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Slotabec L, Wang H, Seale B, Wen C, Filho F, Li J. Cardiac diastolic dysfunction by cigarette smoking is associated with mitochondrial integrity in the heart. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23826. [PMID: 39046373 PMCID: PMC11323130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400858r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking behaviors are harmful and cause one out of ten deaths due to cardiovascular disease. As population sizes grow and number of cigarette smokers increases, it is vital that we understand the mechanisms leading to heart failure in cigarette smokers. We have reported that metabolic regulation of a histone deacetylase, SIRT1, modulates cardiovascular and mitochondrial function under stress. Given this conclusion, we hypothesized that chronic cigarette smoking led to cardiovascular dysfunction via a reduction SIRT1. Mice were randomly organized into smoking or nonsmoking groups, and the smoking group received cigarette smoke exposure for 16 weeks. Following 16-week exposure, diastolic function of the heart was impaired in the smoking group as compared to sham, indicated by a significant increase in E/e'. The electrical function of the heart was also impaired in the smoking group compared to the sham group, indicated by increased PR interval and decreased QTc interval. This diastolic dysfunction was not accompanied by increased fibrosis in mouse hearts, although samples from human chronic smokers indicated increased fibrosis compared to their nonsmoker counterparts. As well as diastolic dysfunction, mitochondria from the 16-week smoking group showed significantly impaired function, evidenced by significant decreases in all parameters measured by the mitochondrial stress test. We further found biochemical evidence of a significantly decreased level of SIRT1 in left ventricles of both mouse and human smoking groups compared to nonsmoking counterparts. Data from this study indicate that decreased SIRT1 levels by cigarette smoking are associated with diastolic dysfunction caused by compromised mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Slotabec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Blaise Seale
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Changhong Wen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Fernanda Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Mohammadi K, Shafie D, Ghomashi N, Abdolizadeh A, Sadeghpour M. Kinin-kallikrein system: New perspectives in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:729-737. [PMID: 38381277 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a pervasive clinical challenge characterized by compromised cardiac function and reduced quality of life. The kinin-kallikrein system (KSS), a multifaceted peptide cascade, has garnered substantial attention due to its potential role in HF. Through activation of B1 and/or B2 receptors and downstream signaling, kinins modulate various physiological processes, including inflammation, coagulation, pain, blood pressure control, and vascular permeability. Notably, aberrations in KKS components have been linked to HF risk. The elevation of vasodilatory bradykinin (BK) due to kallikrein activity reduces preload and afterload, while concurrently fostering sodium reabsorption inhibition. However, kallikrein's conversion of prorenin to renin leads to angiotensinsII upregulation, resulting in vasoconstriction and fluid retention, alongside increased immune cell activity that fuels inflammation and cardiac remodeling. Importantly, prolonged KKS activation resulting from volume overload and tissue stretch contributes to cardiac collagen loss. The conventional renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors used in HF management may inadvertently intensify KKS activity, exacerbating collagen depletion and cardiac remodeling. It is crucial to balance the KKS's role in acute cardiac damage, which may temporarily enhance function and metabolic parameters against its detrimental long-term effects. Thus, KKS blockade emerges as a promising strategy to impede HF progression. By attenuating the link between immune system function and tissue damage, KKS inhibition can potentially reduce cardiac remodeling and alleviate HF symptoms. However, the nuanced roles of BK in various acute conditions necessitate further investigation into the sustained benefits of kallikrein inhibitors in patients with chronic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Mohammadi
- Shahid Chamran Heart Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davood Shafie
- Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Newsha Ghomashi
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolizadeh
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Majid Sadeghpour
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Yoo JE, Jeong SM, Lee KN, Lee H, Yoon JW, Han K, Shin DW. Smoking Behavior Change and the Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e46450. [PMID: 38198206 PMCID: PMC10809165 DOI: 10.2196/46450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common initial manifestations of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Although smoking is an independent risk factor for HF, there is a lack of data for the incidence of HF according to changes in smoking behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the association between interval changes in smoking behavior and the risk of HF among patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Health Insurance Service database. We identified 365,352 current smokers with type 2 diabetes who had 2 consecutive health screenings (2009-2012) and followed them until December 31, 2018, for the incident HF. Based on smoking behavior changes between 2 consecutive health screenings, participants were categorized into quitter, reducer I (≥50% reduction) and II (<50% reduction), sustainer (reference group), and increaser groups. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 5.1 (IQR 4.0-6.1) years, there were 13,879 HF cases (7.8 per 1000 person-years). Compared to sustainers, smoking cessation was associated with lower risks of HF (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.90, 95% CI0.86-0.95), whereas increasers showed higher risks of HF than sustainers; heavy smokers who increased their level of smoking had a higher risk of HF (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.24). In the case of reducers, the risk of HF was not reduced but rather increased slightly (reducer I: aHR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08-1.21; reducer II: aHR 1.03, 95% CI 0.98-1.09). Consistent results were noted for subgroup analyses including type 2 diabetes severity, age, and sex. CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of HF among patients with type 2 diabetes, while increasing smoking amount was associated with a higher risk for HF than in those sustaining their smoking amount. There was no benefit from reduction in smoking amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Na Lee
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Upadhya B, Hegde S, Tannu M, Stacey RB, Kalogeropoulos A, Schocken DD. Preventing new-onset heart failure: Intervening at stage A. Am J Prev Cardiol 2023; 16:100609. [PMID: 37876857 PMCID: PMC10590769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) prevention is an urgent public health need with national and global implications. Stage A HF patients do not show HF symptoms or structural heart disease but are at risk of HF development. There are no unique recommendations on detecting Stage A patients. Patients in Stage A are heterogeneous; many patients have different combinations of risk factors and, therefore, have markedly different absolute risks for HF. Comprehensive strategies to prevent HF at Stage A include intensive blood pressure lowering, adequate glycemic and lipid management, and heart-healthy behaviors (adopting Life's Essential 8). First and foremost, it is imperative to improve public awareness of HF risk factors and implement healthy lifestyle choices very early. In addition, recognize the HF risk-enhancing factors, which are nontraditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors that identify individuals at high risk for HF (genetic susceptibility for HF, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic inflammatory disease, sleep-disordered breathing, adverse pregnancy outcomes, radiation therapy, a history of cardiotoxic chemotherapy exposure, and COVID-19). Early use of biomarkers, imaging markers, and echocardiography (noninvasive measures of subclinical systolic and diastolic dysfunction) may enhance risk prediction among individuals without established CV disease and prevent chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. Efforts are needed to address social determinants of HF risk for primordial HF prevention.Central illustrationPolicies developed by organizations such as the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and the American Diabetes Association to reduce CV disease events must go beyond secondary prevention and encompass primordial and primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Upadhya
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Manasi Tannu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R. Brandon Stacey
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andreas Kalogeropoulos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Long Island, NY, USA
| | - Douglas D. Schocken
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Wei H, Wu J, Wang H, Huang J, Li C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Zhou Z, Sun Y, Xiao L, Peng L, Chen C, Zhao C, Wang DW. Increased circulating phenylacetylglutamine concentration elevates the predictive value of cardiovascular event risk in heart failure patients. J Intern Med 2023; 294:515-530. [PMID: 37184278 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln)-a newly discovered microbial metabolite produced by phenylalanine metabolism-is reportedly associated with cardiovascular events via adrenergic receptors. Nonetheless, its association with cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to prospectively investigate the prognostic value of PAGln for HF. METHODS Plasma PAGln levels were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We first assessed the association between plasma PAGln levels and the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in 3152 HF patients (including HF with preserved and reduced ejection fraction) over a median follow-up period of 2 years. The primary endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular death or heart transplantation. We then assessed the prognostic role of PAGln in addition to the classic biomarker N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The correlation between PAGln levels and β-blocker use was also investigated. RESULTS In total, 520 cardiovascular deaths or heart transplantations occurred in the HF cohort. Elevated PAGln levels were independently associated with a higher risk of the primary endpoint in a dose-response manner, regardless of HF subtype. Concurrent assessment of PAGln and NT-proBNP levels enhanced risk stratification among HF patients. PAGln further showed prognostic value at low NT-proBNP levels. Additionally, the interaction effects between PAGln and β-blocker use were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PAGln levels are an independent predictor of an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events in HF. Our work could provide joint and complementary prognostic value to NT-proBNP levels in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfang Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenze Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaonan Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhitong Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyuan Peng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
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Rahman A, Alqaisi S, Alzakhari R, Saith S. Characterization and Summarization of the Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Cardiovascular System: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e39528. [PMID: 37366450 PMCID: PMC10290866 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes may increase the risk of long-term cardiovascular morbidity. To protect the heart, awareness should be raised of the risks and limits of E-cigarette aerosol exposure. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the cardiovascular risk of e-smoking. This systematic review was conducted by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases in December 2022 to identify studies investigating e-cigarettes' impact on the heart. The study was supported by meta-analysis and qualitative review. Out of the initial 493 papers, only 15 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The cumulative number of participants in the myocardial infarction (MI) group was 85,420, and in the sympathetic groups in whom the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured, were 332 cigarette smokers. The control group included the "never use," "non-smokers," and "never smoke." The pooled analysis showed a significant difference between the e-cigarette smokers and the control group regarding the risk of developing MI in former smokers (OR= 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01-1.72, P = 0.12) and never smoked (OR= 0.02; 95% CI: 0.00-0.44, P = 0.01) favoring the control group. The pooled analysis of the included studies showed a significant difference between the e-cigarette smokers with nicotine and the control group regarding the mean difference (MD) of the SBP (MD = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.94-3.84; P < 0.001), the DBP (MD = 3.10; 95% CI: 0.42-5.78; P = 0.02), the MBP (MD = 7.05; 95% CI: 2.70-1.40; P = 0.001), and HF (MD = 3.13; 95% CI: 0.96-5.29; P = 0.005) favoring the control group. We conclude that using e-cigarettes has a detrimental effect on cardiac health. The risk of severe cardiac conditions increases with e-cigarettes. Thus, vaping can do more harm than good. Consequently, the misleading notion that e-cigarettes are less harmful should be challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahman
- Internal Medicine, Northwell Health at Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, USA
| | - Sura Alqaisi
- Internal Medicine, Memorial Healthcare, Pembroke Pines, USA
| | - Rana Alzakhari
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Sunil Saith
- Cardiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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Yoo JE, Jeong SM, Yeo Y, Jung W, Yoo J, Han K, Lee CM, Park JH, Park KW, Shin DW. Smoking Cessation Reduces the Risk of Heart Failure: A Nationwide Cohort Study. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2023; 11:277-287. [PMID: 36647926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of data for the incidence of heart failure (HF) according to changes in smoking behaviors. OBJECTIVES The authors aimed to investigate the effects of smoking behavior change on development of HF. METHODS In this population-based, retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance System database, the authors identified 778,608 current smokers who participated in a health screening program in 2009 and in a follow-up screening in 2011. Participants were categorized into quitters, reducers I (≥50% reduction) and II (<50% reduction), sustainers, and increasers. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.3 years, there were 23,329 HF events (4.8 per 1,000 person-years). Compared with sustainers, the risk of HF was increased among increasers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.02-1.10]). By contrast, quitters had a reduced risk for HF (aHR: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.83-0.90]). Even heavy smokers who quit smoking had a lower risk for HF than those who sustained heavy smoking (aHR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.85-0.95]). In reducers, the risk of HF was not reduced but rather increased slightly (≥50% reduction, aHR: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.01-1.11]; <50% reduction, aHR: 1.04 [95% CI: 1.00-1.08]). CONCLUSIONS Current smokers who increased their smoking amount were associated with a higher risk for HF development compared to sustainers, whereas self-reported smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of HF. There was no benefit from reduction in smoking amount. Self-reported smoking cessation should be reinforced whenever possible to prevent HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Jeong
- Department of Family Medicine, Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohwan Yeo
- Department of Family Medicine, Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Jung
- Department of Family Medicine, Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Yoo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Birarra MK, Baye E, Tesfa W, Kifle ZD. Knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors, practice, and barriers of community pharmacists on cardiovascular disease prevention in North West Ethiopia. Metabol Open 2022; 16:100219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Fried ND, Oakes JM, Whitehead AK, Lazartigues E, Yue X, Gardner JD. Nicotine and novel tobacco products drive adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in preclinical studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:993617. [PMID: 36277777 PMCID: PMC9582354 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.993617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The heart undergoes structural and functional changes in response to injury and hemodynamic stress known as cardiac remodeling. Cardiac remodeling often decompensates causing dysfunction and heart failure (HF). Cardiac remodeling and dysfunction are significantly associated with cigarette smoking. Although cigarette smoking has declined, the roles of nicotine and novel tobacco products (including electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco) in cardiac remodeling are unclear. In this perspective, we present evidence demonstrating maladaptive cardiac remodeling in nicotine-exposed mice undergoing hemodynamic stress with angiotensin (Ang)-II infusion and review preclinical literature linking nicotine and novel tobacco products with cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Methods Adult, male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to room air or chronic, inhaled nicotine for 8 weeks. A subset of mice was infused with Ang-II via subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps during the final 4 weeks of exposure. Left ventricular structure and function were assessed with echocardiography. Results Chronic, inhaled nicotine abrogated Ang-II-induced thickening of the left ventricular posterior wall, leading to reduced relative wall thickness. Ang-II infusion was associated with increased left ventricular mass index in both air- and nicotine-exposed mice. Conclusions These changes suggest a phenotypic shift from concentric hypertrophy to eccentric hypertrophy in nicotine-exposed, hemodynamically-stressed mice which could drive HF pathogenesis. These findings join a growing body of animal studies demonstrating cardiac remodeling and dysfunction following nicotine and electronic cigarette exposure. Further exploration is necessary; however, clinicians and researchers should not overlook these emerging products as potential risk factors in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling and associated diseases including HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Fried
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Joshua M. Oakes
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anna K. Whitehead
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, New Orleans, LA, United States,Neuroscience center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care Systems, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xinping Yue
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jason D. Gardner
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Jason D. Gardner
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Guo J, Costacou T, Orchard TJ. Long term risk of heart failure in individuals with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108233. [PMID: 35753927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the risk of heart failure in young adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. We also examined risk factors and microvascular disease burden associated with the incidence of heart failure. METHODS Participants in the EDC study without known baseline heart failure (n = 655) were enrolled and then followed for 25 years. "Any" heart failure comprised the underlying cause of death, primary reason for hospitalization, EDC clinic examination findings or self-report of a physician diagnosis. "Hard" heart failure was determined only by the underlying cause of death or primary reason for hospitalization. Incidence rates for heart failure were estimated using Poisson models. Cox models were constructed to examine the associations between risk factors and microvascular disease burden with incident heart failure. RESULTS The mean baseline age and diabetes duration were 27(8) years and 19 (8) years. Incidence for any and hard heart failure were 3.4 and 1.8/1000 person-years. Diabetes duration, ever smoking and triglycerides were significant risk factors of any heart failure; longer diabetes duration, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher white blood cell count significantly predicted hard heart failure. A gradient association was observed between the number of microvascular disease (from 0 to 3) and "hard" heart failure endpoint but not "any" clinically defined heart failure. CONCLUSION Young adults with long-duration type 1 diabetes had a high risk of heart failure. As microvascular disease burden increases so does the risk of heart failure independently of diabetes duration, A1c and coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Tina Costacou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Trevor J Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Kalyanasundaram A, Vinholo TF, Zafar MA, Anis O, Charilaou P, Ziganshin B, Elefteriades JA. Aortic Valve Replacement in the Failing Left Ventricle: Worthwhile? Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:223. [PMID: 39076903 PMCID: PMC11266830 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2307223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose According to the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, the aortic valve should be replaced in the setting of severe aortic stenosis or regurgitation, independent of left ventricular function (even for EF < 55%). However, in clinical practice, especially in a very low EF range, surgeons may avoid surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) because of concern over operative risk. This study examines outcomes of patients with EF ≤ 35% undergoing SAVR. Methods From 2004 to 2019, 895 patients underwent SAVR for aortic stenosis (AS) and/or regurgitation (AR) by a single surgeon at our institution. From among these, 40 patients (4.47%) had an ejection fraction (EF) of 35% or less, forming the study group. Intra-aortic balloon pump was placed intraoperatively prophylactically pre-bypass in 18 out of the 40. Preoperative and post-operative echocardiograms were compared to determine changes in ejection fraction. Mid-term survival was assessed. Results 16 patients presented with AS, 20 with AR, and 4 with a combination of AS and AR. Hospital survival was 97.5% (one patient death). The average ejection fraction progressively improved over time from 26% initially to 46% mid-term with mean follow-up of 43 months (0.1-140.7). Remarkably, five-year survival was comparable between the study group and an age- and gender-matched general population (p = 0.834). Downward trends in LV end-diastolic diameter and end-systolic diameter were seen. The former achieved statistical significance (6.0 cm to 5.3 cm; p = 0.0046), while the latter fell slightly short (4.8 cm to 4.1 cm; p = 0.056). Patients in whom an IABP was used had lower EFs than those without IABP (range 10-35, mean 23% vs. 15-35%, mean 27.6%). The EFs of the three subgroups improved significantly postoperatively (p < 0.001 for AS, p = 0.002 for AR, and p = 0.046 for AS and AR). Conclusions Surgical AVR can be done safely in patients with a failing LV with EF ≤ 35%. Significant improvements in the ejection fraction are seen over time. We believe there is a role for prophylactic pre-bypass IABP. Five-year survival is normalized. Surgeons should not hesitate to perform AVR in these highly jeopardized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad A. Zafar
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Osama Anis
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Paris Charilaou
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bulat Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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12
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Ding N, Shah AM, Blaha MJ, Chang PP, Rosamond WD, Matsushita K. Cigarette Smoking, Cessation, and Risk of Heart Failure With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:2298-2305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.03.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Hammond MM, Everitt IK, Khan SS. New strategies and therapies for the prevention of heart failure in high-risk patients. Clin Cardiol 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S13-S25. [PMID: 35789013 PMCID: PMC9254668 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite declines in total cardiovascular mortality rates in the United States, heart failure (HF) mortality rates as well as hospitalizations and readmissions have increased in the past decade. Increases have been relatively higher among young and middle-aged adults (<65 years). Therefore, identification of individuals HF at-risk (Stage A) or with pre-HF (Stage B) before the onset of overt clinical signs and symptoms (Stage C) is urgently needed. Multivariate risk models (e.g., Pooled Cohort Equations to Prevent Heart Failure [PCP-HF]) have been externally validated in diverse populations and endorsed by the 2022 HF Guidelines to apply a risk-based framework for the prevention of HF. However, traditional risk factors included in the PCP-HF model only account for half of an individual's lifetime risk of HF; novel risk factors (e.g., adverse pregnancy outcomes, impaired lung health, COVID-19) are emerging as important risk-enhancing factors that need to be accounted for in personalized approaches to prevention. In addition to determining the role of novel risk-enhancing factors, integration of social determinants of health (SDoH) in identifying and addressing HF risk is needed to transform the current clinical paradigm for the prevention of HF. Comprehensive strategies to prevent the progression of HF must incorporate pharmacotherapies (e.g., sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors that have also been termed the "statins" of HF prevention), intensive blood pressure lowering, and heart-healthy behaviors. Future directions include investigation of novel prediction models leveraging machine learning, integration of risk-enhancing factors and SDoH, and equitable approaches to interventions for risk-based prevention of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Hammond
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ian K. Everitt
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Sadiya S. Khan
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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14
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Gottdiener JS, Buzkova P, Kahn PA, DeFilippi C, Shah S, Barasch E, Kizer JR, Psaty B, Gardin JM. Relation of Cigarette Smoking and Heart Failure in Adults ≥65 Years of Age (From the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 2022; 168:90-98. [PMID: 35045935 PMCID: PMC8930705 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with adverse cardiac outcomes, including incident heart failure (HF). However, key components of potential pathways from smoking to HF have not been evaluated in older adults. In a community-based study, we studied cross-sectional associations of smoking with blood and imaging biomarkers reflecting mechanisms of cardiac disease. Serial nested, multivariable Cox models were used to determine associations of smoking with HF, and to assess the influence of biochemical and functional (cardiac strain) phenotypes on these associations. Compared with never smokers, smokers had higher levels of inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6), cardiomyocyte injury (cardiac troponin T [hscTnT]), myocardial "stress"/fibrosis (soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 [sST2], galectin 3), and worse left ventricle systolic and diastolic function. In models adjusting for age, gender, and race (DEMO) and for clinical factors potentially in the causal pathway (CLIN), smoking exposures were associated with C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, sST2, hscTnT, and with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic protein (in Whites). In DEMO adjusted models, the cumulative burden of smoking was associated with worse left ventricle systolic strain. Current smoking and former smoking were associated with HF in DEMO models (hazard ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 1.64 and hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.25, respectively), and with current smoking after CLIN adjustment. Adjustment for time-varying myocardial infarction, inflammation, cardiac strain, hscTnT, sST2, and galectin 3 did not materially alter the associations. Smoking was associated with HF with preserved and decreased ejection fraction. In conclusion, in older adults, smoking is associated with multiple blood and imaging biomarker measures of pathophysiology previously linked to HF, and to incident HF even after adjustment for clinical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Gottdiener
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of.
| | | | - Peter A Kahn
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Sanjiv Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eddy Barasch
- Division of Cardiology, St. Francis Hospital, Roslyn, New York
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California; Departments of; Medicine and of; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bruce Psaty
- Medicine; Epidemiology, and; Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Julius M Gardin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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15
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Piepoli MF, Adamo M, Barison A, Bestetti RB, Biegus J, Böhm M, Butler J, Carapetis J, Ceconi C, Chioncel O, Coats A, Crespo-Leiro MG, de Simone G, Drexel H, Emdin M, Farmakis D, Halle M, Heymans S, Jaarsma T, Jankowska E, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Løchen ML, Lopatin Y, Maggioni A, Matrone B, Metra M, Noonan K, Pina I, Prescott E, Rosano G, Seferovic PM, Sliwa K, Stewart S, Uijl A, Vaartjes I, Vermeulen R, Verschuren WM, Volterrani M, Von Haehling S, Hoes A. Preventing heart failure: a position paper of the Heart Failure Association in collaboration with the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:275-300. [PMID: 35083485 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The heart failure epidemic is growing and its prevention, in order to reduce associated hospital readmission rates and its clinical and economic burden, is a key issue in modern cardiovascular medicine. The present consensus document aims to provide practical evidence-based information to support the implementation of effective preventive measures. After reviewing the most common risk factors, an overview of the population attributable risks in different continents is presented, to identify potentially effective opportunities for prevention and to inform preventive strategies. Finally, potential interventions that have been proposed and have been shown to be effective in preventing HF are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo F Piepoli
- Cardiac Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Barison
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Jan Biegus
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jonathan Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Claudio Ceconi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ovidiu Chioncel
- University of Medicine Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'C.C. Iliescu', Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Maria G Crespo-Leiro
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC): CIBERCV, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Giovanni de Simone
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Department of Medicine, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
- VIVIT, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Martin Halle
- Sport and Health Sciences, Policlinic for Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiny Jaarsma
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maja-Lisa Løchen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yuri Lopatin
- Volgograd State Medical University, Regional Cardiology Centre, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Marco Metra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katharine Noonan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Eva Prescott
- Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Petar M Seferovic
- Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine, Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Karen Sliwa
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon Stewart
- Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alicia Uijl
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W M Verschuren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arno Hoes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Piepoli MF, Adamo M, Barison A, Bestetti RB, Biegus J, Böhm M, Butler J, Carapetis J, Ceconi C, Chioncel O, Coats A, Crespo-Leiro MG, de Simone G, Drexel H, Emdin M, Farmakis D, Halle M, Heymans S, Jaarsma T, Jankowska E, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Løchen ML, Lopatin Y, Maggioni A, Matrone B, Metra M, Noonan K, Pina I, Prescott E, Rosano G, Seferovic PM, Sliwa K, Stewart S, Uijl A, Vaartjes I, Vermeulen R, Monique Verschuren WM, Volterrani M, von Heahling S, Hoes A. Preventing heart failure: a position paper of the Heart Failure Association in collaboration with the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:143-168. [PMID: 35083829 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart failure epidemic is growing and its prevention, in order to reduce associated hospital readmission rates and its clinical and economic burden, is a key issue in modern cardiovascular medicine. The present position paper aims to provide practical evidence-based information to support the implementation of effective preventive measures. After reviewing the most common risk factors, an overview of the population attributable risks in different continents is presented, to identify potentially effective opportunities for prevention and to inform preventive strategies. Finally, potential interventions that have been proposed and have been shown to be effective in preventing heart failure are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo F Piepoli
- Cardiac Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Barison
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Jan Biegus
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jonathan Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Claudio Ceconi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ovidiu Chioncel
- University of Medicine Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'C.C. Iliescu', Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Maria G Crespo-Leiro
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC): CIBERCV, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Giovanni de Simone
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Department of Medicine, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
- VIVIT, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Martin Halle
- Sport and Health Sciences, Policlinic for Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiny Jaarsma
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maja-Lisa Løchen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yuri Lopatin
- Volgograd State Medical University, Regional Cardiology Centre, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Marco Metra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katharine Noonan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Eva Prescott
- Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Petar M Seferovic
- Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine, Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Karen Sliwa
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon Stewart
- Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alicia Uijl
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephan von Heahling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arno Hoes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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17
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Gali K, Weidner G, Smits JMA, Beyersmann J, Spaderna H. Psychosocial Risk and Health Behaviors as Predictors of Clinical Events in Patients Wait-Listed for a New Heart: Results from 7 Years of Follow-Up. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1438. [PMID: 34947969 PMCID: PMC8706706 DOI: 10.3390/life11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the long-term relationship of psychosocial risk and health behaviors on clinical events in patients awaiting heart transplantation (HTx). Psychosocial characteristics (e.g., depression), health behaviors (e.g., dietary habits, smoking), medical factors (e.g., creatinine), and demographics (e.g., age, sex) were collected at the time of listing in 318 patients (82% male, mean age = 53 years) enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study. Clinical events were death/delisting due to deterioration, high-urgency status transplantation (HU-HTx), elective transplantation, and delisting due to clinical improvement. Within 7 years of follow-up, 92 patients died or were delisted due to deterioration, 121 received HU-HTx, 43 received elective transplantation, and 39 were delisted due to improvement. Adjusting for demographic and medical characteristics, the results indicated that frequent consumption of healthy foods (i.e., foods high in unsaturated fats) and being physically active increased the likelihood of delisting due improvement, while smoking and depressive symptoms were related to death/delisting due to clinical deterioration while awaiting HTx. In conclusion, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics are clearly associated with clinical outcomes in this population. Interventions that target psychosocial risk, smoking, dietary habits, and physical activity may be beneficial for patients with advanced heart failure waiting for a cardiac transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Gali
- Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany;
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerdi Weidner
- Department of Biology, Romberg Tiburon Campus, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | | | - Jan Beyersmann
- Institute of Statistics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Heike Spaderna
- Department of Nursing Science, Section Health Psychology, Trier University, 54286 Trier, Germany
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18
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Khan SS, Ning H, Sinha A, Wilkins J, Allen NB, Vu THT, Berry JD, Lloyd‐Jones DM, Sweis R. Cigarette Smoking and Competing Risks for Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease Subtypes Across the Life Course. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021751. [PMID: 34787470 PMCID: PMC9075374 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is significantly associated with premature death related and not related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether risk associated with smoking is similar across CVD subtypes and how this translates into years of life lost is not known. Methods and Results We pooled and harmonized individual‐level data from 9 population‐based cohorts in the United States. All participants were free of clinical CVD at baseline with available data on current smoking status, covariates, and CVD outcomes. We examined the association between smoking status and total CVD and CVD subtypes, including fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and other CVD deaths. We performed (1) modified Kaplan–Meier analysis to estimate long‐term risks, (2) adjusted competing Cox models to estimate joint cumulative risks for CVD or noncardiovascular death, and (3) Irwin’s restricted mean to estimate years lived free from and with CVD. Of 106 165 adults, 50.4% were women. Overall long‐term risks for CVD events were 46.0% (95% CI, 44.7–47.3) and 34.7% (95% CI, 33.3–36.0) in middle‐aged men and women, respectively. In middle‐aged men who reported smoking compared with those who did not smoke, competing hazard ratios (HRs) were higher for the first presentation being a fatal CVD event (HR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.68–1.92]), with a similar pattern among women (HR,1.82 [95% CI, 1.68–1.98]). Smoking was associated with earlier CVD onset by 5.1 and 3.8 years in men and women. Similar patterns were observed in younger and older adults. Conclusions Current smoking was associated with a fatal event as the first manifestation of clinical CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya S. Khan
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Hongyan Ning
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Arjun Sinha
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - John Wilkins
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Norrina B. Allen
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Thanh Huyen T. Vu
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | | | - Donald M. Lloyd‐Jones
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Ranya Sweis
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
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19
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Gagnon LR, Sadasivan C, Perera K, Oudit GY. Cardiac Complications of Common Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Management. Can J Cardiol 2021; 38:1331-1341. [PMID: 34737034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications from drugs of abuse are becoming more apparent due to increased usage worldwide. Substance abuse can cause both acute and chronic cardiovascular complications and is increasing in prevalence especially in young adults. These substances contribute to the development of acute coronary syndrome, type II myocardial injury, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and have numerous other cardiovascular complications. Although no screening guidelines exist, clinical awareness of these potential complications and their prevention, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are critically important. Management of cardiovascular disease should be coupled with appropriate social and mental health interventions to provide sustained clinical benefit. The higher the number of substances used recreationally, the greater the risk of premature heart disease. Epidemiological studies showed that 1 in 5 young adults misuse several substances and often start using at younger ages with a greater risk for adverse health outcomes over the long-term. The aim of this review is to highlight the basic epidemiology, cardiac complications, and disease-specific treatment options of commonly abused substances including methamphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, anabolic-androgenic steroids, cannabis, and tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Gagnon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chandu Sadasivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Perera
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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Grubb AF, Greene SJ, Fudim M, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Drugs of Abuse and Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2021; 27:1260-1275. [PMID: 34133967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance use is common among those with heart failure (HF) and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine are commonly abused substances that can contribute to the development and worsening of HF. Heavy alcohol consumption can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, whereas moderate intake may decrease incident HF. Tobacco increases the risk of HF through coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease-independent mechanisms. Continued smoking worsens outcomes for those with HF and cessation is associated with an improved risk of major adverse cardiac events. Cannabis has complex interactions on the cardiovascular system depending on the method of consumption, amount consumed, and content of cannabinoids. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol can increase sympathetic tone, cause vascular dysfunction, and may increase the risk of myocardial infarction. Cannabidiol is cardioprotective in preclinical studies and is a potential therapeutic target. Cocaine increases sympathetic tone and is a potent proarrhythmogenic agent. It increases the risk of myocardial infarction and can also lead to a dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of beta-blockers in those with HF and cocaine use is likely safe and effective. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the impact of these substances both on the development of HF and their effects on those who have HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F Grubb
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marat Fudim
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tracy Dewald
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert J Mentz
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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21
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Park SK, Ryoo JH, Kang JG, Jung JY. Smoking Status, Intensity of Smoking, and Their Relation to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Working Aged Korean Men. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1176-1182. [PMID: 33537724 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is an established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of smoking on left ventricular (LV) structure has been less studied. This study was designed to assess the association of smoking status and smoking intensity with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). METHODS Study subjects were 53,666 working aged Korean men who received echocardiography as an item of health check up. They were grouped by smoking status (never, former, and current smokers), pack-year of smoking (never, <10, 10-19.9, and ≥20 pack-year), and urine cotinine excretion (<100, 100-999, ≥1000 ng/mL). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used in calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval for LVH (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval]). The proportions of abnormal LV geometry patterns were compared among groups. RESULTS Former and current smokers had the higher levels in LV mass index, relative wall thickness, and the prevalence of LVH than never smoker. The association with LVH increased in order of never (reference), former (1.44 [1.01-2.04]), and current smokers (2.10 [1.44-3.05]). LVH showed the proportional relationship with pack-year of smoking (never smoker: reference, <10: 1.45 [1.01-2.08], 10-19.9: 1.73 [1.17-2.57], ≥20: 2.43 [1.58-3.74]) and urine cotinine excretion (never smoker: reference, 100-999: 1.70 [1.21-2.37], >1000: 1.97 [1.43-2.72]). The proportions of abnormal LV geometry patterns were higher in smoking groups than never smoking group. CONCLUSION Exposure to tobacco use and intensity of smoking was associated with LVH in working aged population. IMPLICATIONS In working aged Koreans with mean age of 39.9 ± 7.0 years, former and current smokers are more likely to have LVH than never smoker. Dose-dependent relationship was found between the smoking status (never, former, and current smokers), pack-year of smoking, urine cotinine excretion, and LVH. These findings indicate that smoking has an adverse influence on LV structure even in relatively young age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Park
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Gyu Kang
- Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Young Jung
- Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Chrysochou E, Kanellopoulos PG, Koukoulakis KG, Sakellari A, Karavoltsos S, Minaidis M, Bakeas E. Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution. Molecules 2021; 26:3207. [PMID: 34071927 PMCID: PMC8199329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been associated with environmental pollutants. The scope of this study is to assess any potential relation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their hydroxylated derivatives, and trace elements with heart failure via their direct determination in human serum of Greek citizens residing in different areas. Therefore, we analyzed 131 samples including cases (heart failure patients) and controls (healthy donors), and the respective demographic data were collected. Significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) were observed in cases' serum regarding most of the examined PAHs and their derivatives with phenanthrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene being the most abundant (median of >50 μg L-1). Among the examined trace elements, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb were measured at statistically higher concentrations (p < 0.05) in cases' samples, with only Cr being significantly higher in controls. The potential impact of environmental factors such as smoking and area of residence has been evaluated. Specific PAHs and trace elements could be possibly related with heart failure development. Atmospheric degradation and smoking habit appeared to have a significant impact on the analytes' serum concentrations. PCA-logistic regression analysis could possibly reveal common mechanisms among the analytes enhancing the hypothesis that they may pose a significant risk for CVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Chrysochou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
| | - Konstantinos G. Koukoulakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
| | - Aikaterini Sakellari
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sotirios Karavoltsos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (S.K.)
| | | | - Evangelos Bakeas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
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23
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Weng AM, Köstler H, Bley TA, Ritter CO. Effect of short-term smoking & L-arginine on coronary endothelial function assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance cold pressor testing: a pilot study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:237. [PMID: 33980159 PMCID: PMC8114700 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of smoking on coronary vasomotion has been investigated in the past with various imaging techniques in both short- and long-term smokers. Additionally, coronary vasomotion has been shown to be normalized in long-term smokers by L-Arginine acting as a substrate for NO synthase, revealing the coronary endothelium as the major site of abnormal vasomotor response. Aim of the prospective cohort study was to investigate coronary vasomotion of young healthy short-term smokers via magnetic resonance cold pressor test with and without the administration of L-Arginine and compare obtained results with the ones from nonsmokers. Methods Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was quantified with first-pass perfusion MRI on a 1.5 T scanner in healthy short-term smokers (N = 10, age: 25.0 ± 2.8 years, 5.0 ± 2.9 pack years) and nonsmokers (N = 10, age: 34.3 ± 13.6) both at rest and during cold pressor test (CPT). Smokers underwent an additional examination after administration of L-Arginine within a median of 7 days of the naïve examination. Results MBF at rest turned out to be 0.77 ± 0.30 (smokers with no L-Arginine; mean ± standard deviation), 0.66 ± 0.21 (smokers L-Arginine) and 0.84 ± 0.08 (nonsmokers). Values under CPT were 1.21 ± 0.42 (smokers no L-Arginine), 1.09 ± 0.35 (smokers L-Arginine) and 1.63 ± 0.33 (nonsmokers). In all groups, MBF was significantly increased under CPT compared to the corresponding rest examination (p < 0.05 in all cases). Additionally, MBF under CPT was significantly different between the smokers and the nonsmokers (p = 0.002). MBF at rest was significantly different between the smokers when L-Arginine was given and the nonsmokers (p = 0.035). Conclusion Short-term smokers showed a reduced response to cold both with and without the administration of L-Arginine. However, absolute MBF values under CPT were lower compared to nonsmokers independently of L-Arginine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Weng
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Herbert Köstler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten A Bley
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian O Ritter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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24
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Janhangeer MI, Youssef G, El Naggar W, El Remisy D. Subtle right ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic chronic heavy cigarette smokers: a speckle tracking case-control study. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:25. [PMID: 33725204 PMCID: PMC7966610 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heavy cigarette smoking can affect the right ventriclular function. The standard echocardiography may not show early right ventricular functional changes, and a more sensitive measure is needed. The aim of this work was to evaluate the subtle subclinical effects of chronic heavy cigarette smoking on the right ventricular function. The study included 55 healthy asymptomatic chronic heavy cigarette smokers (smoking history of at least 5 pack-years and a daily cigarette consumption of at least 1 pack) and 35 healthy non-smoking control subjects. Patients underwent a full clinical assessment and a conventional as well as a 2D-speckle tracking transthoracic echocardiography of the right ventricle and data was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS The mean age was 32.9 ± 7.2 years in smokers and 30.9 ± 7.9 years in non-smokers (p = 0.227). The 2 groups showed comparable conventional right ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. Smokers showed a significantly lower (less negative) right ventricular global longitudinal strain (- 19.0 ± 3.2% vs. - 24.5 ± 3.5%, p < 0.001). Patients with a higher daily cigarette consumption showed a poorer right ventricular global longitudinal strain (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION Chronic heavy cigarette smoking can adversely affect the right ventricular function, a finding that can be easily missed by conventional echocardiography and can be better detected by the right ventricular speckle tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada Youssef
- Cardiology Department, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Weal El Naggar
- Cardiology Department, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia El Remisy
- Cardiology Department, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Cheng S, Delling FN, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Ferguson JF, Gupta DK, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Lee CD, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Ma J, Mackey J, Martin SS, Matchar DB, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Roth GA, Samad Z, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Stokes A, VanWagner LB, Wang NY, Tsao CW. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021; 143:e254-e743. [PMID: 33501848 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3166] [Impact Index Per Article: 1055.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
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26
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Ehteshami-Afshar S, Mooney L, Dewan P, Desai AS, Lang NN, Lefkowitz MP, Petrie MC, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Shi VC, Zile MR, Packer M, McMurray JJV, Jhund PS, Hawkins NM. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Insights From PARADIGM-HF. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019238. [PMID: 33522249 PMCID: PMC7955331 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common comorbidity in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, associated with undertreatment and worse outcomes. New treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction may be particularly important in patients with concomitant COPD. Methods and Results We examined outcomes in 8399 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, according to COPD status, in the PARADIGM‐HF (Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker–Neprilysin Inhibitor With Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure) trial. Cox regression models were used to compare COPD versus non‐COPD subgroups and the effects of sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril. Patients with COPD (n=1080, 12.9%) were older than patients without COPD (mean 67 versus 63 years; P<0.001), with similar left ventricular ejection fraction (29.9% versus 29.4%), but higher NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; median, 1741 pg/mL versus 1591 pg/mL; P=0.01), worse functional class (New York Heart Association III/IV 37% versus 23%; P<0.001) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire–Clinical Summary Score (73 versus 81; P<0.001), and more congestion and comorbidity. Medical therapy was similar in patients with and without COPD except for beta‐blockade (87% versus 94%; P<0.001) and diuretics (85% versus 80%; P<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, COPD was associated with higher risks of heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.13–1.54), and the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05–1.34), but not cardiovascular death (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.94–1.30), or all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.99–1.31). COPD was also associated with higher risk of all cardiovascular hospitalization (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05–1.31) and noncardiovascular hospitalization (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.29–1.64). The benefit of sacubitril/valsartan over enalapril was consistent in patients with and without COPD for all end points. Conclusions In PARADIGM‐HF, COPD was associated with lower use of beta‐blockers and worse health status and was an independent predictor of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular hospitalization. Sacubitril/valsartan was beneficial in this high‐risk subgroup. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01035255.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne Mooney
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Pooja Dewan
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Akshay S Desai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Ninian N Lang
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - Mark C Petrie
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - Jean L Rouleau
- Institut de Cardiologie Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
| | | | - Victor C Shi
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation East Hanover NJ
| | - Michael R Zile
- Department of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC
| | - Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular InstituteBaylor University Medical CenterImperial College Dallas TX USA.,Imperial College London UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Tobacco smoking in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease: A 20-year experience at Duke University Medical Center. Am Heart J 2020; 230:25-34. [PMID: 32980363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is associated with incident heart failure (HF), yet limited data are available exploring the association between smoking status and long-term outcomes in HF with reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction (i.e., HFrEF vs. HFpEF). METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of HF patients undergoing coronary angiography from 1990-2010. Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and HF were stratified by EF (< 50% vs. ≥50%), smoking status (prior/current vs. never smoker), and level of smoking (light/moderate vs. heavy). Time-from-catheterization-to-event was examined using Cox proportional hazard modeling for all-cause mortality (ACM), ACM/myocardial infarction/stroke (MACE), and ACM/HF hospitalization with testing for interaction by HF-type (HFrEF vs. HFpEF). RESULTS Of 14,406 patients with CAD and HF, 85% (n = 12,326) had HFrEF and 15% (n = 2080) had HFpEF. At catheterization, 61% of HFrEF and 57% of HFpEF patients had a smoking history. After adjustment, there was a significant interaction between HF-type and the association between smoking status and MACE (interaction P = .009). Smoking history was associated with increased risk for MACE in patients with HFrEF (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.18 [1.12-1.24]), but not HFpEF (HR 1.01 [0.90-1.12]). Active smokers had increased mortality following adjustment compared to former smokers regardless of HF-type (HFrEF HR 1.19 [1.06-1.32], HFpEF HR 1.30 [1.02-1.64], interaction P = .50). Heavy smokers trended towards increased risk of adverse outcomes versus light/moderate smokers; these findings were consistent across HF-type (interaction P > .12). CONCLUSION Smoking history was independently associated with worse outcomes in HFrEF but not HFpEF. Regardless of HF-type, current smokers had higher risk than former smokers.
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28
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Heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in older patients with chronic kidney disease: the China Hypertension Survey (2012-2015). JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2020; 17:597-603. [PMID: 33224178 PMCID: PMC7657946 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality for older chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the epidemiological data is scarce. We aimed to determine the prevalence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and HF, and to explore the risk factors for HF among those patients. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of the China Hypertension Survey conducted between October 2012 and December 2015. A total of 5, 808 participants aged ≥ 65 years were included in the analysis. Self-reported history of HF and any other cardiovascular diseases was acquired. 2-D and Doppler echocardiography were used to assess LV dysfunction. CKD was defined as either estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g. Results Among CKD patients aged ≥ 65 years, the weighted prevalence of HF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was 4.8%, 2.5%, 0.8%, and 1.7%, respectively. The weighted prevalence of HF was 5.0% in patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, and was 5.9% in patients with ACR ≥ 30 mg/g. The prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction was 3.1%, and while it was 8.9% for moderate/severe diastolic dysfunction. Multivariate analysis showed that smoking was significantly associated with the risk of HF. Furthermore, age, smoking, and residents in rural areas were significantly associated with a risk of LV diastolic dysfunction. Conclusions The prevalence of HF and LV dysfunction was high in older patients with CKD, suggesting that particular strategies will be required.
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29
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Martinez-Amezcua P, Haque W, Khera R, Kanaya AM, Sattar N, Lam CSP, Harikrishnan S, Shah SJ, Kandula NR, Jose PO, Narayan KMV, Agyemang C, Misra A, Jenum AK, Bilal U, Nasir K, Cainzos-Achirica M. The Upcoming Epidemic of Heart Failure in South Asia. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13:e007218. [PMID: 32962410 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, South Asia accounts for a quarter of the world population, yet it already claims ≈60% of the global burden of heart disease. Besides the epidemics of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease already faced by South Asian countries, recent studies suggest that South Asians may also be at an increased risk of heart failure (HF), and that it presents at earlier ages than in most other racial/ethnic groups. Although a frequently underrecognized threat, an eventual HF epidemic in the densely populated South Asian nations could have dramatic health, social and economic consequences, and urgent interventions are needed to flatten the curve of HF in South Asia. In this review, we discuss recent studies portraying these trends, and describe the mechanisms that may explain an increased risk of premature HF in South Asians compared with other groups, with a special focus on highly relevant features in South Asian populations including premature coronary heart disease, early type 2 diabetes mellitus, ubiquitous abdominal obesity, exposure to the world's highest levels of air pollution, highly prevalent pretransition forms of HF such as rheumatic heart disease, and underdevelopment of healthcare systems. Other rising lifestyle-related risk factors such as use of tobacco products, hypertension, and general obesity are also discussed. We evaluate the prognosis of HF in South Asian countries and the implications of an anticipated HF epidemic. Finally, we discuss proposed interventions aimed at curbing these adverse trends, management approaches that can improve the prognosis of prevalent HF in South Asian countries, and research gaps in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martinez-Amezcua
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (P.M.-A., W.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Waqas Haque
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (P.M.-A., W.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (W.H., K.N., M.C.-A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rohan Khera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.K.).,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (R.K.)
| | | | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (N.S.)
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore (C.S.P.L.).,Duke-National University of Singapore (C.S.P.L.).,University Medical Centre, Groningen, the Netherlands (C.S.P.L.)
| | - Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan
- Heart Failure Association of India (S.H.).,National Center of Research and Excellence in Heart Failure, ICMR (S.H.).,Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum (S.H.)
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S.)
| | - Namratha R Kandula
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (N.R.K.)
| | - Powell O Jose
- Sutter Davis Hospital, Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento, CA (P.O.J.)
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (K.M.V.N.)
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.A.)
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis-C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India (A.M.).,National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India (A.M.).,Diabetes Foundation India, New Delhi, India (A.M.)
| | - Anne K Jenum
- General Practice Research Unit (AFE), Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Institute of Health and Society, Norway (A.K.J.)
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA (U.B.)
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (W.H., K.N., M.C.-A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX (K.N., M.C.-A.).,Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX (K.N., M.C.-A.)
| | - Miguel Cainzos-Achirica
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (W.H., K.N., M.C.-A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX (K.N., M.C.-A.).,Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX (K.N., M.C.-A.)
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Andersson C, Liu C, Cheng S, Wang TJ, Gerszten RE, Larson MG, Vasan RS. Metabolomic signatures of cardiac remodelling and heart failure risk in the community. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:3707-3715. [PMID: 32909388 PMCID: PMC7754777 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Heart failure (HF) is associated with several metabolic changes, but it is unknown whether distinct components of the circulating metabolome may be related to cardiac structure and function, and with incident HF in the community. Methods and results We assayed 217 circulating metabolites in 2336 Framingham Study participants (mean age 55 ± 10 years, 53% women) without HF at baseline. We used linear and Cox regression to relate concentrations of metabolites to left ventricular (LV) diastolic dimension, LV wall thickness, LV ejection fraction, left atrial dimension, LV ventricular mass, and aortic root size cross‐sectionally and to incident HF prospectively. Bonferroni‐adjusted P‐values <0.05 denoted statistical significance. Circulating concentrations of kynurenine [β = −0.12 cm per standard deviation (SD) increment in normalized residual of metabolite, P = 7.3 × 10−8] and aminoadipate (−0.11 cm per SD increment, P = 2.61 × 10−5) were associated with left ventricular diastolic dimension, phosphatidylcholine (carbon:double bound = 38:6) with left atrial dimension (0.10 cm per SD increment, P = 9.7 × 10−6), and cholesterol ester (carbon:double bound = 20:5) with left atrial dimension (0.10 cm per SD increment, P = 1.4 × 10−5) in multivariable‐adjusted models. During an average follow‐up of 15.8 (range 0.02–23.2) years, 113 participants (5%) were diagnosed with HF with reduced ejection fraction and 106 individuals (5%) with HF with preserved ejection fraction. In multivariable analyses, concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (hazard ratio 0.63, P = 1.3 × 10−5) and ornithine (hazard ratio 1.44, P = 0.00014) were associated with HF with reduced ejection fraction. Conclusions Several metabolites, including the vasoactive metabolite kynurenine, were related to cardiac structure and function in our sample. Additional research is warranted to confirm our observations and investigate if these metabolites can risk stratify ambulatory individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andersson
- NHBLI and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Chunyu Liu
- NHBLI and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- NHBLI and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Program in Metabolism, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin G Larson
- NHBLI and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- NHBLI and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Time-to-Treatment and Its Association With Complications and Mortality Rate in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Emerg Nurs 2020; 47:288-298.e4. [PMID: 32741546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Time-to-treatment is one of the most important factors affecting the complications and mortality rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to determine time-to-treatment and its association with complications and mortality rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction in selected hospitals in Zanjan, Iran. METHODS This prospective cohort study was performed with 200 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction in selected educational hospitals of Zanjan from June 2016 to March 2017. Parameters including the interval between pain onset and treatment, myocardial infarction complications, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality after the occurrence of myocardial infarction were collected through a special questionnaire and phone calls. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. RESULTS The longest time-to-treatment delay is related to prehospital time (mean, 330.68 [SD=411.55] minutes). Based on the results, the increase in the interval time between onset of pain and treatment (odds ratio: 1.001; 95% confidence interval, 1.000-1.002; P = 0.01), hypertension (odds ratio: 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-7.68; P = 0.02), and left coronary artery complete occlusion (odds ratio: 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.57-4.94; P < 0.001) were mortality predictor factors. Furthermore, the increase in the interval time between onset of pain and treatment (odds ratio: 1.001; 95% confidence interval, 1.000-1.002; P = 0.03), current smoking (odds ratio: 5.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-17.43; P = 0.004), and right coronary artery complete occlusion (odds ratio: 5.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-25.82; P = 0.02) were highly associated with the occurrence of heart failure. DISCUSSION Hypertension, smoking history, and delay in treatment time were highly associated with the occurrence of heart failure and mortality. Therefore, in Iranian society, education on primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction is recommended to reduce patient mortality.
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Adia AC, Hawley NL, Naseri T, Reupena MS, McGarvey ST. Tobacco smoking patterns in Samoa in 2010: Implications for interventions. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 5:50. [PMID: 32411912 PMCID: PMC7205054 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use in Samoa has been described over time by age, sex and education, but little work exists on other sociodemographic factors associated with tobacco use. We describe current smoking and daily tobacco use in adults from Samoa, with a focus on sex and age stratified analyses of the influence of occupation, education, census region, household asset ownership and alcohol use in order to help develop potential targeted interventions. METHODS In 2010, a nationwide survey of 3745 adults aged 25–65 years from 33 villages was completed in Samoa. Current smoking status, daily tobacco use, as well as current alcohol use, and a variety of sociodemographic factors were assessed by interview. Bivariate and multivariable models, and sex and age group stratified analyses, were performed to determine different patterns of correlates. RESULTS More than half of all men (51.3%) and 21.8% of women were current tobacco smokers. Men and women smoked on average 10.9 and 8.7 cigarettes/day, respectively. Twenty per cent of men consumed ≥20 cigarettes/day. In men, being married, a subsistence-farmer/laborer, an alcohol user, and having low household assets, were independently associated with being a tobacco smoker (all p<0.01). Among women, not completing secondary education, being 25–34 years, residing in urban Apia, and being an alcohol user, were independently associated with being a tobacco smoker (all p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use in Samoa remains high and correlates of smoking suggest that interventions for cessation need to be developed within the contexts of sex, age, education, and household socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Adia
- International Health Institute, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | | | | | - Stephen T McGarvey
- International Health Institute, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, United States.,Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, United States
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Hendriks T, van Dijk R, Alsabaan NA, van der Harst P. Active Tobacco Smoking Impairs Cardiac Systolic Function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6608. [PMID: 32313023 PMCID: PMC7171181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but its direct effect on myocardial structure and function remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of smoking using a nested matched case-control study design. 5,668 participants of the UK Biobank study who underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging were screened for inclusion. 102 smokers (56 males) with a median age of 56 years were matched to non-smokers based on sex, age, and body surface area. Manual post-processing and feature tracking analyses were performed to determine left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) structure and function measures. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of tobacco smoking on imaging measures. Tobacco smoking was associated with increased LV and RV end-systolic volume (4.98 ± 2.08 mL, 5.19 ± 2.62 mL, P = 0.018, 0.049 respectively), reduced LV and RV ejection fraction (β: −2.21 ± 0.82%, −2.06 ± 0.87%, P = 0.007, 0.019 respectively), and reduced absolute measures of LV peak global longitudinal, radial, and circumferential strain (β: 0.86 ± 0.30%, −2.52 ± 0.99%, 1.05 ± 0.32%, P = 0.004, 0.011, 0.001 respectively). Effect sizes were larger in daily smokers compared to occasional smokers. In a general Caucasian population without known clinical cardiovascular disease, active tobacco smoking was dose dependently associated with impaired cardiac systolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hendriks
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Randy van Dijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Najod A Alsabaan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB, The Netherlands. .,Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, VanWagner LB, Tsao CW. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 141:e139-e596. [PMID: 31992061 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4904] [Impact Index Per Article: 1226.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports on the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2020 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, metrics to assess and monitor healthy diets, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, a focus on the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors, implementation strategies, and implications of the American Heart Association's 2020 Impact Goals. RESULTS Each of the 26 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, healthcare administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
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Son YJ, Lee HJ. Association between persistent smoking after a diagnosis of heart failure and adverse health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:05. [PMID: 31997987 PMCID: PMC6986333 DOI: 10.18332/tid/116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart failure (HF) is associated with increased mortality worldwide. Adverse health outcomes in HF are commonly attributed to poor adherence to self-care, including smoking cessation. Smoking is the major modifiable risk factor for HF. Patients have been observed to continue smoking even after diagnosis with HF. Despite the possible association between persistent smoking and adverse health outcomes among HF populations, no consensus has been reached. We aimed to review the literature to determine the association between smoking status after HF diagnosis and adverse health outcomes. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase. Hand searching was also performed. In total, 9 articles (n=70461) were included in the review for meta-analysis, including seven cohort studies and two cross-sectional studies. Quality was assessed using the modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Approximately 16% of HF patients continued smoking after HF diagnosis. Persistent smoking increased the hazard ratio (HR) of mortality by 38.4% (HR=1.384; 95% CI: 1.139-1.681) and readmission by 44.8% (HR=1.448; 95% CI: 1.086-1.930). Our review also found that persistent smoking was associated with poor health status, ventricular tachycardia, and arterial stiffness. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the importance of assessment for any history of smoking before and after HF diagnosis. There is a need for smoking cessation programs to be established as crucial components of care for patients with HF. More studies are needed to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying relations among smoking patterns and health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Jung Son
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Nursing, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Ameen M, Attia AM, Felimban A, Al-Dweghri T, Fattni A, Azab E, Baz S, Dardir A. Evaluation of cardiac biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2020; 14:26-32. [PMID: 32536846 PMCID: PMC7269625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess the levels of the cardiac biomarkers in smokers versus non-smokers chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and periodontally healthy subjects, also to correlate cardiac biomarkers level with the severity of CP. METHODS Eighty selected individuals were divided into three groups: Smokers CP (28), non-smokers CP (32), and healthy control subjects (20). The CP evaluated clinically by plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and pocket depth (PD). Serum levels of cardiac biomarkers were assayed for the following: Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), troponin-I (Tr-I), creatinine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS The statistical analysis of the investigated biomarkers showed that ALT and AST significantly increased in smokers versus non-smokers CP patients (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, the other biomarkers (Tr-I, CK, and LDH) showed a non-significant increase in smokers compared with non-smokers periodontitis patients (P ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, the mean values of all biomarkers, Tr-I, ALT, AST, LDH, and CK, expressed highly significant comparisons (P ≤ 0.01) in smokers and non-smokers CP patients against healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The present study suggested that the cardiac biomarkers affected by CP and worse aggravated by the presence of smoking that could play a bidirectional effect on periodontitis and cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Further researches are needed to elucidate the efficacy of periodontal treatment and serum cardiac biomarkers in systemically healthy and diseased CV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Ameen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Mazen Mohammed Ameen, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 24238, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Alaa Moustafa Attia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University (Assiut), Egypt and Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Felimban
- Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ehab Azab
- Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Baz
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Dardir
- Faculty of Dentistry, AL-Ahram Canadian University, Egypt and Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
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Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Das SR, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Jordan LC, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, O'Flaherty M, Pandey A, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, Tsao CW, Turakhia MP, VanWagner LB, Wilkins JT, Wong SS, Virani SS. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139:e56-e528. [PMID: 30700139 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5387] [Impact Index Per Article: 1077.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bonaldi C, Pasquereau A, Hill C, Thomas D, Moutengou E, Thanh VN, Olié V. Hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases attributable to tobacco smoking in France in 2015. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 28:1327-1333. [PMID: 34647590 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319885462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. In France, the daily smoking prevalence is among the highest in high-income European countries. This study estimated the number of hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases attributable to smoking in France in 2015, and the number of stays that could have been avoided if there had been 10% less current smokers or if the prevalence of current smokers had been 20%. METHODS Age- and sex-specific attributable fractions were calculated by combining relative risks extracted from the literature with the prevalence of smoking estimated in the 2014 Health Barometer, a national representative survey. These fractions were applied to hospitalization stays with a primary diagnosis for a cardiovascular disease whose risk is known to increase with smoking. RESULTS In France in 2015, 250,813 hospital stays (95% uncertainty interval=234,869-269,807) related to a cardiovascular condition were estimated as attributable to smoking. This represented 21% of all stays for a cardiovascular condition. Ischemic heart disease accounted for the largest share of smoking-related stays (39%). If the number of current smokers had been 10% lower or if the prevalence of smoking in the population had dropped to below 20%, 5867 stays and 25,911 stays, respectively, would have been prevented. CONCLUSIONS In France, a large number of hospital stays for cardiovascular disease are attributable to tobacco smoking. A 10% reduction in smoking would avoid nearly 6000 hospital stays per year; more than 25,000 annual hospital stays if only 20% of the French population smoked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Pasquereau
- Health Promotion and Prevention Division, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
| | | | - Daniel Thomas
- Université Paris-VI-Sorbonne, AP-HP, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Moutengou
- Data Science Division, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Viêt Nguyen Thanh
- Health Promotion and Prevention Division, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Valérie Olié
- Non-Communicable Diseases and Trauma Division, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice, France
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Leal MAS, Aires R, Pandolfi T, Marques VB, Campagnaro BP, Pereira TMC, Meyrelles SS, Campos-Toimil M, Vasquez EC. Sildenafil reduces aortic endothelial dysfunction and structural damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Role of NO, NADPH and COX-1 pathways. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 124:106601. [PMID: 31689530 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a condition associated with endothelial dysfunction, accompanied by an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. The aim of this study was to investigate and elucidate the possible mechanisms of sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, actions on endothelial function in aortas from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR treated with sildenafil (40 mg/kg/day, p.o., 3 weeks) were compared to untreated SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography and vascular reactivity was determined in isolated rat aortic rings. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and systemic ROS were measured by flow cytometry. Plasmatic total antioxidant capacity, NO production and aorta lipid peroxidation were determined by spectrophotometry. Scanning electron microscopy was used for structural analysis of the endothelial surface. Sildenafil reduced high SBP and partially restored the vasodilator response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in SHR aortic rings. Using selective inhibitors, our experiments revealed an augmented participation of NO, with a simultaneous decrease of oxidative stress and of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-derived prostanoids contribution in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in sildenafil-treated SHR compared to non-treated SHR. Also, the relaxant responses to sildenafil and 8-Br-cGMP were normalized in sildenafil-treated SHR and sildenafil restored the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and the endothelial architecture. In conclusion, sildenafil reverses endothelial dysfunction in SHR by improving vascular relaxation to acetylcholine with increased NO bioavailability, reducing the oxidative stress and COX-1 prostanoids, and improving cGMP/PKG signaling. Also, sildenafil reduces structural endothelial damage. Thus, sildenafil is a promising novel pharmacologic strategy to treat endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive states reinforcing its potential role as adjuvant in the pharmacotherapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A S Leal
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Thamirys Pandolfi
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Bermond Marques
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago M C Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CD PHARMA), Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
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Shapiro MD, Maron DJ, Morris PB, Kosiborod M, Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Khera A, Ballantyne CM, Baum SJ, Sperling LS, Bhatt DL, Fazio S. Preventive Cardiology as a Subspecialty of Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74:1926-1942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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AlHabeeb W, Al-Ayoubi F, AlGhalayini K, Al Ghofaili F, Al Hebaishi Y, Al-Jazairi A, Al-Mallah MH, AlMasood A, Al Qaseer M, Al-Saif S, Chaudhary A, Elasfar A, Tash A, Arafa M, Hassan W. Saudi Heart Association (SHA) guidelines for the management of heart failure. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2019; 31:204-253. [PMID: 31371908 PMCID: PMC6660461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and negatively impacts quality of life, healthcare costs, and longevity. Although data on HF in the Arab population are scarce, recently developed regional registries are a step forward to evaluating the quality of current patient care and providing an overview of the clinical picture. Despite the burden of HF in Saudi Arabia, there are currently no standardized protocols or guidelines for the management of patients with acute or chronic heart failure. Therefore, the Heart Failure Expert Committee, comprising 13 local specialists representing both public and private sectors, has developed guidelines to address the needs and challenges for the diagnosis and treatment of HF in Saudi Arabia. The ultimate aim of these guidelines is to assist healthcare professionals in delivering optimal care and standardized clinical practice across Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed AlHabeeb
- Cardiac Sciences Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Cardiac Sciences Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fakhr Al-Ayoubi
- King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Kamal AlGhalayini
- King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al Ghofaili
- King Salman Heart Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulrazaq Al-Jazairi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Mouaz H. Al-Mallah
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ali AlMasood
- Riyadh Care Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Al Qaseer
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Shukri Al-Saif
- Saud Al-Babtain Cardiac Center, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Chaudhary
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdelfatah Elasfar
- Madina Cardiac Center, AlMadina AlMonaoarah, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
- Cardiology Department, Tanta University, EgyptEgypt
| | - Adel Tash
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Arafa
- Cardiac Sciences Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
| | - Walid Hassan
- International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
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Influence of Smoking Status on Risk of Incident Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152697. [PMID: 31362333 PMCID: PMC6696428 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a well-known risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, there are insufficient data regarding the predictive influence of smoking status on the risk of incident heart failure (HF). This study involved a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to identify the association of smoking status with incident risk of HF. Peer-reviewed articles published in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL up to May 2019 were identified. Seven studies, based on 42,759 participants and 4826 HF cases, were included. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the fixed effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted to define possible sources of heterogeneity. Current smokers aged 18 years and over had a greater risk of HF incidence compared with non-smokers (never or former smokers) (HR = 1.609, 95% CI, 1.470–1.761). Additionally, former smokers had a greater risk of HF incidence compared with never smokers (HR = 1.209, 95% CI, 1.084–1.348). The present study highlighted that never smokers have more obvious cardiovascular benefits than current or former smokers. Therefore, health professionals should support cessation at the earliest among current smokers and encourage young people and non-smokers not to start smoking.
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Watson M, Dardari Z, Kianoush S, Hall ME, DeFilippis AP, Keith RJ, Benjamin EJ, Rodriguez CJ, Bhatnagar A, Lima JA, Butler J, Blaha MJ, Rifai MA. Relation Between Cigarette Smoking and Heart Failure (from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:1972-1977. [PMID: 30967285 PMCID: PMC6529241 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the association between cigarette smoking and incident heart failure (HF) in a racially diverse US cohort. We included 6,792 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with information on cigarette smoking at baseline, characterized by status, intensity, burden, and time since quitting. Adjudicated outcomes included total incident HF cases and HF stratified by ejection fraction (EF) into HF with reduced EF (HFrEF; EF ≤ 40%) and preserved EF (HFpEF; EF ≥ 50%). We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and accounted for competing risk of each HF type. Mean age was 62 ± 10 years; 53% were women, 61% were nonwhite, and 13% were current smokers. A total of 279 incident HF cases occurred over a median follow-up of 12.2 years. The incidence rates of HFrEF and HFpEF were 2.2 and 1.9 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. Current smoking was associated with higher risk of HF compared with never smoking (hazard ratio [HR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36 to 3.09); this was similar for HFrEF (HR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.27 to 5.25) and HFpEF (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.49). Former smoking was not significantly associated with HF (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.56). Smoking intensity, burden, and time since quitting did not provide additional information for HF risk after accounting for smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Watson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zeina Dardari
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sina Kianoush
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Yale-Waterbury, Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - Michael E Hall
- Division of Cardiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Joao A Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael J Blaha
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mahmoud Al Rifai
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, Kansas.
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Karnik AA, Gopal DM, Ko D, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH. Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure. Cardiol Clin 2019; 37:119-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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The Effect of Electronic-Cigarette Vaping on Cardiac Function and Angiogenesis in Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4085. [PMID: 30858470 PMCID: PMC6411855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in use of electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes), especially among youth, raises the urgency for regulating bodies to make informed decisions, guidance, and policy on these products. This study evaluated cardiac function in an experimental model following exposure to e-cigarettes. We subjected C57BL/6 mice to e-cigarette vaping for 2-weeks, and cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. Cardiac tissues were collected at the end of e-cigarette exposure for pathological analysis. The experimental data showed that e-cigarette vaping (3 h/day for 14 days) had no significant effect on cardiac contractility as measured by ejection fraction. However, it significantly increased angiogenesis in mouse heart tissue. We found that e-cigarette exposure increased the endothelial cell marker CD31 and CD34 to approximately 2 fold (p < 0.05) in heart tissue from female mice and about 150% (p < 0.05) in male mice. E-cigarette vaping also caused slower weight gain compared to mice exposed to room air. In addition, short-term e-cigarette exposure slightly increased collagen content in heart tissue but did not result in significant tissue fibrosis. These results suggest that short-term exposure to e-cigarettes has no acute effect on cardiac contractile function or tissue fibrosis, but it increases cardiac angiogenesis.
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Barua RS, Rigotti NA, Benowitz NL, Cummings KM, Jazayeri MA, Morris PB, Ratchford EV, Sarna L, Stecker EC, Wiggins BS. 2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:3332-3365. [PMID: 30527452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kalkhoran S, Benowitz NL, Rigotti NA. Reprint of: Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Use. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:2964-2979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Feodoroff M, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Groop PH. Dose-dependent effect of smoking on risk of coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2580-2589. [PMID: 30229273 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to assess the potential dose-dependent effects of smoking on the risk of CHD, heart failure and stroke in individuals with type 1 diabetes. METHODS The study included 4506 individuals with type 1 diabetes who were participating in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) study. Intensity of smoking was estimated by packs per day and cumulative smoking by pack-years. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of incident CHD, heart failure or stroke during follow-up. RESULTS One pack per day significantly increased the risk of incident CHD in current smokers compared with never smokers (HR 1.45 [95% CI 1.15, 1.84]), after adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c, hypertension, duration of diabetes and BMI. The risk of CHD in former smokers was similar to the risk in never smokers. The risk of incident heart failure was 1.43 (95% CI 1.03, 1.97) in current smokers per one pack per day and 1.37 (95% CI 1.05, 1.77) in former smokers, while the risk of incident stroke was 1.70 (95% CI 1.26, 2.29) and 1.49 (95% CI 1.14, 1.93), respectively. After further adjustments for lipids, however, the difference in the risk of heart failure in current and former smokers was no longer significant. Cumulative smoking data were similar to smoking intensity data. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION There is a dose-dependent association between smoking and cardiovascular disease in individuals with type 1 diabetes. In men in particular, the risk of incident stroke remains high even after smoking cessation and is increased in current and former smokers independently of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Feodoroff
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, The Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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49
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Aune D, Schlesinger S, Norat T, Riboli E. Tobacco smoking and the risk of heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 26:279-288. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487318806658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the association between smoking and the risk of developing heart failure. Methods PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to 24 July 2018. Prospective studies were included if they reported adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of heart failure associated with smoking. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were estimated using a random effects model. Results Twenty-six studies were included. The summary RR was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.54–1.99, I2 = 81%, n = 10) for current smokers, 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08–1.24, I2 = 51%, n = 9) for former smokers, and 1.44 (1.34–1.55, I2 = 83%, n = 10) for ever smokers compared with never smokers. The summary RR was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.01–1.96, I2 = 82%, n = 2) per 10 cigarettes per day, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.18, I2 = 70%, n = 3) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02–1.14, I2 = 34%, n = 2) per 10 pack-years among ever smokers and former smokers, respectively, and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63–1.00, I2 = 96%, n = 2) per 10 years since quitting smoking. The association between smoking cessation and heart failure reached significance at 15 years of smoking cessation, and at 30 years the summary RR was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.57–0.90), only slightly higher than the summary RR for never smokers (0.64 (95% CI: 0.57–0.72)) when compared with current smokers. Conclusion Smoking is associated with increased risk of heart failure, but the risk decreases with increasing duration since smoking cessation. Any further studies should investigate the association between number of cigarettes per day, duration, pack-years and time since quitting smoking and risk of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- Institute for Biometry and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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50
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Kalkhoran S, Benowitz NL, Rigotti NA. Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Use: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:1030-1045. [PMID: 30139432 PMCID: PMC6261256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both prevention of smoking initiation among youth and smoking cessation among established smokers are key for reducing smoking prevalence and the associated negative health consequences. Proven tobacco cessation treatment includes pharmacotherapy and behavioral support, which are most effective when provided together. First-line medications (varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement) are effective and safe for patients with CVD. Clinicians who care for patients with CVD should give as high a priority to treating tobacco use as to managing other CVD risk factors. Broader tobacco control efforts to raise tobacco taxes, adopt smoke-free laws, conduct mass media campaigns, and restrict tobacco marketing enhance clinicians' actions working with individual smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kalkhoran
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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