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Montoro-Leal P, García-Mesa JC, Morales-Benítez I, Vázquez-Palomo L, López Guerrero MDM, Vereda Alonso EI. Synthesis of a novel magnetic nanomaterial for the development of a multielemental speciation method of lead, mercury, and vanadium via HPLC-ICP MS. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:296. [PMID: 37458876 PMCID: PMC10352391 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A new magnetic functionalized material based on graphene oxide magnetic nanoparticles named by us, M@GO-TS, was designed and characterized in order to develop a magnetic solid-phase extraction method (MSPE) to enrich inorganic and organic species of lead, mercury, and vanadium. A flow injection (FI) system was used to preconcentrate the metallic and organometallic species simultaneously, while the ultra-trace separation and determination of the selected species were achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP MS). Therefore, preconcentration and separation/determination processes were automated and conducted separately. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method combining an online MSPE and HPLC-ICP MS for multielemental speciation. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factor obtained for PbII, trimethyllead (TML), HgII, methylmercury (MetHg), and VV was 27. The calculated LOD for all studied species were as follows: 5 ng L-1, 20 ng L-1, 2 ng L-1, 10 ng L-1, and 0.4 ng L-1, respectively. The RSD values calculated with a solution containing 0.5 μg L-1 of all species were between 2.5 and 4.5%. The developed method was validated by analyzing Certified Reference Materials TMDA 64.3 for total concentration and also by recovery analysis of the species in human urine from volunteers and a seawater sample collected in Málaga. The t statistical test showed no significant differences between the certified and found values for TMDA 64.3. All the recoveries obtained from spiked human urine and seawater samples were close to 100%. All samples were analyzed using external calibration. The developed method is sensitive and promising for routine monitoring of the selected species in environmental waters and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Montoro-Leal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Mesa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Irene Morales-Benítez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Vázquez-Palomo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Elisa I Vereda Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Cheraghali S, Dini G, Caligiuri I, Back M, Rizzolio F. PEG-Coated MnZn Ferrite Nanoparticles with Hierarchical Structure as MRI Contrast Agent. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13030452. [PMID: 36770413 PMCID: PMC9920257 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, MnZn ferrite nanoparticles with hierarchical morphology were synthesized hydrothermally, and their surface characteristics were improved by the PEGylation process. In vitro MRI studies were also conducted to evaluate the ability of the synthesized nanoparticles as a contrast agent. All results were compared with those obtained for MnZn ferrite nanoparticles with normal structure. Microstructural evaluations showed that in ferrite with hierarchical morphology, the spherical particles with an average size of ~20 nm made a distinctive structure consisting of rows of nanoparticles which is a relatively big assembly like a dandelion. The smaller particle size and dandelion-like morphology led to an increase in specific surface area for the hierarchical structure (~69 m2/g) in comparison to the normal one (~30 m2/g) with an average particle size of ~40 nm. In vitro MRI, cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility assays confirmed the PEG-coated MnZn ferrite nanoparticles with hierarchical structure synthesized in the current study can be considered as an MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Cheraghali
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Ghasem Dini
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (M.B.); Tel.: +98-31-3793-4914 (G.D.); Fax: +98-379-32700 (G.D.)
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Back
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (M.B.); Tel.: +98-31-3793-4914 (G.D.); Fax: +98-379-32700 (G.D.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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Novel MR imaging nanoprobe for hepatocellular carcinoma detection based on manganese–zinc ferrite nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo assessments. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04427-x. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Understanding MNPs Behaviour in Response to AMF in Biological Milieus and the Effects at the Cellular Level: Implications for a Rational Design That Drives Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy toward Clinical Implementation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184583. [PMID: 34572810 PMCID: PMC8465027 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Magnetic hyperthermia therapy is an alternative treatment for cancer that complements traditional therapies and that has shown great promise in recent years. In this review, we assess the current applications of this therapy in order to understand why its translation from the laboratory to the clinic has been less smooth than was anticipated, identifying the possible bottlenecks and proposing solutions to the problems encountered. Abstract Hyperthermia has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies and in fact, traditional hyperthermia is now commonly used in combination with chemotherapy or surgery during cancer treatment. Nevertheless, non-specific application of hyperthermia generates various undesirable side-effects, such that nano-magnetic hyperthermia has arisen a possible solution to this problem. This technique to induce hyperthermia is based on the intrinsic capacity of magnetic nanoparticles to accumulate in a given target area and to respond to alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) by releasing heat, based on different principles of physics. Unfortunately, the clinical implementation of nano-magnetic hyperthermia has not been fluid and few clinical trials have been carried out. In this review, we want to demonstrate the need for more systematic and basic research in this area, as many of the sub-cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with this approach remain unclear. As such, we shall consider here the biological effects that occur and why this theoretically well-designed nano-system fails in physiological conditions. Moreover, we will offer some guidelines that may help establish successful strategies through the rational design of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia.
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Çitoğlu S, Coşkun ÖD, Tung LD, Onur MA, Thanh NTK. DMSA-coated cubic iron oxide nanoparticles as potential therapeutic agents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:925-941. [PMID: 34015971 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Superparamagnetic cubic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized and functionalized with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as a potential agent for cancer treatment. Methods: Monodisperse cubic IONPs with a high value of saturation magnetization were synthesized by thermal decomposition method and functionalized with DMSA via ligand exchange reaction, and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells were investigated. Results: DMSA functionalized cubic IONPs with an edge length of 24.5 ± 1.9 nm had a specific absorption rate value of 197.4 W/gFe (15.95 kA/m and 488 kHz) and showed slight cytotoxicity on HeLa cells when incubated with 3.3 × 1010, 6.6 × 1010 and 9.9 × 1010 NP/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate both the cytotoxic effects of DMSA-coated cubic IONPs on HeLa cells and hyperthermia performance of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Çitoğlu
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Özlem Duyar Coşkun
- Thin Film Preparation and Characterization Laboratory, Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Le Duc Tung
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic & Nanomaterials Laboratories, The Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.,Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mehmet Ali Onur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic & Nanomaterials Laboratories, The Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.,Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Lincha VR, Zhao J, Wen X, Xiong C, S-L Chow D, Li C. A polymeric micellar drug delivery system developed through a design of Experiment approach improves pancreatic tumor accumulation of calcipotriol and paclitaxel. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120523. [PMID: 33775721 PMCID: PMC8122084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop optimal micelles loaded with calcipotriol (Cal) and paclitaxel (PTX) for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) using a Design of Experiment (DOE) approach. The central composite design (CCD), a type of DOE was used to tune the size and drug release properties of the drug-loaded micelles. This approach yielded optimal Cal and PTX co-loaded micelles (M-Cal/PTX) with size of 40-100 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.25 and a zeta potential (ζ) of − 6.2 ± 0.8 mV. When evaluated in vitro, drug release from the micelles showed a biphasic pattern. The initial release, defined as the cumulative 2-hr drug release was less than 25% in all relevant media. This phase was followed by a gradual release with less than 80% of drugs released after 5 days. In vivo, the micelles prolonged the apparent biological half-life of Cal by more than 3 times and a marginal increase for PTX in an orthotopic mouse model of PDAC. The micelle-encapsulated drugs showed extended tumor accumulation when compared to non-encapsulated Cal and PTX at equivalent dose levels. Future studies on the antitumor activity of this novel dual drug payload delivery system are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R Lincha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Chiyi Xiong
- Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Diana S-L Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Chun Li
- Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Lin Y, Zhang K, Zhang R, She Z, Tan R, Fan Y, Li X. Magnetic nanoparticles applied in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging: crucial preparation parameters, indispensable pre-treatments, updated research advancements and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5973-5991. [PMID: 32597454 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention in cancer treatment as carriers for drug delivery and imaging contrast agents due to their distinctive performances based on their magnetic properties and nanoscale structure. In this review, we aim to comprehensively dissect how the applications of MNPs in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging are achieved and their specificities by focusing on the following aspects: (1) several important preparation parameters (pH, temperature, ratio of the reactive substances, etc.) that have crucial effects on the properties of MNPs, (2) indispensable treatments to improve the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting ability of MNPs and prolong their circulation time for biomedical applications, (3) the mechanism for MNPs to deliver and release medicine to the desired sites and be applied in magnetic hyperthermia as well as related updated research advancements, (4) comparatively promising research directions of MNPs in magnetic resonance imaging, and (5) perspectives in the further optimization of their preparations, pre-treatments and applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhending She
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Rongwei Tan
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Montoro-Leal P, García-Mesa J, Siles Cordero M, López Guerrero M, Vereda Alonso E. Magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction for simultaneous enrichment of cadmium and lead in environmental water samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Comparative Study of Synthesis Methods to Prepare New Functionalized Adsorbent Materials Based on MNPs-GO Coupling. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020304. [PMID: 32053910 PMCID: PMC7075119 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of new adsorbent nanomaterials based on the coupling of magnetic nanoparticles and graphene oxide (MNPs-GO) was addressed. Separately, MNPs and GO have adsorbent properties of great interest, but their use involves certain difficulties. The coupling seeks compensation for their disadvantages, while maintaining their excellent properties. Three different routes to synthesize coupled MNPs-GO were studied and are compared in this work. The three synthesized materials were functionalized with chelating groups: [1,5-bis (di-2-pyridyl) methylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (DPTH) and [1,5-bis(2-pyridyl)3-sulfophenylmethylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (PSTH). The new adsorbent nanomaterials were characterized adequately. Moreover, their capacities of adsorption toward heavy and noble metals were determined, in order to apply them as extractants in magnetic solid-phase extraction to preconcentrate metals in environmental samples. The results showed that one of the routes provided nanomaterials with better adsorbent characteristics and higher yields of functionalization.
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10
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High-throughput quantitative microscopy-based half-life measurements of intravenously injected agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3502-3508. [PMID: 32015123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915450117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate analysis of blood concentration and circulation half-life is an important consideration for any intravenously administered agent in preclinical development or for therapeutic application. However, the currently available tools to measure these parameters are laborious, expensive, and inefficient for handling multiple samples from complex multivariable experiments. Here we describe a robust high-throughput quantitative microscopy-based method to measure the blood concentration and circulation half-life of any fluorescently labeled agent using only a small (2 µL) amount of blood volume, enabling additional end-point measurements to be assessed in the same subject. To validate this method, we demonstrate its use to measure the circulation half-life in mice of two types of fluorescently labeled polymeric nanoparticles of different sizes and surface chemistries and of a much smaller fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, we demonstrate the improved accuracy of this method compared to previously described methods.
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11
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Karimi-Chayjani R, Daneshvar N, Nikoo Langarudi MS, Shirini F, Tajik H. Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing bis dicationic bridge for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolo pyrimidine/ quinazolinone derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Salvador M, Gallo-Cordova Á, Moyano A, Martínez-García JC, Blanco-López MC, Puerto Morales M, Rivas M. Improved magnetic lateral flow assays with optimized nanotags for point-of-use inductive biosensing. Analyst 2020; 145:5905-5914. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00849d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanotags in lateral flow immunoassay for inductive biosensing: clusters of superparamagnetic critical size optimize the reading out.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salvador
- Department of Physics & IUTA
- University of Oviedo
- Spain
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
- Rome
| | | | - Amanda Moyano
- Department of Physics & IUTA
- University of Oviedo
- Spain
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
| | | | | | - M. Puerto Morales
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC)
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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13
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Sobhani T, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Rostami M, Zahraei M, Farzadniya A. Assessment of Manganese-Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles as a Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent for the Detection of 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2019; 9:245-251. [PMID: 31737553 PMCID: PMC6839441 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_59_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of manganese-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (MZF NPs) as a novel negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for 4T1 (mouse mammary carcinoma) and L929 (murine fibroblast) cell lines. Methods: MZF NPs and its suitable coating, polyethylene glycol (PEG) via covalent bonding, were investigated under in vitro condition. The cytotoxicity of MZF NPs was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after 12 and 24 h of incubation. To evaluate the potential of MZF NPs as T2 MRI nanocontrast agent, images were obtained from phantom containing different Fe concentrations and T2 relaxivity (r2) was measured. The viability of both 4T1 breast cancer and L929 murine fibroblast cell lines incubated with different Fe concentrations. Results: In vitro T2-weighted MRI showed that signal intensity of 4T1 cells was lower than that of L929 as control cells. T2-weighted MRI showed that signal intensity of MZF NPs enhanced with increasing concentration of NPs. The values of 1/T2 relaxivity (r2) for coated MZF NPs with PEG found to be 85.5 mM−1 s−1 which is higher than that of commercially clinical used (Sinerem) MRI contrast agent. Conclusion: The results showed that MZF NPs have potential to detect breast cancer cells (4T1) and also have high contrast resolution between normal (L929) and cancerous cells (4T1) which is a suitable nanoprobe for T2-weighted MR imaging contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebe Sobhani
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rostami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Zahraei
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Ruiz A, Alpízar A, Beola L, Rubio C, Gavilán H, Marciello M, Rodríguez-Ramiro I, Ciordia S, Morris CJ, Morales MDP. Understanding the Influence of a Bifunctional Polyethylene Glycol Derivative in Protein Corona Formation around Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142218. [PMID: 31295825 PMCID: PMC6678275 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are one of the most prominent agents used in theranostic applications, with MRI imaging the main application assessed. The biomolecular interface formed on the surface of a nanoparticle in a biological medium determines its behaviour in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have compared the formation of the protein corona on highly monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles with two different coatings, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and after conjugation, with a bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG)-derived molecule (2000 Da) in the presence of Wistar rat plasma. The protein fingerprints around the nanoparticles were analysed in an extensive proteomic study. The results presented in this work indicate that the composition of the protein corona is very difficult to predict. Proteins from different functional categories—cell components, lipoproteins, complement, coagulation, immunoglobulins, enzymes and transport proteins—were identified in all samples with very small variability. Although both types of nanoparticles have similar amounts of bonded proteins, very slight differences in the composition of the corona might explain the variation observed in the uptake and biotransformation of these nanoparticles in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Cytotoxicity was also studied using a standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Controlling nanoparticles’ reactivity to the biological environment by deciding on its surface functionalization may suggest new routes in the control of the biodistribution, biodegradation and clearance of multifunctional nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Ruiz
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Adán Alpízar
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lilianne Beola
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC/Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO)/UAM-CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Gavilán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)/CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)/CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Ciordia
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher J Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - María Del Puerto Morales
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)/CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Khabarov YG, Veshnyakov V, Komarova G, Kuzyakov N, Chukhchin D. Using Nitrated Lignosulfonates for the Synthesis of a Water-Based Magnetic Fluid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x18500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrated lignosulfonates were used to synthesize a water-based magnetic fluid. Lignosulfonates were nitrated by nitric acid under mild conditions and without further purification were used to synthesize a magnetic fluid. Part of the iron(II) were oxidized with an excess of nitric acid, so that the magnetoactive phase under the condensation by action of sodium hydroxide was formed. Optimum conditions for nitration of lignosulfonates and synthesis of a magnetic fluid were experimentally established. The optimum consumption of iron(II) was 1.3–1.5[Formula: see text]g per 1[Formula: see text]g of sodium lignosulfonate. Unlike the initial lignosulfonates, nitrated lignosulfonates have peptizing properties, due to which the precipitate formed during condensation was dispersed to nanoparticles (15–30[Formula: see text]nm). The resulting magnetic fluid had a high magnetic activity and was stable for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Galina Komarova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Kuzyakov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
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New magnetic nanocatalyst containing a bis-dicationic ionic liquid framework for Knoevenagel condensation reaction. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Karimi-Chayjani R, Daneshvar N, Tajik H, Shirini F. Introduction of a New Magnetic Nanocatalyst as an Organic-inorganic Hybrid Framework for the Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinone(thione)s and Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nader Daneshvar
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; University of Guilan; University Campus 2
| | - Hassan Tajik
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; University of Guilan; University Campus 2
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; University of Guilan; Rasht 41335-19141 Iran
| | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; University of Guilan; University Campus 2
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; University of Guilan; Rasht 41335-19141 Iran
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18
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Tsoukalas C, Psimadas D, Kastis GA, Koutoulidis V, Harris AL, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Karageorgou M, Furenlid LR, Moulopoulos LA, Stamopoulos D, Bouziotis P. A Novel Metal-Based Imaging Probe for Targeted Dual-Modality SPECT/MR Imaging of Angiogenesis. Front Chem 2018; 6:224. [PMID: 29974048 PMCID: PMC6019489 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with well-integrated multimodality imaging properties have generated increasing research interest in the past decade, especially when it comes to the targeted imaging of tumors. Bevacizumab (BCZM) on the other hand is a well-known and widely applied monoclonal antibody recognizing VEGF-A, which is overexpressed in angiogenesis. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to develop a dual-modality nanoplatform for in vivo targeted single photon computed emission tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumor vascularization. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been coated with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), for consequent functionalization with the monoclonal antibody BCZM radiolabeled with 99mTc, via well-developed surface engineering. The IONPs were characterized based on their size distribution, hydrodynamic diameter and magnetic properties. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that our nanoconstruct does not cause toxic effects in normal and cancer cells. Fe3O4-DMSA-SMCC-BCZM-99mTc were successfully prepared at high radiochemical purity (>92%) and their stability in human serum and in PBS were demonstrated. In vitro cell binding studies showed the ability of the Fe3O4-DMSA-SMCC-BCZM-99mTc to bind to the VEGF-165 isoform overexpressed on M-165 tumor cells. The ex vivo biodistribution studies in M165 tumor-bearing SCID mice showed high uptake in liver, spleen, kidney and lungs. The Fe3O4-DMSA-SMCC-BCZM-99mTc demonstrated quick tumor accumulation starting at 8.9 ± 1.88%ID/g at 2 h p.i., slightly increasing at 4 h p.i. (16.21 ± 2.56%ID/g) and then decreasing at 24 h p.i. (6.01 ± 1.69%ID/g). The tumor-to-blood ratio reached a maximum at 24 h p.i. (~7), which is also the case for the tumor-to-muscle ratio (~18). Initial pilot imaging studies on an experimental gamma-camera and a clinical MR camera prove our hypothesis and demonstrate the potential of Fe3O4-DMSA-SMCC-BCZM-99mTc for targeted dual-modality imaging. Our findings indicate that Fe3O4-DMSA-SMCC-BCZM-99mTc IONPs could serve as an important diagnostic tool for biomedical imaging as well as a promising candidate for future theranostic applications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Tsoukalas
- Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Psimadas
- Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”, Athens, Greece
| | - George A. Kastis
- Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”, Athens, Greece
- Research Center of Mathematics, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Koutoulidis
- First Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Paravatou-Petsotas
- Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karageorgou
- Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”, Athens, Greece
- Department of Solid State Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lars R. Furenlid
- Department of Medical Imaging, Center for Gamma-Ray Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lia A. Moulopoulos
- First Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Stamopoulos
- Department of Solid State Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Bouziotis
- Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos,”, Athens, Greece
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19
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Marín-Barba M, Gavilán H, Gutiérrez L, Lozano-Velasco E, Rodríguez-Ramiro I, Wheeler GN, Morris CJ, Morales MP, Ruiz A. Unravelling the mechanisms that determine the uptake and metabolism of magnetic single and multicore nanoparticles in a Xenopus laevis model. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:690-704. [PMID: 29242877 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multicore superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been proposed as ideal tools for some biomedical applications because of their high magnetic moment per particle, high specific surface area and long term colloidal stability. Through controlled aggregation and packing of magnetic cores it is possible to obtain not only single-core but also multicore and hollow spheres with internal voids. In this work, we compare toxicological properties of single and multicore nanoparticles. Both types of particles showed moderate in vitro toxicity (MTT assay) tested in Hep G2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) cells. The influence of surface chemistry in their biological behavior was also studied after functionalization with O,O'-bis(2-aminoethyl) PEG (2000 Da). For the first time, these nanoparticles were evaluated in a Xenopus laevis model studying their whole organism toxicity and their impact upon iron metabolism. The degree of activation of the metabolic pathway depends on the size and surface charge of the nanoparticles which determine their uptake. The results also highlight the potential of Xenopus laevis model bridging the gap between in vitro cell-based assays and rodent models for toxicity assessment to develop effective nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marín-Barba
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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20
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Mosayebi J, Kiyasatfar M, Laurent S. Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28990364 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to translate nanotechnology into medical practice, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been presented as a class of non-invasive nanomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. In particular, MNPs have opened a door for simultaneous diagnosis and brisk treatment of diseases in the form of theranostic agents. This review highlights the recent advances in preparation and utilization of MNPs from the synthesis and functionalization steps to the final design consideration in evading the body immune system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications with addressing the most recent examples of the literature in each section. This study provides a conceptual framework of a wide range of synthetic routes classified mainly as wet chemistry, state-of-the-art microfluidic reactors, and biogenic routes, along with the most popular coating materials to stabilize resultant MNPs. Additionally, key aspects of prolonging the half-life of MNPs via overcoming the sequential biological barriers are covered through unraveling the biophysical interactions at the bio-nano interface and giving a set of criteria to efficiently modulate MNPs' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, concepts of passive and active targeting for successful cell internalization, by respectively exploiting the unique properties of cancers and novel targeting ligands are described in detail. Finally, this study extensively covers the recent developments in magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia as therapeutic applications of MNPs. In addition, multi-modal imaging via fusion of magnetic resonance imaging, and also innovative magnetic particle imaging with other imaging techniques for early diagnosis of diseases are extensively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Mosayebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Mehdi Kiyasatfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging; University of Mons; Mons Belgium
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21
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López-Viota M, El-Hammadi MM, Cabeza L, Prados J, Melguizo C, Ruiz Martinez MA, Arias JL, Delgado ÁV. Development and Characterization of Magnetite/Poly(butylcyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles for Magnetic Targeted Delivery of Cancer Drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:3042-3052. [PMID: 28508129 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A great attention is presently paid to the design of drug delivery vehicles based on surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles. They can, in principle, be directed to a desired target area for releasing their drug payload, a process triggered by pH, temperature, radiation, or even magnetic field. To this, the possibility of forming part of diagnostic tools by enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or that of further treatment by magnetic hyperthermia can be added. Bare particles are rapidly eliminated from the bloodstream by the phagocyte mononuclear system, leading to short biological half-life. It is hence required to coat them in order to increase their biocompatibility and facilitate the drug incorporation. In this work, magnetite nanoparticles were coated with poly(butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) manufactured and characterized with regard to their physical properties and their suitability as a platform for magnetically controlled drug delivery. The average diameter of magnetite and core-shell nanoparticles was 97 ± 19 and 140 ± 20 nm, respectively. Infrared analysis, electrophoretic mobility, surface thermodynamics analysis, and X-ray diffraction all confirmed that the magnetic particles were sufficiently covered by the polymer in the composite nanoparticles. In addition, assays using normal (CCD-18 and MCF-10A) and tumoral (T-84 and MCF-7) cell lines derived from colon and breast tissue, respectively, demonstrated that nanocomposites have low or negligible cytotoxicity. It is concluded that PBCA-coated magnetite core-shell nanoparticles represent a remarkable promise as a platform for magnetically controlled drug delivery.
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22
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Zhu JJ, Zhang XX, Miao YQ, He SF, Tian DM, Yao XS, Tang JS, Gan Y. Delivery of acetylthevetin B, an antitumor cardiac glycoside, using polymeric micelles for enhanced therapeutic efficacy against lung cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:290-300. [PMID: 27917871 PMCID: PMC5309751 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylthevetin B (ATB), a cardiac glycoside from the seed of Thevetia peruviana (Pers) K Schum (yellow oleander), exhibits not only antitumor activity but also potential cardiac toxicity. In the present study, we attempted to enhance its antitumor action and decrease its adverse effects via chitosan-Pluronic P123 (CP) micelle encapsulation. Two ATB-loaded CP micelles (ATB-CP1, ATB-CP2) were prepared using an emulsion/solvent evaporation technique. They were spherical in shape with a particle size of 40-50 nm, showed a neutral zeta potential, and had acceptable encapsulation efficiency (>90%). Compared to the free ATB (IC50=2.94 μmol/L), ATB-loaded CP micelles exerted much stronger cytotoxicity against human lung cancer A549 cells with lower IC50 values (0.76 and 1.44 μmol/L for ATB-CP1 and ATB-CP2, respectively). After administration of a single dose in mice, the accumulation of ATB-loaded CP1 micelles in the tumor and lungs, respectively, was 15.31-fold and 9.49-fold as high as that of free ATB. A549 xenograft tumor mice treated with ATB-loaded CP1 micelles for 21 d showed the smallest tumor volume (one-fourth of that in the control group) and the highest inhibition rate (85.6%) among all the treatment groups. After 21-d treatment, no significant pathological changes were observed in hearts and other main tissues. In summary, ATB may serve as a promising antitumor chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer, and its antitumor efficacy was significantly improved by CP micelles, with lower adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-xin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun-qiu Miao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-fang He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan-mei Tian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jin-shan Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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23
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Galli M, Guerrini A, Cauteruccio S, Thakare P, Dova D, Orsini F, Arosio P, Carrara C, Sangregorio C, Lascialfari A, Maggioni D, Licandro E. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized by peptide nucleic acids. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic SPION were decorated with PNA decamers by SH/maleimide clickreaction as potential MRI and hyperthermia agents, and PNA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- LA.M.M. c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Firenze
- 50019 Sesto F.no (FI)
- Italy
| | - Silvia Cauteruccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Pramod Thakare
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Davide Dova
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Francesco Orsini
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Claudio Carrara
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Maggioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio INSTM
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio INSTM
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24
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Davis K, Cole B, Ghelardini M, Powell BA, Mefford OT. Quantitative Measurement of Ligand Exchange with Small-Molecule Ligands on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via Radioanalytical Techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13716-13727. [PMID: 27966977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligand exchange on the surface of hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles is a common method for controlling surface chemistry for a desired application. Furthermore, ligand exchange with small-molecule ligands may be necessary to obtain particles with a specific size or functionality. Understanding to what extent ligand exchange occurs and what factors affect it is important for the optimization of this critical procedure. However, quantifying the amount of exchange may be difficult because of the limitations of commonly used characterization techniques. Therefore, we utilized a radiotracer technique to track the exchange of a radiolabeled 14C-oleic acid ligand with hydrophilic small-molecule ligands on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with 14C-oleic acid were modified with small-molecule ligands with terminal functional groups including catechols, phosphonates, sulfonates, thiols, carboxylic acids, and silanes. These moieties were selected because they represent the most commonly used ligands for this procedure. The effectiveness of these molecules was compared using both procedures widely found in the literature and using a standardized procedure. After ligand exchange, the nanoparticles were analyzed using liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The labeled and unlabeled particles were further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine the particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, and zeta potential. The unlabeled particles were characterized via attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) to confirm the presence of the small molecules on the particles and verify the magnetic properties, respectively. Radioanalytical determination of 14C-oleic acid was used to calculate the total amount of oleic acid remaining on the surface of the particles after ligand exchange. The results revealed that the ligand-exchange reactions performed using widely cited procedures did not go to completion. Residual oleic acid remained on the particles after these reactions and the reactions using a standardized protocol. A comparison of the ligand-exchange procedures indicated that the binding moiety, multidenticity, reaction time, temperature, and presence of a catalyst impacted the extent of exchange. Quantification of the oleic acid remaining after ligand exchange revealed a binding hierarchy in which catechol-derived anchor groups displace the most oleic acid on the surface of the nanoparticles and the thiol group displaces the least amount of oleic acid. Thorough characterization of ligand exchange is required to develop nanoparticles suitable for their intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Henderson State University , Arkadelphia, Arkansas 71999, United States
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25
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In-situ one-step synthesis of carbon-encapsulated naked magnetic metal nanoparticles conducted without additional reductants and agents. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38652. [PMID: 27922106 PMCID: PMC5138636 DOI: 10.1038/srep38652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-encapsulated highly pure Ni, Co, and Fe magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs/C) were synthesized by an innovative one-step in-situ plasma in liquid method (solution plasma processing, SPP) without any additional reductants, agents, or treatment. Successful encapsulation of MNPs was demonstrated by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The obtained X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images corresponded to MNPs with average diameters of 5 nm and good crystalline structure. The C capsules with spherical shapes (containing onion-like layers) were characterized by uniform sizes (ranging from 20 nm to 30 nm) and chain-like morphologies. The synthesized MNPs/C exhibited superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and might be utilized in data storage, biomedical, and energy applications since various NPs (including bimetallic ones) could be easily prepared by changing working electrodes. This study shows the potential of SPP to be a candidate for the next-generation synthesis method of NPs/C.
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26
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McCarthy DA, Nazem AA, McNeilan J, Shakerley NL, Clark RR, Idelchik MD, Yigit M, Melendez JA. Featured Article: Nanoenhanced matrix metalloproteinase-responsive delivery vehicles for disease resolution and imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:2023-2032. [PMID: 27474175 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216662534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide array of proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases, produced in response to many pathogenic insults, confers a unique proteolytic signature which is often disease specific and provides a potential therapeutic target for drug delivery. Here we propose the use of collagen-based nanoenhanced matrix metalloproteinase-responsive delivery vehicles that display matrix metalloproteinase-specific degradation in diverse in vitro models of proteolysis. We demonstrate that collagen particles comprised of protease substrates (primarily collagen) can be made of uniform size and loaded efficiently with assorted cargo including fluorescently labeled mesoporous silica, magnetic nanoparticles, proteins and antioxidants. We also demonstrate that pathologic concentrations of proteases produced in situ or in vitro display protease-specific cargo release. Additionally, we show that the collagen-based particles display bright fluorescence when loaded with a fluorophore, and have the potential to be used as vehicles for targeted delivery of drugs or imaging agents to regions of high proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A McCarthy
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Ahmad A Nazem
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - James McNeilan
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Nicole L Shakerley
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Ryan R Clark
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - María D Idelchik
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | | | - J Andrés Melendez
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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27
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Zahraei M, Marciello M, Lazaro-Carrillo A, Villanueva A, Herranz F, Talelli M, Costo R, Monshi A, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Amirnasr M, Behdadfar B, Morales MP. Versatile theranostics agents designed by coating ferrite nanoparticles with biocompatible polymers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:255702. [PMID: 27184442 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/25/255702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three biocompatible polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG), dextran and chitosan, have been used in this work to control the colloidal stability of magnetic nanoparticles (14 ± 5 nm in diameter) and to vary the aggregation state in order to study their effect on relaxometric and heating properties. Two different coating strategies have been deeply developed; one based on the formation of an amide bond between citric acid coated nanoparticles (NPs) and amine groups present on the polymer surface and the other based on the NP encapsulation. Relaxometric properties revealed that proton relaxation rates strongly depend on the coating layer hydrophilicity and the aggregation state of the particles due to the presence of magnetic interactions. Thus, while PEG coating reduces particle aggregation by increasing inter-particle spacing leading to reduction of both T1 and T2 relaxation, dextran and chitosan lead to an increase mainly in T2 values due to the aggregation of particles in bigger clusters where they are in close contact. Dextran and chitosan coated NPs have also shown a remarkable heating effect during the application of an alternating magnetic field. They have proved to be potential candidates as theranostic agents for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, cytotoxicity of PEG conjugated NPs, which seem to be ideal for intravenous administration because of their small hydrodynamic size, was investigated resulting in high cell viability even at 0.2 mg Fe ml(-1) after 24 h of incubation. This suspension can be used as drug/biomolecule carrier for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zahraei
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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28
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Nguyen DH, Lee JS, Choi JH, Park KM, Lee Y, Park KD. Hierarchical self-assembly of magnetic nanoclusters for theranostics: Tunable size, enhanced magnetic resonance imagability, and controlled and targeted drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:109-17. [PMID: 26884278 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based imaging and therapy are of interest for theranostic nanomedicine. In particular, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention in cancer imaging, diagnostics, and treatment because of their superior imagability and biocompatibility (approved by the Food and Drug Administration). Here, we developed SPIO nanoparticles (NPs) that self-assembled into magnetic nanoclusters (SAMNs) in aqueous environments as a theranostic nano-system. To generate multi-functional SPIO NPs, we covalently conjugated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to SPIO NPs using metal-adhesive dopamine groups. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and paclitaxel (PTX) were hosted in the β-CD cavity through high affinity complexation. The core-shell structure of the magnetic nanoclusters was elucidated based on the condensed SPIO core and a PEG shell using electron microscopy and the composition was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Our results indicate that nanocluster size could be readily controlled by changing the SPIO/PEG ratio in the assemblies. Interestingly, we observed a significant enhancement in magnetic resonance contrast due to the large cluster size and dense iron oxide core. In addition, tethering a tumor-targeting peptide to the SAMNs enhanced their uptake into tumor cells. PTX was efficiently loaded into β-CDs and released in a controlled manner when exposed to competitive guest molecules. These results strongly indicate that the SAMNs developed in this study possess great potential for application in image-guided cancer chemotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we developed multi-functional SPIO NPs that self-assembled into magnetic nanoclusters (SAMNs) in aqueous conditions as a theranostic nano-system. The beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was immobilized on the surfaces of SPIO NPs and RGD-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) and paclitaxel (PTX) were hosted in the β-CD cavity through high affinity complexation. We found that nanocluster size could be readily controlled by varying the SPIO/PEG ratio in the assemblies, and also demonstrated significant improvement of the functional nanoparticles for theranostic systems; enhanced magnetic resonance, improved cellular uptake, and efficient PTX loading and sustained release at the desired time point. These results strongly indicate that the SAMNs developed in this study possess great potential for application in image-guided cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hai Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jong Hoon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Park
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunki Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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Hoshyar N, Gray S, Han H, Bao G. The effect of nanoparticle size on in vivo pharmacokinetics and cellular interaction. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:673-92. [PMID: 27003448 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based technologies offer exciting new approaches to disease diagnostics and therapeutics. To take advantage of unique properties of nanoscale materials and structures, the size, shape and/or surface chemistry of nanoparticles need to be optimized, allowing their functionalities to be tailored for different biomedical applications. Here we review the effects of nanoparticle size on cellular interaction and in vivo pharmacokinetics, including cellular uptake, biodistribution and circulation half-life of nanoparticles. Important features of nanoparticle probes for molecular imaging and modeling of nanoparticle size effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hoshyar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Samantha Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hongbin Han
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Synthesis and characterization of near-infrared fluorescent and magnetic iron zero-valent nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Palma SICJ, Fernandes AR, Roque ACA. An affinity triggered MRI nanoprobe for pH-dependent cell labeling. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pH-sensitive affinity pair composed by neutravidin and iminobiotin was used to develop a multilayered Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) nanoprobe responsive to the acidic pH of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I. C. J. Palma
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
| | - Ana C. A. Roque
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
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32
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Ramniceanu G, Doan BT, Vezignol C, Graillot A, Loubat C, Mignet N, Berret JF. Delayed hepatic uptake of multi-phosphonic acid poly(ethylene glycol) coated iron oxide measured by real-time magnetic resonance imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09896g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis, characterization, stability and pharmacokinetics of novel iron based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ramniceanu
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS)
- UMR8258/INSERM U1022 CNRS
- Chimie ParisTech
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - B.-T. Doan
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS)
- UMR8258/INSERM U1022 CNRS
- Chimie ParisTech
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - C. Vezignol
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes
- UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII
- Bâtiment Condorcet
- 75205 Paris
- France
| | | | - C. Loubat
- Specific Polymers
- 34160 Castries
- France
| | - N. Mignet
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS)
- UMR8258/INSERM U1022 CNRS
- Chimie ParisTech
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - J.-F. Berret
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes
- UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII
- Bâtiment Condorcet
- 75205 Paris
- France
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33
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Chauhan R, Singh J, Solanki PR, Basu T, O’Kennedy R, Malhotra B. Electrochemical piezoelectric reusable immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 detection. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Ruiz A, Gutiérrez L, Cáceres-Vélez PR, Santos D, Chaves SB, Fascineli ML, Garcia MP, Azevedo RB, Morales MP. Biotransformation of magnetic nanoparticles as a function of coating in a rat model. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16321-9. [PMID: 26381991 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03780h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term in vivo studies in murine models have shown that DMSA-coated nanoparticles accumulate in spleen, liver and lung tissues during extended periods of time (at least up to 3 months) without any significant signs of toxicity detected. During that time, nanoparticles undergo a process of biotransformation either by reducing the size or the particle aggregation or both. Using a rat model, we have evaluated the transformations of magnetic nanoparticles injected at low doses. Particles with two different coatings, dimercaptosuccinic acid (NP-DMSA) and polyethylene glycol (NP-PEG-(NH2)2) have been administered to animals, to evaluate the role of coating in the degradation of the particles. We have found that low doses of magnetic nanoparticles are quickly metabolized by the animals. In fact, using a nanoparticle dose four times lower than in previous experiments, NP-DMSA were not observed 24 h after the administration either in the liver or in the lungs. Interestingly, an increased amount of ferritin, the iron storage protein, was observed in liver tissues from rats that were treated with the low dose of NP-DMSA in comparison with the control ones, suggesting a rapid metabolization of the particles into ferritin iron. On the other side we have found that, NP-PEG-(NH2)2 are still detectable in several organs 24 h after their administration at low doses. Probably, due to the longer circulation times of the NP-PEG-(NH2)2, there is a delay in the arrival of the particles to the tissue and this is the reason why we are able to see the particles 24 h post-administration. PEG coating could also be protecting the nanoparticles from rapid degradation of the reticuloendothelial system. Knowledge on the biodistribution, circulation time and degradation processes is required to gain a better understanding of the safety evaluation of this kind of nanomaterial for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)/CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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35
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Barar J. Bioimpacts of nanoparticle size: why it matters? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:113-5. [PMID: 26457247 PMCID: PMC4597157 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, applications of nanotechnology are delivered to benefit the human society. The fact is that various nanomaterials are able to be tailor made to achieve desired properties. In biomedical field, nanotechnology has created great excitements to advance both diagnosis and therapy areas – the field so-called nanomedicines in different forms of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanosystems (NSs). It is noteworthy to mention NPs/NSs do not act similarly in the biological milieu, in which their biological behaviors/ impacts varies with size, morphology, and physicochemical characteristics. On the other hand, nanomedicines impacts on biological systems seem to be influenced by its possible interaction(s) with different bioelements of cell membrane, in particular the endocytic pathway(s) by which NPs/NSs can be internalized and localized. This latter phenomenon is influenced by membrane viscoelastic property, polymerization/depolymerization of cytoskeletal system, and the particle specification itself. Among all other properties of NPs/NSs, as shown by various researchers, the size is an important parameter in the fate of the particle. Accordingly, in-depth efforts to unravel the size dependent effects of nanomedicins can provide insights to design and develop more efficacious NSs with greater benefits and lower side effects. This editorial aims to highlight some important aspects of size dependent impacts NPs/NSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lin Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Gao J, Hong L, Wang X, Wu W, Jiang X. Ultra-high relaxivity iron oxide nanoparticles confined in polymer nanospheres for tumor MR imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5702-5710. [PMID: 32262566 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00593k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in hydrophilic chitosan nanospheres were prepared by nonsolvent-aided counterion complexation completely in an aqueous solution. The T2 relaxation of these hybrid nanospheres in vitro and in vivo was investigated. It was found that the molar transverse relaxivity rate r2 of hybrid nanospheres highly depends upon the payload of iron oxide nanoparticles within hybrid nanospheres. Compared to free iron oxide nanoparticles, the molar transverse relaxivity rate, r2 of hybrid nanospheres shows an approximately 8-fold increase and reaches the maximum of 533 Fe mM-1 s-1. Such a high r2 value is probably associated with the clustering effect of iron oxide nanoparticles, which are confined in the chitosan nanospheres. The in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates that the hybrid nanospheres shorten transverse relaxation time, T2 and significantly decrease the signal intensity of the tumor area, giving rise to high contrast tumor MR imaging at a relatively low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
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37
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Boni A, Bardi G, Bertero A, Cappello V, Emdin M, Flori A, Gemmi M, Innocenti C, Menichetti L, Sangregorio C, Villa S, Piazza V. Design and optimization of lipid-modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimer coated iron oxide nanoparticles as probes for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7307-7317. [PMID: 25815711 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a wide size range (2.6-14.1 nm) were synthesized and coated with the amphiphilic poly(amidoamine) PAMAM-C12 dendrimer. The resulting well dispersed and stable water suspensions were fully characterized in order to explore their possible use in biomedical applications. The structural and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were preserved during the coating and were related to their relaxometric behaviour. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Dispersion (NMRD) profiles were found to be in accordance with the Roch model. The biocompatibility was assessed by means of cell viability tests and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. The nanoparticles' capability of being detected via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was investigated by means of clinical MRI scanners both in water and agar gel phantoms, and in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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38
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Zhao J, Chai YD, Zhang J, Huang PF, Nakashima K, Gong YK. Long circulating micelles of an amphiphilic random copolymer bearing cell outer membrane phosphorylcholine zwitterions. Acta Biomater 2015; 16:94-102. [PMID: 25637066 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles with cell outer membrane mimetic structure were prepared in water from amphiphilic random copolymers bearing both the hydrophilic phosphorylcholine zwitterions and hydrophobic octadecyl side chains of cell outer membrane. The polymeric micelles showed sizes ranging from 80 nm to 120 nm in hydrodynamic diameter and zeta-potentials from -6.4 mV to -2.4 mV by dynamic light scattering measurements. The micelles loaded with 6-coumarin as a fluorescence probe were stable to investigate their blood circulation and biodistribution. The in vitro phagocytosis results using murine peritoneal macrophages showed 10-fold reduction compared with a reference micelle. The in vivo blood circulation half-life of the polymeric micelles following intravenous administration in New Zealand Rabbits was increased from 0.55 h to 90.5h. More interestingly, tissue distribution results showed that the concentration of the micelles in the kidney is 4-fold higher than that in the liver and other organs 48 h after administration. The results of this work show great promise for designing more effective stealth drug carriers that can minimize reticuloendothelial system clearance and circulate for long time to reach target by using simple cell membrane mimetic random copolymer micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Dong Chai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Kenichi Nakashima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Yong-Kuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, PR China.
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39
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Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Luengo Y, Serna CJ, Andrés-Vergés M, Varela M, Calero M, Lazaro-Carrillo A, Villanueva A, Sisniega A, Montesinos P, Morales MP. Bismuth labeling for the CT assessment of local administration of magnetic nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:135101. [PMID: 25760138 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/13/135101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many therapeutic applications of magnetic nanoparticles involve the local administration of nanometric iron oxide based materials as seeds for magnetothermia or drug carriers. A simple and widespread way of controlling the process using x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners is desirable. The combination of iron and bismuth in one entity will increase the atenuation of x-rays, offering such a possibility. In order to check this possibility core-shell nanocrystals of iron oxide@bismuth oxide have been synthesized by an aqueous route and stabilized in water by polyethylene glycol (PEG), and we have evaluated their ability to generate contrast by CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the radiopacity and proton relaxivities using phantoms. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revealed that the material consists of a highly crystalline 8 nm core of maghemite and a 1 nm shell of bismuth atoms either isolated or clustered on the nanocrystal's surface. The comparison of μCT and MRI images of mice acquired in the presence of the contrast shows that when local accumulations of the magnetic nanoparticles take place, CT images are more superior in the localization of the magnetic nanoparticles than MRI images, which results in magnetic field inhomogeneity artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veintemillas-Verdaguer
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Palma SICJ, Carvalho A, Silva J, Martins P, Marciello M, Fernandes AR, del Puerto Morales M, Roque ACA. Covalent coupling of gum arabic onto superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI cell labeling: physicochemical andin vitrocharacterization. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:320-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana I. C. J. Palma
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- CENIMAT - I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Pedro Martins
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Departamento de Biomateriales y Materiales Bioinspirados; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- CQE, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; 1490-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Maria del Puerto Morales
- Departamento de Biomateriales y Materiales Bioinspirados; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Ana C. A. Roque
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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41
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Gao S, Xu Y, Asghar S, Chen M, Zou L, Eltayeb S, Huo M, Ping Q, Xiao Y. Polybutylcyanoacrylate nanocarriers as promising targeted drug delivery systems. J Drug Target 2015; 23:481-96. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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42
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Wang Q, Shen M, Zhao T, Xu Y, Lin J, Duan Y, Gu H. Low toxicity and long circulation time of polyampholyte-coated magnetic nanoparticles for blood pool contrast agents. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7774. [PMID: 25585607 PMCID: PMC4293589 DOI: 10.1038/srep07774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyampholyte-coated (poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-co-3-(diethylamino)-propylamine (DEAPA)) magnetite nanoparticles (PAMNPs) have been prepared as contrasting agent used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Excellent biocompatibility is required for contrasting agents used in high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography. To evaluate the biocompatibility of PAMNPs, some experiments have been conducted. The hemolysis, plasma recalcification, dynamic blood clotting, prothrombin time, inflammatory cytokine release and complement system activation assays were carried out to investigate the hemocompatibility. To evaluate the toxicity to vessel, MTT test and vascular irritation tests were conducted. Tissue toxicity test was also performed to investigate the biocompability in vivo. We also looked into the biodistribution. The results showed that PAMNPs at the working concentration (0.138 mM) present similar hemocompatibility with negative control, thus have no significant effect to vessels. PAMNPs were mainly distributed in the liver and the blood. The circulation time in blood was considerably long, with the half-time of 3.77 h in plasma. This property is advantageous for PAMNPs' use in angiography. PAMNPs could be metabolized rapidly in mice and were not observed to cause any toxic or adverse effect. In short, these results suggest that the PAMNPs have great potential to serve as safe contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongchen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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43
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Walter A, Garofalo A, Parat A, Jouhannaud J, Pourroy G, Voirin E, Laurent S, Bonazza P, Taleb J, Billotey C, Vander Elst L, Muller RN, Begin-Colin S, Felder-Flesch D. Validation of a dendron concept to tune colloidal stability, MRI relaxivity and bioelimination of functional nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1484-1494. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01954g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A dendritic coating induces colloidal stability of nanoparticles through electrostatic and steric interactions.
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44
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Ruiz A, Ali LMA, Cáceres-Vélez PR, Cornudella R, Gutiérrez M, Moreno JA, Piñol R, Palacio F, Fascineli ML, de Azevedo RB, Morales MP, Millán A. Hematotoxicity of magnetite nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol: in vitro and in vivo studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematotoxicity of magnetite nanoparticles with different coatings has been evaluated by determining their safety in vitro and in vivo in a rat model up to 30 days.
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45
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Palma SICJ, Marciello M, Carvalho A, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Morales MDP, Roque ACA. Effects of phase transfer ligands on monodisperse iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 437:147-155. [PMID: 25313478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oleic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by thermal decomposition in organic medium are highly monodisperse but at the same time are unsuitable for biological applications. Ligand-exchange reactions are useful to make their surface hydrophilic. However, these could alter some structural and magnetic properties of the modified particles. Here we present a comprehensive study and comparison of the effects of employing either citric acid (CA) or meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) ligand-exchange protocols for phase transfer of monodisperse hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles produced by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in benzyl ether. We show the excellent hydrodynamic size distribution and colloidal stability of the hydrophilic particles obtained by the two protocols and confirm that there is a certain degree of oxidation caused by the ligand-exchange. CA revealed to be more aggressive towards the iron oxide surface than DMSA and greatly reduced the saturation magnetization values and initial susceptibility of the resulting particles compared to the native ones. Besides being milder and more straightforward to perform, the DMSA ligand exchange protocol produces MNP chemically more versatile for further functionalization possibilities. This versatility is shown through the covalent linkage of gum Arabic onto MNP-DMSA using carboxyl and thiol based chemical routes and yielding particles with comparable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I C J Palma
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Departamento de Biomateriales y Materiales Bioinspirados, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- CENIMAT - I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sabino Veintemillas-Verdaguer
- Departamento de Biomateriales y Materiales Bioinspirados, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Puerto Morales
- Departamento de Biomateriales y Materiales Bioinspirados, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana C A Roque
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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46
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Georgiadou V, Dendrinou-Samara C. Impact of the Presence of Octadecylamine on the Properties of Hydrothermally Prepared CoFe2O4Nanoparticles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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47
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Menelaou M, Georgoula K, Simeonidis K, Dendrinou-Samara C. Evaluation of nickel ferrite nanoparticles coated with oleylamine by NMR relaxation measurements and magnetic hyperthermia. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3626-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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48
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Iatridi Z, Georgiadou V, Menelaou M, Dendrinou-Samara C, Bokias G. Application of hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers for the dispersion of hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles in aqueous media. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:8633-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oleylamine-coated CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles were successfully encapsulated into hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers. The resulting hydrophilic nanohybrids exhibit promising r2-relaxivity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Violetta Georgiadou
- Department of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Melita Menelaou
- Department of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Bokias
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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Ruiz A, Hernández Y, Cabal C, González E, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Martínez E, Morales MP. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of uniform magnetite nanoparticles chemically modified with polyethylene glycol. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11400-11408. [PMID: 23832394 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01412f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafting on the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and elimination of iron oxide nanoparticles is studied in this work. Magnetite nanoparticles (12 nm) were obtained via thermal decomposition of an iron coordination complex as a precursor. Particles were coated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and conjugated to PEG-derived molecules by 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide (EDC) chemistry. Using a rat model, we explored the nanoparticle biodistribution pattern in blood and in different organs (liver, spleen and lungs) after intravenous administration of the product. The time of residence in blood was measured from the evolution of water proton relaxivities with time and Fe analysis in blood samples. The results showed that the residence time was doubled for PEG coated nanoparticles and consequently particle accumulation in liver and spleen was reduced. Post-mortem histological analyses showed no alterations in the liver and confirm heterogeneous distribution of NPs in the organ, in agreement with magnetic measurements and iron analysis. Finally, by successive magnetic resonance images we studied the evolution of contrast in the liver and measured the absorption, time of residence and excretion of nanoparticles in the liver during a one month period. On the basis of these results we propose different metabolic routes that determine the fate of magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz
- Departamento de Biomateriales y Materiales Bioinspirados, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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50
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Szekeres M, Tóth IY, Illés E, Hajdú A, Zupkó I, Farkas K, Oszlánczi G, Tiszlavicz L, Tombácz E. Chemical and colloidal stability of carboxylated core-shell magnetite nanoparticles designed for biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14550-74. [PMID: 23857054 PMCID: PMC3742259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large efforts to prepare super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications, the number of FDA or EMA approved formulations is few. It is not known commonly that the approved formulations in many instances have already been withdrawn or discontinued by the producers; at present, hardly any approved formulations are produced and marketed. Literature survey reveals that there is a lack for a commonly accepted physicochemical practice in designing and qualifying formulations before they enter in vitro and in vivo biological testing. Such a standard procedure would exclude inadequate formulations from clinical trials thus improving their outcome. Here we present a straightforward route to assess eligibility of carboxylated MNPs for biomedical tests applied for a series of our core-shell products, i.e., citric acid, gallic acid, poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) coated MNPs. The discussion is based on physicochemical studies (carboxylate adsorption/desorption, FTIR-ATR, iron dissolution, zeta potential, particle size, coagulation kinetics and magnetization measurements) and involves in vitro and in vivo tests. Our procedure can serve as an example to construct adequate physico-chemical selection strategies for preparation of other types of core-shell nanoparticles as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Szekeres
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi Vt. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.Y.T.); (E.I.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.S.); (E.T.); Tel.: +36-62-544-212 (M.S. & E.T.); Fax: +36-62-546-482 (M.S.)
| | - Ildikó Y. Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi Vt. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.Y.T.); (E.I.)
| | - Erzsébet Illés
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi Vt. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.Y.T.); (E.I.)
| | - Angéla Hajdú
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Katalin Farkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Gábor Oszlánczi
- Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - László Tiszlavicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Állomás u. 2, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi Vt. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.Y.T.); (E.I.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.S.); (E.T.); Tel.: +36-62-544-212 (M.S. & E.T.); Fax: +36-62-546-482 (M.S.)
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