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Lareyre O, Cousson-Gélie F, Pereira B, Stoebner-Delbarre A, Lambert C, Gourlan M. Effect of a peer-led prevention program (P2P) on smoking in vocational high school students: Results from a two-school-year cluster-randomized trial. Addiction 2024; 119:1616-1628. [PMID: 38780044 DOI: 10.1111/add.16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to measure the impact of P2P (i.e. peer-to-peer), a peer-led smoking prevention intervention, on daily smoking prevalence of adolescents over 2 school years. DESIGN A cluster-randomized controlled trial was performed over a 16-month follow-up (trial status: closed to follow-up). P2P was implemented 1-3 and 13-15 months after baseline. Assessments took place at baseline and 4, 10 and 16 months after baseline. The research team, assessors and adolescents were blinded to the study-arm assignment only at baseline. SETTING Fifteen vocational high schools in France were randomized into two clusters, using a 1:1 allocation ratio per French department (n intervention = 7, n control = 8). PARTICIPANTS Participants comprised a sample of 2010 students in year 11 (i.e. 15-16 years) in vocational high schools. A total of 437 students could not be assessed at baseline (absent or left school), yielding a total sample of 1573 students (n intervention = 749, n control = 824). INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR The P2P programme trained voluntary students to become peer educators and design smoking prevention actions for their schoolmates in the intervention group (n = 945 students), compared with a passive control group (n = 1065 students). MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was change from baseline in the prevalence of self-reported daily smoking (i.e. at least one cigarette per day) at 16 months. FINDINGS The 'time × group' interaction indicated that, compared with the control group, the intervention group had statistically significantly fewer daily smokers after 16 months [odds ratio (OR) = 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20, 0.53]. Similarly, compared with the control group, the intervention group had statistically significantly fewer daily smokers after 4 months (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.30, 0.82) and 10 months (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.37, 0.98). No adverse events of P2P2 were reported. CONCLUSIONS A cluster-randomized trial found evidence that the peer-led P2P (peer-to-peer) smoking prevention intervention reduced the uptake of daily smoking among high school students in France over 16 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lareyre
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPSYLON UR 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Cousson-Gélie
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPSYLON UR 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics Unit, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne Stoebner-Delbarre
- Onco-Addiction and Patient Education Unit-Supportive Care Department, Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics Unit, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathieu Gourlan
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPSYLON UR 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
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Daedelow LS, Banaschewski T, Berning M, Bokde ALW, Brühl R, Burke Quinlan E, Curran HV, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Hardon A, Kaminski J, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Murray H, Nees F, Oei NYL, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Rosenthal A, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Wiers RW, Schumann G, Heinz A. Are psychotic-like experiences related to a discontinuation of cannabis consumption in young adults? Schizophr Res 2021; 228:271-279. [PMID: 33493775 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess changes in cannabis use in young adults as a function of psychotic-like experiences. METHOD Participants were initially recruited at age 14 in high schools for the longitudinal IMAGEN study. All measures presented here were assessed at follow-ups at age 19 and at age 22, respectively. Perceived stress was only assessed once at age 22. Ever users of cannabis (N = 552) gave qualitative and quantitative information on cannabis use and psychotic-like experiences using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Of those, nearly all n = 549 reported to have experienced at least one psychotic experience of any form at age 19. RESULTS Mean cannabis use increased from age 19 to 22 and age of first use of cannabis was positively associated with a change in cannabis use between the two time points. Change in cannabis use was not significantly associated with psychotic-like experiences at age 19 or 22. In exploratory analysis, we observed a positive association between perceived stress and the experience of psychotic experiences at age 22. CONCLUSION Age of first use of cannabis influenced trajectories of young cannabis users with later onset leading to higher increase, whereas the frequency of psychotic-like experiences was not associated with a change in cannabis use. The observed association between perceived stress and psychotic-like experiences at age 22 emphasizes the importance of stress experiences in developing psychosis independent of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Daedelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Moritz Berning
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Anita Hardon
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, France
| | - Hayley Murray
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole Y L Oei
- Research Priority Area (RPA) Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Developmental Psychology (Addiction Development and Psychopathology ADAPT-lab), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annika Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Adapt Lab, Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom; PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Damari B, Sarami H, Alikhani S, Mirzaei H. A National survey on substance use among Iranian industrial workers. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:20. [PMID: 32551309 PMCID: PMC7293805 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence shows that the prevalence of substance abuse is 2.1% in Iranians aged 15-64 years, while reported rates are higher in studies that target industrial workplaces. Our study intends to provide a national picture of substance use among industrial workers in Iran.
Methods: This survey was designed to collect data through interviews and dipstick urine tests. Using a multi-stage sampling approach, we recruited our study subjects from a representative sample of industrial workers from all provinces in 2015. Data were weighted to estimate the prevalence rate of substance use. Odds ratios were calculated through adapting logistic regression to test the strength of association between substance use (based on self-report and urine test) and sociodemographic factors including sex, age group, education level, marital status and worker’s professional training status. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 22. P <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: We analyzed the data collected from 13,128 participants; both self-reported use and urine test results. Majority of the respondents were male (n=12077, 92%), aged 21-40 years old (n=9491, 72.3%), had finished middle/secondary school (n=8353, 63.6%) and were married (n=11012, 83.9%). Opium was the most popular abused substance (n=352, 2.7%) followed by alcohol (304, 2.3%), based on self-reports. Urine tests showed that 23.8% (n=3105) of the participants had a positive result for the use of opiates/opioids, crystal meth and/or cannabis. The highest rate of substance use reported from a province was 60.50%; the lowest provincial rate was 9.0%.
Conclusion: Nearly a one-fourth of Iranian industrial employees are engaged in use of substances with significant geographical distribution. Urine test is the recommended method to assess the prevalence of drug use among industrial workers in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Damari
- Department of Governance and Health, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sarami
- Cultural planning and management Edalat University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Mirzaei
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Gitatui M, Kimani S, Muniu S, Okube O. Determinants of harmful use of alcohol among urban slum dwelling adults in Kenya. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2906-2925. [PMID: 32127866 PMCID: PMC7040319 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful alcohol use is a public health problem associated with negative health and socio-economic impacts. However, patterns and dynamics of alcohol use among slum-dwellers in Kenya are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To establish determinants of harmful alcohol use among adults in an urban slum setting in Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study involving a consecutively selected sample (N=215) from Githurai, in Nairobi. A pre-tested questionnaire that captured data on socio-demographics, drinking patterns, type, reasons, initiator, and support system. RESULTS Of the respondents, those above 31 years, married, separated/divorced/widowed, of high education, earning above 50 USD, and from dysfunctional families consumed more alcohol. Low earners consumed (p < 0.05) unrecorded while high earners drank (p< 0.001) recorded alcohol. Adults from families with a drinking father and sibling consumed more alcohol (p=0.001). Single, low educational attainment/earners, and those in dysfunctional families (p <0.05) drank due to stress and reported alcohol-related problems. Young, unmarried, and casual laborers were introduced (p < 0.05) to alcohol by friends. CONCLUSION Socio-demographic, economic, familial, social interactions, and stress are associated with harmful alcohol use among adults from slums calling for interventions targeting these factors.
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The Use of Alcohol and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases among Ellisras Rural Children Aged 14-22 Years: Ellisras Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152650. [PMID: 31344981 PMCID: PMC6695915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The harm alcohol abuse does to physical and mental health is well established. The perception of cardiovascular disease risk factors and alcohol use requires attention. This study aims to investigate the association between alcohol usage and knowledge of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors among Ellisras rural adolescents and young adults aged 14–22 years. In this cross-sectional study a total of 1409 subjects (736 boys and 673 girls), aged 14–22 years, from the Ellisras Longitudinal Study, South Africa completed a validated alcohol use and CVDs knowledge questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association. The prevalence of alcohol intake increased with increasing age among girls (13.6% to 17.7%) and boys (10.3% to 16.9%) and reached a statistically significant difference (p < 0.024) at an older age category (20–22 years). There was a significant (p < 0.05) association between alcohol use and a positive response on the following knowledge statements: The fact that cardiovascular disease attacked all age groups and mostly elderly people (the odds ratio (OR) ranged between 0.5 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33–0.74 and OR = 2.86 95% CI = 1.27–6.42). Medical doctors can help to diagnose somebody with cardiovascular diseases (OR ranged between 2.25 95% CI = 1.49–3.39 and OR = 0.75 95% CI = 0.65–0.87). The condition for cardiovascular diseases developed over a long period (OR ranged between 1.75 95% CI = 1.16–2.64 and OR = 2.23 95% CI = 1.34–4.07). The prevalence of alcohol use in Ellisras rural adolescents and young adults begins between the ages of 14 and 16 years and increases with age. Binge drinking was more evident on Fridays and Saturdays among the Ellisras rural adolescents and young adults with girls showing a significantly higher prevalence of binge drinking compared to boys on a Friday.
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Differential associations of health literacy with Austrian adolescents' tobacco and alcohol use. Public Health 2019; 174:74-82. [PMID: 31323600 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tobacco use and alcohol use have their origin in adolescence, and risky use of these substances is amongst the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. Health literacy (HL) encompasses the skills that are decisive to make appropriate health decisions in this context. Given the paucity of evidence on the link between HL and adolescents' health behaviors, the present study examined overall HL and different components of HL and their associations with smoking and alcohol use among 13 to 17-year-old Austrian students. STUDY DESIGN Data were obtained from a national survey carried out in Austria (N = 4219; 56% females) as part of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: World Health Organization (WHO) collaborative cross-national study. METHODS We tested two structural equation models, one including the overall HL scale as the predictor and one with the three subscales of HL 'finding,' 'understanding and appraising,' and 'applying' health-related information as predictors of smoking and alcohol use. RESULTS Although overall HL was related to all indicators of adolescents' smoking and drinking, the three HL components had differential effects on these behaviors. The easier it was for the participants to 'understand and appraise' and 'apply' health-related information, the less frequently they had smoked and drunk alcohol and the less was the amount of alcohol they had consumed. Contrarily, the easier it was for the participants to 'find' information, the more they had smoked and drunk alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that availability of health-related information may be insufficient on its own to prevent or reduce risky substance use. This is of particular importance for the development and improvement of primary prevention programs targeting adolescent populations.
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Vega-Cauich JI, Zumárraga-García FM. Variables Asociadas al Inicio y Consumo Actual de Sustancias en Adolescentes en Conflicto con la Ley. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2018a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chekib Z, Zammit N, Manel L, Menel M, Elghardallou M, Jihen S, Ali M, Thouraya A. Illicit substance use among Tunisian college students: prevalence and risk factors. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 30:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0108/ijamh-2016-0108.xml. [PMID: 28599377 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Illicit substance use among college students represents one of the most complicated social problems. Studying its predictors could help deal with this problem more efficiently. Aims To determine the prevalence of life time illicit substance use and its predictors among Tunisian college students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in five colleges in the region of Sousse, Tunisia in the 2012-2013 school year. A sample of 556 college students responded to an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire. Collected data concerned socio-demographic characteristics and substances use. Results The mean age of students was 21.8 ± 2.2 years. Females represented 51.8% of participants. Among respondents: 31 (5.6%) had used illicit substance at least once. Cannabis was the main substance used by 26 (4.7%) students. The average age of the illicit substance use initiation was 19 (±2.5) years while it was almost 17 (±3) years for both tobacco and alcohol use initiations. Proportions of male students and academic failure were significantly more important among illicit substance users than among non users. While the most influential factors on illicit substance use were: alcohol use, tobacco use and low socioeconomic level. Conclusion This study highlights the strong association between the other risk behaviors and illicit drug use. Future interventions should focus on the whole risk behaviors simultaneously at late adolescence with regard to the environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedini Chekib
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nawel Zammit
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Limam Manel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mellouli Menel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Elghardallou
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sahli Jihen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mtiraoui Ali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ajmi Thouraya
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
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Pereira-Morales AJ, Adan A, Camargo A, Forero DA. Substance use and suicide risk in a sample of young Colombian adults: An exploration of psychosocial factors. Am J Addict 2017; 26:388-394. [PMID: 28456010 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Young adults might engage in many risk behaviors, including alcohol and drug use, which could lead to mental health problems, such as suicide. The aim of this study was to examine specific psychosocial and clinical factors that could influence the possible relationship between polysubstance use (PSU) and suicide risk in a sample of young Colombian participants. METHODS A sample of 274 young participants (mean age = 21.3 years) was evaluated with two substance use screening tests (ASSIST and AUDIT) and five scales for clinical and psychosocial factors and suicide risk: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety scale, Family APGAR, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Plutchik Suicide Risk scale. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Use of cannabis and tobacco was significantly correlated with suicide risk in the total sample (p < .05). Depressive and anxiety symptoms, family functioning, and emotional abuse during childhood were significantly associated with suicide risk (p < .001), while alcohol use, anxiety symptoms, and family functioning were variables significantly related to PSU. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with previous evidence suggesting a relationship between substance use, several psychosocial factors, and suicide risk in young participants. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our study is one of the first reports the relationship between substance use and suicide risk in a Latin American population. (Am J Addict 2017;26:388-394).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Pereira-Morales
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Camargo
- School of Nursing, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales. U.D.C.A, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego A Forero
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
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Huegaerts K, Puig-Barrachina V, Vanroelen C. The mental health of unemployed Brussels youth: the role of social and material resources. Arch Public Health 2017; 75:19. [PMID: 28439410 PMCID: PMC5402049 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the aftermath of the 2008 Great Recession, youth unemployment rates in the Brussels Capital Region (BCR) increased. The aim of this study is firstly to investigate the evolution of the mental health gap between employed and unemployed youth and secondly to examine the association of material and social resources with mental health of youth entering the labour market in the BCR. METHODS Two data sources are used to answer the research questions: the Belgian Health Interview Survey (HIS) data (1997 to 2013; 18- to 29-year-olds; N = 5,562), and the authors' own primary data collection among Brussels youth in the transition from education to employment (2015; 18- to 29-year-olds; N = 1,151; BCR-sample). Prevalence ratios, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses are used to explore mental distress and possible mental disorder amongst this particular group of youth. RESULTS The results show a consistent tendency towards increasing mental health problems for unemployed, compared to employed youth in the 1997-2013 period in the three Belgian Regions. Both social support and the living arrangements of men are related to mental distress and a possible mental disorder. The perception of a poor financial situation is related to a possible mental disorder. Our study also found that escape-avoidance behaviour is important in explaining both adverse mental health outcomes amongst women. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the mental health gap between employed and unemployed youth increases and demonstrates the importance of material and social resources for the mental health of unemployed youth. These results can contribute to discussions on unemployment policies targeting vulnerable youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Huegaerts
- Interface Demography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 5, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Vanroelen
- Interface Demography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 5, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Health Inequalities Research Group (GREDS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè 10-12, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
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Hasselgård-Rowe J, Broers B, Haller DM. Protocol for a systematic review of the factors associated with binge drinking among adolescents and young adults. Syst Rev 2017; 6:76. [PMID: 28399900 PMCID: PMC5387323 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is the behaviour that has the most significant impact on the mortality and morbidity of young people, and binge drinking is becoming the norm among this population. The burden of disease of binge drinking during adolescence and young adulthood is significant and warrants the development of effective prevention strategies. Although the literature on risk factors for excessive substance use has been increasing, to our knowledge, a systematic review of the factors associated with binge drinking among young people has not yet been conducted. This study aims to identify and organise the factors associated with binge drinking among young people aged 15 to 24 years; and to provide a framework to further understand these factors in order to better target prevention strategies. METHODS/DESIGN This systematic review of the literature will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The databases PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Social Care will be searched for articles published between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2015. Our search focuses on studies examining the risk factors for binge drinking among young people (between the ages of 15 and 24). Observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies) will be included, while randomised controlled trials will be excluded. Case series and case reports will also be excluded, while reviews, if relevant, will be included. The primary outcome is binge drinking. Secondary outcomes include indicators of frequency and consequences of binge drinking. Two reviewers will independently screen articles, extract relevant data and assess the quality of the studies. DISCUSSION This systematic review will add to our knowledge and understanding of binge drinking among young people. It will allow us to identify the main risk and protective factors associated with binge drinking among this population and ultimately help to define the lines for further investigation and research, as an important part of prevention strategies in this area of work. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This protocol is registered in the PROSPERO registry of the University of York (reference number: CRD42016032496 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hasselgård-Rowe
- Primary Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, UIGP, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Broers
- Division of Primary Care, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency, Geneva University Hospitals, 6 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva-14, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar M. Haller
- Primary Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, UIGP, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Primary Care Physician, Youth Health Clinic, UIGP, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Teixidó-Compañó E, Espelt A, Sordo L, Bravo MJ, Sarasa-Renedo A, Indave BI, Bosque-Prous M, Brugal MT. Differences between men and women in substance use: the role of educational level and employment status. GACETA SANITARIA 2017; 32:41-47. [PMID: 28318754 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine differences between men and women in hazardous drinking, heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative use according to educational level and employment status in the economically active population in Spain. METHOD Cross-sectional study with data from 2013 Spanish Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs on individuals aged 25-64 [n=14,113 (women=6,171; men=7,942)]. Dependent variables were hazardous drinking, heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative consumption; the main independent variables were educational level and employment situation. Associations between dependent and independent variables were calculated with Poisson regression models with robust variance. All analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS Hazardous drinking and heavy cannabis use were higher in men, while women consumed more hypnosedatives. The lower the educational level, the greater the gender differences in the prevalence of this substances owing to different consumption patterns in men and women. While men with a lower educational level were higher hazardous drinkers [RII=2.57 (95%CI: 1.75-3.78)] and heavy cannabis users [RII=3.03 (95%CI: 1.88-4.89)] compared to higher educational level, in women the prevalence was the same. Women with a lower education level and men with a higher education level had higher hypnosedative consumption. Unemployment was associated with increased heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative use in both women and men and with lower hazardous drinking only in women. CONCLUSIONS There are differences between men and women in the use of psychoactive substances that can be explained by the unequal distribution of substance use in them according to educational level. Unemployment was associated with substance use in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Teixidó-Compañó
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la salut, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Espelt
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia en Ciències de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Luis Sordo
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Bravo
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sarasa-Renedo
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Iciar Indave
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Bosque-Prous
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la salut, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Brugal
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la salut, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Slade T, Chapman C, Swift W, Keyes K, Tonks Z, Teesson M. Birth cohort trends in the global epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol-related harms in men and women: systematic review and metaregression. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011827. [PMID: 27797998 PMCID: PMC5093369 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Historically, alcohol use and related harms are more prevalent in men than in women. However, emerging evidence suggests the epidemiology of alcohol use is changing in younger cohorts. The current study aimed to systematically summarise published literature on birth cohort changes in male-to-female ratios in indicators of alcohol use and related harms. METHODS We identified 68 studies that met inclusion criteria. We calculated male-to-female ratios for 3 broad categories of alcohol use and harms (any alcohol use, problematic alcohol use and alcohol-related harms) stratified by 5-year birth cohorts ranging from 1891 to 2001, generating 1568 sex ratios. Random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled sex ratios within these 3 categories separately for each birth cohort. FINDINGS There was a linear decrease over time in the sex ratio for all 3 categories of alcohol use and related harms. Among those born in the early 1900s, males were 2.2 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.5) times more likely than females to consume alcohol, 3.0 (95% CI 1.5 to 6.0) times more likely to drink alcohol in ways suggestive of problematic use and 3.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 30.3) times more likely to experience alcohol-related harms. Among cohorts born in the late 1900s, males were 1.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2) times more likely than females to consume alcohol, 1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) times more likely to drink alcohol in ways suggestive of problematic use and 1.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.3) times more likely to experience alcohol-related harms. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirm the closing male-female gap in indicators of alcohol use and related harms. The closing male-female gap is most evident among young adults, highlighting the importance of prospectively tracking young male and female cohorts as they age into their 30s, 40s and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Slade
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cath Chapman
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Swift
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Keyes
- Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zoe Tonks
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Fidalgo TM, Sanchez ZM, Caetano SC, Maia LO, Carlini EA, Martins SS. The association of psychiatric symptomatology with patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among Brazilian high school students. Am J Addict 2016; 25:416-25. [PMID: 27437619 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Studies have highlighted psychosocial factors associated with drug use among adolescents. Association of specific psychiatric comorbidity with substance use has not been properly established in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by 15-18-year-old high school Brazilian students and to estimate associations with psychiatric symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 4,034 students from 128 public and private schools in São Paulo State was carried out using a two-step probability sample. Data were collected through self-report standardized questionnaires including questions on substance use patterns and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Key outcome variables were past-month use and past-month frequent use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Questionnaires with missing information were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 2,532 adolescents. Weighted data was analyzed through logistic regressions, adjusted by gender and by socio-economic status (SES). RESULTS Regarding SDQ total score, 43.6% of students had no psychiatric symptoms, 7.9% had subclinical symptoms and 48.5% presented clinically significant symptoms. Respondents with a clinically significant SDQ score were more likely to be past month alcohol (aOR = 1.51; 95%CI 1.22-1.88), tobacco (aOR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.25-2.66), and marijuana (aOR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.21-2.64) users as compared to those with no symptomatology. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Psychopathological symptoms were associated with alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use by 15-18-year-old adolescents. These associations should also be considered when planning public policies of mental health promotion. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This study discusses the importance of the association between psychopathological symptoms and substance use in a middle-income country, with high level of social inequalities, in a state representative sample. (Am J Addict 2016;25:416-425).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Fidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Caetano
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas O Maia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisaldo A Carlini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Haller DM, Meynard A, Lefebvre D, Hasselgård-Rowe J, Broers B, Narring F. Excessive substance use among young people consulting family doctors: a cross-sectional study. Fam Pract 2015; 32:500-4. [PMID: 26251025 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family doctors can only play a role in the prevention of excessive substance use in young people if those affected are seen in the practice. OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of excessive substance use among young people consulting family doctors in a European context. METHODS As part of a trial of an intervention addressing substance use we collected data from young people consulting 32 family doctors in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Before the consultation, consecutive patients aged 15-24 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on their general health and substance use. Outcomes were excessive alcohol (defined as ≥1 episode of binge drinking), excessive cannabis (use ≥1/week), regular tobacco (≥1 cigarettes a day) and/or any other substance use in the past 30 days. Prevalence data were computed with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for clustering within practices, stratified by age and gender. RESULTS Between February 2009 and November 2010, 636 patients were eligible. Participation rate was 93.4% (n=594, 53% female). The prevalence of excessive use in the past 30 days was alcohol 44.9% (95% CI: 37.8-52.1), cannabis 11.1% (95% CI: 8.0-14.1), tobacco 23.4% (95% CI: 19.0-28.1) and any other drug 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4-4.2). Excessive use was higher in males than in females. Except for tobacco prevalence of excessive use was only slightly higher in young adults compared to adolescents. CONCLUSION Excessive substance use is frequent among young people consulting family doctors in a European context. Future research should provide guidance about how to best seize this window of opportunity for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar M Haller
- Adolescent and Young Adult Program, Department of Community, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine and Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland, Department of community health and medicine, Primary Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia,
| | - Anne Meynard
- Adolescent and Young Adult Program, Department of Community, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine and Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jennifer Hasselgård-Rowe
- Department of community health and medicine, Primary Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Broers
- Dependencies Unit, Division of Primary Care, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Narring
- Adolescent and Young Adult Program, Department of Community, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine and Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Heydari ST, Izedi S, Sarikhani Y, Kalani N, Akbary A, Miri A, Mahmoodi M, Akbari M. The Prevalence of Substance use and Associated Risk Factors Among University Students in the City of Jahrom, Southern Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 4:e22381. [PMID: 26097836 PMCID: PMC4464575 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.4(2)2015.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substance use among college students in Iran is a serious problem. Determining the pattern of substance use among University students is an important issue for implementing prevention and treatment programs. Objectives: The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2012 to February 2013 and included 1149 randomly selected students of two Jahrom universities. A standard questionnaire was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 15 for Windows. T-test and Chi-square T-test and Chi-square and Logestic regression tests were used for data analysis. Results: Tobacco (28.3%), alcohol (13.0%), and cannabis and marijuana (5.2%) were the most common substances used by the students. The prevalence of substance use among the male students was significantly higher (OR: 1.5, 95%CI: 1.42 - 2.68, P < 0.001). The risk of at least single episode of substance usage was higher among the students which were living alone (OR: 3.03, 95%CI: 1.74 - 5.28, P < 0.001) The most important motivators for beginning substance use were curiosity, in 46.4%, and seeking pleasure, in 28.8%. Conclusions: Substance usage is considered as a risk factor for students’ health among University students in Iran. Design of educational courses addressing the detrimental effects and dire consequences of substance usage could help to improve control programs. Universities could improve their drug abuse control programs by focusing on the high risk groups determined by relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Taghi Heydari
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Somayeh Izedi
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Yaser Sarikhani
- Research Center of Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Yaser Sarikhani, Research Center of Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-7132309615, E-mail:
| | - Navid Kalani
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Ali Akbary
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, IR Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miri
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mahmoodi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Akbari
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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N'Goran AA, Studer J, Deline S, Henchoz Y, Baggio S, Mohler-Kuo M, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Bidirectional relationship between the body mass index and substance use in young men. Subst Abus 2015; 37:190-6. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2015.1013204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Demirbaş H. Substance and Alcohol use in Young Adults in Turkey as Indicated by the CAGE Questionnaire and Drinking Frequency. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:29-35. [PMID: 28360672 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.6916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine drinking problems and to analyze the socio-demographic factors associated with problematic alcohol use in young adults. METHODS The study included 262 students who were surveyed for substance use problems in a postgraduate program using the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener (CAGE) Questionnaire. The relationships between socio-demographic variables and alcohol use were assessed using both univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Of the whole sample, 56.11% reported that they had tried drinking alcohol and 1.91% had tried cannabis. The prevalence of problematic alcohol use was 15.3% and 29.7% according to CAGE1+ and past-year drinking frequency, respectively. Alcohol use by mothers was an important differentiating factor for alcohol use by their daughters. Graduating from a university located in the Eastern/Southeastern Anatolia regions, graduating from a private high school, and having average academic performance levels were determinants of problematic alcohol use according to CAGE1+ and frequency of drinking. CONCLUSION This study suggests there is need for early intervention to prevent exposure to the risk factors for problematic alcohol use in young adults, emphasizing that probable presence of an alcohol use disorder and high frequency of drinking are related to socio-demographic factors (high school type, geographical location of the university, and family structure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Demirbaş
- Department of Psychology, Gazi University Faculty of Arts, Ankara, Turkey
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Grigorenko EL, Edwards L, Chapman J. Cannabis use among juvenile detainees: typology, frequency and association. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2015; 25:54-65. [PMID: 24839230 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As both lifetime and daily use of marijuana remain prevalent among US adolescents and are likely to increase, given the legalisation of marijuana in a number of states, their correlates with other negative (including delinquent) behaviours have been studied. Most of this research has been carried out with general-population-based samples. Thus, little is known about this association among court-involved and detained juveniles. AIMS This study aimed to assess lifetime and daily marijuana use among detainees aged 10-16 years. Our hypotheses were that such use would be higher among youth who had been in detention than in general population samples and that it would be associated with other mental health indicators and criminal justice indicators, such as total number of detentions and number and types of charges. METHODS The records of a random 20% sample of all juveniles in detention in Connecticut's state facilities were studied. Data extracted included self-reported information on lifetime and daily use of marijuana, mental health indicators, lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and criminal justice indicators. RESULTS Rates of both lifetime (54%) and daily (16%) use of marijuana in this sample of 371 young people were substantially higher than previous studies have reported in general population samples. As a group, daily users of marijuana demonstrated a more negative mental health profile but did not differ from the rest of the sample in their criminal justice indicators. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Our findings suggest that it is unlikely that cannabis use by young offenders can serve as an independent factor in understanding the frequency and severity of delinquency, although it might be associated with the severity of mental health disorder or dysfunction among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Grigorenko
- Child Study Center, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Melchior M, Chollet A, Elidemir G, Galéra C, Younès N. Unemployment and substance use in young adults: does educational attainment modify the association? Eur Addict Res 2015; 21:115-23. [PMID: 25472491 DOI: 10.1159/000365887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether patterns of substance use in relation to unemployment vary depending on educational level. Data come from 1,126 community-based young adults in France (18-35 years of age in 2011) and their parents (TEMPO and GAZEL studies). Tobacco use (≥1 cigarette/day, 22.5% prevalence), nicotine dependence (Fagerström test ≥2, 7.1% prevalence), alcohol use (≥2 units/week, 25.3% prevalence), alcohol abuse (WHO AUDIT ≥7 in women and ≥8 in men, 10.8% prevalence), cannabis use (≥1 time, 16.5% prevalence), and cannabis abuse (CAST ≥2, 5.0% prevalence) were assessed by interview. We conducted logistic regression analyses controlled for inverse probability weights of unemployment, calculated based on demographics, negative life events, health, and juvenile and parental characteristics. Compared to participants who were always employed, those who were unemployed and had no higher education were more likely to smoke tobacco (OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.86-4.10), to be nicotine dependent (OR: 5.70, 95% CI: 3.03-10.73), to use cannabis (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.42-3.64), and to abuse cannabis (OR: 3.38, 95% CI: 1.63-7.04). Those who were unemployed and had higher education were especially likely to abuse alcohol (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.16-3.09). Increases in unemployment may impact population levels of substance use, particularly in young adults with low educational attainment.
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Jovic S, Genolini C, Delpierre C, Spilka S, Ehlinger V, Ross J, Arnaud C, Godeau E. Socialization instances linked to cannabis experimentation among French teenagers. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1808-19. [PMID: 25099311 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.935788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
France presents one of the highest prevalence of teenagers aged 15-year-olds who report they already have experienced cannabis in Europe. Data from the French 2010 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HSBC) survey and environmental parameters typifying schools' neighborhoods were used to study cannabis experimentation. We conducted a two-level logistic regression (clusters being schools) on 4,175 French 8th-10th graders from 156 schools. Several individual parameters were linked to cannabis experimentation. Living in a non-intact family, feeling insufficiently monitored, having poor communication with mother and being from a family with a high socio-economic status (SES) were all associated with increased risk of cannabis experimentation. At environmental level, only being in a priority education area was linked to this behavior, without explaining differences among schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jovic
- 1Inserm U1027 , 37, allées Jules Guesdes, Toulouse , France
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Dohn MN, Jiménez Méndez SA, Nolasco Pozo M, Altagracia Cabrera E, Dohn AL. Alcohol use and church attendance among seventh through twelfth grade students, Dominican Republic, 2011. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014. [PMID: 23180008 PMCID: PMC3982211 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption increases the years of life lost to premature death and disability worldwide. Religion is a mitigating factor in alcohol consumption. A survey in the Dominican Republic showed increasing church attendance by middle and high school students (N = 3,478) was associated with a delay in age at first alcoholic drink, fewer students who had consumed alcohol in the past month (current drinkers), lower alcohol consumption levels, fewer episodes of inebriation, and less heavy episodic alcohol consumption (all P < 0.0001). The results suggested that it may be useful to conceive of church-attending youth as a subset of the adolescent social network when planning primary alcohol prevention programs for young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Dohn
- Programa de Salud Comunitaria, Clínica Esperanza y Caridad, Iglesia Episcopal Dominicana, Apartado 509, C/ Sánchez #9, esq. Freddy Gaton Arce, Sector Miramar, San Pedro de Macorís, 21000, Dominican Republic,
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Dugas EN, O’Loughlin EK, Low NC, Wellman RJ, O’Loughlin JL. Sustained Waterpipe Use Among Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:709-16. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Tavolacci MP, Ladner J, Grigioni S, Richard L, Villet H, Dechelotte P. Prevalence and association of perceived stress, substance use and behavioral addictions: a cross-sectional study among university students in France, 2009-2011. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:724. [PMID: 23919651 PMCID: PMC3750571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND University students face multiple stressors such as academic overload, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers as well as concerns about the future. Stress should not be considered on its own, but should be associated with potential risk behaviors leading to onset of substance use and related problems heightened during the university period. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of main substance use and behavioral addictions among students in higher education in France and to examine the relationship with perceived stress. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was filled out by university student volunteers from Upper Normandy (France) either by anonymous online questionnaire or by paper questionnaire. Data collected included socio-economic characteristics, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis) and hazardous behaviors: alcohol abuse problems, smoking, consumption of cannabis, eating disorders, and cyber addiction. RESULTS A total of 1876 students were included. Mean PSS score was 15.9 (standard deviation = 7.2). Highly stressed students (4th quartile) were compared with lesser stressed students (1st quartile). A positive relation was observed between female gender, regular smokers, alcohol abuse problems, risk of cyberaddiction and especially eating disorders (AOR = 5.45, 95% CI = 3.42-8.69), and increasing PSS score. PSS score however, was not significantly related to the curriculum, regular alcohol use, drunkenness or binge drinking even after additional controlling for use of other substances. We found a significant negative association between stress and practice of sport: students with the most physical activity were less likely to report perceived stress (4th quartile: AOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.39-0.80). CONCLUSIONS This cross-sectional study among university students in France revealed that perceived stress was associated not only with known risks such as alcohol misuse, but also with new risks such as eating disorders and cyber addiction. These results could help to develop preventive interventions focussing on these risk behaviors and subsequently improving stress coping capacity in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Tavolacci
- Rouen University Hospital, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 0204, 1 Rue de Germont, Rouen Cedex 76031, France
- Inserm, U1073, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Joel Ladner
- Inserm, U1073, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Sebastien Grigioni
- Inserm, U1073, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Laure Richard
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Pierre Dechelotte
- Inserm, U1073, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Bowes L, Chollet A, Fombonne E, Galéra C, Melchior M. Lifecourse SEP and tobacco and cannabis use. Eur J Public Health 2013; 23:322-7. [PMID: 22645240 PMCID: PMC3610337 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cks065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social inequalities in substance use have been well-documented; however, the impact of changes in socio-economic position from childhood to adulthood is unclear. We examined the relationship between intergenerational trajectories of social position and tobacco and cannabis use among young adults. METHODS Data come from 1103 participants (mean age: 28.9 years) of the Trajectoires Epidémiologiques en Population (TEMPO) study and their parents, participants of the GAZEL study, France. Multinomial regression analyses were used to examine associations between lifecourse socio-economic position (SEP) assessed using the parent's reports of family income (1989 and 2002) and the participant's educational attainment, occupational grade and job stability in 2009, with self-reported tobacco and cannabis use in 2009. RESULTS Compared with participants with stable intermediate/high SEP, those with stable low SEP and those with declining SEP were more likely to use tobacco (age- and sex-adjusted ORs = 2.03 and 2.26). Participants who experienced declining SEP were also disproportionately likely to use and abuse cannabis (adjusted ORs = 2.22 and 2.73). Associations remained significant after adjusting for family (parental smoking, alcohol use, ill health, unemployment, depression and divorce) and individual (early tobacco and cannabis use, academic difficulties, juvenile internalizing and externalizing problems) risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional studies indicate social inequalities in substance use. Our longitudinal findings suggest that individuals who experienced declining SEP from childhood to adulthood may be twice as likely to use tobacco and cannabis compared with individuals with a stable/high trajectory. Interventions targeting substance abuse should take into account lifecourse determinants including the interplay between individuals' socio-economic origins and later attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bowes
- 1 CESP, Inserm U1018, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France
- 4 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Aude Chollet
- 1 CESP, Inserm U1018, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France
- 4 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Fombonne
- 2 Montreal Children’s Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cédric Galéra
- 3 Child Psychiatry Department, Charles–Perrens Hospital, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- 1 CESP, Inserm U1018, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France
- 4 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France
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Richardson CG, Kwon JY, Ratner PA. Self-esteem and the initiation of substance use among adolescents. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618108 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate differences in the relationship between self-esteem and the initiation of substance use (tobacco, alcohol and marijuana) among male and female secondary school students in British Columbia. METHODS The data were collected in the 2010 fall and 2011 spring cycles of the British Columbia Adolescent Substance Use Survey (BASUS). The sample consisted of 1,267 adolescents (57% female) in Grades 8 and 9. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the extent to which self-esteem and gender, and their interaction, influenced the odds of having initiated substance use at baseline and at follow-up 6 months later. RESULTS For each one-point increase on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, there was a reduction in the odds of initiating substance use by up to 9% for tobacco, 3% for alcohol, and 7% for marijuana. The relationships between self-esteem and the initiation of tobacco and alcohol use varied by gender, with boys having slightly less robust associations at the baseline assessment. CONCLUSION The results suggest that self-esteem is protective against the initiation of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Researchers are advised to consider the interactive effects of gender in future longitudinal research examining the relationship between self-esteem and the initiation of substance use, including implications related to the development of substance use prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Richardson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
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Sakyi KS, Melchior M, Chollet A, Surkan PJ. The combined effects of parental divorce and parental history of depression on cannabis use in young adults in France. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126:195-9. [PMID: 22682099 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The joint effects of multiple social risk factors on substance use, such as parental divorce and parental history of depression, have rarely been studied in young adult offspring. METHODS We examined the combined effects of parental divorce and parental history of depression on current cannabis use among a community sample of young adults in France. Parental divorce was ascertained as divorce or separation before 2009. Parental history of depression based on parental reports of depression (1989-2009) and offspring reports of parental lifetime history of depression. Current cannabis use was defined as use at least once in the preceding 12 months. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models controlling for young adult and parental socio-demographic variables. RESULTS Approximately one fourth of youth (23%) reported consuming cannabis at least once in the past year. At the same time, 15% had parents who were divorced and 30% parents with a history of depression. The association between parental divorce and cannabis use in young adults was not statistically significant (adjusted OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 0.97-2.31). History of parental depression conferred a marginally statistically significant 42% higher odds of young adult cannabis use (adjusted OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.00-2.01). Young adults who experienced both parental history of divorce and depression were more than two times as likely to be current cannabis users compared to those who experienced neither of these (adjusted OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.26-4.48). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the critical importance of considering familial context in understanding cannabis use in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame S Sakyi
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
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Surkan PJ, Fielding-Miller R, Melchior M. Parental relationship satisfaction in French young adults associated with alcohol abuse and dependence. Addict Behav 2012; 37:313-7. [PMID: 22088856 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for disease in developed countries. In addition to genetic susceptibility, alcohol consumption is shaped by one's social and family environment. With data from 2009, we examined associations between satisfaction with familial relationships and alcohol abuse and dependence using a national sample of 1101 French young adults aged 22-35. Alcohol-related problems were measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Main exposure variables included young adults' self-report of satisfaction with parental relationships. In adjusted logistic regression models, having a poor relationship with one's mother (OR=1.8, 95%CI 1.0-3.6) or father (OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.2) was associated with alcohol abuse and dependence. Gender stratified analyses indicated unsatisfactory maternal relationships were associated with alcohol problems in women (OR=2.6, 95%CI 1.1-6.6); unsatisfactory paternal relationships were suggestive of alcohol abuse in men (OR=2.0, 95%CI 0.9-4.7), but not in women. Non-cohabitation with a romantic partner was associated with an almost three-fold increase of alcohol abuse and dependence in men (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.6-4.8). The quality of parental relationships may be important for alcohol abuse, particularly when the parent is the same gender. Family-centered approaches may be considered in prevention efforts to reduce problem drinking in French young adults.
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Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drug use among young adults: the socioeconomic context. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 121:231-9. [PMID: 21955362 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic position predicts risk of substance abuse, yet few studies tested the role of preexisting familial and individual characteristics. METHODS Data come from the TEMPO (Trajectoires Epidémiologiques en Population) study (community sample in France, 1991-2009, n=1103, 22-35 years in 2009) set up among offspring of participants of an epidemiological study (GAZEL). Past 12-month substance use was assessed in 2009 by self-completed mail survey: regular tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse (AUDIT), cannabis use, problematic cannabis use (CAST), other illegal drug use. Socioeconomic position was defined by educational attainment, occupational grade, employment stability and unemployment. Covariates included demographics (age, sex, relationship status, parenthood), family background (parental income, parental tobacco smoking, parental alcohol use), and juvenile characteristics (psychological problems, academic difficulties) measured longitudinally. RESULTS 35.8% of study participants were regular smokers, 14.3% abused alcohol, 22.6% used cannabis (6.3% had problematic cannabis use) and 4.1% used other illegal drugs. Except for alcohol abuse, substance use rates were systematically higher in individuals with low, rather than intermediate/high, socioeconomic position (age and sex-adjusted ORs from 1.75 for cannabis use to 2.11 for tobacco smoking and 2.44 for problematic cannabis use). In multivariate analyses these socioeconomic disparities were decreased, but remained statistically significant (except for illegal drugs other than cannabis). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking, alcohol, cannabis and polysubstance use are common behaviors among young adults, particularly those experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. Interventions aiming to decrease substance abuse and reduce socioeconomic inequalities in this area should be implemented early in life.
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Effet du tabagisme sur l’implantation embryonnaire et la placentation précoce et facteurs influençant la toxicité tabagique sur la reproduction (Partie II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:567-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Melchior M, Choquet M, Le Strat Y, Hassler C, Gorwood P. Parental alcohol dependence, socioeconomic disadvantage and alcohol and cannabis dependence among young adults in the community. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 26:13-7. [PMID: 20627470 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that socioeconomic disadvantage exacerbates the intergenerational transmission of substance dependence. Among 3056 community-based young adults (18-22 years, 2007), the prevalence of alcohol dependence (WHO AUDIT, 5.8%) and cannabis dependence (DSM IV criteria, 7.3%) was doubled in the presence of combined parental alcohol dependence and socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melchior
- Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 948070 Villejuif, France.
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Duncan SC, Gau JM, Duncan TE, Strycker LA. Development and correlates of alcohol use from ages 13-20. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2011; 41:235-52. [PMID: 22125920 PMCID: PMC3597217 DOI: 10.2190/de.41.3.a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined alcohol use development from ages 13-20 years. The sample comprised 256 youth (50.4% female; 51.2% White, 48.8% African American) assessed annually for 6 years. A cohort-sequential latent growth model was used to model categorical alcohol use (non-use vs. use). Covariates included gender, race, income, parent marital status, risk taking, spiritual beliefs, parent alcohol use, family alcohol problems, family cohesion, friends' alcohol use, and normative peer use. The alcohol use trajectory increased steadily with age. Risk taking, friends' alcohol use, and normative peer use were positively associated with higher initial rates of alcohol use. Initial parent alcohol use and positive change in parents' and friends' alcohol use over time were related to an increase in alcohol use from ages 13-20 years.
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Marimoutou C, Queyriaux B, Michel R, Verret C, Haus-Cheymol R, Mayet A, Deparis X, Boutin JP. Survey of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use in the French army. J Addict Dis 2010; 29:98-106. [PMID: 20390703 DOI: 10.1080/10550880903436028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to describe the consumption rate of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis in the French Army. A cross-sectional two strata randomized survey was performed between October 2006 and March 2007 using self-report questionnaires (n = 990) to collect individual characteristics, consumption, and addictive behaviors with urinal tests for cannabis (n = 985). The surveyed sample comprised 59% privates, 26% non-commissioned officers, and 6% officers, was predominantly male (89%) and young (median age: 29 years), and had a low level of education (60% attended secondary school). The consumption rate was high: 54.1% were active tobacco smokers, 56.0% were heavy drinkers, 20.5% declared drunkenness more than once per month, 52.6% at least experienced cannabis while 12.3% were occasional users, 8.2% were regular users, and 15.0% displayed multi-risk behaviors. Consumption was higher in the younger age (18 to 25 years) and lower educational group, leading to a high prevalence among privates and suggesting an "army effect." However, large scale behavioral social studies may help distinguish between personal and peer effect among the targeted population.
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Hrubá D, Žaloudíková I, Matějová H. Similarities and Differences between Smoking and Non-smoking Ten-year-old Children in Primary Schools. Cent Eur J Public Health 2010; 18:19-24. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Greenfield SF, Shields A, Connery HS, Livchits V, Yanov SA, Lastimoso CS, Strelis AK, Mishustin SP, Fitzmaurice G, Mathew TA, Shin S. Integrated Management of Physician-delivered Alcohol Care for Tuberculosis Patients: Design and Implementation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:317-30. [PMID: 19930235 PMCID: PMC2898509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the integration of alcohol screening, treatment, and referral in primary care and other medical settings in the U.S. and worldwide has been recognized as a key health care priority, it is not routinely done. In spite of the high co-occurrence and excess mortality associated with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among individuals with tuberculosis (TB), there are no studies evaluating effectiveness of integrating alcohol care into routine treatment for this disorder. METHODS We designed and implemented a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to determine the effectiveness of integrating pharmacotherapy and behavioral treatments for AUDs into routine medical care for TB in the Tomsk Oblast Tuberculosis Service (TOTBS) in Tomsk, Russia. Eligible patients are diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence, are newly diagnosed with TB, and initiating treatment in the TOTBS with Directly Observed Therapy-Short Course (DOTS) for TB. Utilizing a factorial design, the Integrated Management of Physician-delivered Alcohol Care for Tuberculosis Patients (IMPACT) study randomizes eligible patients who sign informed consent into 1 of 4 study arms: (1) Oral Naltrexone + Brief Behavioral Compliance Enhancement Therapy (BBCET) + treatment as usual (TAU), (2) Brief Counseling Intervention (BCI) + TAU, (3) Naltrexone + BBCET + BCI + TAU, or (4) TAU alone. RESULTS Utilizing an iterative, collaborative approach, a multi-disciplinary U.S. and Russian team has implemented a model of alcohol management that is culturally appropriate to the patient and TB physician community in Russia. Implementation to date has achieved the integration of routine alcohol screening into TB care in Tomsk; an ethnographic assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of AUD management among TB physicians in Tomsk; translation and cultural adaptation of the BCI to Russia and the TB setting; and training and certification of TB physicians to deliver oral naltrexone and brief counseling interventions for alcohol abuse and dependence as part of routine TB care. The study is successfully enrolling eligible subjects in the RCT to evaluate the relationship of integrating effective pharmacotherapy and brief behavioral intervention on TB and alcohol outcomes, as well as reduction in HIV risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The IMPACT study utilizes an innovative approach to adapt 2 effective therapies for treatment of alcohol use disorders to the TB clinical services setting in the Tomsk Oblast, Siberia, Russia, and to train TB physicians to deliver state of the art alcohol pharmacotherapy and behavioral treatments as an integrated part of routine TB care. The proposed treatment strategy could be applied elsewhere in Russia and in other settings where TB control is jeopardized by AUDs. If demonstrated to be effective, this model of integrating alcohol interventions into routine TB care has the potential for expanded applicability to other chronic co-occurring infectious and other medical conditions seen in medical care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly F Greenfield
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Galéra C, Melchior M, Chastang JF, Bouvard MP, Fombonne E. Childhood and adolescent hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and academic achievement 8 years later: the GAZEL Youth study. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1895-1906. [PMID: 19335935 PMCID: PMC2797029 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709005510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at risk of negative academic outcomes. However, relatively few studies in this area have been based on long-term longitudinal designs and community-based settings. This study examined the link between childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms (HI-s) and subsequent academic achievement in a community setting, controlling for other behavioural symptoms, socio-economic status (SES) and environmental factors at baseline. METHOD The sample consisted of 1264 subjects (aged 12 to 26 years at follow-up) recruited from the longitudinal GAZEL Youth study. Psychopathology, environmental variables and academic outcomes were measured through self-reports. Multivariate modelling was performed to evaluate the effects of childhood HI-s and other risk factors on academic achievement 8 years later. RESULTS HI-s independently predicted grade retention [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38-5.39], failure to graduate from secondary school (adjusted OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.43-4.05), obtaining a lower-level diploma (adjusted OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.84-4.89), and lower academic performance. These results remained significant even after accounting for school difficulties at baseline. Negative academic outcomes were also significantly associated with childhood symptoms of conduct disorder (CD), even after accounting for adjustment variables. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal survey replicates, in a general population-based setting, the finding of a link between HI-s and negative academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galéra
- Child Psychiatry Department, Charles Perrens Hospital, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
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Swendsen J, Conway KP, Degenhardt L, Dierker L, Glantz M, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Sampson N, Kessler RC. Socio-demographic risk factors for alcohol and drug dependence: the 10-year follow-up of the national comorbidity survey. Addiction 2009; 104:1346-55. [PMID: 19549055 PMCID: PMC2794245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Continued progress in etiological research and prevention science requires more precise information concerning the specific stages at which socio-demographic variables are implicated most strongly in transition from initial substance use to dependence. The present study examines prospective associations between socio-demographic variables and the subsequent onset of alcohol and drug dependence using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and the NCS Follow-up survey (NCS-2). DESIGN The NCS was a nationally representative survey of the prevalence and correlates of DSM-III-R mental and substance disorders in the United States carried out in 1990-2002. The NCS-2 re-interviewed a probability subsample of NCS respondents a decade after the baseline survey. Baseline NCS socio-demographic characteristics and substance use history were examined as predictors of the first onset of DSM-IV alcohol and drug dependence in the NCS-2. PARTICIPANTS A total of 5001 NCS respondents were re-interviewed in the NCS-2 (87.6% of baseline sample). FINDINGS Aggregate analyses demonstrated significant associations between some baseline socio-demographic variables (young age, low education, non-white ethnicity, occupational status) but not others (sex, number of children, residential area) and the subsequent onset of DSM-IV alcohol or drug dependence. However, conditional models showed that these risk factors were limited to specific stages of baseline use. Moreover, many socio-demographic variables that were not significant in the aggregate analyses were significant predictors of dependence when examined by stage of use. CONCLUSIONS The findings underscore the potential for socio-demographic risk factors to have highly specific associations with different stages of the substance use trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Swendsen
- National Scientific Research Center (CNRS 5231), Bordeaux, France.
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Abstract
Cannabis is a drug derived from hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, used both as a recreational drug or as medicine. It is a widespread illegal substance, generally smoked for its hallucinogenic properties. Little is known about the adverse effects of postnatal cannabis exposure throw breastfeeding because of a lack of studies in lactating women. The active substance of cannabis is the delta 9 TetraHydroCannabinol (THC). Some studies conclude that it could decrease motor development of the child at one year of age. Therefore, cannabis use and abuse of other drugs like alcohol, tobacco, or cocaine must be contraindicated during breastfeeding. Mothers who use cannabis must stop breastfeeding, or ask for medical assistance to stop cannabis use in order to provide her baby with all the benefits of human milk.
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Riou França L, Dautzenberg B, Falissard B, Reynaud M. Are social norms associated with smoking in French university students? A survey report on smoking correlates. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2009; 4:4. [PMID: 19341453 PMCID: PMC2676264 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the correlates of smoking is a first step to successful prevention interventions. The social norms theory hypothesises that students' smoking behaviour is linked to their perception of norms for use of tobacco. This study was designed to test the theory that smoking is associated with perceived norms, controlling for other correlates of smoking. Methods In a pencil-and-paper questionnaire, 721 second-year students in sociology, medicine, foreign language or nursing studies estimated the number of cigarettes usually smoked in a month. 31 additional covariates were included as potential predictors of tobacco use. Multiple imputation was used to deal with missing values among covariates. The strength of the association of each variable with tobacco use was quantified by the inclusion frequencies of the variable in 1000 bootstrap sample backward selections. Being a smoker and the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers were modelled separately. Results We retain 8 variables to predict the risk of smoking and 6 to predict the quantities smoked by smokers. The risk of being a smoker is increased by cannabis use, binge drinking, being unsupportive of smoke-free universities, perceived friends' approval of regular smoking, positive perceptions about tobacco, a high perceived prevalence of smoking among friends, reporting not being disturbed by people smoking in the university, and being female. The quantity of cigarettes smoked by smokers is greater for smokers reporting never being disturbed by smoke in the university, unsupportive of smoke-free universities, perceiving that their friends approve of regular smoking, having more negative beliefs about the tobacco industry, being sociology students and being among the older students. Conclusion Other substance use, injunctive norms (friends' approval) and descriptive norms (friends' smoking prevalence) are associated with tobacco use. University-based prevention campaigns should take multiple substance use into account and focus on the norms most likely to have an impact on student smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Riou França
- INSERM U669, Maison de Solenn 97, bvd de Port-Royal, 75679, Paris, Cedex 14, France.
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Swendsen J, Anthony JC, Conway KP, Degenhardt L, Dierker L, Glantz M, He J, Kalaydjian A, Kessler RC, Sampson N, Merikangas KR. Improving targets for the prevention of drug use disorders: sociodemographic predictors of transitions across drug use stages in the national comorbidity survey replication. Prev Med 2008; 47:629-34. [PMID: 18926848 PMCID: PMC2933380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Models of drug use etiology and prevention require precise information concerning the expression of population-based risk factors across the continuum of drug use. However, the majority of previous epidemiologic research on this topic has not addressed transitions between specific drug stages. The present investigation examined the sociodemographic predictors of progression across six stages of drug use in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative household survey of the U.S. population conducted between February, 2001 and April, 2003. METHODS Lifetime history of opportunity to use illicit substances, initial drug use, and DSM-IV drug use disorders were collected using in-person structured diagnostic interviews. RESULTS The median age of first opportunity to use drugs as well as drug use, abuse and dependence each occurred prior to age 20, while the median remission from abuse and dependence occurred at 26 and 30 years, respectively. Most sociodemographic variables, in particular sex and ethnicity, demonstrated highly differential associations with transitions depending on the stage examined. CONCLUSIONS The findings may partially explain the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce drug use, abuse and dependence, and indicate that increased correspondence is needed between available epidemiologic data and existing models of etiology or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Swendsen
- National Scientific Research Center (CNRS 5231), University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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Galéra C, Bouvard MP, Encrenaz G, Messiah A, Fombonne E. Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms in childhood and suicidal behaviors in adolescence: the Youth Gazel Cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008; 118:480-9. [PMID: 18778384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a link has been suggested between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and completed suicide, little is known about the association with suicidal behaviors in community settings. This study addresses the relationship between childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms (HI-s) and subsequent suicidal behaviors. METHOD Nine hundred sixteen subjects aged 7-18 were recruited from the general population and surveyed in 1991 and 1999. Parent and adolescent self-reports provided psychopathology and suicidal behavior pattern measures. Multivariate modeling was used to evaluate the effects of childhood HI-s and other risk factors on adolescent suicidal behaviors. RESULTS In males, HI-s independently accounted for the risk of lifetime suicide plans/attempts (OR=3.25, P = 0.02) and adolescent 12-month prevalence rates of suicide plans/attempts (OR=5.46, P = 0.03). In females, HI-s did not independently heighten the likelihood of suicidal behaviors. CONCLUSION This survey suggests a possible specific link between HI-s and suicide plans/attempts in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galéra
- Child Psychiatry Department, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
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