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Moris H, Ghaee A, Karimi M, Nouri-Felekori M, Mashak A. Preparation and characterization of Pullulan-based nanocomposite scaffold incorporating Ag-Silica Janus particles for bone tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 135:212733. [PMID: 35929198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A nanocomposite bone scaffold was fabricated from pullulan, a natural extracellular polysaccharide. Pullulan (PULL) was blended with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and a nano-platform with ball-stick morphology, Ag-Silica Janus particles (Ag-Silica JPs), which were utilized to fabricate nanocomposite scaffold with enhanced mechanical and biological properties. The Ag-Silica JPs were synthesized via a one-step sol-gel method and used to obtain synergistic properties of silver and silica's antibacterial and bioactive effects, respectively. The synthesized Ag-Silica JPs were characterized by means of FE-SEM, DLS, and EDS. The PULL/PVP scaffolds containing Ag-Silica JPs, fabricated by the freeze-drying method, were evaluated by SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, ICP and biological analysis, including antibacterial activity, bioactivity, cell viability and cell culture tests. It was noted that increasing Ag-Silica JPs amounts to an optimum level (1% w/w) led to an improvement in compressive modulus and strength of nanocomposite scaffold, reaching 1.03 ± 0.48 MPa and 3.27 ± 0.18, respectively. Scaffolds incorporating Ag-Silica JPs also showed favorable antibacterial activity. The investigations through apatite forming ability of scaffolds in SBF indicated spherical apatite precipitates. Furthermore, the cell viability test proved the outstanding biocompatibility of nanocomposite scaffolds (more than 90%) confirmed by cell culture tests showing that increment of Ag-Silica JPs amounts led to better adhesion, proliferation, ALP activity and mineralization of MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Moris
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ghaee
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Karimi
- Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri-Felekori
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Mashak
- Department of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box: 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Boehm AV, Meininger S, Gbureck U, Müller FA. Self-healing capacity of fiber-reinforced calcium phosphate cements. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9430. [PMID: 32523063 PMCID: PMC7287135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem concerning the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPC) is related to their inherent brittleness, which limits their applicability to non-load bearing bone defects. In this work the preparation of a damage tolerant CPC is presented, where the incorporation of functionalized carbon fibers facilitates steady state flat crack propagation with crack openings below 10 µm. A subsequent self-healing process in simulated body fluid, that mimics the in vivo mineralization of bioactive surfaces, closes the cracks and completely restores the mechanical properties. Hereby, two pathways of self-healing are presented: i) intrinsic healing that bases on the inherent bioactive properties of the cement matrix and chemically treated fibers, and ii) capsule based extrinsic healing, where H2PO4- is released as an initiator for the apatite formation. Such damage tolerant CPCs with self-healing capacity are of particular interest to increase the lifetime of implants as well as in the field of load-bearing bioceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V Boehm
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Meininger
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry (FMZ), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry (FMZ), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank A Müller
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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3
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Tang J, Li L, Wang X, Yang J, Yue J, Yin J, Qi Z, Zhu Z. Crystallization behavior and physical property of poly(
ε
‐caprolactone) tailored by a biocompatible linear diamide nucleating agent. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Lingling Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jinjun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Junjie Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhicheng Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
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4
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Tahoces PG, Messina PV, Ruso JM. Quantitative analysis of complex nanocomposites based on straight skeletonization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Kashte S, Jaiswal AK, Kadam S. Artificial Bone via Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Scenario and Challenges. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:1-14. [PMID: 30603457 PMCID: PMC6171575 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone provides mechanical support, and flexibility to the body as a structural frame work along with mineral storage, homeostasis, and blood pH regulation. The repair and/or replacement of injured or defective bone with healthy bone or bone substitute is a critical problem in orthopedic treatment. Recent advances in tissue engineering have shown promising results in developing bone material capable of substituting the conventional autogenic or allogenic bone transplants. In the present review, we have discussed natural and synthetic scaffold materials such as metal and metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, etc. which are widely being used along with their cellular counterparts such as stem cells in bone tissue engineering with their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaji Kashte
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Girinagar, Pune, MS 411025 India
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006 India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Center for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, VIT University, Vellore, 632104 India
| | - Sachin Kadam
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006 India
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6
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Kaynak Bayrak G, Demirtaş TT, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Microwave-induced biomimetic approach for hydroxyapatite coatings of chitosan scaffolds. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:803-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Li J, Lv F, Xu H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yi Z, Yin J, Chang J, Wu C. A patterned nanocomposite membrane for high-efficiency healing of diabetic wound. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1926-1934. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00124j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A bioactive glass/patterned electrospun membrane (BG/PEM) with uniform nanostructure could stimulate angiogenesis and accelerate diabetic wound healing with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Li
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
| | - Fang Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - He Xu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- China
| | - Zhengfang Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- China
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8
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Pullulan microcarriers for bone tissue regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:439-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Mallakpour S, Nouruzi N. Effect of modified ZnO nanoparticles with biosafe molecule on the morphology and physiochemical properties of novel polycaprolactone nanocomposites. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Combined additive manufacturing approaches in tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:1-11. [PMID: 26134665 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances introduced by additive manufacturing (AM) have significantly improved the control over the microarchitecture of scaffolds for tissue engineering. This has led to the flourishing of research works addressing the optimization of AM scaffolds microarchitecture to optimally trade-off between conflicting requirements (e.g. mechanical stiffness and porosity level). A fascinating trend concerns the integration of AM with other scaffold fabrication methods (i.e. "combined" AM), leading to hybrid architectures with complementary structural features. Although this innovative approach is still at its beginning, significant results have been achieved in terms of improved biological response to the scaffold, especially targeting the regeneration of complex tissues. This review paper reports the state of the art in the field of combined AM, posing the accent on recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives.
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11
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Costa PF, Hutmacher DW, Theodoropoulos C, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Vaquette C. Additively Manufactured Device for Dynamic Culture of Large Arrays of 3D Tissue Engineered Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:864-73. [PMID: 25721231 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability to test large arrays of cell and biomaterial combinations in 3D environments is still rather limited in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This limitation can be generally addressed by employing highly automated and reproducible methodologies. This study reports on the development of a highly versatile and upscalable method based on additive manufacturing for the fabrication of arrays of scaffolds, which are enclosed into individualized perfusion chambers. Devices containing eight scaffolds and their corresponding bioreactor chambers are simultaneously fabricated utilizing a dual extrusion additive manufacturing system. To demonstrate the versatility of the concept, the scaffolds, while enclosed into the device, are subsequently surface-coated with a biomimetic calcium phosphate layer by perfusion with simulated body fluid solution. 96 scaffolds are simultaneously seeded and cultured with human osteoblasts under highly controlled bidirectional perfusion dynamic conditions over 4 weeks. Both coated and noncoated resulting scaffolds show homogeneous cell distribution and high cell viability throughout the 4 weeks culture period and CaP-coated scaffolds result in a significantly increased cell number. The methodology developed in this work exemplifies the applicability of additive manufacturing as a tool for further automation of studies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F. Costa
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Avepark-Zona Industrial da Gandra; S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-09 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Christina Theodoropoulos
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Avepark-Zona Industrial da Gandra; S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-09 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Avepark-Zona Industrial da Gandra; S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-09 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Cédryck Vaquette
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
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12
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Pina S, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Natural-based nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1143-1169. [PMID: 25580589 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has been providing exciting technologies for the development of functional substitutes aimed to repair and regenerate damaged tissues and organs. Inspired by the hierarchical nature of bone, nanostructured biomaterials are gaining a singular attention for tissue engineering, owing their ability to promote cell adhesion and proliferation, and hence new bone growth, compared with conventional microsized materials. Of particular interest are nanocomposites involving biopolymeric matrices and bioactive nanosized fillers. Biodegradability, high mechanical strength, and osteointegration and formation of ligamentous tissue are properties required for such materials. Biopolymers are advantageous due to their similarities with extracellular matrices, specific degradation rates, and good biological performance. By its turn, calcium phosphates possess favorable osteoconductivity, resorbability, and biocompatibility. Herein, an overview on the available natural polymer/calcium phosphate nanocomposite materials, their design, and properties is presented. Scaffolds, hydrogels, and fibers as biomimetic strategies for tissue engineering, and processing methodologies are described. The specific biological properties of the nanocomposites, as well as their interaction with cells, including the use of bioactive molecules, are highlighted. Nanocomposites in vivo studies using animal models are also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pina
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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13
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Wang J, Wang H, Wang Y, Li J, Su Z, Wei G. Alternate layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide nanosheets and fibrinogen nanofibers on a silicon substrate for a biomimetic three-dimensional hydroxyapatite scaffold. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:7360-7368. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01324g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Thavornyutikarn B, Chantarapanich N, Sitthiseripratip K, Thouas GA, Chen Q. Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques. Prog Biomater 2014; 3:61-102. [PMID: 26798575 PMCID: PMC4709372 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-014-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is essentially a technique for imitating nature. Natural tissues consist of three components: cells, signalling systems (e.g. growth factors) and extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM forms a scaffold for its cells. Hence, the engineered tissue construct is an artificial scaffold populated with living cells and signalling molecules. A huge effort has been invested in bone tissue engineering, in which a highly porous scaffold plays a critical role in guiding bone and vascular tissue growth and regeneration in three dimensions. In the last two decades, numerous scaffolding techniques have been developed to fabricate highly interconnective, porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. This review provides an update on the progress of foaming technology of biomaterials, with a special attention being focused on computer-aided manufacturing (Andrade et al. 2002) techniques. This article starts with a brief introduction of tissue engineering (Bone tissue engineering and scaffolds) and scaffolding materials (Biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering). After a brief reviews on conventional scaffolding techniques (Conventional scaffolding techniques), a number of CAM techniques are reviewed in great detail. For each technique, the structure and mechanical integrity of fabricated scaffolds are discussed in detail. Finally, the advantaged and disadvantage of these techniques are compared (Comparison of scaffolding techniques) and summarised (Summary).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nattapon Chantarapanich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Si Racha, Kasetsart University, 199 Sukhumvit Road, Si Racha, Chonburi 20230 Thailand
| | - Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - George A. Thouas
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Qizhi Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
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15
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Stimulation of osteogenic and angiogenic ability of cells on polymers by pulsed laser deposition of uniform akermanite-glass nanolayer. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3295-306. [PMID: 24726444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymer biomaterials have been widely used for bone replacement/regeneration because of their unique mechanical properties and workability. Their inherent low bioactivity makes them lack osseointegration with host bone tissue. For this reason, bioactive inorganic particles have been always incorporated into the matrix of polymers to improve their bioactivity. However, mixing inorganic particles with polymers always results in inhomogeneity of particle distribution in polymer matrix with limited bioactivity. This study sets out to apply the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique to prepare uniform akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7, AKT) glass nanocoatings on the surface of two polymers (non-degradable polysulfone (PSU) and degradable polylactic acid (PDLLA)) in order to improve their surface osteogenic and angiogenic activity. The results show that a uniform nanolayer composed of amorphous AKT particles (∼30 nm) of thickness 130 nm forms on the surface of both PSU and PDLLA films with the PLD technique. The prepared AKT-PSU and AKT-PDLLA films significantly improved the surface roughness, hydrophilicity, hardness and apatite mineralization, compared with pure PSU and PDLLA, respectively. The prepared AKT nanocoatings distinctively enhance the alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and bone-related gene expression (ALP, OCN, OPN and Col I) of bone-forming cells on both PSU and PDLLA films. Furthermore, AKT nanocoatings on two polymers improve the attachment, proliferation, VEGF secretion and expression of proangiogenic factors and their receptors of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The results suggest that PLD-prepared bioceramic nanocoatings are very useful for enhancing the physicochemical, osteogenic and angiogenic properties of both degradable and non-degradable polymers for application in bone replacement/regeneration.
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16
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Biomimetic self-assembly of apatite hybrid materials: From a single molecular template to bi-/multi-molecular templates. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:744-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Huang CL, Lee WL, Loo JS. Drug-eluting scaffolds for bone and cartilage regeneration. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:714-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Yang Z, Zhang C, Huang L. Quartz crystal microbalance for comparison of calcium phosphate precipitation on planar and rough phospholipid bilayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:265-9. [PMID: 24495457 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The planar and rough phospholipid bilayers at the surfaces of quartz crystal and titania-modified quartz crystal were fabricated via the surface modification, respectively, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and piezoelectric measurement. The formation of calcium phosphate on planar and rough phospholipid bilayers was investigated in detail using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The obtained results showed that the calcium phosphate precipitation was closely related to the roughness and surface potential of phospholipid bilayers. Compared with planar phospholipid bilayers, the rough phospholipid bilayers exhibited a higher deposition rate of calcium phosphate. The presence of anionic phosphatidylserine (PS) in phosphatidylcholine (PC)/PS phospholipid induced PC/PS surface with negative charge, thus showing significantly enhanced calcium phosphate precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpeng Yang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; Cultivating Base for Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Inorganic Materials in University of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Chunjing Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Lina Huang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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19
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Declercq HA, Desmet T, Dubruel P, Cornelissen MJ. The role of scaffold architecture and composition on the bone formation by adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:434-44. [PMID: 23998529 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold architecture and composition are crucial parameters determining the initial cell spatial distribution and consequently bone tissue formation. Three-dimensional poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with a 0/90° lay-down pattern were plotted and subjected to (1) an oxygen plasma (PCL O) or (2) a postargon plasma modification with gelatin and fibronectin (PCL Fn). These scaffolds with an open pore structure were compared with more compact scaffolds fabricated by conventional processing techniques: oxidized polylactic acid (LA O) and collagen (COL) scaffolds. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cell/scaffold interactions were studied. The study revealed that the biomimetic surface modification of plotted scaffolds did not increase the seeding efficiency. The proliferation and colonization was superior for PCL Fn in comparison with PCL O. The plotted PCL Fn was completely colonized throughout the scaffold, whereas conventional scaffolds only at the edge. Protein-based scaffolds (PCL Fn and COL) enhanced the differentiation, although plotted scaffolds showed a delay in their differentiation compared with compact scaffolds. In conclusion, protein modification of plotted PCL scaffolds enhances uniform tissue formation, but shows a delayed differentiation in comparison with compact scaffolds. The present study demonstrates that biomimetic PCL scaffolds could serve as a guiding template to obtain a uniform bone tissue formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Declercq
- 1 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Declercq HA, Desmet T, Berneel EEM, Dubruel P, Cornelissen MJ. Synergistic effect of surface modification and scaffold design of bioplotted 3-D poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds in osteogenic tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7699-708. [PMID: 23669624 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic nature and the regular scaffold architecture of bioplotted poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds present some hurdles for homogeneous tissue formation and differentiation. The current hypothesis is that a synergistic effect of applied surface modification and scaffold design enhances colonization and osteogenic differentiation. First, PCL scaffolds with a 0/90° lay-down pattern (0/90) were plotted and subjected to an oxygen plasma (O2) or multistep surface modification, including post-argon 2-amino-ethylmethacrylate grafting (AEMA), followed by immobilization of gelatin type B (gelB) and physisorption of fibronectin (gelB Fn). Secondly, scaffolds of different designs were plotted (0/90° shift (0/90 S), 0/45° and 0/90° with narrow pores (0/90 NP)) and subjected to the double protein coating. Preosteoblasts were cultured on the scaffolds and the seeding efficiency, colonization and differentiation were studied. The data revealed that a biomimetic surface modification improved colonization (gelB Fn>gelB>AEMA>O2). Compact scaffold architectures (0/90 NP, 0/45, 0/90 S>0/90) positively influenced the seeding efficiency and differentiation. Interestingly, the applied surface modification had a greater impact on colonization than the scaffold design. In conclusion, the combination of a double protein coating with a compact design enhances tissue formation in the plotted PCL scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Declercq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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Moroni L, Nandakumar A, de Groot FB, van Blitterswijk CA, Habibovic P. Plug and play: combining materials and technologies to improve bone regenerative strategies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:745-59. [PMID: 23671062 DOI: 10.1002/term.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of biomaterials intended to replace natural bone grafts for the regeneration of large, clinically relevant defects, most synthetic solutions that are currently applied in the clinic are still inferior to natural bone grafts with regard to regenerative potential and are limited to non-weight-bearing applications. From a materials science perspective, we always face the conundrum of the preservation of bioactivity of calcium phosphate ceramics in spite of better mechanical and handling properties and processability of polymers. Composites have long been investigated as a method to marry these critical properties for the successful regeneration of bone and, indeed, have shown a significant improvement when used in combination with cells or growth factors. However, when looking at this approach from a clinical and regulatory perspective, the use of cells or biologicals prolongs the path of new treatments from the bench to the bedside. Applying 'smart' synthetic materials alone poses the fascinating challenge of instructing tissue regeneration in situ, thereby tremendously facilitating clinical translation. In the journey to make this possible, and with the aim of adding up the advantages of different biomaterials, combinations of fabrication technologies arise as a new strategy for generating instructive three-dimensional (3D) constructs for bone regeneration. Here we provide a review of recent technologies and approaches to create such constructs and give our perspective on how combinations of technologies and materials can help in obtaining more functional bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anandkumar Nandakumar
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Alp B, Cesur S. Isothermal crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone composites with zinc oxide, oleic acid, and glycerol monooleate. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Alp
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Izmir Institute of Technology; Izmir Turkey
| | - Serap Cesur
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
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Nandakumar A, Barradas A, de Boer J, Moroni L, van Blitterswijk C, Habibovic P. Combining technologies to create bioactive hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. BIOMATTER 2013; 3:23705. [PMID: 23507924 PMCID: PMC3749798 DOI: 10.4161/biom.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Combining technologies to engineer scaffolds that can offer physical and chemical cues to cells is an attractive approach in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we have fabricated polymer-ceramic hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration by combining rapid prototyping (RP), electrospinning (ESP) and a biomimetic coating method in order to provide mechanical support and a physico-chemical environment mimicking both the organic and inorganic phases of bone extracellular matrix (ECM). Poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(buthylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) block copolymer was used to produce three dimensional scaffolds by combining 3D fiber (3DF) deposition, and ESP, and these constructs were then coated with a Ca-P layer in a simulated physiological solution. Scaffold morphology and composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) and Fourier Tranform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were cultured on coated and uncoated 3DF and 3DF + ESP scaffolds for up to 21 d in basic and mineralization medium and cell attachment, proliferation, and expression of genes related to osteogenesis were assessed. Cells attached, proliferated and secreted ECM on all the scaffolds. There were no significant differences in metabolic activity among the different groups on days 7 and 21. Coated 3DF scaffolds showed a significantly higher DNA amount in basic medium at 21 d compared with the coated 3DF + ESP scaffolds, whereas in mineralization medium, the presence of coating in 3DF+ESP scaffolds led to a significant decrease in the amount of DNA. An effect of combining different scaffolding technologies and material types on expression of a number of osteogenic markers (cbfa1, BMP-2, OP, OC and ON) was observed, suggesting the potential use of this approach in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandkumar Nandakumar
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Barradas
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abdelaal OAM, Darwish SMH. Review of Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabrication. ADVANCED STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31470-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Oliveira AL, Sousa EC, Silva NA, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Peripheral mineralization of a 3D biodegradable tubular construct as a way to enhance guidance stabilization in spinal cord injury regeneration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2821-2830. [PMID: 22903600 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) present a major challenge to therapeutic development due to its complexity. Combinatorial approaches using biodegradable polymers that can simultaneously provide a tissue scaffold, a cell vehicle, and a reservoir for sustained drug delivery have shown very promising results. In our previous studies we have developed a novel hybrid system consisting of starch/poly-e-caprolactone (SPCL) semi-rigid tubular porous structure, based on a rapid prototyping technology, filled by a gellan gum hydrogel concentric core for the regeneration within spinal-cord injury sites. In the present work we intend to promote enhanced osteointegration on these systems by pre-mineralizing specifically the external surfaces of the SPCL tubular structures, though a biomimetic strategy, using a sodium silicate gel as nucleating agent. The idea is to create two different cell environments to promote axonal regeneration in the interior of the constructs while inducing osteogenic activity on its external surface. By using a Teflon cylinder to isolate the interior of the scaffold, it was possible to observe the formation of a bone-like poorly crystalline carbonated apatite layer continuously formed only in the external side of the tubular structure. This biomimetic layer was able to support the adhesion of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, which have gone under cytoskeleton reorganization in the first hours of culture when compared to cells cultured on uncoated scaffolds. This strategy can be a useful route for locally stimulate bone tissue regeneration and facilitating early bone ingrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Yang ZP, Zhang CJ, Sun YK, Ren XL. Controlled growth of calcium phosphate using phosphatidylcholine-modified porous titania as reaction compartments. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lode A, Meissner K, Luo Y, Sonntag F, Glorius S, Nies B, Vater C, Despang F, Hanke T, Gelinsky M. Fabrication of porous scaffolds by three-dimensional plotting of a pasty calcium phosphate bone cement under mild conditions. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:682-93. [PMID: 22933381 DOI: 10.1002/term.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The major advantage of hydroxyapatite (HA)-forming calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) used as bone replacement materials is their setting under physiological conditions without the necessity for thermal treatment that allows the incorporation of biological factors. In the present study, we have combined the biocompatible consolidation of CPCs with the potential of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques to generate calcium phosphate-based scaffolds with defined inner and outer morphology. We demonstrate the application of the RP technique three-dimensional (3D) plotting for the fabrication of HA cement scaffolds. This was realized by utilizing a paste-like CPC (P-CPC) which is stable as a malleable paste and whose setting reaction is initiated only after contact with aqueous solutions. The P-CPC showed good processability in the 3D plotting process and allowed the fabrication of stable 3D structures of different geometries with adequate mechanical stability and compressive strength. The cytocompatibility of the plotted P-CPC scaffolds was demonstrated in a cell culture experiment with human mesenchymal stem cells. The mild conditions during 3D plotting and post-processing and the realization of the whole procedure under sterile conditions make this approach highly attractive for fabrication of individualized implants with respect to patient-specific requirements by simultaneous plotting of biological components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Medical Faculty of Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Max Bergmann Centre of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Institute for Materials Science, Dresden, Germany
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He C, Zhang F, Cao L, Feng W, Qiu K, Zhang Y, Wang H, Mo X, Wang J. Rapid mineralization of porous gelatin scaffolds by electrodeposition for bone tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14631a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang J, Zong C, Shi D, Wang W, Shen D, Liu L, Tong X, Zheng Q, Gao C. Hepatogenic engineering from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in porous polylactic glycolic acid scaffolds under perfusion culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 6:29-39. [DOI: 10.1002/term.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Mavis B. A strategy for biomimetic hybridization of electrospun fiber mat cross-sections. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Perfusion electrodeposition of calcium phosphate on additive manufactured titanium scaffolds for bone engineering. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2310-9. [PMID: 21215337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A perfusion electrodeposition (P-ELD) system was reported to functionalize additive manufactured Ti6Al4V scaffolds with a calcium phosphate (CaP) coating in a controlled and reproducible manner. The effects and interactions of four main process parameters - current density (I), deposition time (t), flow rate (f) and process temperature (T) - on the properties of the CaP coating were investigated. The results showed a direct relation between the parameters and the deposited CaP mass, with a significant effect for t (P=0.001) and t-f interaction (P=0.019). Computational fluid dynamic analysis showed a relatively low electrolyte velocity within the struts and a high velocity in the open areas within the P-ELD chamber, which were not influenced by a change in f. This is beneficial for promoting a controlled CaP deposition and hydrogen gas removal. Optimization studies showed that a minimum t of 6 h was needed to obtain complete coating of the scaffold regardless of I, and the thickness was increased by increasing I and t. Energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the deposition of highly crystalline synthetic carbonated hydroxyapatite under all conditions (Ca/P ratio=1.41). High cell viability and cell-material interactions were demonstrated by in vitro culture of human periosteum derived cells on coated scaffolds. This study showed that P-ELD provides a technological tool to functionalize complex scaffold structures with a biocompatible CaP layer that has controlled and reproducible physicochemical properties suitable for bone engineering.
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Formation of nano-hydroxyapatite crystal in situ in chitosan–pectin polyelectrolyte complex network. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim IA, Rhee SH. Effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) degradability on the apatite-forming capacity of electrospun PLGA/SiO(2)-CaO nonwoven composite fabrics. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 93:218-26. [PMID: 20091921 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) degradability on the apatite-forming ability of electrospun PLGA/SiO(2)-CaO gel composite fabric. Two PLGA copolymer compositions with low and high degradability were used in experiments. A nonwoven polymer/ceramic composite fabric composed of randomly mixed microsized biodegradable PLGA fibers and nanosized bioactive SiO(2)-CaO gel fibers was prepared using a simultaneous electrospinning method. A 17 wt.% PLGA solution was prepared using 1,1,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol as a solvent, while the SiO(2)-CaO gel solution was prepared via a condensation reaction following hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate under acidic conditions. PLGA and SiO(2)-CaO gel solutions were spun simultaneously with two separate nozzles under electric fields of 1 and 2 kV/cm using two syringe pumps with flow rates of 7.5 and 5 mL/h, respectively. As controls, low and high degradable PLGA and SiO(2)-CaO gel nonwoven fabrics were also made by the same methods. The five nonwoven fabrics that were produced were exposed to simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 week. SBF exposure resulted in the deposition of a layer of apatite crystals on the surfaces of both the SiO(2)-CaO gel and the low degradable PLGA/SiO(2)-CaO gel composite fabrics, but not on the low and high degradable PLGA or the high degradable PLGA/SiO(2)-CaO gel composite fabrics. The results are explained in terms of the acidity of the PLGA degradation products, which could have a direct influence on apatite dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ae Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute and BK21 HLS, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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