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Ariyoshi N, Higashijima F, Wakuta M, Ogata T, Ohta M, Kimura K. Exacerbation of Diabetic Retinopathy following Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Administration: A Case Report. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2024; 15:256-264. [PMID: 38529001 PMCID: PMC10963054 DOI: 10.1159/000537913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors, used in the treatment of renal anemia, hold the potential to increase the production of vascular endothelial growth factors. Therefore, HIF-PH inhibitors may exacerbate retinal hemorrhage in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Here, we present a case involving the administration of an HIF-PH inhibitor, resulting in the exacerbation of retinal hemorrhage in a patient with diabetic retinopathy. Case Presentation A 32-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and renal anemia caused by diabetic nephropathy was referred to our department for ophthalmic examination, revealing diabetic retinopathy with scattered retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and diabetic maculopathy in both eyes. Darbepoetin alfa was initially administered and switched to the HIF-PH inhibitor roxadustat on day 74. By day 88, fresh retinal hemorrhage was observed in the right eye. On day 132, the retinal hemorrhage had further worsened, with new preretinal hemorrhage in both eyes. Roxadustat was discontinued, replaced with darbepoetin alfa, resulting in retinal hemorrhage improvement by day 181 (49 days post-roxadustat cessation). On day 201, fundus hemorrhage further improved, optical coherence tomography showed no macular edema or subretinal fluid, and the retina was thinning. Fluorescein angiography showed neovascular vessels, active fluorescein leakage, and extensive avascular areas in both eyes, prompting pan-retinal photocoagulation. Visual acuity remained stable throughout treatment. Conclusion Patients with advanced diabetic retinopathy taking HIF-PH inhibitors should be aware of retinal hemorrhage exacerbations. If observed, the treatment plan, including discontinuation of the HIF-PH inhibitor or switching to another agent, should be discussed with a diabetologist, nephrologist, and ophthalmologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ariyoshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Higashijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Makiko Wakuta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube City, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Ogata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Manami Ohta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
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Hirano T, Hoshiyama K, Takahashi Y, Murata T. Wide-field swept-source OCT angiography (23 × 20 mm) for detecting retinal neovascularization in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:339-344. [PMID: 36303061 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Xephilio OCT-S1 can capture single-acquisition 23 × 20-mm wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) images and high-resolution images using artificial intelligence. We aimed to evaluate the ability of wide-field SS-OCTA in the detection of retinal neovascularizations (NVs) in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS This retrospective study included 64 eyes of 36 patients (age, 57 ± 10 years; 10 female, 26 male) with PDR. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including fluorescein angiography (FA), as well as fovea- and disc-centered 23 × 20-mm OCTA imaging (A-scan/B-scan, 928/807). We compared and examined the number of NV sites identified using conventional methods (merging the findings from biomicroscopy/color fundus photography, FA) and the number of NV sites identified using vitreoretinal interface and superficial retinal slabs of wide-field SS-OCTA images, including the position of NVs (nasal upper, nasal lower, temporal upper, temporal lower, or disc). RESULTS We identified 168 NVs (32/40/45/35/16, in the abovementioned order) using the conventional method. Fovea-centered 23 × 20-mm OCTA images revealed 162 (96%) NVs (27/39/45/35/16). This method tended to miss nasal NV. In contrast, disc-centered 23 × 20-mm OCTA images identified nearly all NVs, detecting 166 (99%) NVs (32/40/44/34/16) in total. All NVs could be visualized using two wide-field OCTA images: fovea- and disc-centered. CONCLUSION Wide-field (23 × 20 mm) SS-OCTA-especially disc-centered-using Xephilio OCT-S1 identified nearly all NVs in eyes with PDR, with a single acquisition, thereby demonstrating its potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsu-Moto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Ken Hoshiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsu-Moto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsu-Moto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Toshinori Murata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsu-Moto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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Santos FM, Ciordia S, Mesquita J, Cruz C, Sousa JPCE, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT, Paradela A. Proteomics profiling of vitreous humor reveals complement and coagulation components, adhesion factors, and neurodegeneration markers as discriminatory biomarkers of vitreoretinal eye diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107295. [PMID: 36875133 PMCID: PMC9978817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in people aged 50 years or older in middle-income and industrialized countries. Anti-VEGF therapies have improved the management of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and proliferative DR (PDR), no treatment options exist for the highly prevalent dry form of AMD. Methods To unravel the biological processes underlying these pathologies and to find new potential biomarkers, a label-free quantitative (LFQ) method was applied to analyze the vitreous proteome in PDR (n=4), AMD (n=4) compared to idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERM) (n=4). Results and discussion Post-hoc tests revealed 96 proteins capable of differentiating among the different groups, whereas 118 proteins were found differentially regulated in PDR compared to ERM and 95 proteins in PDR compared to dry AMD. Pathway analysis indicates that mediators of complement, coagulation cascades and acute phase responses are enriched in PDR vitreous, whilst proteins highly correlated to the extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, platelet degranulation, lysosomal degradation, cell adhesion, and central nervous system development were found underexpressed. According to these results, 35 proteins were selected and monitored by MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) in a larger cohort of patients with ERM (n=21), DR/PDR (n=20), AMD (n=11), and retinal detachment (n=13). Of these, 26 proteins could differentiate between these vitreoretinal diseases. Based on Partial least squares discriminant and multivariate exploratory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, a panel of 15 discriminatory biomarkers was defined, which includes complement and coagulation components (complement C2 and prothrombin), acute-phase mediators (alpha-1-antichymotrypsin), adhesion molecules (e.g., myocilin, galectin-3-binding protein), ECM components (opticin), and neurodegeneration biomarkers (beta-amyloid, amyloid-like protein 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima M Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Mesquita
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro E Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Luís A Passarinha
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA, Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química/Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cândida T Tomaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Dos Santos FM, Ciordia S, Mesquita J, de Sousa JPC, Paradela A, Tomaz CT, Passarinha LAP. Vitreous humor proteome: unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying proliferative and neovascular vitreoretinal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:22. [PMID: 36585968 PMCID: PMC11072707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are among the leading causes of blindness. Due to the multifactorial nature of these vitreoretinal diseases, omics approaches are essential for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying the evolution to a proliferative or neovascular etiology, in which patients suffer from an abrupt loss of vision. For many years, it was thought that the function of the vitreous was merely structural, supporting and protecting the surrounding ocular tissues. Proteomics studies proved that vitreous is more complex and biologically active than initially thought, and its changes reflect the physiological and pathological state of the eye. The vitreous is the scenario of a complex interplay between inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Vitreous proteome not only reflects the pathological events that occur in the retina, but the changes in the vitreous itself play a central role in the onset and progression of vitreoretinal diseases. Therefore, this review offers an overview of the studies on the vitreous proteome that could help to elucidate some of the pathological mechanisms underlying proliferative and/or neovascular vitreoretinal diseases and to find new potential pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Mesquita
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís António Paulino Passarinha
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- Pharmaco-Toxicology Laboratory, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Santos FM, Mesquita J, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Ciordia S, Paradela A, Tomaz CT. Vitreous Humor Proteome: Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Vitreoretinal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:505. [PMID: 35326156 PMCID: PMC8944522 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as an unbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, as evidenced by an increase in reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species production over time. It is important in the pathophysiology of retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, which are the focus of this article. Although the human organism's defense mechanisms correct autoxidation caused by endogenous or exogenous factors, this may be insufficient, causing an imbalance in favor of excessive ROS production or a weakening of the endogenous antioxidant system, resulting in molecular and cellular damage. Furthermore, modern lifestyles and environmental factors contribute to increased chemical exposure and stress induction, resulting in oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the current information about oxidative stress and the vitreous proteome with a special focus on vitreoretinal diseases. Additionally, we explore therapies using antioxidants in an attempt to rescue the body from oxidation, restore balance, and maximize healthy body function, as well as new investigational therapies that have shown significant therapeutic potential in preclinical studies and clinical trial outcomes, along with their goals and strategic approaches to combat oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Santos
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Mesquita
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
| | - João Paulo Castro-de-Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Iyer SS, Lagrew MK, Tillit SM, Roohipourmoallai R, Korntner S. The Vitreous Ecosystem in Diabetic Retinopathy: Insight into the Patho-Mechanisms of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137142. [PMID: 34281192 PMCID: PMC8269048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world with the incidence of disease ever-increasing worldwide. The vitreous humor represents an extensive and complex interactive arena for cytokines in the diabetic eye. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in understanding this environment and its implications in disease pathophysiology. In this review, we investigate the vitreous ecosystem in diabetic retinopathy at the molecular level. Areas of concentration include: the current level of knowledge of growth factors, cytokine and chemokine mediators, and lipid-derived metabolites in the vitreous. We discuss the molecular patho-mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy based upon current vitreous research.
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Hu X, Ding Y, Wang Z, Hu J, Liu X, Tang Y, Zhong M, Luan J. Expression of Neovascular Associated Factors PEDF and αB-crystallin in Human Lens Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1385-1389. [PMID: 32208037 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1746813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and αB-crystallin in human lens epithelial cells (LEC) and explore their relationships with diabetes. Methods: Lens anterior capsules attached with LEC were collected from cataract surgeries in patients with or without diabetes, and grouped as following: non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) group, no diabetic retinopathy (NDR) group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group. The expression of PEDF and αB-crystallin in all groups was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Results: PEDF and αB-crystallin protein were both detected in LEC. PEDF was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm, whereas αB-crystallin was present in both cytoplasm and nucleus. The levels of PEDF protein and αB-crystallin protein in LEC were significantly increased with the appearance and aggravation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (p < .01). Conclusion: The expression of PEDF and αB-crystallin protein is both positively correlated with the progression of DR, which may contribute to the regulation of iris neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital , Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital , Nanjing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Hu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital , Nanjing, China
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Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Migrate and Rescue RPE in the Setting of Oxidative Stress. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9682856. [PMID: 30651740 PMCID: PMC6311721 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9682856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress leads to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cells. We evaluated the potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) as a therapeutic tool by studying the migration capacity of ASCs in vitro and their protective effect against RPE cell death under oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. ASCs exhibited enhanced migration when exposed to conditioned medium of oxidative stressed RPE cells obtained by hydrogen peroxide. Migration-related axis SDF-1/CXCR4 was studied, and upregulation of SDF-1 in stressed RPE and of CXCR4 in ASCs was detected. Moreover, ASCs' conditioned medium prevented H2O2-induced cell death of RPE cells. Early passage ASCs had high expression level of HGF, low VEGF levels, and unmodulated IL-1β levels, compared to late passage ASCs. Thus, early passage ASCs show the potential to migrate towards damaged RPE cells and protect them in a paracrine manner from cell death induced by oxidative stress. In vivo, mice received systemic injection of NaIO3, and 72 h later, ASCs were transplanted in the subretinal space. Seven days after ASC transplantation, the eyes were enucleated fixed and frozen for immunohistochemical analysis. Under such conditions, ASC-treated mice showed preservation of nuclear layers in the outer nuclear layer and stronger staining of RPE and photoreceptor layer, compared to PBS-treated mice. Taken together, our results indicate that ASCs are able to home in on damaged RPE cells and protect against damage to the RPE and PR layers caused by oxidative stress. These data imply the potential that ASCs have in regenerating RPE under oxidative stress, providing the basis for a therapeutic approach to retinal degeneration diseases related to oxidative stress that could help save the eyesight of millions of people worldwide.
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Essential Role of mTOR Signaling in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Regeneration After Laser Photocoagulation. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:1019-1029. [PMID: 30499005 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the human adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE) cell response after laser photocoagulation (LP). The effect of mTOR inhibition on ARPE-19 cell was investigated by rapamycin treatment after LP. Cell viability and proliferation were explored using MTT and EdU assays, respectively. The expression of mTOR-related proteins and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was verified by Western blot. Rapamycin retarded the LP area recovery in a dose-dependent manner by the 120 h, while LP+DMSO vehicle-treated cells completely restored the lesion zone (P ≤ 0.01). ARPE-19 cell viability is significantly lower in LP + rapamycin 80 and 160 ng/ml treated cultures compared to LP control at 120 h (P ≤ 0.001). LP control group demonstrated significantly more proliferative cells compared to untreated cells at the 72 and 120 h, whereas EdU-positive cell numbers in cultures treated with rapamycin at concentrations of 80 and 160 ng/ml were similar to baseline values (P ≤ 0.01). mTOR pathway activation is essential for regulation of the RPE cell migration and proliferation after LP. mTOR inhibition with rapamycin effectively blocks the migration and proliferation of the RPE cells. Our results demonstrate that mTOR has an important role in ARPE-19 cell as a regulator of cell behavior under stress conditions, suggesting that mTOR could be a promising therapeutic target for numerous retinal diseases.
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10
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Wang X, Liu X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Han S, Zhao J, Gou X, He Y. PEDF protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress via upregulation of UCP2 expression. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:59-74. [PMID: 30431098 PMCID: PMC6297793 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the protective function of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) against oxidative stress (OS) in ARPE-19 cells, ARPE-19 cells were divided into different OS groups and treated with various concentrations of H2O2 (0, 75, 150 and 200 µmol/l) for 24 h. To establish the protective group, 200 ng/ml of PEDF was administered to ARPE-19 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and cell growth curve experiments were performed to determine levels of cell viability; lactate dehydrogenase and propidium iodide (PI) staining assays were also performed. The expression levels of genes associated with apoptosis as well as uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative, or semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, an OS injury animal model was established in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice via injection of 5 µg of PEDF in the vitreous cavity and subsequent injection of 150 µM H2O2 following a 24 h time interval. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, as well as UCP2 immunofluorescent labeling were also performed. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine statistically significant differences, followed by multiple comparison analysis using the Newman Keuls method. The results of cell viability assays demonstrated that the numbers of apoptotic cells were increased following treatment with H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner; however, this effect was reversed following treatment with PEDF. The expression levels of caspase 3 and B cell lymphoma (Bcl2) associated X genes associated with apoptosis were inhibited, whereas levels of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 were enhanced following treatment with PEDF in different passages of ARPE-19 cells. Significant differences were demonstrated in the levels of UCP2 gene expression between the PEDF+ H2O2 treated group and cells treated with H2O2 alone. Labeling of the UCP2 detector in the confocal images demonstrated decreased UCP2 protein staining in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and RPE layers following H2O2 injury; however, this effect was inhibited following treatment with PEDF. H&E staining was performed to investigate the thickness of the RPE layers, and the results revealed that thicknesses were significantly increased in sections treated with PEDF during OS, due to increased numbers of RPE cells. Furthermore, PEDF was demonstrated to increase UCP2 gene expression in ARPE-19 cells and animal RPE layers under OS, which suggested that PEDF may protect RPE cells and tissues during oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Shuangyu Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jingkang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Department of Neurobiology, The Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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11
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Rübsam A, Parikh S, Fort PE. Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040942. [PMID: 29565290 PMCID: PMC5979417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and remains the leading cause of blindness among the working-age population. For decades, diabetic retinopathy was considered only a microvascular complication, but the retinal microvasculature is intimately associated with and governed by neurons and glia, which are affected even prior to clinically detectable vascular lesions. While progress has been made to improve the vascular alterations, there is still no treatment to counteract the early neuro-glial perturbations in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia along with dyslipidemia, hypoinsulinemia and hypertension. Increasing evidence points to inflammation as one key player in diabetes-associated retinal perturbations, however, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Interlinked molecular pathways, such as oxidative stress, formation of advanced glycation end-products and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor have received a lot of attention as they all contribute to the inflammatory response. In the current review, we focus on the involvement of inflammation in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy with special emphasis on the functional relationships between glial cells and neurons. Finally, we summarize recent advances using novel targets to inhibit inflammation in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rübsam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Sonia Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Patrice E Fort
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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12
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Falero-Perez J, Park S, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. PEDF expression affects retinal endothelial cell proangiogenic properties through alterations in cell adhesive mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C405-C420. [PMID: 28747334 PMCID: PMC5668572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00004.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis. Although various ocular cell types including retinal endothelial cells (EC) produce PEDF, we know very little about cell autonomous effects of PEDF in these cell types. Here we determined how PEDF expression affects retinal EC proangiogenic properties. Retinal EC were prepared from wild-type (PEDF+/+) and PEDF-deficient (PEDF-/-) mice. The identity of EC was confirmed by staining for specific markers including vascular endothelial cadherin, CD31, and B4-lectin. Retinal EC also expressed VEGF receptor 1 and endoglin, as well as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1. PEDF-/- retinal EC were more proliferative, less apoptotic when challenged with H2O2, less migratory, and less adherent compared with PEDF+/+ EC. These changes could be associated, at least in part, with increased levels of tenascin-C, fibronectin, thrombospondin-1 and collagen IV, and lower amounts of osteopontin. PEDF-/- EC also exhibited alterations in expression of a number of integrins including α2, αv, β1, β8, and αvβ3, and cell-cell adhesion molecules including CD31, zonula occluden-1, and occludin. These observations correlated with attenuation of capillary morphogenesis and increased levels of oxidative stress in PEDF-/- EC. PEDF-/- EC also produced lower levels of VEGF compared with PEDF+/+ cells. Thus, PEDF deficiency has a significant impact on retinal EC adhesion and migration, perhaps through altered production of extracellular matrix and junctional proteins in response to increased oxidative stress affecting their proangiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falero-Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - SunYoung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; and
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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13
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Negative regulators of angiogenesis: important targets for treatment of exudative AMD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1763-1780. [PMID: 28679845 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases including exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is normally kept in check by a tightly balanced production of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. The up-regulation of the pro-angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is intimately linked to the pathogenesis of exudative AMD, and its antagonism has been effectively targeted for treatment. However, very little is known about potential changes in expression of anti-angiogenic factors and the role they play in choroidal vascular homeostasis and neovascularization associated with AMD. Here, we will discuss the important role of thrombospondins and pigment epithelium-derived factor, two major endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis, in retinal and choroidal vascular homeostasis and their potential alterations during AMD and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). We will review the cell autonomous function of these proteins in retinal and choroidal vascular cells. We will also discuss the potential targeting of these molecules and use of their mimetic peptides for therapeutic development for exudative AMD.
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14
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Fu D, Yu JY, Connell AR, Yang S, Hookham MB, McLeese R, Lyons TJ. Beneficial Effects of Berberine on Oxidized LDL-Induced Cytotoxicity to Human Retinal Müller Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3369-79. [PMID: 27367504 PMCID: PMC4961062 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Limited mechanistic understanding of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has hindered therapeutic advances. Berberine, an isoquinolone alkaloid, has shown favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in animal and human studies, but effects on DR are unknown. We previously demonstrated intraretinal extravasation and modification of LDL in human diabetes, and toxicity of modified LDL to human retinal Müller cells. We now explore pathogenic effects of modified LDL on Müller cells, and the efficacy of berberine in mitigating this cytotoxicity. Methods Confluent human Müller cells were exposed to in vitro–modified ‘highly oxidized, glycated (HOG-) LDL versus native-LDL (N-LDL; 200 mg protein/L) for 6 or 24 hours, with/without pretreatment with berberine (5 μM, 1 hour) and/or the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, Compound C (5 μM, 1 hour). Using techniques including Western blots, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay, and quantitative real-time PCR, the following outcomes were assessed: cell viability (CCK-8 assay), autophagy (LC3, Beclin-1, ATG-5), apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase), oxidative stress (ROS, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione peroxidase 1, NADPH oxidase 4), angiogenesis (VEGF, pigment epithelium-derived factor), inflammation (inducible nitric oxide synthase, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and glial cell activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein). Results Native-LDL had no effect on cultured human Müller cells, but HOG-LDL exhibited marked toxicity, significantly decreasing viability and inducing autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, expression of angiogenic factors, inflammation, and glial cell activation. Berberine attenuated all the effects of HOG-LDL (all P < 0.05), and its effects were mitigated by AMPK inhibition (P < 0.05). Conclusions Berberine inhibits modified LDL-induced Müller cell injury by activating the AMPK pathway, and merits further study as an agent for preventing and/or treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Fu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Y Yu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R Connell
- Centre for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Shihe Yang
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michelle B Hookham
- Centre for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca McLeese
- Centre for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Centre for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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15
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Liang X, Huang X, Zhou Y, Jin R, Li Q. Mechanical Stretching Promotes Skin Tissue Regeneration via Enhancing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing and Transdifferentiation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:960-9. [PMID: 27130223 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin tissue expansion is a clinical procedure for skin regeneration to reconstruct cutaneous defects that can be accompanied by severe complications. The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proven effective in promoting skin expansion and helping to ameliorate complications; however, systematic understanding of its mechanism remains unclear. MSCs from luciferase-Tg Lewis rats were intravenously transplanted into a rat tissue expansion model to identify homing and transdifferentiation. To clarify underlying mechanisms, a systematic approach was used to identify the differentially expressed genes between mechanically stretched human MSCs and controls. The biological significance of these changes was analyzed through bioinformatic methods. We further investigated genes and pathways of interest to disclose their potential role in mechanical stretching-induced skin regeneration. Cross sections of skin samples from the expanded group showed significantly more luciferase(+) and stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α)(+), luciferase(+)keratin 14(+), and luciferase(+)CD31(+) cells than the control group, indicating MSC transdifferentiation into epidermal basal cells and endothelial cells after SDF-1α-mediated homing. Microarray analysis suggested upregulation of genes related to hypoxia, vascularization, and cell proliferation in the stretched human MSCs. Further investigation showed that the homing of MSCs was blocked by short interfering RNA targeted against matrix metalloproteinase 2, and that mechanical stretching-induced vascular endothelial growth factor A upregulation was related to the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) and Wnt signaling pathways. This study determines that mechanical stretching might promote skin regeneration by upregulating MSC expression of genes related to hypoxia, vascularization, and cell proliferation; enhancing transplanted MSC homing to the expanded skin; and transdifferentiation into epidermal basal cells and endothelial cells. SIGNIFICANCE Skin tissue expansion is a clinical procedure for skin regeneration to cover cutaneous defects that can be accompanied by severe complications. The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proven effective in promoting skin expansion and ameliorating complications. This study, which sought to provide a systematic understanding of the mechanism, determined that mechanical stretching could upregulate MSC expression of genes related to hypoxia, vascularization, and cell proliferation; enhance transplanted MSC homing to the expanded skin tissue; and promote their transdifferentiation into epidermal basal cells and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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16
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PEDF and its roles in physiological and pathological conditions: implication in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:805-23. [PMID: 25881671 PMCID: PMC4557399 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a broadly expressed multifunctional member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family. This widely studied protein plays critical roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including neuroprotection, angiogenesis, fibrogenesis and inflammation. The present review summarizes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of PEDF in a variety of developing and adult organs, and discusses its functions in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. The major focus of the present review is to discuss the implication of PEDF in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, and the pathways mediating PEDF's effects under these conditions. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of PEDF expression, function and degradation are also reviewed. Finally, the therapeutic potential of PEDF as an anti-angiogenic drug is briefly summarized.
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17
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Ma C, Bai L, Lei C, Wu C, Shi Q, Hu F, Hao Z, Ma LE. Predictors of visual and anatomical outcomes for neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with bevacizumab. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:503-508. [PMID: 26171156 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the predictive factors for visual and anatomical outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). A total of 113 patients with neovascular AMD received IVB treatment. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT) and total macular volume (TMV) were assessed before the injection, and at 1, 2, 3 and 9 months after surgery. Changes in BCVA and these optical coherence tomography (OCT) outcomes from baseline were compared, and independent predictors were evaluated by logistic regression models. During the treatment, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) significantly decreased from 1.12 to 0.83, and reductions in OCT parameters were earlier and larger. Baseline BCVA was associated with the changes in BCVA and CRT, whereas baseline OCT features significantly affected their own changes. Larger baseline logMAR and OCT features were more likely to experience a greater proportion of ≥50 µm reduction in CRT (P<0.05). The BCVA decreases were positively associated with the reductions in CRT (r=0.34, P<0.01) and TMV (r=0.41, P<0.01). Among patients with neovascular AMD, IVB resulted in earlier significant decreases in TMV and CRT, suggesting that these OCT anatomical outcomes may be considered as more sensitive responders to evaluate the treatment effects of bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Ma
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Bai
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Lei
- The Fourth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Changrui Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxuan Hao
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - L E Ma
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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18
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Farnoodian M, Kinter JB, Yadranji Aghdam S, Zaitoun I, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor and thrombospondin-1 regulate proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/1/e12266. [PMID: 25602019 PMCID: PMC4387751 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss among elderly. Although the pathogenesis of AMD is associated with retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and abnormal neovascularization the detailed mechanisms remain unresolved. RPE is a specialized monolayer of epithelial cells with important functions in ocular homeostasis. Pathological RPE damage contributes to major ocular conditions including retinal degeneration and irreversible loss of vision in AMD. RPE cells also assist in the maintenance of the ocular angiogenic balance by production of positive and negative regulatory factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thrombospondin‐1 (TSP1), and pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF). The altered production of PEDF and TSP1, as endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis and inflammation, by RPE cells have been linked to pathogenesis of AMD and choroidal and retinal neovascularization. However, lack of simple methods for isolation and culture of mouse RPE cells has resulted in limited knowledge regarding the cell autonomous role of TSP1 and PEDF in RPE cell function. Here, we describe a method for routine isolation and propagation of RPE cells from wild‐type, TSP1, and PEDF‐deficient mice, and have investigated their impact on RPE cell function. We showed that expression of TSP1 and PEDF significantly impacted RPE cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, oxidative state, and phagocytic activity with minimal effect on their basal rate of apoptosis. Together, our results indicated that the expression of PEDF and TSP1 by RPE cells play crucial roles not only in regulation of ocular vascular homeostasis but also have significant impact on their cellular function. Here, we report the isolation of RPE cells from wild‐type and transgenic mice retina. We demonstrate that lack of thrompospondin‐1 or pigment epithelium‐derived factor impacts the proliferation, migration, adhesion, oxidative state, and phagocytic activity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Farnoodian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Investigation Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James B Kinter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Investigation Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Saeed Yadranji Aghdam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Investigation Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ismail Zaitoun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Investigation Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Investigation Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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19
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Ibrahim AS, Tawfik AM, Hussein KA, Elshafey S, Markand S, Rizk N, Duh EJ, Smith SB, Al-Shabrawey M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits retinal microvascular dysfunction induced by 12/15-lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:290-8. [PMID: 25562624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) derived metabolites, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), contribute to diabetic retinopathy (DR) via NADPH oxidase (NOX) and disruption of the balance in retinal levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Here, we test whether PEDF ameliorates retinal vascular injury induced by HETEs and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we pursue the causal relationship between LOX-NOX system and regulation of PEDF expression during DR. For these purposes, we used an experimental eye model in which normal mice were injected intravitreally with 12-HETE with/without PEDF. Thereafter, fluorescein angiography (FA) was used to evaluate the vascular leakage, followed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess the presence of angiogenesis. FA and OCT reported an increased vascular leakage and pre-retinal neovascularization, respectively, in response to 12-HETE that were not observed in the PEDF-treated group. Moreover, PEDF significantly attenuated the increased levels of vascular cell and intercellular adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, elicited by 12-HETE injection. Accordingly, the direct relationship between HETEs and PEDF has been explored through in-vitro studies using Müller cells (rMCs) and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). The results showed that 12- and 15-HETEs triggered the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as activation of NFκB in rMCs and significantly increased permeability and reduced zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) immunoreactivity in HRECs. All these effects were prevented in PEDF-treated cells. Furthermore, interest in PEDF regulation during DR has been expanded to include NOX system. Retinal PEDF was significantly restored in diabetic mice treated with NOX inhibitor, apocynin, or lacking NOX2 up to 80% of the control level. Collectively, our findings suggest that interfering with LOX-NOX signaling opens up a new direction for treating DR by restoring endogenous PEDF that carries out multilevel vascular protective functions.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/pharmacology
- Acetophenones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/genetics
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Ependymoglial Cells/drug effects
- Ependymoglial Cells/metabolism
- Ependymoglial Cells/pathology
- Eye Proteins/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Intravitreal Injections
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retinal Neovascularization/drug therapy
- Retinal Neovascularization/genetics
- Retinal Neovascularization/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/pathology
- Serpins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/genetics
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Amany M Tawfik
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Khaled A Hussein
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sally Elshafey
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shanu Markand
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nasser Rizk
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elia J Duh
- Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Ophthalmology, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Ophthalmology, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA.
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20
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Xu X, Mao W, Chai Y, Dai J, Chen Q, Wang L, Zhuang Q, Pan Y, Chen M, Ni G, Huang Z. Angiogenesis Inhibitor, Endostar, Prevents Vasa Vasorum Neovascularization in a Swine Atherosclerosis Model. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:1100-12. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.26906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Yueyang Chai
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Qian Chen
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Lihui Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Qin Zhuang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Yongming Pan
- Center of Experimental Animals, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Minli Chen
- Center of Experimental Animals, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Guibao Ni
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Zhaoquan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
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Rezende FA, Lapalme E, Qian CX, Smith LE, SanGiovanni JP, Sapieha P. Omega-3 supplementation combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor lowers vitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in wet age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158:1071-78. [PMID: 25089351 PMCID: PMC4389631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the influence of omega-3 supplementation on vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) levels in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, open-label, single-center, clinical trial, consecutive interventional case series. METHODS The study included 3 cohorts with wet AMD and a control group with epiretinal membrane or macular hole. Twenty wet AMD patients being treated with anti-VEGF were randomized to daily supplementation of antioxidants, zinc, and carotenoids with omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid; group 1, n = 10) or without omega-3 fatty acids (group 2, n = 10). They were compared with an anti-VEGF treatment-naïve wet AMD group (group 3, n = 10) and an epiretinal membrane or macular hole group (group 4, n = 10). Primary outcome was vitreal VEGF-A levels (at the time of anti-VEGF injection). Secondary outcomes were plasma VEGF-A and central foveal thickness. Patients with new submacular hemorrhage or any other treatment within 3 months were excluded. Final analyses included 9, 6, 7, and 8 patients in groups 1 through 4, respectively. RESULTS Patients receiving omega-3s (group 1) had significantly lower levels of vitreal VEGF-A (141.11 ± 61.89 pg/mL) when compared with group 2 (626.09 ± 279.27 pg/mL; P = .036) and group 3 (735.48 ± 216.43 pg/mL; P = .013), but similar levels to group 4 (235.81 ± 33.99 pg/mL; P=.215). All groups showed similar values for plasma VEGF-A and central foveal thickness measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that omega-3 supplementation combined with anti-VEGF treatment is associated with decreased vitreal VEGF-A levels in wet AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A Rezende
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Eric Lapalme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia X Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lois E Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- Clinical Trials Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Balaiya S, Grant MB, Priluck J, Chalam KV. Growth factors/chemokines in diabetic vitreous and aqueous alter the function of bone marrow-derived progenitor (CD34⁺) cells in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E695-702. [PMID: 25159325 PMCID: PMC4200305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00253.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocular ischemic microenvironment plays a critical role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, we investigated the effect of vitreous and aqueous obtained from proliferative DR patients on the function of CD34⁺ cells derived from healthy humans. Human CD34⁺ cells were incubated with vitreous or aqueous of subjects with PDR. After incubation, cell migration of CD34⁺ was evaluated with CXCL12. Intracellular levels of nitric oxide (NO) were measured with DAF-FM. Tube formation assay was used to evaluate the effect of treated CD34⁺ cells on in vitro angiogenesis. Angiogenic protein array and mass spectrometry (MS) were performed to ascertain the factors secreted by healthy nondiabetic CD34⁺ cells exposed to diabetic vitreous or aqueous. PDR vitreous/aqueous reduced migration of CD34⁺ cells (672.45 ± 42.1/736.75 ± 101.7 AFU; P < 0.01) and attenuated intracellular NO levels (182 ± 1.4/184.5 ± 6.3 AFU, P = 0.002). Pretreatment with PDR vitreous suppressed tube formation of human retinal endothelial cells (64 ± 1.6 vs. 80 ± 2.5). CD34⁺ exposed to PDR vitreous resulted in the increased expression of CXCL4 and serpin F1, whereas CD34⁺ exposed to PDR aqueous showed increased expression of CXCL4, serpin F1, and endothelin-1 (ET-1). MS analysis of CD34⁺ (exposed to PDR vitreous) expressed J56 gene segment, isoform 2 of SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein 2, isoform 1 of uncharacterized protein c1 orf167, integrin α-M, and 40s ribosomal protein s21. Exposure of healthy nondiabetic CD34⁺ cells to PDR vitreous and aqueous resulted in decreased migration, reduced generation of NO, and altered paracrine secretory function. Our results suggest that the contribution of CD34⁺ cells to the aberrant neovascularization observed in PDR is driven more by the proangiogenic effects of the retinal cells rather than the influence of the vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankarathi Balaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida; and
| | - Maria B Grant
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joshua Priluck
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida; and
| | - Kakarla V Chalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida; and
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Xu X, Mao W, Chen Q, Zhuang Q, Wang L, Dai J, Wang H, Huang Z. Endostar, a modified recombinant human endostatin, suppresses angiogenesis through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107463. [PMID: 25232946 PMCID: PMC4169397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endostar, a novel modified recombinant human endostatin, is now widely studied for the treatment of diseases that are characterized or caused by pathological angiogenesis. However, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Endostar on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which has emerged as an important aspect of angiogenesis. We showed that Endostar significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary-like tube formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we also demonstrated that Endostar suppressed β-catenin-dependent T cell factor transcriptional activity in increasing doses. Moreover, we found that Endostar treatment also restricted the stabilized mutant β-catenin-mediated increase in transcriptional activity, suggesting that Endostar exerts its inhibitory influence on Wnt/β-catenin signaling by targeting β-catenin or its downstream molecules. Western blot and immunofluorescence results revealed that Endostar significantly decreased nuclear and total β-catenin levels. Finally, we discovered that Endostar down-regulated cyclin D1 and VEGF, two proteins that are known as the downstream targets of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that also play important roles in angiogenesis. Our findings suggested that Endostar inhibits angiogenesis and that the downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis by Endostar. These results support the use of Endostar in further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qian Chen
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zhuang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoquan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yafai Y, Eichler W, Iandiev I, Unterlauft JD, Jochmann C, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A. Thrombospondin-1 is produced by retinal glial cells and inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cells. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 52:81-8. [PMID: 25138030 DOI: 10.1159/000362371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS By the release of antiangiogenic factors, Müller glial cells provide an angiostatic environment in the normal and ischemic retina. We determined whether Müller cells produce thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a known inhibitor of angiogenesis. METHODS Secretion of TSP-1 by cultured Müller cells was determined with ELISA. Slices of rat retinas and surgically excised retinal membranes of human subjects were immunostained against TSP-1 and the glial marker vimentin. The effects of TSP-1 on the growth of bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) and activation of ERK1/2 were determined with DNA synthesis and migration assays, and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Cultured Müller cells secrete TSP-1 under normoxic and hypoxic (0.2% O2) conditions. Secretion of TSP-1 was increased in hypoxia compared to normoxia. In rat retinal slices, glial, retinal ganglion, and possibly horizontal cells were stained for TSP-1. Retinal glial cells in preretinal membranes from human subjects with nonhypoxic epiretinal gliosis (macular pucker) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, respectively, were immunopositive for TSP-1. Exogenous TSP-1 reduced the VEGF-induced proliferation and migration of BRECs and decreased the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 in BRECs. CONCLUSION The data suggest that Müller cells are one major source of TSP-1 in the normal and ischemic retina. Glia-derived TSP1 may inhibit angiogenic responses in the ischemic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Yafai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Aqueous interleukin-6 levels are superior to vascular endothelial growth factor in predicting therapeutic response to bevacizumab in age-related macular degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:502174. [PMID: 25110587 PMCID: PMC4121253 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To prospectively evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab on aqueous levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and correlate clinical outcomes with cytokine levels. Methods. 30 eyes of 30 patients with exudative AMD underwent intravitreal injection of bevacizumab three times at monthly intervals. The aqueous samples prior to the 1st injection (baseline) and 3rd injection were analyzed for VEGF and IL-6 levels. Subjects were subgrouped based upon change in the central subfield (CSF) macular thickness on SD-OCT at 8 weeks. Group 1 included patients (n = 14) with a decrease in CSF thickness greater than 10% from the baseline (improved group). Group 2 included patients (n = 16) who had a decrease in CSF thickness 10% or less (treatment-resistant). Results. In subgroup analysis, in both groups 1 and 2 patients, compared to aqueous VEGF, aqueous IL-6 levels showed a better correlation with CSF thickness on SD-OCT (r = 0.72 and 0.71, resp.). Conclusions. Aqueous IL-6 may be an important marker of treatment response or resistance in wet macular degeneration. Future therapeutic strategies may include targeted treatment against both VEGF and IL-6, in patients who do not respond to anti-VEGF treatment alone.
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Sorenson CM, Wang S, Gendron R, Paradis H, Sheibani N. Thrombospondin-1 Deficiency Exacerbates the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 12. [PMID: 24224119 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.s12-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in the United States. Access to new animal models that exhibit retinal vasculopathies with short duration of diabetes, are vital for understanding the underlying mechanisms and examining the efficacy of new treatment modalities. Our previous studies demonstrated decreased expression of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, in eyes from both patients and rodents with diabetes. Here we examined whether TSP1 deficiency could exacerbate diabetic retinal vasculopathies. Akita/+ male mice reproducibly develop diabetes by 4 weeks of age. These mice demonstrated the early non-proliferative stages of diabetic retinopathy, including decreased numbers of pericytes and increased glial cell activation. However, Akita/+ male mice deficient in TSP1 (Akita/+; TSP1-/-) demonstrated more advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy with a 4-fold increase in acellular capillaries and increased fibronectin and GFAP expression. These vascular changes were not attributable to aberrant retinal vascular development in the absence of TSP1, since down-regulation of TSP1 postnatally in the endothelium also resulted in more severe retinopathy. In addition, lack of another endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), also enhanced diabetic retinopathy in Akita/+ mice. Akita/+; PEDF-/- male mice demonstrated increased numbers of acellular capillaries compared to controls but at a level lower than that observed in Akita/+; TSP1-/- mice. Thus, the exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy in Akita/+; TSP1-/- mice will allow the study of retinal vasculopathies with a shorter duration of diabetes and facilitate future testing of treatment modalities that protect the retinal vasculature and preserve sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA ; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
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Osteopontin and other regulators of angiogenesis and fibrogenesis in the vitreous from patients with proliferative vitreoretinal disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:493043. [PMID: 23055574 PMCID: PMC3465918 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of the angiogenic and fibrogenic factors osteopontin (OPN), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the antiangiogenic and antifibrogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in the vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with no PVR (RD). Vitreous samples from 48 PDR, 17 PVR and 30 RD patients were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OPN, HMGB1, CTGF, and PEDF levels were significantly higher in PDR patients than in RD patients (P < 0.001; 0.002; <0.001; <0.001, resp.). CTGF and PEDF levels were significantly higher in PVR patients than in RD patients (P < 0.001; 0.004, resp.). Exploratory logistic regression analysis identified significant associations between PDR and high levels of HMGB1, CTGF and PEDF, between PDR with active neovascularization and high levels of CTGF and PEDF, and between PDR with traction retinal detachment and high levels of HMGB1. In patients with PDR, there were significant correlations between the levels of PEDF and the levels of OPN (r = 0.544, P = 0.001), HMGB1 (r = 0.719, P < 0.001), and CTGF (r = 0.715, P < 0.001). In patients with PVR, there were significant correlations between the levels of OPN and the levels of HMGB1 (r = 0.484, P = 0.049) and PEDF (r = 0.559, P = 0.02). Our findings suggest that OPN, HMGB1, and CTGF contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinal disorders and that increased levels of PEDF may be a response to counterbalance the activity of angiogenic and fibrogenic factors in PDR and PVR.
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28
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Wang H, Feng L, Hu JW, Xie CL, Wang F. Characterisation of the vitreous proteome in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:15. [PMID: 22390717 PMCID: PMC3310785 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes can lead to serious microvascular complications such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which results in severe vision loss. The diabetes-induced alterations in the vitreous protein composition in diabetic patients with PDR may be responsible for the presence of PDR. The vitreous humour can be utilised in a variety of studies aimed toward the discovery of new targets for the treatment or prevention of PDR and the identification of novel disease mechanisms. The aim of this study was to compare the protein profile of vitreous humour from diabetic patients with PDR with that of vitreous humour from normal human eyes donated for corneal transplant. Results Vitreous humour from type 2 diabetic patients with PDR (n = 10) and from normal human eyes donated for corneal transplant (n = 10) were studied. The comparative proteomic analysis was performed using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Differentially produced proteins (abundance ratio > 2 or < -2, p < 0.01) were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and MALDI-TOF tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 1242 protein spots were detected on the 2-D master gel of the samples, and 57 spots that exhibited statistically significant variations were successfully identified. The spots corresponded to peptide fragments of 29 proteins, including 8 proteins that increased and 21 proteins that decreased in PDR. Excluding the serum proteins from minor vitreous haemorrhage, 19 proteins were found to be differentially produced in PDR patients compared with normal subjects; 6 of these proteins have never been reported to be differentially expressed in PDR vitreous: N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH 1), tubulin alpha-1B chain, gamma-enolase, cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP 1). The differential production of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and clusterin was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Conclusions These data provide an in-depth analysis of the human vitreous proteome and reveal protein alterations that are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of PDR. Further investigation of these special proteins may provide potential new targets for the treatment or the prevention of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Le Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Wen Hu
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Limited Company, 500 Caobao Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chun Lei Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
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Maarouf CL, Daugs ID, Kokjohn TA, Walker DG, Hunter JM, Kruchowsky JC, Woltjer R, Kaye J, Castaño EM, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Roher AE. Alzheimer's disease and non-demented high pathology control nonagenarians: comparing and contrasting the biochemistry of cognitively successful aging. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27291. [PMID: 22087282 PMCID: PMC3210154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis provides an economical mechanistic explanation for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia and correlated neuropathology. However, some nonagenarian individuals (high pathology controls, HPC) remain cognitively intact while enduring high amyloid plaque loads for decades. If amyloid accumulation is the prime instigator of neurotoxicity and dementia, specific protective mechanisms must enable these HPC to evade cognitive decline. We evaluated the neuropathological and biochemical differences existing between non-demented (ND)-HPC and an age-matched cohort with AD dementia. The ND-HPC selected for our study were clinically assessed as ND and possessed high amyloid plaque burdens. ELISA and Western blot analyses were used to quantify a group of proteins related to APP/Aβ/tau metabolism and other neurotrophic and inflammation-related molecules that have been found to be altered in neurodegenerative disorders and are pivotal to brain homeostasis and mental health. The molecules assumed to be critical in AD dementia, such as soluble or insoluble Aβ40, Aβ42 and tau were quantified by ELISA. Interestingly, only Aβ42 demonstrated a significant increase in ND-HPC when compared to the AD group. The vascular amyloid load which was not used in the selection of cases, was on the average almost 2-fold greater in AD than the ND-HPC, suggesting that a higher degree of microvascular dysfunction and perfusion compromise was present in the demented cohort. Neurofibrillary tangles were less frequent in the frontal cortices of ND-HPC. Biochemical findings included elevated vascular endothelial growth factor, apolipoprotein E and the neuroprotective factor S100B in ND-HPC, while anti-angiogenic pigment epithelium derived factor levels were lower. The lack of clear Aβ-related pathological/biochemical demarcation between AD and ND-HPC suggests that in addition to amyloid plaques other factors, such as neurofibrillary tangle density and vascular integrity, must play important roles in cognitive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chera L. Maarouf
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ian D. Daugs
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tyler A. Kokjohn
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jesse M. Hunter
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Kruchowsky
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Kaye
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, United States of America
| | | | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alex E. Roher
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
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Chen MS, Chang CC, Lin CP, Wang PC, Lin LR, Hou PK, Ho TC. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier after retinal laser photocoagulation in pigmented rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 28:83-8. [PMID: 22011077 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal laser photocoagulation is used to treat a variety of retinal diseases. Breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier has been noted after retinal laser photocoagulation. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the function of the blood-aqueous barrier after retinal laser photocoagulation remains undetermined. The current study was designed to evaluate the relationship between intraocular levels of VEGF and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier after retinal laser photocoagulation in rabbits. METHODS Pigmented rabbits were treated with retinal laser photocoagulation in one eye; the other served as control. Laser flare photometry was carried out on post-treatment days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Animals were sacrificed at the time period just mentioned postlaser, the eyes were removed, and samples of vitreous and aqueous humor were collected. Intraocular VEGF levels were measured by using an immunoassay. An intravitreal injection of VEGF was administered, and the aqueous flare intensity and VEGF levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor were measured at the time periods just mentioned. RESULTS A significant increase in the aqueous flare intensity after retinal laser photocoagulation was noticed on postoperative day 1, with the values returning to baseline levels on day 14. The VEGF levels in the vitreous of the lasered eyes were significantly increased on day 1 compared with the nonlasered control eyes. The VEGF levels in the aqueous humor of the lasered eyes were also significantly increased on day 1 compared with the control eyes. An intravitreal injection of VEGF induced a significant increase in the aqueous flare intensity and VEGF levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that retinal laser photocoagulation can produce a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. VEGF may play a role in the blood-aqueous barrier dysfunction after retinal laser photocoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Shy Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Frey T, Antonetti DA. Alterations to the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes: cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1271-84. [PMID: 21294655 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in Western society. Since the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase dramatically, the impact of DR will only worsen unless new therapeutic options are developed. Recent data demonstrate that oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of DR and inhibition of oxidative stress reduces retinal vascular permeability. However, direct mechanisms by which oxidative stress alters the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and increases vascular permeability remain to be elucidated. A large body of evidence demonstrates a clear role for altered expression of cytokines and growth factors in DR, resulting in increased vascular permeability, and the molecular mechanisms for these processes are beginning to emerge. The pathology of DR is likely a result of metabolic dysregulation contributing to both oxidative stress and cytokine production. This review will examine the evidence for oxidative stress, growth factors, and other cytokines in tight junction regulation and vascular permeability in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Frey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Patients struggling with diabetes are at elevated risks for several sight-threatening diseases, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR manifests in two stages: first, the retinal microvasculature is compromised and capillary degeneration occurs; subsequently, an over-compensatory angiogenic response is initiated. Early changes in the retinal microcirculation include disruptions in blood flow, thickening of basement membrane, eventual loss of mural cells, and the genesis of acellular capillaries. Endothelial apoptosis and capillary dropout lead to a hypoxic inner retina, alterations in growth factors, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators. With disease progression, pathologic angiogenesis generates abnormal preretinal microvessels. Current therapies, which include panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy, have remained unaltered for several decades. With several exciting preclinical advances, emergent technologies and innovative cellular targets may offer newfound hope for developing "next-generation" interventional or preventive clinical approaches that will significantly advance current standards of care and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Durham
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Innovation in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Amrite A, Pugazhenthi V, Cheruvu N, Kompella U. Delivery of celecoxib for treating diseases of the eye: influence of pigment and diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:631-45. [PMID: 20205602 DOI: 10.1517/17425241003663236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are two major causes of blindness. In these disorders, growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are upregulated, leading to either enhanced vascular permeability or proliferation of endothelium. While corticosteroid therapies available at present suffer from side effects including cataracts and elevated intraocular pressure, anti-VEGF antibody therapies require frequent intravitreal injections, a procedure that can potentially lead to retinal detachment or endophthalmitis. Thus, there is a need to develop safe, sustained release therapeutic approaches for treating AMD and DR. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review discusses the pharmacological basis for using celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug capable of selectively inhibiting cycloxygenase 2, in treating AMD and DR. In addition, this article discusses the safety, delivery advantage and efficacy of celecoxib by transscleral retinal delivery, a periocular delivery approach that is less invasive to the globe compared with intravitreal injections. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain insights into the development of a pharmacological agent and a sustained release delivery system for treating DR and AMD. Further, the reader will gain insights into the influence of eye physiology including pigmentation and disease states such as DR on retinal drug delivery. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Transscleral sustained delivery of anti-inflammatory agents is a viable option for treating retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Amrite
- Quinitles, Inc., Clinical Pharmacology, Overland Park, KS 66211, USA
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Yoshida S, Ishikawa K, Matsumoto T, Yoshida A, Ishibashi T, Kono T. Reduced concentrations of angiogenesis-related factors in vitreous after vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:799-804. [PMID: 20135140 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether vitrectomy alters the angiogenic profile in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS We measured the levels of angiopoietin-2, HGF, bFGF, PDGF, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in vitreous samples from 27 eyes of 26 patients with PDR before pars plana vitrectomy (without IOL implantation) and in 12 fluid samples from 12 patients with PDR obtained during an IOL implantation 3.5 to 9 (mean 4.9) months after an earlier vitrectomy. The levels of these factors were also measured in 12 vitreous samples obtained from 12 eyes that had undergone epiretinal membrane (ERM) or macular hole (MH) surgeries. RESULTS The mean vitreous levels of both angiopietin-2 (103 pg/ml) and HGF (1091 pg/ml) in the sample from eyes with PDR collected at the time of the IOL implantation were significantly lower than in those collected before the vitrectomy (P < 0.01). On the other hand, the changes in the levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were both not significant after vitrectomy. CONCLUSION The significant decrease of angiopietin-2 and HGF in the vitreous fluid after vitrectomy suggests that vitrectomy shifts the eye towards an anti-angiogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikusino-shi, Fukuoka, 818-8502, Japan.
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Bringmann A, Wiedemann P. Involvement of Müller glial cells in epiretinal membrane formation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247:865-83. [PMID: 19415318 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferative retinopathies are considered to represent maladapted retinal wound repair processes driven by growth factor- and cytokine-induced overstimulation of proliferation, migration, extracellular matrix production and contraction of retinal cells. The formation of neovascular membranes represents an attempt to reoxygenize non-perfused retinal areas. Müller glial cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinopathies. This review summarizes the present knowledge regarding the role of Müller cells in periretinal membrane formation, especially in the early steps of epiretinal membrane formation, which involve an interaction of inflammatory and glial cells, and gives a survey of the factors which are suggested to be implicated in the induction of Müller cell gliosis and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the membrane conductance of Müller cells suggest that Müller cells may alter their phenotype into progenitor-like cells in the course of proliferative retinopathies; transdifferentiated Müller cells may have great impact for the development of new cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Eye Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.
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Saint-Geniez M, Maharaj ASR, Walshe TE, Tucker BA, Sekiyama E, Kurihara T, Darland DC, Young MJ, D'Amore PA. Endogenous VEGF is required for visual function: evidence for a survival role on müller cells and photoreceptors. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3554. [PMID: 18978936 PMCID: PMC2571983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is well known for its role in normal and pathologic neovascularization. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that VEGF also acts on non-vascular cells, both developmentally as well as in the adult. In light of the widespread use of systemic and intraocular anti-VEGF therapies for the treatment of angiogenesis associated with tumor growth and wet macular degeneration, systematic investigation of the role of VEGF in the adult retina is critical. Methods and Findings Using immunohistochemistry and Lac-Z reporter mouse lines, we report that VEGF is produced by various cells in the adult mouse retina and that VEGFR2, the primary signaling receptor, is also widely expressed, with strong expression by Müller cells and photoreceptors. Systemic neutralization of VEGF was accomplished in mice by adenoviral expression of sFlt1. After 14 days of VEGF neutralization, there was no effect on the inner and outer retina vasculature, but a significant increase in apoptosis of cells in the inner and outer nuclear layers. By four weeks, the increase in neural cell death was associated with reduced thickness of the inner and outer nuclear layers and a decline in retinal function as measured by electroretinograms. siRNA-based suppression of VEGF expression in a Müller cell line in vitro supports the existence of an autocrine role for VEGF in Müller cell survival. Similarly, the addition of exogenous VEGF to freshly isolated photoreceptor cells and outer-nuclear-layer explants demonstrated VEGF to be highly neuroprotective. Conclusions These results indicate an important role for endogenous VEGF in the maintenance and function of adult retina neuronal cells and indicate that anti-VEGF therapies should be administered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arindel S. R. Maharaj
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tony E. Walshe
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Budd A. Tucker
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eiichi Sekiyama
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tomoki Kurihara
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diane C. Darland
- University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Young
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Murakami Y, Ikeda Y, Yonemitsu Y, Onimaru M, Nakagawa K, Kohno RI, Miyazaki M, Hisatomi T, Nakamura M, Yabe T, Hasegawa M, Ishibashi T, Sueishi K. Inhibition of nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor is an essential mechanism of the neuroprotective activity of pigment epithelium-derived factor in a rat model of retinal degeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1326-38. [PMID: 18845835 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor apoptosis is a critical process of retinal degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a group of retinal degenerative diseases that result from rod and cone photoreceptor cell death and represent a major cause of adult blindness. We previously demonstrated the efficient prevention of photoreceptor apoptosis by intraocular gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in animal models of RP; however, the underlying mechanism of the neuroprotective activity of PEDF remains elusive. In this study, we show that an apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-related pathway is an essential target of PEDF-mediated neuroprotection. PEDF rescued serum starvation-induced apoptosis, which is mediated by AIF but not by caspases, of R28 cells derived from the rat retina by preventing translocation of AIF into the nucleus. Nuclear translocation of AIF was also observed in the apoptotic photoreceptors of Royal College of Surgeons rats, a well-known animal model of RP that carries a mutation of the Mertk gene. Lentivirus-mediated retinal gene transfer of PEDF prevented the nuclear translocation of AIF in vivo, resulting in the inhibition of the apoptotic loss of their photoreceptors in association with up-regulated Bcl-2 expression, which mediates the mitochondrial release of AIF. These findings clearly demonstrate that AIF is an essential executioner of photoreceptor apoptosis in inherited retinal degeneration and provide a therapeutic rationale for PEDF-mediated neuroprotective gene therapy for individuals with RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Shitama T, Hayashi H, Noge S, Uchio E, Oshima K, Haniu H, Takemori N, Komori N, Matsumoto H. Proteome Profiling of Vitreoretinal Diseases by Cluster Analysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1265-1280. [PMID: 19081814 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous samples collected in retinopathic surgeries have diverse properties, making proteomics analysis difficult. We report a cluster analysis to evade this difficulty. Vitreous and subretinal fluid samples were collected from 60 patients during surgical operation of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. For controls we collected vitreous fluid from patients of idiopathic macular hole, epiretinal, and from a healthy postmortem donor. Proteins from these samples were subjected to quantitative proteomics using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We selected 105 proteins robustly expressed among ca 400 protein spots and subjected them to permutation test. By using permutation test analysis we observed unique variations in the expression of some of these proteins in vitreoretinal diseases when compared to the control and to each other: 1) the levels of inflammation-associate proteins such as AAT, APOA4, ALB, and TF were significantly higher in all four types of vitreoretinal diseases, and 2) each vitreoretinal disease elevates a unique set of proteins which can be interpreted based on the pathology of retinopathy. Our protocol will be effective for the study of protein expression in other types of clinical samples of diverse property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shitama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK73190, USA
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Gardner TW, Antonetti DA. Novel potential mechanisms for diabetic macular edema: leveraging new investigational approaches. Curr Diab Rep 2008; 8:263-9. [PMID: 18631437 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-008-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article evaluates the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which diabetes ocular and systemic inflammation induce breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier resulting in macular edema. We also summarize the relationship between molecular targets and the use of therapeutic inhibitors in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Further studies are needed to understand the regulation of normal blood-retinal barrier physiology and the relationship between events in animal models of diabetic retinopathy and humans with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gardner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, HU19, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Brucklacher RM, Patel KM, VanGuilder HD, Bixler GV, Barber AJ, Antonetti DA, Lin CM, LaNoue KF, Gardner TW, Bronson SK, Freeman WM. Whole genome assessment of the retinal response to diabetes reveals a progressive neurovascular inflammatory response. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:26. [PMID: 18554398 PMCID: PMC2442612 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in the understanding of diabetic retinopathy, the nature and time course of molecular changes in the retina with diabetes are incompletely described. This study characterized the functional and molecular phenotype of the retina with increasing durations of diabetes. RESULTS Using the streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes, levels of retinal permeability, caspase activity, and gene expression were examined after 1 and 3 months of diabetes. Gene expression changes were identified by whole genome microarray and confirmed by qPCR in the same set of animals as used in the microarray analyses and subsequently validated in independent sets of animals. Increased levels of vascular permeability and caspase-3 activity were observed at 3 months of diabetes, but not 1 month. Significantly more and larger magnitude gene expression changes were observed after 3 months than after 1 month of diabetes. Quantitative PCR validation of selected genes related to inflammation, microvasculature and neuronal function confirmed gene expression changes in multiple independent sets of animals. CONCLUSION These changes in permeability, apoptosis, and gene expression provide further evidence of progressive retinal malfunction with increasing duration of diabetes. The specific gene expression changes confirmed in multiple sets of animals indicate that pro-inflammatory, anti-vascular barrier, and neurodegenerative changes occur in tandem with functional increases in apoptosis and vascular permeability. These responses are shared with the clinically documented inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy suggesting that this model may be used to test anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brucklacher
- Functional Genomics Core Facility, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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O'Hearn TM, Fawzi A, He S, Rao NA, Lim JI. Early onset vitreous amyloidosis in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy with a transthyretin Glu54Gly mutation is associated with elevated vitreous VEGF. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1607-9. [PMID: 17522146 PMCID: PMC2095545 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the early vitreous involvement in a rare familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) mutation and associated vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS Review of clinical, pathological, photographic, and angiographic records of two FAP siblings with severe vitreous involvement. Laboratory ELISA analysis of vitreous samples for VEGF, and DNA sequence analysis of peripheral blood for transthyretin (TTR) mutational analysis. RESULTS Two patients underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy in three eyes with marked improvement of visual acuity. Neovascularisation seen intraoperatively responded to endolaser. Analysis of vitrectomy samples for VEGF showed raised levels in all three specimens. Mutational analysis revealed an isolated Glu54Gly mutation in the transthyretin gene. CONCLUSIONS Early involvement of the vitreous occurs in a rare transthyretin mutation of FAP, with increased vitreous levels of VEGF.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age of Onset
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/diagnosis
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/epidemiology
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/genetics
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/metabolism
- Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/surgery
- Asian People/genetics
- Eye Diseases, Hereditary/diagnosis
- Eye Diseases, Hereditary/epidemiology
- Eye Diseases, Hereditary/genetics
- Eye Diseases, Hereditary/metabolism
- Eye Diseases, Hereditary/surgery
- Fluorescein Angiography
- Fundus Oculi
- Glutamic Acid
- Glycine
- Humans
- Male
- Mutation
- Prealbumin/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Vitrectomy
- Vitreous Body/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T M O'Hearn
- Retina Service, Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois, 1855W Taylor St, Suite 2.50, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Pang IH, Zeng H, Fleenor DL, Clark AF. Pigment epithelium-derived factor protects retinal ganglion cells. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:11. [PMID: 17261189 PMCID: PMC1794249 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are responsible for the transmission of visual signals to the brain. Progressive death of RGCs occurs in glaucoma and several other retinal diseases, which can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent antiangiogenic, neurotrophic and neuroprotective protein that can protect neurons from a variety of pathologic insults. We tested the effects of PEDF on the survival of cultured adult rat RGCs in the presence of glaucoma-like insults, including cytotoxicity induced by glutamate or withdrawal of trophic factors. Results Cultured adult rat RGCs exposed to glutamate for 3 days showed signs of cytotoxicity and death. The toxic effect of glutamate was concentration-dependent (EC50 = 31 μM). In the presence of 100 μM glutamate, RGC number decreased to 55 ± 4% of control (mean ± SEM, n = 76; P < 0.001). The glutamate effect was completely eliminated by MK801, an NMDA receptor antagonist. Trophic factor withdrawal also caused a similar loss of RGCs (54 ± 4%, n = 60, P < 0.001). PEDF protected against both insults with EC50 values of 13.6 ng/mL (glutamate) and 3.4 ng/mL (trophic factor withdrawal), respectively. At 100 ng/mL, PEDF completely protected the cells from both insults. Inhibitors of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) significantly reduced the protective effects of PEDF. Conclusion We demonstrated that PEDF potently and efficaciously protected adult rat RGCs from glutamate- and trophic factor withdrawal-mediated cytotoxicity, via the activation of the NFκB and ERK1/2 pathways. The neuroprotective effect of PEDF represents a novel approach for potential treatment of retinopathies, such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iok-Hou Pang
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, R3-24, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
| | - Hong Zeng
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, R3-24, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
| | - Debra L Fleenor
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, R3-24, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, R3-24, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
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Amrite AC, Ayalasomayajula SP, Cheruvu NPS, Kompella UB. Single periocular injection of celecoxib-PLGA microparticles inhibits diabetes-induced elevations in retinal PGE2, VEGF, and vascular leakage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:1149-60. [PMID: 16505053 PMCID: PMC3324981 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether celecoxib inhibits VEGF secretion from ARPE-19 cells and to investigate further the safety and effectiveness of periocular celecoxib-poly (lactide-co-glycolide; PLGA) microparticles in inhibiting elevations in retinal PGE(2), VEGF, and blood-tissue barrier leakage at the end of 60 days in a streptozotocin diabetic rat model. METHODS VEGF mRNA and protein expression in ARPE-19 cells was evaluated in the presence of 0 to 10 microM celecoxib, and cytotoxicity of celecoxib on ARPE-19 and RF6A cells was evaluated over a 0- to 100-microM concentration range. Celecoxib-PLGA microparticles were prepared by a modified solvent evaporation technique, sterilized by 25 kGy of gamma-irradiation, and characterized for size, zeta potential, drug loading, and in vitro release. Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal, diabetic, diabetic+placebo, normal+celecoxib, and diabetic+celecoxib. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing celecoxib-PLGA microparticles, placebo PLGA microparticles, or plain PBS in one eye was injected into the posterior subconjunctival (periocular) space in rats under anesthesia. Sixty days after administration, the animals were killed, and retinal PGE2 secretion, VEGF protein, and blood-retinal barrier leakage were estimated. Blood cell counts, blood chemistry and histology were used to assess the safety of the microparticulate system. RESULTS Celecoxib (up to 25 microM) did not cause significant cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 or RF6A cells. Nanomolar concentrations of celecoxib reduced VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein secretion. Celecoxib-PLGA microparticles (diameter: 1140 +/- 15 nm), containing 14.93% +/- 0.21% of celecoxib sustained in vitro drug release and in vivo drug levels in the retina for 60 days. Diabetes elevated PGE2 secretion, VEGF protein, the vitreous-plasma protein ratio, and blood-retinal barrier leakage by 3-, 1.7-, 3.1-, and 2.7-fold, and celecoxib-PLGA microparticles significantly reduced these elevations by 40%, 50%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. Neither the placebo-treated eyes nor the contralateral eyes in celecoxib-PLGA microparticle-treated rats showed significant effects. Celecoxib-PLGA or placebo-PLGA particles had no effect on the body weight or blood sugar level of rats. The celecoxib-PLGA microparticles did not cause any changes in blood cell counts or chemistry and caused no histopathological damage to the retina or periocular tissues. CONCLUSIONS Nanomolar concentrations of celecoxib can inhibit VEGF mRNA and protein expression from ARPE-19 cells. Periocular celecoxib microparticles are useful sustained drug delivery systems for inhibiting diabetes-induced elevations in PGE2, VEGF, and blood-retinal barrier leakage. The periocular celecoxib-PLGA microparticles are safe and do not cause any damage to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha C. Amrite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Narayan P. S. Cheruvu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Gao G, Shao C, Mott R, Ma JX. Pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous antiinflammatory factor. FASEB J 2005; 20:323-5. [PMID: 16368716 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4313fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent angiogenic inhibitor. Reduced PEDF levels are associated with diabetic retinopathy. However, the mechanism for the protective effects of PEDF against diabetic retinopathy (DR) is presently unclear. As inflammation plays a role in DR, the present study determined the effect of PEDF on inflammation. Western blot analysis and ELISA demonstrated that retinal and plasma PEDF levels were drastically decreased in rats with endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU), which suggests that PEDF is a negative acute-phase protein. Intravitreal injection of PEDF significantly reduced vascular hyper-permeability in rat models of diabetes and oxygen-induced retinopathy, correlating with the decreased levels of retinal inflammatory factors, including VEGF, VEGF receptor-2, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and ICAM-1. In cultured retinal capillary endothelial cells, PEDF significantly decreased TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 expression under hypoxia. Moreover, down-regulation of PEDF expression by siRNA resulted in significantly increases of VEGF and TNF-alpha secretion in retinal Müller cells. These findings suggest that PEDF is a novel endogenous anti-inflammatory factor in the eye. The decrease of ocular PEDF levels may contribute to inflammation and vascular leakage in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is required for many pathologic processes, including invasive tumor growth as well as physiologic organ/tissue maintenance. Angiogenesis during development and adulthood is likely regulated by a balance between endogenous proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. It is speculated that tumor growth requires disruption of such balance; thus, the angiogenic switch must be turned "on" for cancer progression. If the angiogenic switch needs to be turned on to facilitate the tumor growth, the question remains as to what the physiologic status of this switch is in the adult human body; is it "off," with inhibitors outweighing the stimulators, or maintained at a fine "balance," keeping the proangiogenic properties of many factors at a delicate "activity" balance with endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. The physiologic status of this balance is important to understand as it might determine an individual's predisposition to turn the switch on during pathologic events dependent on angiogenesis. Conceivably, if the physiologic angiogenesis balance in human population exists somewhere between off and even balance, an individual's capacity and rate to turn the switch on might reflect their normal physiologic angiogenic status. In this regard, although extensive knowledge has been gained in our understanding of endogenous growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis, the activities associated with endogenous inhibitors are poorly understood. In this review, we will present an overview of the knowledge gained in studies related to the identification and characterization of 27 different endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Nyberg
- Center for Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Wang JJ, Zhang SX, Lu K, Chen Y, Mott R, Sato S, Ma JX. Decreased expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2005; 54:243-50. [PMID: 15616035 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent angiogenic inhibitor. Previous studies have shown that decreased ocular levels of PEDF are associated with diabetic retinopathy. However, the implication of PEDF expression in diabetic nephropathy has not been revealed. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that the expression of PEDF was decreased at both the mRNA and protein levels in the kidney of diabetic rats, whereas transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and fibronectin levels were increased in the same diabetic kidneys. As shown by immunohistochemistry, the decrease of PEDF expression occurs primarily in the glomeruli. In vitro studies showed that high concentrations of glucose significantly decreased PEDF secretion in primary human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs), suggesting that hyperglycemia is a direct cause of the PEDF decrease in the kidney. Toward the function of PEDF, we showed that PEDF blocked the high-glucose-induced overexpression of TGF-beta, a major pathogenic factor in diabetic nephropathy, and fibronectin in primary HMCs, suggesting that PEDF may function as an endogenous inhibitor of TGF-beta expression and fibronectin production in glomeruli. Therefore, decreased expression of PEDF in diabetic kidneys may contribute to extracellular matrix overproduction and the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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