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Walsh BE, Schlauch RC. Differential impact of emotional and social loneliness on daily alcohol consumption in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 264:112433. [PMID: 39265209 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness is a predisposing and maintaining factor of alcohol use behavior. Several studies have linked loneliness to daily drinking and elevated alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk; however, operationalizations of both loneliness and drinking have varied greatly. METHODS The current study adopted a multidimensional framework of loneliness (i.e., emotional and social subtypes) to examine daily prospective relations between loneliness and drinking among non-treatment seeking individuals with AUD. Participants (N= 60) reported on current loneliness and drinking twice daily for 14-days. Scores on emotional and social loneliness were disaggregated into within- and between-person predictors, and a multilevel hurdle model proxy was fitted with drinking likelihood (logistic) and quantity (zero truncated negative binomial) specified as separate outcomes. RESULTS Emotional loneliness (within-person) was associated with increased drinking likelihood (OR=1.05, 95 % BCI [1.01, 1.10]) and quantity (IRR=1.05, 95 % BCI [1.02, 1.09]), while social loneliness (within-person) was associated with decreases in both drinking likelihood (OR=.94, 95 % BCI [.89,.99]) and quantity (IRR=.96, 95 % BCI [.93,.99]). Between-person loneliness scores were unrelated to both outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These discrepant findings by loneliness subtype may be ascribed to differences in subjective manifestations, in that emotional loneliness is a more severe form of loneliness that overlaps significantly with other negative affective states and promotes a coping response, while social loneliness may be readily alleviated by adaptive behavioral strategies for some, and social withdrawal for others. These findings offer insight into the nuances of loneliness-drinking relations and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan E Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
| | - Robert C Schlauch
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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Strickland JC, Acuff SF. Role of social context in addiction etiology and recovery. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 229:173603. [PMID: 37487953 PMCID: PMC10528354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
While social context has long been considered central to substance use disorder prevention and treatment and many drug-taking events occur in social settings, experimental research on social context has historically been limited. Recent years have seen an emergence of concerted preclinical and human laboratory research documenting the direct impact of social context on substance use, delineating behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms underlying social influence's role. We review this emerging preclinical and human laboratory literature from a theoretical lens that considers distinct stages of the addiction process including drug initiation/acquisition, escalation, and recovery. A key conclusion of existing research is that the impact of the social environment is critically moderated by the drug-taking behavior and drug use history of a social peer. Specifically, while drug-free social contexts can reduce the likelihood of drug use initiation and act as a competitive non-drug alternative preventing escalation, drug-using peers can equally facilitate initiation and escalation through peer modeling as a contingent reward of use. Likewise, social context may facilitate recovery or serve as a barrier that increases the chances of a return to regular use. We conclude by discussing evidence-based treatments and recovery support services that explicitly target social mechanisms or that have identified social context as a mechanism of change within treatment. Ultimately, new areas for research including the expansion of drug classes studied and novel human laboratory designs are needed to further translate emerging findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Samuel F Acuff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 152 Merrimac St, Boston MA, 02135 USA
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Dyar C. A Review of Disparities in Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder Affecting Sexual and Gender Minority Populations and Evidence for Contributing Factors. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:589-597. [PMID: 37637872 PMCID: PMC10449003 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) appear to be at elevated risk for cannabis use (CU) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) compared to cisgender heterosexuals. However, risk factors remain understudied among SGM. This review aims to summarize evidence for disparities in CU and CUD affecting SGM and factors contributing to these disparities. Recent Findings We found strong evidence that sexual minorities are at elevated risk for CU and CUD is elevated for sexual minority women. Evidence supports a concurrent association between minority stress and CUD symptoms. There is robust support for coping motives as a mechanism linking minority stress to subsequent CU and CUD. Studies also point to CU norms and contexts as potential risk factors. Summary SGM are at high risk for CU and CUD, and minority stress, CU norms, and contextual factors are implicated. Additional research is needed on CU among gender minorities, prospective effects of risk factors, and interventions for SGM.
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Waddell JT, King SE, Corbin WR. Dynamic longitudinal relations among solitary drinking, coping motives, & alcohol problems during emerging adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238:109576. [PMID: 35961166 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solitary drinking (i.e., drinking alone) and coping drinking motives are risk factors for alcohol problems. Theoretical models suggest that solitary drinking and coping motives are highly related. However, the direction of effects between solitary drinking and coping motives is unclear. It also remains unclear if relations are present solely at the between-person level, or if there are also dynamic, within-person relations. Therefore, the current study tested dynamic, reciprocal relations among solitary drinking, coping motives, and alcohol problems using Random Intercept Cross Lagged Panel Modeling (RI-CLPM). METHODS Data came from a large alcohol administration study with longitudinal follow-ups over 2 years (N = 448). Participants completed a baseline session and then were followed up 6, 12, 18, and 24 months later. Participants reported their solitary drinking frequency, coping motives, drinking behavior, and alcohol problems at all assessments. RESULTS Person-level solitary drinking was related to person-level coping motives and alcohol problems, and person-level coping motives were related to person-level alcohol problems. There were also contemporaneous within-person effects, such that a within-person increase in solitary drinking was associated with a concurrent within-person increase in coping motives, and a within-person increase in coping motives was associated with a concurrent within-person increase in alcohol problems. There were no within-person prospective relations among any variables. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest strong between-person associations among solitary drinking, coping motives, and alcohol problems. Within-person associations were concurrent but not prospective. Targeting solitary and coping-motivated drinkers, as well within-person increases in both, may be effective at reducing risk for alcohol problems.
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Vanherle R, Kurten S, Achterhof R, Myin-Germeys I, Beullens K. Stay Home, Drink at Home? A Daily Diary Study on College Students' Alcohol and Social Media Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:86-95. [PMID: 34709104 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1990336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 and measures to contain it may have impacted college students' behavior, including their drinking behavior. Students' drinking may have decreased-for example, due to the closure of bars-but problematic drinking may have increased-for example, due to (solitary) drinking at home. Another behavior that has increased due to COVID-19 and the accompanying social isolation is students' social networking site (SNS) use. This is worrisome because students' SNS use has been shown to increase their alcohol use. Nevertheless, little research has investigated these behaviors and the possible link between them during a lockdown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine (1) whether students engaged in drinking during a lockdown, (2) whether they displayed their drinking behavior on SNSs, and (3) whether exposure to and posting of alcohol-related content was linked to their daily alcohol use. METHODS 337 college students (Mage = 20.63 years, SDage = 1.55 years; 50.3% male) participated in a two-week daily diary study. Descriptive statistical analyses and generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) were deployed. RESULTS Descriptive analysis results showed that during the week, students' drinking occurred with friends in dormitories, while in the weekend, this behavior shifted to drinking with friends and parents at home. Moreover, students mostly saw visual and posted textual posts of this drinking on SNSs. Furthermore, GLMM revealed associations between exposure to alcohol postings, sharing of alcohol postings, and students' probability of drinking on the same day. CONCLUSION This study provides important insights into students' alcohol use and its underlying mechanisms during health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Vanherle
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Kurten
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Achterhof
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Beullens
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Factores que diferencian el consumo frecuente y esporádico de marihuana en estudiantes universitarios. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2022.25.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aunque el consumo de marihuana es altamente prevalente entre universitarios de Argentina, poco se sabe respecto a los factores que permiten distinguir a los consumidores frecuentes de marihuana de quienes consumen esporádicamente. Por esta razón, en el presente trabajo se indagó sobre las posibles variaciones en los contextos de consumo, motivos de consumo, normas percibidas y estrategias conductuales de protección entre universitarios con consumo frecuente o esporádico de marihuana, y se analizó la utilidad de este conjunto de variables para distinguir entre estos los tipos de consumidores mencionados. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 1083 estudiantes universitarios argentinos que completó una encuesta en línea sobre el consumo de sustancias. En particular, este trabajo se realizó con la submuestra que reportó consumir marihuana en los últimos 30 días (n = 158; 51.3 % mujeres). Dicha encuesta interrogaba sobre el consumo de marihuana y las consecuencias negativas asociadas, así como por motivos de consumo, normas sociales percibidas y estrategias conductuales de protección. Como resultado, los consumidores frecuentes presentaron mayor cantidad de consecuencias negativas (M = 4.92) que los consumidores esporádicos (M = 1.82; p ≤ .05), y se halló un perfil distintivo en un conjunto de variables. A nivel multivariado, los motivos de animación (or = 1.230; p ≤ .05), las estrategias conductuales de protección (or = .941; p ≤ .05), el consumo en solitario (or = 2.024; p ≤ .05) y el consumo en fiestas universitarias (or = 2.669; p ≤ .05) discriminaron significativamente entre ambas clases de consumidores. En general, los hallazgos revelaron subpoblaciones heterogéneas de consumidores de marihuana que difieren no solo en el consumo y sus consecuencias, sino también en los contextos de consumo y en un conjunto de variables relevantes. Estas subpoblaciones distintivas requieren de intervenciones diferentes y específicas.
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Heavy drinkers and the contexts of drinking among adults in Norway. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109127. [PMID: 34781181 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little knowledge about characteristics of the heaviest drinkers. This study aimed at exploring 1) socio-demographic characteristics and 2) drinking patterns and drinking contexts of heavy drinkers and other drinkers in Norway, applying various criteria for heavy drinking. METHODS Data from cross-sectional population surveys among adults in Norway (aged 16 +) in 2015 through 2018 (current drinkers, n = 6 940) were analysed. Two measures were applied to categorize heavy drinkers: 1) AUDIT score (10 +), and 2) annual consumption volume (445 + units) (both above 90th percentile). Social contexts of drinking included location (private homes, licensed premises); social company (partner/family, work mates, friends, no one); and weekend versus weekdays. RESULTS Heavy drinkers accounted for 10% of the sample and up to half of the total consumption. Heavy drinkers differed significantly from other drinkers with regard to age, education level and criterion; by AUDIT score, the prevalence of heavy drinkers decreased with increasing age and education level, whereas the opposite was the case for by volume. Compared to other drinkers, heavy drinkers drank relatively more often on weekdays and relatively more often alone, and more frequently at licenced premises. CONCLUSIONS In Norway, the distribution of alcohol consumption is heavily skewed, and the heaviest drinkers differ from the rest of the population in several aspects. This group of drinkers represent an important target for public policy, and there is a need for further knowledge of this group enabling more targeted interventions in addition to policies aimed at reducing the per-capita consumption.
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Dyar C, Morgan E, Kaysen D, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. Risk factors for elevations in substance use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic among sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:109015. [PMID: 34492556 PMCID: PMC8417518 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic substance use (SU) has increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic. While studies have identified risk factors for problematic SU during the pandemic (e.g., anxiety, depression, using substances to cope), these studies have been predominately cross-sectional, rarely examined changes in SU contexts during the pandemic as potential risk factors, and neglected sexual and gender minorities (SGM) - a health disparity population disproportionately impacted by substance use disorders and the pandemic. METHOD We utilized two waves of data collected one month apart from a sample of 212 SGM assigned female at birth who used alcohol and/or cannabis (18-25 years old) collected between August 2020-February 2021. We examined associations between potential risk factors (i.e., retrospectively reported changes in anxiety/depression and in using substances in different contexts since before the pandemic): and 1) retrospectively reported changes in alcohol and cannabis consumption; 2) coping motives for use and SU consequences; and 3) subsequent changes in coping motives and consequences. RESULTS An increase in solitary SU was a robust risk factor for concurrent and prospective increases in SU, coping motives, and consequences. Increases in SU with romantic partners were associated with concurrent increases in alcohol/cannabis consumption and consequences. Increases in anxiety and depression were associated with concurrent increases in SU and higher coping motives and consequences. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that solitary SU and increases in SU with romantic partners are robust risk factors for increases in SU and consequences in the context of the pandemic. Further, findings provide support for the self-medication theory of substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dyar
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States.
| | - Ethan Morgan
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States; Infectious Disease Institute, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, United States
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Irizar P, Jones A, Christiansen P, Goodwin L, Gage SH, Roberts C, Knibb G, Cooke R, Rose AK. Longitudinal associations with alcohol consumption during the first COVID-19 lockdown: Associations with mood, drinking motives, context of drinking, and mental health. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108913. [PMID: 34315105 PMCID: PMC8567536 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus (COVID-19) resulted in lockdown measures in the UK, which has impacted alcohol use. Alcohol is often used as a coping mechanism and there are public health concerns regarding excessive consumption due to the pandemic. We aimed to longitudinally assess drinking behaviors, and associated factors, during the first UK government-mandated lockdown. METHODS An online survey was distributed through social media (8th April 2020, onwards). Fortnightly follow up surveys were emailed to participants. The primary outcome measure was 'weekly unit consumption' and data was collected on a range of potentially related factors: demographics, factors relating to COVID-19 (e.g., health, work status), drinking motives, context of drinking, drinking intentions, mood, depression and anxiety. FINDINGS A total of 539 self-selected participants completed the baseline survey, with 186 completing at least 3 follow up surveys for multilevel modelling analysis. Personal coping motives, anxiety, drinking at home alone, and drinking at home with others were positively associated with alcohol consumption during lockdown. The following baseline measures also predicted increased consumption: male gender, lower education, and higher AUDIT scores (based on behavior prior to lockdown). Findings were consistent when utilizing an inverse probability weight to account for predictors of attrition (female, younger age, higher baseline AUDIT scores). CONCLUSIONS Those already drinking at hazardous levels were more likely to increase their consumption, as were those who were drinking to cope. As we recover from the pandemic, there is a need for widespread alcohol support, and certain groups may need targeted support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Irizar
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Christiansen
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom,Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne H Gage
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom,Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Knibb
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Cooke
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom,Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail K Rose
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom,Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, United Kingdom
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Rhew IC, Duckworth JC, Lee CM. The association between intended drinking contexts and alcohol expectancies in college students: A daily diary study. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106967. [PMID: 33971498 PMCID: PMC8184638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the role alcohol outcome expectancies play in subsequent drinking, it is important to understand factors that can shape alcohol expectancies to guide intervention efforts. This study examined among college students whether intended social contexts for drinking were associated with positive and negative alcohol expectancies at the daily-level. METHODS Participants included in analyses were 323 students, ages 18 to 24 years, enrolled at a 4-year university in the Pacific Northwest. At four 2-week measurement bursts across one year, participants were asked each afternoon to report whether they planned to drink alcohol later that day. If so, they were further asked how much they intended to drink, whether they plan to drink alone or with others, whether they plan to drink at home or bar/party, and their positive and negative expectancies of alcohol use that evening. RESULTS A total of 2953 person-day observations from planned drinking days were used. Results from linear mixed models, adjusted for covariates including intended number of drinks, showed that students reported greater positive alcohol expectancies on days when they intended to drink with others vs. alone and intended to drink at a bar or party vs. at home. For negative expectancies, only intended drinking with others showed a statistically significant association. CONCLUSION This study suggests that contextual factors may shape college students' expectancies about effects of alcohol at the daily-level. Intended drinking contexts may be important to address in event-level interventions to reduce high-risk drinking in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Duckworth
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, 516 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Hamilton HR, Armeli S, Tennen H. Drink (socially) and be merry: Predicting enjoyment and self-perceptions from alcohol consumption among college students. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2021; 9:415-421. [PMID: 34712519 PMCID: PMC8547189 DOI: 10.1177/2167696820949783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although many college students view drinking as a means of gaining a community and being social, research has not established whether alcohol consumption influences students' enjoyment and perceptions of how others view them or how this may differ based on the social or solitary nature of that consumption. The current study used online daily diary methods to examine the association between alcohol consumption and enjoyment and self-perceptions at the within- and between-person levels of analysis. Results indicated that undergraduate students (N=877; 52% female) enjoyed their evenings more when they consumed more than their typical number of drinks with others, but enjoyed evenings less when they consumed more than their typical number of drinks alone. In addition, consuming greater than their average number of drinks with others (but not alone) was related to feeling more social and attractive but less competent. These findings further highlight the distinct nature of social and solitary drinking and demonstrate positive outcomes of social alcohol consumption that may contribute to college alcohol consumption.
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Pilatti A, Bravo AJ, Michelini Y, Pautassi RM. ELSA 2018 Cohort: Protective Behavioral Strategies as Mediators of the Relationship between Risk Factors and Alcohol Outcomes in Argentinean College Freshmen. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:460-469. [PMID: 33164040 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study examined which types of alcohol protective behavioral strategies ([PBSs], Manner of Drinking [MOD] strategies, Serious Harm Reduction [SHR] or Limiting/Stopping Drinking strategies [LSD]) mediate the effects of a comprehensive number of distal antecedents on alcohol drinking quantity and alcohol-related negative consequences. METHODS A sample of 762 last-month college freshman drinkers from Argentina (Mean age = 19.60 ± 3.80) completed a survey that assessed alcohol outcomes (drinking quantity during a typical week and alcohol-related negative consequences), frequency of use of PBS and a set of distal antecedents (i.e. age at drinking onset, drinking motives, college alcohol beliefs and impulsivity-like traits). RESULTS MOD significantly mediated the effects of college alcohol beliefs (higher beliefs were associated with lower MOD use) and coping motives (higher coping motives were associated with lower MOD use) on alcohol outcomes. SHR significantly mediated the effects of sex (women reported more frequent SHR use) and enhancement motives (higher motivation was associated with lower SHR use) on alcohol-related negative consequences. CONCLUSION Our findings partially support a mediational role of PBS in the association between risk factors and alcohol outcomes, and offer valuable information for the design of interventions to reduce alcohol use in South-American college students. More studies examining PBS as mediators of distal antecedents are needed to fully understand the peculiarities of these associations in different cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Pilatti
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Bv. de la Reforma 1936 (5000) Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPsi-CONICET-UNC, Bv. de la Reforma 1936 (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrian J Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Yanina Michelini
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Bv. de la Reforma 1936 (5000) Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPsi-CONICET-UNC, Bv. de la Reforma 1936 (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Bv. de la Reforma 1936 (5000) Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-UNC Friuli 2434 (5016), Córdoba, Argentina
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13
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Acuff SF, Stoops WW, Strickland JC. Behavioral economics and the aggregate versus proximal impact of sociality on heavy drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108523. [PMID: 33465607 PMCID: PMC7889694 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral economic theory predicts decisions to drink are cost benefit analyses, and heavy episodic drinking occurs when benefits outweigh costs. Social interaction is a known benefit associated with alcohol use. Although heavy drinking is typically considered more likely during more social drinking events, people who drink heavily in isolation tend to report greater severity of use. This study explicitly disaggregates between-person and within-person effects of sociality on heavy episodic drinking and examines behavioral economic moderators. METHODS We used day-level survey data over an 18-week period in a community adult sample recruited through crowdsourcing (mTurk; N = 223). Behavioral economic indices were examined to determine if macro person-level variables (alcohol demand, delay discounting, proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement [R-ratio]) interact with event-level social context to predict heavy drinking episodes. RESULTS Mixed effect models indicated significant between-person and within-person social context associations. Specifically, people with a higher proportion of total drinking occasions in social contexts had decreased odds of heavy drinking, whereas being in a social context for a specific drinking occasion was associated with increased odds of heavy drinking. Person-level R-Ratio, demand elasticity, and breakpoint variables interacted with social context to predict heavy episodic drinking, such that the event-level social context association was stronger when R-Ratios, alcohol price insensitivity, and demand breakpoints were high. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate an ecological fallacy, in which the size and direction of effects were divergent at different levels of analysis, and highlight the potential for merging behavioral economic variables with proximal contextual effects to predict heavy drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Acuff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall Lexington, KY, 40506, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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14
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Skrzynski CJ, Creswell KG, Verstynen T, Bachrach RL, Chung T. The influence of negative mood on solitary drinking preference: An experiment with young adult solitary drinkers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247202. [PMID: 33600441 PMCID: PMC7891730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitary drinking is a risk marker for alcohol use disorder; thus, it is important to identify why individuals drink alone and for whom this association is particularly relevant. Evidence suggests the desire to ameliorate negative affect (NA) motivates solitary drinking, with some individuals particularly likely to drink alone to cope, but all past studies are cross-sectional. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether 1) experimentally induced NA increased preferences to drink alcohol alone, and 2) whether the relationship between NA and choosing to drink alcohol alone was moderated by neuroticism, drinking to cope motives, and social anxiety. Current drinkers (ages 21-29) with a solitary drinking history (N=126) were randomly assigned to either NA, positive affect [PA], or no affect change (control) conditions via differing cognitive task feedback. After the mood manipulation, participants chose between drinking alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages in one of two contexts: alone or socially. Evidence regarding effectiveness of the mood manipulation was mixed, and few chose non-alcoholic beverages in either context. Condition did not influence outcome choice. Across conditions, increases in NA and the importance placed on receiving one's context choice were associated with solitary (versus social) alcohol preference. Neuroticism and its interaction with NA change also influenced choice; individuals high in neuroticism chose more solitary (versus social) drinking contexts while the opposite was true for those low in neuroticism, and among the latter, the preference difference was more pronounced with relatively smaller NA increases. Findings are discussed based on the existing solitary drinking literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carillon J. Skrzynski
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kasey G. Creswell
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Bachrach
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Tammy Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Health, Healthcare Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
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15
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Bilevicius E, Van Landeghem C, Stewart SH, Sherry SB, Keough MT. Trait Impulsivity Impedes Maturing Out of Problem Drinking Among Socially Anxious Undergraduates. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:101-108. [PMID: 33164042 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol use follows a developmental trajectory-steadily increasing and peaking in the early stages of emerging adulthood (e.g. first year of university) and declining thereafter. While most individuals 'mature out' of problem drinking as they move through emerging adulthood, some continue to drink heavily and experience serious problems. Tension reduction theory identifies social anxiety (SA) as a potential risk factor for problem drinking during emerging adulthood. However, mixed data suggest that the associations between SA and drinking behaviours are not straightforward. Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that socially anxious emerging adults are at risk for problem drinking, but only if they are also high in trait impulsivity. This study aimed to expand on previous work by examining trait impulsivity as moderator of the prospective associations between SA and maturing out of problem drinking in emerging adulthood. METHODS Undergraduates (N = 302) completed online self-reports at regular intervals (6-months) over an 18-month period, resulting in four waves of data. RESULTS Unconditional latent growth curve models indicated that alcohol problems (but not use) declined linearly over time. Next, conditional growth curve models revealed that SA was associated with impeded maturing out of alcohol problems, but this effect was only present in socially anxious participants with high levels of trait impulsivity. CONCLUSION Our study advances growing literature on the crucial moderating role that impulsivity plays in the SA pathway to problem drinking. Clinical interventions for problem drinking among socially anxious students should both assess for and target concurrent impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bilevicius
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Chantal Van Landeghem
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 8th floor, Abbie J. Lane Building, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 2E2.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 3J5
| | - Simon B Sherry
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 8th floor, Abbie J. Lane Building, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 2E2.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 3J5
| | - Matthew T Keough
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele St., North York, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
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16
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Bilevicius E, Kempe T, Pankratz L, Wardell JD, Johnson EA, Keough MT. Shame's Associations with Depression and Problem Drinking: An Ecological Momentary Study. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1715-1725. [PMID: 34253147 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1949616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression and problem drinking are comorbid in emerging adulthood, yet the processes that link them are not well understood. Research has argued that shame has a unique influence on the experience of problematic drinking, but this has rarely been assessed at the state level. Using ecological momentary assessments (EMAs), we assessed whether shame, and not guilt, mediated the association between baseline depression and alcohol use and problems. METHODS One hundred and eighty-four emerging adults (Mage= 19.27) completed a 12-day EMA study. Multilevel models were used to test hypotheses. RESULTS In a model with alcohol use as the outcome, there were no significant associations between shame or guilt and alcohol use at the within- or between-subjects level. In a model with alcohol problems as the outcome, guilt was positively associated with alcohol problems but only at the daily level. At the between-subjects level and after controlling for guilt, there was a significant association between depression, shame, and alcohol problems; average levels of shame mediated the association between depression and alcohol problems. In post-hoc reverse directionality models, average alcohol problems mediated the relationship between depression and shame and guilt at the between-person level. No mediation was present for alcohol use. CONCLUSION After controlling for guilt, shame is an emotion that helps explain risk for alcohol problems among depressed emerging adults, which has implications for targeted interventions. Reciprocal associations between shame, guilt, and alcohol problems emerged highlighting the need for more fulsome assessments of shame and guilt in future EMA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bilevicius
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tyler Kempe
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lily Pankratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Wardell
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward A Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew T Keough
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Gonzalez VM, Halvorsen KAS. Mediational Role of Drinking to Cope in the Associations of Depression and Suicidal Ideation with Solitary Drinking in Adults Seeking Alcohol Treatment. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:588-597. [PMID: 33673785 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1883661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research on solitary drinking has focused on clinical samples. Previous research in college students has found that depression, suicidal ideation, and drinking to cope with negative affect are associated with drinking in solitary, but not social, contexts. These associations have not been examined among individuals with alcohol use disorder, despite their high rates of depression and suicidal behavior. METHOD To fill this gap in knowledge, the associations of depression and suicidal ideation with solitary and social drinking were examined among 96 individuals seeking alcohol treatment, the majority of whom had alcohol use disorder (97.9%). Multiple mediation models were conducted to examine the mediating effects of two drinking to cope variables (drinking excessively to cope and coping motives) on the associations of depression and suicidal ideation with drinks per month and heavy episodic drinking in social and solitary contexts. RESULTS Significant indirect effects were found for depression and suicidal ideation with solitary drinking variables through greater drinking excessively to cope. No significant indirect effects were found for social drinking variables. However, a positive direct association was found between suicidal ideation and greater social drinks per month that was not mediated by drinking to cope. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that greater depression or suicidal ideation, through their effect on greater drinking to cope, are associated with greater solitary drinking in a treatment seeking sample. Drinking context should perhaps be considered in alcohol interventions, particularly when treating individuals suffering from depression or suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Kevin A S Halvorsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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18
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Irizar P, Leightley D, Stevelink S, Rona R, Jones N, Gouni K, Puddephatt JA, Fear N, Wessely S, Goodwin L. Drinking motivations in UK serving and ex-serving military personnel. Occup Med (Lond) 2020; 70:259-267. [PMID: 31961932 PMCID: PMC7305700 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking motivations within the UK military have not been studied despite the high prevalence of alcohol misuse in this group. AIMS We aimed to characterize drinking motivations and their demographic, military and mental health associations in UK serving and ex-serving personnel. METHODS Serving and ex-serving personnel reporting mental health, stress or emotional problems occurring in the last 3 years were selected from an existing cohort study. A semi-structured telephone interview survey examined participants' mental health, help-seeking, alcohol use and drinking motivations. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis of drinking motivations in military personnel (n = 1279; response rate = 84.6%) yielded 2 factors, labelled 'drinking to cope' and 'social pressure'. Higher drinking to cope motivations were associated with probable anxiety (rate ratio [RR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-1.5), depression (RR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.2-1.4) and post-traumatic stress disorder (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3-1.6). Higher social pressure motivations were associated with probable anxiety (odds ratio = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0-1.1). Alcohol misuse and binge drinking were associated with reporting higher drinking to cope motivations, drinking at home and drinking alone. CONCLUSIONS Amongst military personnel with a stress, emotional or mental health problem, those who drink to cope with mental disorder symptoms or because of social pressure, in addition to those who drink at home or drink alone, are more likely to also drink excessively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Irizar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Leightley
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Stevelink
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Rona
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Jones
- Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Gouni
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J-A Puddephatt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Fear
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Wessely
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L Goodwin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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19
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Hamilton HR, Armeli S, Tennen H. Affect and alcohol: The moderating role of episode-specific drinking motives. Addict Behav 2020; 110:106521. [PMID: 32622025 PMCID: PMC7415722 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Findings regarding the moderating influence of drinking motives on the association between affect and alcohol consumption have been inconsistent. The current study extended previous work on this topic by examining episode-specific coping, enhancement, conformity, and social drinking motives as moderators of the association between daytime experiences of positive and negative affect and evening social and solitary alcohol consumption. Nine hundred and six participants completed daily diary surveys measuring their daily affect and evening drinking behavior each day for 30 days during college and again 5 years later, after they had left the college environment. Results of multilevel modeling analyses suggest that the associations between affect, drinking motives, and alcohol consumption are not straightforward. Specifically, whereas daytime positive affect and non-coping drinking motives predicted greater social consumption, daytime positive affect was related to lower solitary alcohol consumption among college students who were low in state social drinking motives. In addition, coping motives were related to greater social consumption during college and greater solitary alcohol consumption after college. Future research should continue to examine these episode-specific drinking motives in addition to trait-level drinking motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Hamilton
- Alcohol Research Center, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Stephen Armeli
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Road, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA.
| | - Howard Tennen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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20
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McPhee MD, Keough MT, Rundle S, Heath LM, Wardell JD, Hendershot CS. Depression, Environmental Reward, Coping Motives and Alcohol Consumption During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:574676. [PMID: 33192708 PMCID: PMC7661794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.574676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increases in the incidence of psychological distress and alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic have been predicted. Behavioral theories of depression and alcohol self-medication theories suggest that greater social/environmental constraints and increased psychological distress during COVID-19 could result in increases in depression and drinking to cope with negative affect. The current study had two goals: (1) to examine self-reported changes in alcohol use and related outcomes after the introduction of COVID-19 social distancing requirements, and; (2) to test hypothesized mediation models to explain individual differences in self-reported changes in depression and alcohol use during the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants (n = 833) were U.S. residents recruited for participation in a single online survey. The cross-sectional survey included questions assessing environmental reward, depression, COVID-19-related distress, drinking motives, and alcohol use outcomes. Outcomes were assessed via retrospective self-report for two timeframes in the single survey: the 30 days prior to state-mandated social distancing ("pre-social-distancing"), and the 30 days after the start of state-mandated social distancing ("post-social-distancing"). Results: Depression severity, coping motives, and some indices of alcohol consumption (e.g., frequency of binge drinking, and frequency of solitary drinking) were significantly greater post-social-distancing relative to pre-social-distancing. Conversely, environmental reward and other drinking motives (social, enhancement, and conformity) were significantly lower post-social distancing compared to pre-social-distancing. Behavioral economic indices (alcohol demand) were variable with regard to change. Mediation analyses suggested a significant indirect effect of reduced environmental reward with drinking quantity/frequency via increased depressive symptoms and coping motives, and a significant indirect effect of COVID-related distress with alcohol quantity/frequency via coping motives for drinking. Discussion: Results provide early cross-sectional evidence regarding the relation of environmental reward, depression, and COVID-19-related psychological distress with alcohol consumption and coping motives during the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results are largely consistent with predictions from behavioral theories of depression and alcohol self-medication frameworks. Future research is needed to study prospective associations among these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. McPhee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Rundle
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura M. Heath
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D. Wardell
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian S. Hendershot
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Meque I, Salom CL, Betts KS, Najman J, Alati R. Gender-Specific Drinking Contexts Are Associated With Social Harms Resulting From Drinking Among Australian Young Adults at 30 Years. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 56:317-324. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Understanding contexts in which social harms from drinking occur can help develop context-based harm reduction efforts. However, there is little knowledge of specific drinking contexts where such harms occur and whether these are gender or age specific. We aimed to investigate associations of a range of drinking contexts and social harms from drinking among young adults at age 30.
Methods
We used data from 2187 30-year-old adults. Latent constructs of gender-specific drinking contexts were created using factor analysis. We performed multivariate logistic regression between drinking contexts and a range of social harms from drinking, separately by gender.
Results
After accounting for social roles and binge drinking, gender-specific solitary drinking contexts (‘home drinking’ for men and ‘daytime drinking’ for women) were positively associated with marital problems and problems with other family members and friends. Conversely, ‘social drinking’ was not. Work-related drinking among men was associated with marital/intimate relationship problems and friendship problems. After accounting for mental health symptoms, women’s home drinking was associated with marital problems.
Conclusion
We found that experiences of social harms from drinking at 30 years differ depending on the drinker’s gender and context. Our findings suggest that risky contexts and associated harms are still significant among 30-year-old adults, indicating that a range of gender-specific drinking contexts should be represented in harm reduction campaigns. The current findings also highlight the need to consider gender to inform context-based harm reduction measures and to widen the age target for these beyond emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivete Meque
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Level 2, Cycad Building (1018), 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Caroline L Salom
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Level 2, Cycad Building (1018), 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University Of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Level 2, Cycad Building (1018), 80 Meiers Australia
| | - Kim S Betts
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, 400 Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102
| | - Jake Najman
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Level 2, Public Health Building (887), 288 Herston Road (corner of Herston Rd and Wyndham St), Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Level 2, Cycad Building (1018), 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, 400 Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102
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22
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Waddell JT, Corbin WR, Marohnic SD. Putting things in context: Longitudinal relations between drinking contexts, drinking motives, and negative alcohol consequences. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2020; 35:148-159. [PMID: 32658492 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that solitary (but not social) drinking may confer risk for negative alcohol consequences via beliefs about alcohol's ability to reduce tension, and explicit motivations to drink to cope with negative mood states. However, because prior studies are largely cross-sectional, it is unclear if tension reduction expectancies and drinking to cope are antecedents or consequences of solitary drinking. The current study aimed to address this gap in the literature using prospective data (3 waves across 12 months) from a sample of moderate to heavy drinking young adults. Data were drawn from a larger investigation of contextual influences on subjective alcohol response. Participants (N = 448) reported on alcohol use in multiple drinking contexts and tension reduction expectancies at baseline (T1), drinking motives at a 6-month follow-up (T2), and past-month negative alcohol consequences at a 12-month follow-up (T3). We examined potential indirect effects of drinking contexts on negative consequences operating through alcohol expectancies and drinking motives. Solitary drinking was indirectly associated with later negative consequences through stronger coping motives, although tension reduction expectancies did not serve as a significant mediator. Social drinking was not directly or indirectly related to later alcohol consequences. Results suggest that solitary drinking contexts confer risk for negative consequences through coping motives, and that these effects are invariant across sex, race, and ethnicity. These findings have important clinical implications as they suggest that targeting solitary drinkers for skills-based coping interventions may reduce risk for a developmental trajectory toward negative alcohol consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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23
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Acuff SF, Soltis KE, Murphy JG. Using Demand Curves to Quantify the Reinforcing Value of Social and Solitary Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1497-1507. [PMID: 32472649 PMCID: PMC7572865 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults typically drink in social settings and report high levels of episodic heavy drinking despite a range of adverse consequences. Behavioral economics posits that this may reflect a reinforcer pathology in which alcohol is overvalued relative to other reinforcers. Theoretically, the value of alcohol is related to both the direct pharmacological effects of alcohol (euphoria, sedation) and the associated social reinforcement, but to date no studies have differentiated the value of social vs. solitary drinking. The current study examines two modified hypothetical alcohol purchase tasks (APTs), one explicitly social and one explicitly solitary, in order to quantify the reward value of social vs. solitary drinking and to determine whether there are unique clinical correlates of solitary alcohol demand. METHODS Participants were young adults (N = 274, Mage = 25.15, SD = 4.10) recruited from Mturk and from a university subject pool. Participants completed a solitary and social APT, in addition to measures of alcohol consumption and problems. RESULTS Participants reported significantly greater demand in the social APT compared to the solitary APT across all demand indices. Elevated solitary and social demand were associated with elevated levels of alcohol use and problems. Using a residualized change approach, solitary demand amplitude (maximum consumption and expenditure) and persistence (price sensitivity) contributed additional variance above and beyond their social APT composite counterparts in predicting typical drinks per week and the self-care, academic/occupational, and physical dependence subscales of the YAACQ. CONCLUSIONS The presence of peers increases alcohol demand compared to a solitary scenario, and greater relative solitary drinking demand may be a risk factor for greater alcohol consumption and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Acuff
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States
| | - Kathryn E. Soltis
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States
| | - James G. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38152 United States
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24
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Bilevicius E, Clark CC, Johnson EA, Keough MT. Ashamed and Alone—Risk Factors for Alcohol Craving Among Depressed Emerging Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 55:540-546. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Comorbid alcohol use and depression have the highest prevalence among emerging adults and are associated with a number of consequences. Self-medication theory posits individuals with depression use alcohol to cope with their negative emotions. Preliminary work has investigated the social context of depression-related drinking and found that solitary drinking is a risky, atypical behaviour in emerging adulthood that is associated with alcohol misuse. However, it is unknown about what is unfolding in the moment that is driving depression-related drinking in solitary contexts. Accordingly, we used an experimental study to examine if shame mediated the association between depression and in-lab alcohol craving.
Methods
Emerging adults (N = 80) completed a shame induction followed by an alcohol cue exposure in either a solitary or social condition. We used moderated mediation to test hypotheses.
Results
Consistent with hypotheses, conditional indirect effects supported the mediation of depression and alcohol craving through shame among those in the solitary condition, but not in the social condition. There was no support for guilt as a mediator.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrates that shame is a specific emotional experience that contributes to solitary drinking among depressed emerging adults. It is important to use these results to inform interventions that directly target solitary contexts and shame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bilevicius
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Courtney C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Edward A Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Matthew T Keough
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele St, North York, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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25
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Pilatti A, Bravo AJ, Pautassi RM. Contexts of alcohol use: A latent class analysis among Argentinean college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 209:107936. [PMID: 32145662 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use, and the association between alcohol-related variables and drinking outcomes, seem to be context dependent. We employed Latent Class Analysis, a person-centered approach, to identify distinct subpopulations based on contexts of alcohol use. We also examined if the resulting classes differ in a set of alcohol-related variables that hold promise as potential targets of interventions. METHOD Argentinean college students N = 1083; 64 % women; M age = 19.73 ± 3.95) completed an online survey that assessed alcohol outcomes and related variables [motives for substance use, protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and normative perceptions of alcohol use]. RESULTS Latent Class Analysis identified a 4-classes model for drinking contexts. These classes showed differential patterns of alcohol use (both in terms of frequency and quantity) and also differed in alcohol-related variables. Alcohol use was more prevalent in contexts characterized by the presence of peers, particularly the closest friend, small same-sex or coed groups. Close to 50 % of the sample reported drinking with family members. Students with a high probability of engaging in pregaming and nightclub drinking tend to use more PBS to control how much alcohol is consumed than those who do not drink in these contexts. All the classes significantly differed in their social reasons for drinking and in the number of alcohol-related negative consequences. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed subpopulations of college students that are heterogeneous regarding contexts of alcohol use, patterns of use and in a number of relevant variables. These distinctive subpopulations require different targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Pilatti
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPsi-CONICET-UNC, Argentina; Enrique Barros y Enfermera Gordillo s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| | - Adrian J Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences William & Mary, Virginia, USA 420 Landrum Drive, Williamsburg, VA 23817, USA
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, Physiology Department, INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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Corbin WR, Waddell JT, Ladensack A, Scott C. I drink alone: Mechanisms of risk for alcohol problems in solitary drinkers. Addict Behav 2020; 102:106147. [PMID: 31739083 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although solitary drinking is less common than social drinking, it may be uniquely associated with heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems. There is also evidence that drinking contexts impact both expected and experienced alcohol effects. In particular, solitary drinking may be associated with an increased likelihood of drinking for negative reinforcement (e.g. to relieve stress). The current study examined how drinking context influences tension reduction expectancies and drinking motives, and the extent to which expectancies and motives mediate the link between solitary drinking and alcohol-related problems. We hypothesized that solitary drinking would be associated with greater tension reduction expectancies and coping motives which, in turn, would be associated with more alcohol related problems. Data were from 157 young adult moderate to heavy drinkers (21-30 years of age, 57% male) who completed baseline assessments in an alcohol administration study. A path model in Mplus tested the hypothesized mediated effects. Findings largely supported study hypotheses with significant indirect effects of solitary drinking (but not social drinking) on alcohol problems through stronger tension reduction expectancies and coping motives, though an indirect path through coping motives (but not expectancies) was also identified. Multi-group models by gender and race/ethnicity found that models operated similarly for men and women and for Non-Hispanic Caucasian and Racial/Ethnic Minority participants. The results provide important information about potential mechanisms through which solitary drinking may contribute to alcohol problems. These mechanisms represent potential targets of intervention (e.g. tension reduction expectancies, drinking to cope) for solitary drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Corbin
- Arizona State University, 950 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Jack T Waddell
- Arizona State University, 950 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Alex Ladensack
- Arizona State University, 950 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Caitlin Scott
- Arizona State University, 950 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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Hamilton HR, Armeli S, Litt M, Tennen H. The new normal: Changes in drinking norms from college to postcollege life. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2020; 34:521-531. [PMID: 32039621 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 34(4) of Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (see record 2020-38542-001). In the article, the description of the prospective sample in the second sentence of the second paragraph and the second sentence of the third paragraph of the Participants section is incorrect. The description should appear, respectively, as follows: These were participants who were contacted if they reported at least one heavy drinking day (≥4 drinks for women and ≥5 drinks for men) in both a 30-day retrospective assessment and a 30-day daily diary reporting phase at Wave 1. . . . Of these, 1,141 were identified as moderate to heavy drinkers. Due to a coding error, 23 of these individuals did not meet these criteria but were contacted for Wave 2. However, all of these individuals reported drinking levels at Wave 1 (using a drinking composite comprised of standardized retrospective and daily diary drinking variables) within the range of values for the individuals who met the correct criteria. All were retained for analysis and 906 (79%) completed at least 15 days of recording in Wave 2.²] Despite the wealth of research on the effects of drinking norms on college students' alcohol consumption, researchers have not yet examined changes in drinking norms and their association with drinking level after students leave the college environment. The current study filled this gap by following students into postcollege life, measuring drinking norms and daily drinking behavior. College students (N = 1,848) were recruited to take part in a daily diary study measuring social and solitary alcohol consumption, and 1,142 moderate to heavy drinkers from the college cohort were invited to complete a second wave of daily diaries 5 years later, with 906 providing at least 15 days of diary data in each wave. Results of multilevel modeling analyses suggest that family injunctive drinking norms become more strongly related to alcohol consumption after individuals leave college. In contrast, institutional injunctive norms may have a greater limiting effect among college students (i.e., the association was greater among college students) and the relations between friend injunctive and descriptive norms to drinking behavior did not change between waves in the current study. This suggests that friend drinking continues to be related to own drinking behavior among adults after leaving the college environment, and highlights the changing importance of institutional norms and family approval. These results may have implications for intervening in young adults' heavy drinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Litt
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health
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Meque I, Betts KS, Salom CL, Scott JG, Clavarino A, Mamun A, Najman JM, Alati R. Social Drinking Contexts and Their Influence on Problematic Drinking at Age 30. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:188-199. [PMID: 31519127 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1660679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Understanding the social contexts in which problematic drinking occurs can inform prevention strategies. In this article, we investigate gender-specific social contexts associated with problematic drinking and depression among adults aged 30 years. Because depression has been consistently linked with harmful alcohol consumption, we will also examine its association with drinking contexts. Methods: We used data from 2490 young adults who completed the 30-year follow-up phase of the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy and its Outcomes, a prospective study commenced in 1981. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to identify latent constructs of drinking contexts stratified by gender, with subsequent regression analysis to assess the role of these contexts in problematic drinking (measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Results: Six distinct drinking contexts were identified, which differed by gender, three for men and three for women. For both men and women, "social drinking", was associated with problematic drinking. "Home drinking" was also common to men and women but associations with problematic drinking differed, being risky only among men. "Daytime drinking" (women) was associated with risk but "work-related drinking" (men) was not. Both "home drinking" (men) and "daytime drinking" (women) were linked to depression symptoms. Conclusion: Specific contexts appeared to be associated with problematic drinking for both sexes. Among both men and women, "social drinking" was associated with problematic drinking. Both "home drinking" (men) and "daytime drinking" (women) contexts, were associated with problematic drinking and depressive symptoms. Targeted alcohol-focused interventions need to address co-occurring mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivete Meque
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kim S Betts
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Caroline L Salom
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James G Scott
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Abdulla Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jake M Najman
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Joyner KJ, Meshesha LZ, Dennhardt A, Borsari B, Martens MP, Murphy JG. High Opportunity Cost Demand as an Indicator of Weekday Drinking and Distinctly Severe Alcohol Problems: A Behavioral Economic Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2607-2619. [PMID: 31661166 PMCID: PMC6904428 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral economic theory views addiction as a reinforcer pathology characterized by excessive demand for drugs relative to alternatives. Complementary to this theory, Lamb and Ginsburg (Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 164, 2018, 62) describe addiction as a behavioral allocation disorder and predict that decisions to drink under increasingly stringent constraints are a central indicator of addiction. This study used a modified demand-curve paradigm to examine alcohol demand in the context of a next-day contingency (high opportunity cost demand) as a specific indicator of a severe pattern of alcohol problems. METHODS Participants were 370 undergraduates (61.1% female, 86.5% white, Mage = 18.8) reporting multiple past-month heavy drinking episodes (5/4 drinks per occasion for men/women) who completed 2 versions of an alcohol purchase task (APT), along with measures of past-month alcohol use and problems. In 1 APT (low opportunity cost), students imagined they had no next-day responsibilities, and in the other APT (high opportunity cost), they imagined having a 10:00 am test the next day. Item-response theory analyses were used to determine mild and severe alcohol problems from the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 2006, 169), and the most and least severe binge drinking days throughout the week. RESULTS Low opportunity cost demand (β = 0.15, p = 0.02) significantly predicted beyond high opportunity cost demand for the least severe problems, and high opportunity cost demand (β = 0.17, p = 0.009) significantly predicted beyond low opportunity cost demand for the most severe problems. Similarly, low opportunity cost demand (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) was more highly associated with weekend drinking, whereas high opportunity cost demand (β = 0.21, p = 0.001) was more highly associated with weekday drinking. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest high opportunity cost alcohol demand is a distinct marker of severe alcohol problems among college student heavy drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keanan J. Joyner
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
| | - Lidia Z. Meshesha
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ashley Dennhardt
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- Mental Health Service (116B), San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco CA 94121 and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Matthew P. Martens
- University of Missouri, Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, 203 Jesse Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James G. Murphy
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Pocuca N, Hides L, Quinn CA, White MJ, Mewton L, Loxton NJ. An exploratory study of the relationship between neuroticism and problematic drinking in emerging adulthood, and the moderating effect of social anxiety. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bilevicius E, Single A, Rapinda KK, Bristow LA, Keough MT. Frequent solitary drinking mediates the associations between negative affect and harmful drinking in emerging adults. Addict Behav 2018; 87:115-121. [PMID: 30005333 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression and anxiety are highly comorbid conditions that are associated with harmful drinking. Social learning theory proposes that depressed or anxious individuals learn that drinking can reduce negative affect, which makes them susceptible to harmful drinking. Consistent with theory, evidence suggests that negative affect increases risk for harmful drinking. But, less is known about mediators of negative affect-pathways to harmful drinking. Research has demonstrated that solitary drinking is an underlying mechanism of harmful drinking among emerging adults with high levels of negative affect. However, much of this work is cross-sectional. We conducted a longitudinal study to examine solitary drinking as a key explanatory variable in the negative-affect pathway to harmful drinking. METHODS Emerging adults (N = 308) completed online self-reports of depression and anxiety at Time 1 (the beginning of their first semester in university), and drinking context and harmful drinking at Time 2 (the end of their first semester of university). RESULTS Structural equation modeling supported indirect effects from negative affect to harmful drinking via solitary drinking. Specifically, emerging adults with high levels of negative affect at the beginning of their first semester engaged in frequent solitary drinking over the rest of the semester, and subsequently experienced increased harmful drinking (controlling for Time 1 solitary/social drinking and harmful use). Social drinking was not a mediator of this effect. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal that solitary drinking uniquely mediated the relation between negative affect and harmful drinking. Reducing solitary drinking might mitigate negative affect-related risk for harmful drinking in emerging adults.
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