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Dominguez‐Alfaro A, Mitoudi‐Vagourdi E, Dimov I, Picchio ML, Lopez‐Larrea N, de Lacalle JL, Tao X, Serrano RR, Gallastegui A, Vassardanis N, Mecerreyes D, Malliaras GG. Light-Based 3D Multi-Material Printing of Micro-Structured Bio-Shaped, Conducting and Dry Adhesive Electrodes for Bioelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306424. [PMID: 38251224 PMCID: PMC11251555 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a new method of multi-material printing in one-go using a commercially available 3D printer is presented. The approach is simple and versatile, allowing the manufacturing of multi-material layered or multi-material printing in the same layer. To the best of the knowledge, it is the first time that 3D printed Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) micro-patterns combining different materials are reported, overcoming mechanical stability issues. Moreover, the conducting ink is engineered to obtain stable in-time materials while retaining sub-100 µm resolution. Micro-structured bio-shaped protuberances are designed and 3D printed as electrodes for electrophysiology. Moreover, these microstructures are combined with polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (polyDES) as functional additives, gaining adhesion and ionic conductivity. As a result of the novel electrodes, low skin impedance values showed suitable performance for electromyography recording on the forearm. Finally, this concluded that the use of polyDES conferred stability over time, allowing the usability of the electrode 90 days after fabrication without losing its performance. All in all, this demonstrated a very easy-to-make procedure that allows printing PEDOT:PSS on soft, hard, and/or flexible functional substrates, opening up a new paradigm in the manufacturing of conducting multi-functional materials for the field of bioelectronics and wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez‐Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Eleni Mitoudi‐Vagourdi
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Ivan Dimov
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Matias L. Picchio
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Naroa Lopez‐Larrea
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Jon Lopez de Lacalle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Ruben Ruiz‐Mateos Serrano
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | | | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
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2
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Wondraczek L, Bouchbinder E, Ehrlicher A, Mauro JC, Sajzew R, Smedskjaer MM. Advancing the Mechanical Performance of Glasses: Perspectives and Challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109029. [PMID: 34870862 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glasses are materials that lack a crystalline microstructure and long-range atomic order. Instead, they feature heterogeneity and disorder on superstructural scales, which have profound consequences for their elastic response, material strength, fracture toughness, and the characteristics of dynamic fracture. These structure-property relations present a rich field of study in fundamental glass physics and are also becoming increasingly important in the design of modern materials with improved mechanical performance. A first step in this direction involves glass-like materials that retain optical transparency and the haptics of classical glass products, while overcoming the limitations of brittleness. Among these, novel types of oxide glasses, hybrid glasses, phase-separated glasses, and bioinspired glass-polymer composites hold significant promise. Such materials are designed from the bottom-up, building on structure-property relations, modeling of stresses and strains at relevant length scales, and machine learning predictions. Their fabrication requires a more scientifically driven approach to materials design and processing, building on the physics of structural disorder and its consequences for structural rearrangements, defect initiation, and dynamic fracture in response to mechanical load. In this article, a perspective is provided on this highly interdisciplinary field of research in terms of its most recent challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Allen Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - John C Mauro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Roman Sajzew
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Morten M Smedskjaer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
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3
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Amini A, Khavari A, Barthelat F, Ehrlicher AJ. Centrifugation and index matching yield a strong and transparent bioinspired nacreous composite. Science 2021; 373:1229-1234. [PMID: 34516787 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Adele Khavari
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Francois Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Allen J Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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4
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The precision of macroscale mechanical measurements is limited by the inherent structural heterogeneity of human stratum corneum. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:308-316. [PMID: 34087446 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological tissues are structurally heterogenous mosaics at cellular and sub-cellular length scales. Some tissues, like the outermost layer of human skin, or stratum corneum (SC), also exhibit a rich topography of microchannels at larger mesoscopic length scales. Although this is well understood, modern studies continue to characterize the mechanical properties of biological tissues, including the SC, using macroscale techniques that assume these materials are homogenous in structure, thickness, and composition. Macroscale failure testing of SC is commonly associated with large sample to sample variability. We anticipate that microscale heterogeneities play an important role in defining the global mechanical response of the tissue. To evaluate the validity of the prevailing paradigm that macroscopic testing techniques can provide meaningful information about failure in soft heterogenous tissues, the macroscale work of fracture in isolated human SC samples is measured using conventional macroscale testing techniques and compared with the energy cost of creating new crack interfaces at the microscale, measured using a modified traction force microscopy technique. Results show that measured micro- and macroscale energy costs per unit crack path length are highly consistent. However, crack propagation is found to be guided by microscale topographical features in the tissue. This correlation reveals that macroscale mechanical sample to sample variability is caused by notable differences in crack propagation pathways. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although designed to test homogeneous materials, macroscopic uniaxial tensometry is currently the gold standard for measuring the mechanical properties of biological tissues. All tissues, including human stratum corneum are structurally heterogeneous at the microscale and mechanical measurements are commonly highly variable, even for specimens from the same source. This study explores the fundamental causes of this disparity and evaluates the prevailing paradigm that macroscopic testing techniques can provide meaningful information about failure in soft heterogeneous tissues. Results conclude that the cause of large variability in mechanical work of fracture is due to inherent structural heterogeneities governing crack propagation pathways and altering the total crack length. Structural heterogeneities in tissue therefore limits the precision of macroscale biomechanical testing.
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5
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Yin Z, Barthelat F. Stiff, strong and tough laminated glasses with bio-inspired designs. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:026020. [PMID: 33482661 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abdf30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glass is an attractive material with outstanding transparency, hardness, durability and chemical stability. However, the inherent brittleness and low toughness of glass limit its applications. Overcoming the brittleness of glass will help satisfy the rapidly increasing demands of glass in building materials, optical devices, electronics and photovoltaic systems, but it has been a challenge to create glass that is stiff, strong and tough while maintaining its transparency. In this study we explore how the basic design of laminated glass can be enriched with bio-inspired architectures generated with laser engraving. We assess the performance of designs based on continuous plies (90° cross plies, Bouligand), finite glass blocks (segmented Bouligand, nacre-like brick-and-mortar) and hybrid designs. It shows that simultaneous improvements of stiffness, strength and energy absorption upon continuous ply designs can be achieved by promoting delocalized shearing of the polymeric interlayer over brittle fracture of the glass building blocks, and by only placing enriched architectures under tensile deformation so that interlayer shearing can be realized. This principle can be realized simply by adjusting size and arrangement of the building blocks, and by combining continuous plain layers with architectured layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Francois Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
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6
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Natural arrangement of fiber-like aragonites and its impact on mechanical behavior of mollusk shells: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103940. [PMID: 32957234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During billions of years of evolution, creatures in nature have possessed nearly perfect structures and functions for survival. Multiscale structures in biological materials over several length scales play a pivotal role in achieving structural and functional integrity. Fiber, as a common principal structural element in nature, can be easily constructed in different ways, thus resulting in various natural structures. In this review, we summarized the decades of investigations on a typical biological structure constructed by fiber aragonites in mollusk shells. Crossed-lamellar structure, as one of the most widespread structures in mollusk shells, reconciles the strength-toughness trade-off dilemma successfully due to the presence of highly-hierarchical architectures. This distinctive structure includes several orders of sub-lamellae, and the different order lamellae present a cross-ply feature in one macro crossed-lamellar layer. When a mollusk shell has more than one macro-layer, the crossed-lamellar structure exhibits various forms of architectures including 0°/90°, 0°/90°/0° typical-sandwich, 15°/75°/0° quasi-sandwich, and 0°/90°/0°/90° arranged modes. The fracture resistance and the relevant toughening mechanisms are directly related to the highly-hierarchical crossed-lamellar structures on different length scales. This article is aimed to review the different arranged modes of crossed-lamellar structures existing in nature, with special attention to their impact on the mechanical behavior and salient toughening mechanisms over several length scales, for seeking the design guidelines for the fabrication of bio-inspired advanced engineering materials that are adaptive to different loading conditions.
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7
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Ying B, Park S, Chen L, Dong X, Young EWK, Liu X. NanoPADs and nanoFACEs: an optically transparent nanopaper-based device for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3322-3333. [PMID: 32766659 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00226g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paper has been a popular material of choice for biomedical applications including for bioanalysis and cell biology studies. Regular cellulose paper-based devices, however, have several key limitations including slow fluid flow; large sample retention in the paper matrix for microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) application; serious solvent evaporation issues, and contamination and poor control of experimental conditions for cell culture. Here, we describe the development of two novel platforms, nanopaper-based analytical devices (nanoPADs) and nanofibrillated adherent cell-culture platforms (nanoFACEs), that use nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) paper, simply called nanopaper, as the substrate material to create transparent, pump-free and hollow-channel paper-based microfluidic devices. Due to the natural hydrophilicity and nanoscale pore size of nanopaper, the hollow-channel microfluidic devices can realize a totally pump-free flow without any complicated surface chemical functionalization on the nanopaper. Experimental results showed that within a certain range, larger hollow channel size leads to faster pump-free flows. Different from previous designs of paper-based hollow-channel microfluidic devices, the high transparency of the nanopaper substrate enabled the integration of various optical sensing and imaging technologies together with the nanoPADs and nanoFACEs. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, we demonstrated the use of nanoPADs for colorimetric sensing of glucose and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based detection of environmental pollutants and applied the nanoFACEs to the culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These demonstrations show the great promise of nanoPADs and nanoFACEs for biomedical applications such as chemical/bioanalysis and cell biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ying
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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8
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Jiang H, Ghods S, Weller E, Waddell S, Ossa EA, Yang F, Arola D. Contributions of intermolecular bonding and lubrication to the mechanical behavior of a natural armor. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:242-255. [PMID: 32084601 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among many dermal armors, fish scales have become a source of inspiration in the pursuit of "next-generation" structural materials. Although fish scales function in a hydrated environment, the role of water and intermolecular hydrogen bonding to their unique structural behavior has not been elucidated. Water molecules reside within and adjacent to the interpeptide locations of the collagen fibrils of the elasmodine and provide lubrication to the protein molecules during deformation. We evaluated the contributions of this lubrication and the intermolecular bonding to the mechanical behavior of elasmodine scales from the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). Scales were exposed to polar solvents, followed by axial loading to failure and the deformation mechanisms were characterized via optical mechanics. Displacement of intermolecular water molecules by liquid polar solvents caused significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in stiffness, strength and toughness of the scales. Removal of this lubrication decreased the capacity for non-linear deformation and toughness, which results from the increased resistance to fibril rotations and sliding caused by molecular friction. The intermolecular lubrication is a key component of the "protecto-flexibility" of scales and these natural armors as a system; it can serve as an important component of biomimetic-driven designs for flexible armor systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The natural armor of fish has become a topic of substantial scientific interest. Hydration is important to these materials as water molecules reside within the interpeptide locations of the collagen fibrils of the elasmodine and provide lubrication to the protein molecules during deformation. We explored the opportunity for tuning the mechanical behavior of scales as a model for next-generation engineering materials by adjusting the extent of hydrogen bonding with polar solvents and the corresponding interpeptide molecular lubrication. Removal of this lubrication decreased the capacity for non-linear deformation and toughness due to an increase in resistance to fibril rotations and sliding as imparted by molecular friction. We show that intermolecular lubrication is a key component of the "protecto-flexibility" of natural armors and it is an essential element of biomimetic approaches to develop flexible armor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Roberts Hall, 333, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
| | - S Ghods
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Roberts Hall, 333, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
| | - E Weller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Roberts Hall, 333, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
| | - S Waddell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Roberts Hall, 333, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
| | - E A Ossa
- School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - F Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
| | - D Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Roberts Hall, 333, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle, WA USA; Department of Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Yin Z, Hannard F, Barthelat F. Impact-resistant nacre-like transparent materials. Science 2020; 364:1260-1263. [PMID: 31249053 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glass has outstanding optical properties, hardness, and durability, but its applications are limited by its inherent brittleness and poor impact resistance. Lamination and tempering can improve impact response but do not suppress brittleness. We propose a bioinspired laminated glass that duplicates the three-dimensional "brick-and-mortar" arrangement of nacre from mollusk shells, with periodic three-dimensional architectures and interlayers made of a transparent thermoplastic elastomer. This material reproduces the "tablet sliding mechanism," which is key to the toughness of natural nacre but has been largely absent in synthetic nacres. Tablet sliding generates nonlinear deformations over large volumes and significantly improves toughness. This nacre-like glass is also two to three times more impact resistant than laminated glass and tempered glass while maintaining high strength and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - F Hannard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - F Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada.
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10
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Jiang H, Ghods S, Ma Y, Dai X, Yang F, He X. Designed for the enhancement of structure mechanostability and strength: Suture-serrate margins of bivalve shells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103586. [PMID: 32090914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Through biological evolution, bivalve mollusks developed shells to improve the utilization of metabolic energy and provide protection against external threats. In addition to the mechanical optimization of the microstructure, the design of the macroscopic shape of a bivalve shell naturally becomes a potential approach to achieving the aforementioned purposes. While the functions of some features of mollusk shells have been studied, the role of the suture-serrate margins, a common morphology of bivalve shell edges, in the global mechanical behaviors of bivalve shells requires further exploration. Here, we present how the serrate margins contribute to the global mechanical properties of bivalve shells. The results of the compression tests employed on a typical bivalve, M. mercenaria, showed that the complete bivalve shells with suture-serrate margins perform better in terms of strength and work to fracture than those without the margins under the same conditions (dry and wet). The primary failure types observed during compression reveal that the failure mechanisms of valve shells are dependent on the suture-serrate margin morphology and water content. Using numerical simulations, the mechanical functions of the suture-serrate margins were demonstrated. Specifically, serrate margins provide mutual resistance by "locking" complementary valves to redistribute and eliminate stress concentrations around pre-existing defects, thereby enhancing the mechanostability and strength of the entire structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
| | - Sean Ghods
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yinhang Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
| | - Xiangjun Dai
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, SD, China
| | - Fujun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
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11
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Huang W, Restrepo D, Jung JY, Su FY, Liu Z, Ritchie RO, McKittrick J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901561. [PMID: 31268207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David Restrepo
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Y Su
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Fatigue and Fracture Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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12
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Pro JW, Barthelat F. Discrete element models of tooth enamel, a complex three-dimensional biological composite. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:536-552. [PMID: 31055119 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enamel, the hard surface layer of teeth, is a three-dimensional biological composite made of crisscrossing mineral rods bonded by softer proteins. Structure-property relationships in this complex material have been difficult to capture and usually require computationally expensive models. Here we present more efficient discrete element models (DEM) of tooth enamel that can capture the effects of rod decussation and rod-to-interface stiffness contrast on modulus, hardness, and fracture resistance. Enamel-like microstructures were generated using an idealized biological growth model that captures rod decussation. The orthotropic elastic moduli were modeled with a unit cell, and surface hardness was captured with virtual indentation test. Macroscopic crack growth was also modeled directly through rupture of interfaces and rods in a virtual fracture specimen with an initial notch. We show that the resistance curves increase indefinitely when rod fracture is avoided, with the inelastic region, crack branching, and 3D tortuosity being the main sources of toughness. Increasing the decussation angle simultaneously increases the size of the inelastic region and the crack resistance while decreasing the enamel axial modulus, hardness, and rod stress. In addition, larger contrasts of stiffness between the rods and their interfaces promote high overall stiffness, hardness, and crack resistance. These insights provide better guidelines for reconstructive dental materials, and for development of bioinspired hard materials with unique combinations of mechanical properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Enamel is the hardest, most mineralized material in the human body with a complex 3D micro-architecture consisting of crisscrossing mineral rods bonded by softer proteins. Like many hard biological composites, enamel displays an attractive combination of toughness, hardness, and stiffness, owing to its unique microstructure. However few numerical models explore the enamel structure-property relations, as modeling large volumes of this complex microstructure presents computational bottlenecks. In this study, we present a computationally efficient Discrete-element method (DEM) based approach that captures the effect of rod crisscrossing and stiffness mismatch on the enamel hardness, stiffness, and toughness. The models offer new insight into the micromechanics of enamel that could improve design guidelines for reconstructive dental materials and bioinspired composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Pro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Francois Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada.
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