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Morin F, Polard L, Fresnel E, Richard M, Schmit H, Martin-Houitte C, Cordioli RL, Lebret M, Mercat A, Beloncle F, Savary D, Richard JC, Lesimple A. A new physiological manikin to test and compare ventilation devices during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resusc Plus 2024; 19:100663. [PMID: 38827273 PMCID: PMC11143906 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of bench systems permitting to evaluate ventilation devices in the specific context of cardiac arrest. Objectives The objective of the study is to assess if a new physiological manikin may permit to evaluate the performances of medical devices dedicated to ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods Specific CPR-related features required to reproduce realistic ventilation were implemented into the SAM (Sarthe Anjou Mayenne) manikin. In the first place, the manikin ability to mimic ventilation during CPR was assessed and compared to real-life tracings of airway pressure, flow and capnogram from three out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. In addition, to illustrate the interest of this manikin, ventilation was evaluated during mechanical continuous chest compressions with two devices dedicated to CPR: the Boussignac cardiac arrest device (B-card - Vygon; Ecouen France) and the Impedance Threshold Device (ITD - Zoll; Chelmsford, MA). Results The SAM manikin enabled precise replication of ventilation tracings as observed in three OHCA patients during CPR, and it allowed for comparison between two distinct ventilation devices. B-card generated a mean, maximum and minimum intrathoracic pressure of 6.3 (±0.1) cmH2O, 18.9 (±1.1) cmH2O and -0.3 (±0.2) cmH2O respectively; while ITD generated a mean, maximum and minimum intrathoracic pressure of -1.6 (±0.0) cmH2O, 5.7 (±0.1) cmH2O and -4.8 (±0.1) cmH2O respectively during CPR. B-card allowed to increase passive ventilation compared to the ITD which resulted in a dramatic limitation of passive ventilation. Conclusion The SAM manikin is an innovative model integrating specific physiological features that permit to accurately evaluate and compare ventilation devices during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Morin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Laura Polard
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
| | | | | | - Hugo Schmit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Annecy Genevois Hospital, Annecy, France
| | | | | | - Marius Lebret
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
- Kernel Biomedical, Bois-Guillaume, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Erphan Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, France
| | - Alain Mercat
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - François Beloncle
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Dominique Savary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Richard
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Arnaud Lesimple
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
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van Eijk JA, Doeleman LC, Loer SA, Koster RW, van Schuppen H, Schober P. Ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A narrative review. Resuscitation 2024; 203:110366. [PMID: 39181499 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is vital to achieve optimal oxygenation but continues to be a subject of ongoing debate. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of various components and challenges of ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, highlighting key areas of uncertainty in the current understanding of ventilation management. It addresses the pulmonary pathophysiology during cardiac arrest, the importance of adequate alveolar ventilation, recommendations concerning the maintenance of airway patency, tidal volumes and ventilation rates in both synchronous and asynchronous ventilation. Additionally, it discusses ventilation adjuncts such as the impedance threshold device, the role of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation, and passive oxygenation. Finally, this review offers directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A van Eijk
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anesthesiology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lotte C Doeleman
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Anesthesiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan A Loer
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anesthesiology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolph W Koster
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans van Schuppen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Anesthesiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schober
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anesthesiology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Azcarate I, Urigüen JA, Leturiondo M, Sandoval CL, Redondo K, Gutiérrez JJ, Russell JK, Wallmüller P, Sterz F, Daya MR, Ruiz de Gauna S. The Role of Chest Compressions on Ventilation during Advanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6918. [PMID: 37959385 PMCID: PMC10647836 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing interest in the quality of manual ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but accurate assessment of ventilation parameters remains a challenge. Waveform capnography is currently the reference for monitoring ventilation rate in intubated patients, but fails to provide information on tidal volumes and inspiration-expiration timing. Moreover, the capnogram is often distorted when chest compressions (CCs) are performed during ventilation compromising its reliability during CPR. Our main purpose was to characterize manual ventilation during CPR and to assess how CCs may impact on ventilation quality. Methods: Retrospective analysis were performed of CPR recordings fromtwo databases of adult patients in cardiac arrest including capnogram, compression depth, and airway flow, pressure and volume signals. Using automated signal processing techniques followed by manual revision, individual ventilations were identified and ventilation parameters were measured. Oscillations on the capnogram plateau during CCs were characterized, and its correlation with compression depth and airway volume was assessed. Finally, we identified events of reversed airflow caused by CCs and their effect on volume and capnogram waveform. Results: Ventilation rates were higher than the recommended 10 breaths/min in 66.7% of the cases. Variability in ventilation rates correlated with the variability in tidal volumes and other ventilatory parameters. Oscillations caused by CCs on capnograms were of high amplitude (median above 74%) and were associated with low pseudo-volumes (median 26 mL). Correlation between the amplitude of those oscillations with either the CCs depth or the generated passive volumes was low, with correlation coefficients of -0.24 and 0.40, respectively. During inspiration and expiration, reversed airflow events caused opposed movement of gases in 80% of ventilations. Conclusions: Our study confirmed lack of adherence between measured ventilation rates and the guideline recommendations, and a substantial dispersion in manual ventilation parameters during CPR. Oscillations on the capnogram plateau caused by CCs did not correlate with compression depth or associated small tidal volumes. CCs caused reversed flow during inspiration, expiration and in the interval between ventilations, sufficient to generate volume changes and causing oscillations on capnogram. Further research is warranted to assess the impact of these findings on ventilation quality during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Azcarate
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Urigüen
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Leturiondo
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
| | | | - Koldo Redondo
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
| | - José Julio Gutiérrez
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
| | - James Knox Russell
- Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine (CPR-EM), Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.K.R.); (M.R.D.)
| | - Pia Wallmüller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (F.S.)
| | - Fritz Sterz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (F.S.)
| | - Mohamud Ramzan Daya
- Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine (CPR-EM), Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.K.R.); (M.R.D.)
| | - Sofía Ruiz de Gauna
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
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Hung TY, Wen CS, Yu SH, Chen YC, Chen HL, Chen WL, Wu CC, Su YC, Lin CL, Hu SC, Lin T. A comparative analysis of aerosol exposure and prevention strategies in bystander, pre-hospital, and inpatient cardiopulmonary resuscitation using simulation manikins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12552. [PMID: 37532861 PMCID: PMC10397338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate aerosol exposure risk and prevention strategies during bystander, pre-hospital, and inpatient cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study compared hands-only CPR, CPR with a surgical or N95 mask, and CPR with a non-rebreather mask at 15 L/min. 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio CPR was tested with face-mask ventilation (FMV), FMV with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter; supraglottic airway (SGA), SGA with a surgical mask, SGA with a HEPA filter, or SGA with both. Continuous CPR was tested with an endotracheal tube (ET), ET with a surgical mask, a HEPA filter, or both. Aerosol concentration at the head, trunk, and feet of the mannequin were measured to evaluate exposure to CPR personnel. Hands-only CPR with a surgical or N95 face mask coverings and ET tube ventilation CPR with filters showed the lowest aerosol exposure among all study groups, including CPR with NRM oxygenation, FMV, and SGA ventilation. NRM had a mask effect and reduced aerosol exposure at the head, trunk, and feet of the mannequin. FMV with filters during 30:2 CPR reduced aerosol exposure at the head and trunk, but increased at the feet of the mannequin. A tightly-sealed SGA when used with a HEPA filter, reduced aerosol exposure by 21.00-63.14% compared with a loose-fitting one. Hands-only CPR with a proper fit surgical or N95 face mask coverings is as safe as ET tube ventilation CPR with filters, compared with CPR with NRM, FMV, and SGA. FMV or tight-sealed SGA ventilation with filters prolonged the duration to achieve estimated infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 2.4-2.5 times longer than hands-on CPR only. However, a loose-fitting SGA is not protective at all to chest compressor or health workers standing at the foot side of the victim, so should be used with caution even when using with HEPA filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yao Hung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- CrazyatLAB (Critical Airway Training Laboratory), Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shiung Wen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Han Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Chen
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Su
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien County, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, No.539, Zhongxiao Rd., East Dist., Chiayi City, 600566, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Lung Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Hu
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tee Lin
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ding B, Pan C, Pang J, Wang J, Li K, Xu F, Chen Y. Effects of Chest Compression on Ventilation Quality during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38082754 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ventilation is an important part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The advanced airway mode and 30:2 mode are used for intubated and non-intubated patients, respectively. It is debatable that passive produced by 30 compressions can provide adequate tidal volume for 30:2 mode. In addition, the fragmented ventilation caused by continuous compression may result in ineffective ventilation. In the study, one pig was anaesthetized and intubated for 2 CPRs. Continuous chest compressions with ventilation and continuous chest compressions without mechanical ventilation were performed in 2 CPRs, respectively. Three 10-minute data segments including a period of normal ventilation (V segment), a period of only compressions without ventilation (C segment), and a period of compressions with ventilation (C-V segment) were used to analyze peek flow (PF), peek pressure (PP) and tidal volume. All the data was presented as mean ± standard deviation. Chest compression resulted in 14.90% increase in mean PP (2401.40 ± 94.75 Pa vs 2822.06 ± 291.10 Pa, p<0.05), 81.46% increase in average PF (319.58 ± 56.93 ml/s vs 579.92 ± 80.27 ml/s, p<0.05). The mean tidal volumes for C segment, V segment and C-V segment were 189.13 ml, 514.72 ml, and 429.26ml, respectively. Continuous compressions reduced the accumulative tidal volume, but when five compressions were made in one inspiratory phase, there is almost no loss of tidal volume (510.86 ± 47.24 ml vs 514.72 ± 29.25 ml, p<0.05). The study suggested the ventilator without feedback regulation might reduce the peek pressure during CPR and 5 compressions in 2 s inspiratory phase provided higher tidal volume.Clinical Relevance- This study shows that 150 chest compressions per minute provided greater tidal volume than 100 and 120 compressions per minute; continuous chest compressions could also provide a certain amount of oxygen supply.
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Van Den Daele C, Vanwulpen M, Hachimi-Idrissi S. Chest compressions during ventilation in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation cause fragmentation of the airflow. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 50:455-458. [PMID: 34492591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When a patient suffers an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, ventilation and chest compressions are often given simultaneously during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. These simultaneous chest compressions may cause a fragmentation of the airflow, which may lead to an ineffective ventilation. This study focusses on the occurrence and quantification of this fragmentation and its effect on ventilation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is a single-center observational study, held at Ghent University Hospital. A custom-built bidirectional flow sensor was used to quantify the volumes of ventilation. Adult cardiac arrest patients who were prehospitally intubated and resuscitated by the medical emergency team were eligible for inclusion. Data of the patients who were ventilated and received simultaneous chest compressions, was used to calculate the volumes of ventilation and the amount and volumes of fragmentation. All data in this study is reported as mean (standard deviation; range). RESULTS Data of 10 patients (7 male) with a mean age of 71 years (14;51-87) was used in this study. The mean ventilation frequency was 12/min (2;9-16), the mean minute volume and tidal volume were respectively 6.21 L (1.51;3.79-8.15) and 514 mL (99;422-682). Fragmentation of the airflow was observed in all patients, with an average of 3 (1;2-5) fragments per inspiration and a mean volume of 214 mL (65;112-341) per fragment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Chest compressions during ventilation caused fragmentation of the airflow in all patients. There was wide variation in the number and volume of the fragments between patients. The importance of quantification of airflow volumes and the effect fragmentation of the airflow on the efficacy of ventilation can be essential in improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques and therefore needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cel Van Den Daele
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maxim Vanwulpen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saïd Hachimi-Idrissi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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