, the liberated multiple output DNAs can be utilized as a bridge to produce a superparamagnetic sandwich complex. The incoming poly-C DNA can coordinate and etch highly active Ag+ ions at the tips of Ag TNPs, causing a shift in the plasmon peak of Ag TNPs from 808 to 613 nm. The more target DNAs are introduced, the more output DNAs are released and thus the more Ag+ ions are etched. The noticeable color changes of anisotropic Ag TNPs can be differentiated by "naked eye" and accurate temperature reading. The programmable DNA nanotechnology and magnetic extraction grant the high specificity. Also, the SNV detection results can be self-verified by the two-signal readouts. Moreover, the dual-modal biosensor has the advantages of portability, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity. Particularly, the exclusive entropy-driven amplifier liberates double output DNAs to bridge more poly-C DNAs, enabling the dual-modal visualization DNA biosensor with improved sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Yansong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Shenlong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Bingtao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
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Li K, Wang J, Liu L, Cao H, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang J, He S, Wei H, Yu CY. Pd(II)-based coordination polymer nanosheets for ratiometric colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode assay of serum alkaline phosphatase. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122802. [PMID: 37187151 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of a multi-signal readout assay with high sensitivity and selectivity is highly desirable for clinical and biochemical analysis, but remains a challenge due to laborious procedures, large-scale instruments, and inadequate accuracy. Herein, a straightforward, rapid, and portable detection platform based on palladium(II) methylene blue (MB) coordination polymer nanosheets (PdMBCP NSs) was unveiled for the ratiometric dual-mode detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with temperature and colorimetric signal readout properties. The sensing mechanism is the ALP-catalyzed generation of ascorbic acid for competitive binding and etching PdMBCP NSs to release free MB in a quantitive means for detection. Specifically, ALP addition led to the decrease of temperature signal readout from the decomposed PdMBCP NSs under 808 nm laser excitation, and simultaneous increase of the temperature from the generated MB with a 660 nm laser, together with the corresponding absorbance changes at both wavelengths. Notably, this ratiometric nanosensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.013 U/L (colorimetric) and 0.095 U/L (photothermal) within 10 min, respectively. The reliability and satisfactory sensing performance of the developed method were further confirmed by clinic serum samples. Therefore, this study provides a new insight for the development of dual-signal sensing platforms for convenient, universal, and accurate detection of ALP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Li
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jikai Wang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Suisui He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Hua Wei
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Cui-Yun Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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Liu S, Lin D, Lai Y, Hou L, Lin T, Zhao S. Gas-Mediated Immunoassay for the Carcinoembryonic Antigen at Atmospheric Pressure with Smartphone Coupling with the Fluorescence Quenching Length of Perovskite Capillary. Anal Chem 2022; 94:18074-18082. [PMID: 36516357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By combining the photothermal properties of the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine oxidation product (TMBox) with the sensitive quenching of perovskite fluorescence by ammonia gas, a gas-mediated immunoassay at atmospheric pressure was constructed, which took the fluorescence quenching length of perovskite fluorescent capillary as the signal output. First, a CsPbBr3 perovskite with surface modification of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane was synthesized by thermal injection and decorated to the capillary wall by glutaraldehyde cross-linking. In the presence of H2O2 and the tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), TMB was oxidized to TMBox by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled CEA antibody. The photothermal effect of TMBox at 808 nm laser irradiation increases the concentration of ammonia gas, and the prepared fluorescent capillary can respond sensitively to ammonia gas. The fluorescence quenching length can be observed by the naked eye for a semiquantitative evaluation of CEA concentration. At the same time, we developed a mobile APP for the first time to measure the fluorescence quenching length. In the range of 0-20 ng mL-1, the quenching length increased linearly with the increase in CEA concentration, and the detection limit was 0.078 ng mL-1. This method has been successfully used for the detection of CEA in human serum with a recovery of 95.8%-106.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Danxuan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunping Lai
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianran Lin
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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Li S, Wei Z, Xiong L, Xu Q, Yu L, Xiao Y. In Situ Formation of o-Phenylenediamine Cascade Polymers Mediated by Metal-Organic Framework Nanozymes for Fluorescent and Photothermal Dual-Mode Assay of Acetylcholinesterase Activity. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17263-17271. [PMID: 36463539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent and photothermal dual-mode assay method was established for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity based on in situ formation of o-phenylenediamine (oPD) cascade polymers. First, copper metal-organic frameworks of benzenetricarboxylic acid (Cu-BTC) were screened out as nanozymes with excellent oxidase-like activity and confinement catalysis effect. Then, an ingenious oPD cascade polymerization strategy was proposed. That is, oPD was oxidized by Cu-BTC to oPD oligomers with strong yellow fluorescence, and oPD oligomers were further catalyzed to generate J-aggregation, which promotes the formation of oPD polymer nanoparticles with a high photothermal effect. By utilizing thiocholine (enzymolysis product of acetylthiocholine) to inhibit the Cu-BTC catalytic effect, AChE activity was detected through the fluorescence-photothermal dual-signal change of oPD oligomers and polymer nanoparticles. Both assay modes have low detection limitation (0.03 U L-1 for fluorescence and 0.05 U L-1 for photothermal) and can accurately detect the AChE activity of human serum (recovery 85.0-111.3%). The detection results of real serum samples by fluorescent and photothermal dual modes are consistent with each other (relative error ≤ 5.2%). It is worth emphasizing that this is the first time to report the high photothermal effect of oPD polymers and the fluorescence-photothermal dual-mode assay of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhongyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuxiu Xiao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Sen Ding S, Xiao Li M, Xiang Y, Tang J, Zhang Q, Huang M, Hui Zhao X, Wang J, Mei Li C. Synergistic effect-mediated fluorescence switching of nitrogen-doped carbon dots for visual detection of alkaline phosphatase. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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