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Brodzka S, Baszyński J, Rektor K, Hołderna-Bona K, Stanek E, Kurhaluk N, Tkaczenko H, Malukiewicz G, Woźniak A, Kamiński P. The Role of Glutathione in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4158. [PMID: 38673745 PMCID: PMC11050487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease that usually develops in older people. Pathogenetic changes in this disease include anatomical and functional complexes. Harmful factors damage the retina and macula. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. The disease can occur in two clinical forms: dry (the progression is slow and gentle) and exudative (wet-progression is acute and severe), which usually starts in the dry form; however, the coexistence of both forms is possible. The etiology of AMD is not fully understood, and the precise mechanisms of the development of this illness are still unknown. Extensive genetic studies have shown that AMD is a multi-factorial disease and that genetic determinants, along with external and internal environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the role of glutathione (GSH) enzymes engaged in maintaining the reduced form and polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase mu-1 (GSTM1) in the development of AMD. We only chose papers that confirmed the influence of the parameters on the development of AMD. Because GSH is the most important antioxidant in the eye, it is important to know the influence of the enzymes and genetic background to ensure an optimal level of glutathione concentration. Numerous studies have been conducted on how the glutathione system works till today. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about the changes in GSH, GST, GR, and GPx in AMD. GST studies clearly show increased activity in ill people, but for GPx, the results relating to activity are not so clear. Depending on the research, the results also suggest higher and lower GPx activity in patients with AMD. The analysis of polymorphisms in GST genes confirmed that mutations lead to weaker antioxidant barriers and may contribute to the development of AMD; unfortunately, a meta-analysis and some research did not confirm that connection. Unspecific results of many of the parameters that make up the glutathione system show many unknowns. It is so important to conduct further research to understand the exact mechanism of defense functions of glutathione against oxidative stress in the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Brodzka
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Baszyński
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Rektor
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Karolina Hołderna-Bona
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
| | - Emilia Stanek
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; (N.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Halina Tkaczenko
- Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; (N.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Grażyna Malukiewicz
- Department of Eye Diseases, University Hospital No. 1, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Karłowicz St. 24, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kamiński
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
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Zhao T, Li J, Wang Y, Guo X, Sun Y. Integrative metabolome and lipidome analyses of plasma in neovascular macular degeneration. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20329. [PMID: 37780745 PMCID: PMC10539639 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes irreversible vision-loss among the elderly in industrial countries. Neovascular AMD (nAMD), which refers to late-stage AMD, is characterized by severe vision-threatening choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Herein, we constructed a global metabolic network of nAMD, based on untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of plasma samples collected from sixty subjects (30 nAMD patients and 30 age-matched controls). Among the nAMD and control groups, 62 and 44 significantly different metabolites were detected in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Grouping analysis further showed that lipid and lipid-like molecule-based superclasses contained the highest number of significantly different metabolites. Lipidomic analysis revealed that 53 lipids among the nAMD and control groups differed significantly; these belonged to four major lipid categories (glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, and fatty acids). A discriminative biomarker panel comprising 16 metabolites and lipids, which was constructed using multivariate statistical machine learning methods, could effectively identify nAMD cases. Among these 16 compounds, eight were lipids that belonged to three lipid categories (glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and prenol lipids). The top three biomarkers with the highest importance scores were all lipids (a glycerophospholipid and two sphingolipids), highlighting the crucial role played by glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid pathways in nAMD. These differences between the metabolic and lipid profiles of nAMD patients and elderly individuals without AMD provide a readout of the overall metabolic status of nAMD. Further insights into the identified discriminative biomarkers may pave the way for future diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tantai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojian Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Sterling JK, Baumann B, Foshe S, Voigt A, Guttha S, Alnemri A, McCright SJ, Li M, Zauhar RJ, Montezuma SR, Kapphahn RJ, Chavali VRM, Hill DA, Ferrington DA, Stambolian D, Mullins RF, Merrick D, Dunaief JL. Inflammatory adipose activates a nutritional immunity pathway leading to retinal dysfunction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110942. [PMID: 35705048 PMCID: PMC9248858 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness among Americans over 50, is characterized by dysfunction and death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The RPE accumulates iron in AMD, and iron overload triggers RPE cell death in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of RPE iron accumulation in AMD is unknown. We show that high-fat-diet-induced obesity, a risk factor for AMD, drives systemic and local inflammatory circuits upregulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β upregulates RPE iron importers and downregulates iron exporters, causing iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction. We term this maladaptive, chronic activation of a nutritional immunity pathway the cellular iron sequestration response (CISR). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of choroid and retina from human donors revealed that hallmarks of this pathway are present in AMD microglia and macrophages. Together, these data suggest that inflamed adipose tissue, through the CISR, can lead to RPE pathology in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Sterling
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bailey Baumann
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sierra Foshe
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Voigt
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Samyuktha Guttha
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahab Alnemri
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam J McCright
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Randy J Zauhar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkata R M Chavali
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Hill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David Merrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Wu J, Sigler A, Pfaff A, Cen N, Ercal N, Shi H. Development of a HPLC-MS/MS method for assessment of thiol redox status in human tear fluids. Anal Biochem 2021; 629:114295. [PMID: 34186074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is reported to be part of the pathology of many ocular diseases. For the diagnosis of ocular diseases, tear fluid has unique advantages. Although numerous analytical methods exist for the measurement of different types of biomolecules in tear fluid, few have been reported for comprehensive understanding of oxidative stress-related thiol redox signaling. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine a panel of twelve metabolites that systematically covered several thiol metabolic pathways. With optimization of MS/MS parameters and HPLC mobile phases, this method was sensitive (LOQ as low as 0.01 ng/ml), accurate (80-125% spike recovery) and precise (<10% RSD). This LC-MS/MS method combined with a simple tear fluid collection with Schirmer test strip followed by ultrafiltration allowed the high-throughput analysis for efficient determination of metabolites associated with thiol redox signaling in human tear fluids. The method was then applied to a small cohort of tear fluids obtained from healthy individuals. The method presented here provides a new technique to facilitate future work aiming to determine the complex thiol redox signaling in tear fluids for accurate assessment and diagnosis of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Austin Sigler
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Annalise Pfaff
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Nan Cen
- Department of Computer Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States.
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States.
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5
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Karahan M, Hazar L, Erdem S, Ava S, Dursun ME, Demirtaş AA, Keklikçi U. Is there a relationship between hematological inflammatory parameters and age-related macular degeneration? Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211010550. [PMID: 33997607 PMCID: PMC8082999 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to analyze blood inflammation parameters in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods In this retrospective study, patients were divided into three groups: wet-type AMD (n = 60), dry-type AMD (n = 60), and healthy controls (n = 71). The laboratory and demographic data of the patients were analyzed. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were calculated manually. Results The mean NLR was 2.26 ± 1.42 in the dry-type AMD group, 3.90 ± 1.65 in the wet-type AMD group, and 1.84 ± 0.61 in the control group (p < 0.001). The mean MLR was 0.30 ± 0.20 in the dry-type AMD group, 0.47 ± 0.31 in the wet-type AMD group, and 0.28 ± 0.14 in the control group (p < 0.001). The mean PLR was 129.31 ± 79.82 in the dry-type AMD group, 156.67 ± 83.99 in the wet-type AMD group, and 135.59 ± 58.68 in the control group (p = 0.101). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) for NLR and MLR was 0.920 and 0.717, respectively, for wet-type AMD. The sensitivity and specificity of NLR for wet-type AMD were 64% and 93%, respectively, whereas MLR was 63% and 75%, respectively. Conclusion Simple blood tests revealed that NLR and MLR were significantly higher in patients with wet-type AMD than in patients with dry-type AMD and healthy controls, which implies low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Karahan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Leyla Hazar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Sur, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Erdem
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sedat Ava
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Dursun
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | | | - Uğur Keklikçi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Hou XW, Wang Y, Pan CW. Metabolomics in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:13. [PMID: 33315052 PMCID: PMC7735950 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness among the elderly, and the exact pathogenesis of the AMD remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize potential metabolic biomarkers and pathways of AMD that might facilitate risk predictions and clinical diagnoses of AMD. Methods We obtained relevant publications of metabolomics studies of human beings by systematically searching the MEDLINE (PubMed) database before June 2020. Studies were included if they performed mass spectrometry-based or nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach for humans. In addition, AMD was assessed from fundus photographs based on standardized protocols. The metabolic pathway analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 3.0. Results Thirteen studies were included in this review. Repeatedly identified metabolites including phenylalanine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, tyrosine, creatine, citrate, carnitine, proline, and maltose have the possibility of being biomarkers of AMD. Validation of the biomarker panels was observed in one study. Dysregulation of metabolic pathways involves lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and translation, which might play important roles in the development and progression of AMD. Conclusions This review summarizes the potential metabolic biomarkers and pathways related to AMD, providing opportunities for the construction of diagnostic or predictive models for AMD and the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Hou
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Jiang Y, Yang C, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Chen Y. A Set of Global Metabolomic Biomarker Candidates to Predict the Risk of Dry Eye Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:344. [PMID: 32582687 PMCID: PMC7295093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We used ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolic profile of reflex tears obtained from patients with dry eye disorders. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study involving 113 subjects: 85 patients diagnosed with dry eye syndrome (dry eye group) and 28 healthy volunteers (control group). Reflex tears (20–30 μl) were collected from the tear meniscus of both eyes of each subject using a Schirmer I test strip. MS data were acquired with a standard workflow by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS. Metabolites were quantitatively analyzed and matched with entries in the Metlin, Massbank, and HMDB databases. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was conducted to detect important metabolites. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the significant metabolic biomarker candidates for dry eye syndrome. Open database sources, including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and MetaboAnalyst, were used to identify metabolic pathways. Results After the LASSO regression and multiple logistic regression analysis, 4 of 20 metabolic biomarker candidates were significantly correlated with Ocular Surface Disease Index score, 42 of 57 with fluorescein breakup time, and 26 of 57 with fluorescein staining. By focusing on the overlap of these three sets, 48 of 51 metabolites contributed to the incidence of dry eye and there were obvious changes in different age groups. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the main pathways were glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. Conclusion Dry eye syndrome induces changes in the metabolic profile of tears, and the trend differs with age. This evidence reveals the relationship between changes in metabolites, symptoms of dry eye syndrome, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Yangpu Daqiao Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yining Liu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kurtul BE, Ozer PA. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in ocular diseases: a systematic review. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1951-1958. [PMID: 31850181 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To summarize the results of studies investigating neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and to identify the role of NLR in ocular diseases. METHODS With the aim of identifying the studies related to NLR, a search was conducted on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed by utilizing the key words "neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, ocular diseases, and eye diseases" up to February 2018. All of the original articles were assessed according to date of publications, countries, clinics and topics. Studies about ocular inflammatory diseases were evaluated according to their qualifications, review methods and results. RESULTS A total of 4473 publications, including original research articles and reviews were screened. The number of publications was shown a regular logarithmic increase over the years. The majority of studies were performed by clinics in Turkey and many of these publications were performed by oncology and cardiology clinics. A total of 75 publications were identified to be about ocular diseases. CONCLUSION Elevated NLR as a cheap, reproducible, and readily available marker could be used as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengi Ece Kurtul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Ata Sökmen Faculty of Medicine, Hatay 31040, Turkey
| | - Pinar Altiaylik Ozer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06830, Turkey
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9
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Brown CN, Green BD, Thompson RB, den Hollander AI, Lengyel I. Metabolomics and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Metabolites 2018; 9:metabo9010004. [PMID: 30591665 PMCID: PMC6358913 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to irreversible visual loss, therefore, early intervention is desirable, but due to its multifactorial nature, diagnosis of early disease might be challenging. Identification of early markers for disease development and progression is key for disease diagnosis. Suitable biomarkers can potentially provide opportunities for clinical intervention at a stage of the disease when irreversible changes are yet to take place. One of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body is the retina, making the use of hypothesis-free techniques, like metabolomics, to measure molecular changes in AMD appealing. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that metabolic dysfunction has an important role in the development and progression of AMD. Therefore, metabolomics appears to be an appropriate platform to investigate disease-associated biomarkers. In this review, we explored what is known about metabolic changes in the retina, in conjunction with the emerging literature in AMD metabolomics research. Methods for metabolic biomarker identification in the eye have also been discussed, including the use of tears, vitreous, and aqueous humor, as well as imaging methods, like fluorescence lifetime imaging, that could be translated into a clinical diagnostic tool with molecular level resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor N Brown
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine (WWIEM), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 6AG, UK.
| | - Richard B Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EX, The Netherlands.
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine (WWIEM), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Klein R, Lee KE, Tsai MY, Cruickshanks KJ, Gangnon RE, Klein BEK. Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein and the Incidence of Age-related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2018; 126:752-758. [PMID: 30572074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship between serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) cholesterol and the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over a 25-year period in a sample of persons from the population-based Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES). DESIGN Observational prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4972 people from the BDES (aged 43-84 years and living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin in 1988) seen during at least 1 of 6 examination phases at approximately 5-year intervals between 1988 and 2016. METHODS A 50% random sample of participants (N = 2468) was selected for ox-LDL measurements. Stored frozen specimens from every examination phase were processed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from a single batch. All available intervals were included for a person, resulting in 6586 person-visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age-related macular degeneration was assessed using the Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System, and severity was defined using a 5-step severity scale. The severity of the worse eye at each examination was used for analyses. A multi-state Markov (MSM) model was fit to simultaneously assess the ox-LDL relationship to all AMD transitions, including incidence of any AMD, incidence of late AMD, and worsening and improvement of AMD over the 25 years of the study. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) level of ox-LDL was 75.3 (23.1) U/L at the baseline examination. When adjusting for age, sex, ARMS2 and CFH risk alleles, and examination phase, the ox-LDL at the beginning of a period was not statistically significantly associated with the incidence of any AMD (hazard ratio per 10 U/L ox-LDL was 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.98,1.09). Furthermore, ox-LDL was not associated with worsening anywhere along the AMD severity scale, nor with incidence of late AMD. The lack of relationships of ox-LDL to the incidence of any AMD or worsening of AMD remained after adjustment for history of statin use, smoking status, body mass index, and history of cardiovascular disease (data not shown). CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not provide evidence for statistically significant relationships between ox-LDL and AMD disease development or worsening of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen J Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald E Gangnon
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Zhang W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, He G, Chen S. Photo-Oxidative Blue-Light Stimulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Promotes Exosome Secretion and Increases the Activity of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:67-75. [PMID: 30198786 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1518458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly, and the activation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in AMD pathogenesis. We investigated whether photooxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells promotes exosome secretion and modulates the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from ARPE-19 cultures stimulated or not with blue-light photostimulation (488 nm). Isolated exosomes were characterized by transmission electron microscope and Western blot analyses. The contents of the NLRP3 inflammasome (IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 as markers of the inflammasome) in exosomes were analyzed by Western blotting. After culture, IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 in RPE cells were analyzed by both immunofluorescence and Western blotting. RT-PCR and Western blotting were conducted to assess the contents of NLRP3 in RPE cells. RESULTS Exosomes exhibited a typical characteristic morphology (cup-shaped) and size (diameter between 50 and 150 nm) in both groups. The exosome markers CD9, CD63, and CD81 were strongly present. After blue-light photostimulation, ARPE-19 cells were noted to release exosomes with higher levels of IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 than those in the control group. The levels of IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 in ARPE-19 cells were significantly enhanced when treated with stressed RPE exosomes. Additionally, the NLRP3 mRNA and protein levels were found to be markedly higher in the treated group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Under photooxidative blue-light stimulation, RPE-derived exosomes may aggravate a potentially harmful oxidative response through the upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- a Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yingxue Ma
- a Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yue Zhang
- a Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jing Yang
- a Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Guanghui He
- a Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Song Chen
- a Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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12
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Biarnés M, Vassilev V, Nogoceke E, Emri E, Rodríguez-Bocanegra E, Ferraro L, Garcia M, Fauser S, Monés J, Lengyel I, Peto T. Precision medicine for age-related macular degeneration: current developments and prospects. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2018.1502037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassil Vassilev
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eszter Emri
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Monés
- Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imre Lengyel
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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13
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Karthikeyan B, Harini L, Krishnakumar V, Kannan VR, Sundar K, Kathiresan T. Insights on the involvement of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in ER stress-mediated apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration. Apoptosis 2018; 22:72-85. [PMID: 27778132 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is a well-known factor in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ER stress leads to accumulation of misfolded proteins, which in turn activates unfolded protein response (UPR) of the cell for its survival. The prolonged UPR of ER stress promotes cell death; however, the transition between adaptation and ER stress-induced apoptosis has not been clearly understood. Hence, the present study investigates the regulatory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on ER stress-induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and disturbance of calcium homeostasis by thapsigargin (TG) in mouse retinal pigment epithelial (MRPE) cells. The oxidant molecules influenced MRPE cells showed an increased level of intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i in ER and transferred to mitochondria through ER-mitochondrial tether site then increased ROS production. EGCG restores [Ca2+]i homeostasis by decreasing ROS production through inhibition of prohibitin1 which regulate ER-mitochondrial tether site and inhibit apoptosis. Effect of EGCG on ER stress-mediated apoptosis was elucidated by exploring the UPR signalling pathways. EGCG downregulated GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ERO1α, IRE1α, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, caspase 12 and upregulated expression of calnexinin MRPE cells. In addition to this, inhibition of apoptosis by EGCG was also confirmed with expression of proteins Akt, PTEN and GSK3β. MRPE cells with EGCG upregulates phosphorylation of Akt at ser473 and phospho ser380 of PTEN, but phosphorylation at ser9 of GSK3β was inhibited. Further, constitutively active (myristoylated) CA-Akt transfected in MRPE cells had an increased Akt activity in EGCG influenced cells. These findings strongly suggest that antioxidant molecules inhibit cell death through the proper balancing of [Ca2+]i and ROS production in order to maintain UPR of ER in MRPE cells. Thus, modulation of UPR signalling may provide a potential target for the therapeutic approaches of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bose Karthikeyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India.,Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Harini
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India
| | | | - Velu Rajesh Kannan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Krishnan Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India.,International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India
| | - Thandavarayan Kathiresan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India. .,International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India.
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14
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Recent advances in the applications of metabolomics in eye research. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:28-40. [PMID: 30292303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the identification and quantitation of metabolites in a system, have been applied to identify new biomarkers or elucidate disease mechanism. In this review, we discussed the application of metabolomics in several ocular diseases and recent developments in metabolomics regarding tear fluids analysis, data acquisition and processing.
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15
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Zhong X, Aredo B, Ding Y, Zhang K, Zhao CX, Ufret-Vincenty RL. Fundus Camera-Delivered Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration in Mice With the RPE65 Leu450Met Variant is Associated With Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5558-5567. [PMID: 27768794 PMCID: PMC5080935 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress, partly due to light, has an important role in many retinal diseases, including macular degeneration and retinal dystrophies. The Leu450Met variant of RPE65 is expressed in C57BL/6 and in many genetically modified mice. It confers significant resistance to light induced retinal degeneration (LIRD). Our goal was to develop an effective and efficient method to induce LIRD in resistant mice that would recapitulate mechanisms seen in known models of LIRD. Methods The retinas of C57BL/6J mice were exposed to light using a murine fundus camera. Two protocols (with and without intraperitoneal fluorescein) were used. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helped determine the location and extent of retinal damage. Histology, TUNEL assay, quantitative (q) PCR, and immunohistochemistry were performed. Results Both protocols consistently generated LIRD in C57BL/6J mice. Optical coherence tomography and histology demonstrated that retinal damage starts at the level of the photoreceptor/outer retina and is more prominent in the superior retina. Fundus camera-delivered light-induced retinal degeneration (FCD-LIRD) is associated with apoptosis, subretinal microglia/macrophages, increased expression of oxidative stress response genes, and C3d deposition. Conclusions We characterize two new models of light-induced retinal degeneration that are effective in C57BL/6J mice, and can be modulated in terms of severity. We expect FCD-LIRD to be useful in exploring mechanisms of LIRD in resistant mice, which will be important in increasing our understanding of the retinal response to light damage and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Bogale Aredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Cynthia X Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Rafael L Ufret-Vincenty
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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16
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Sengul EA, Artunay O, Kockar A, Afacan C, Rasier R, Gun P, Yalcin NG, Yuzbasioglu E. Correlation of neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratio with visual acuity and macular thickness in age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:754-759. [PMID: 28546933 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the place of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the diagnosis of and prognosis for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS One hundred AMD patients and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained from the venous blood, which is used for routine analysis, and these samples were subjected to complete blood count. NLR was defined as the neutrophil count divided by the number of lymphocytes, and PLR was defined as the platelet count divided by the number of lymphocytes. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups under consideration in terms of demographic features (P>0.05). The average NLR in the patient group was found to be significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05). The average PLR was significantly higher in the patient group as compared to the control group (P<0.05). As best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) increased, both NLR and PLR decreased (significant negative correlations at 49.8% and 63.0%, respectively), whereas as central macular thickness (CMT) increased, both NLR and PLR increased (significant positive correlations at 59.3% and 70.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION NLR and PLR levels are higher among neovascular AMD patients as compared to healthy control group. NLR and PLR levels were found to be inversely proportional to BCVA and directly proportional to CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Alper Sengul
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34381, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Artunay
- Ophthalmology Department, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Alev Kockar
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34381, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Afacan
- Department of Statistics, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul 34427, Turkey
| | - Rifat Rasier
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34381, Turkey
| | - Palmet Gun
- Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34381, Turkey
| | - Nazli Gul Yalcin
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34381, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yuzbasioglu
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34381, Turkey
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17
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Kersten E, Paun CC, Schellevis RL, Hoyng CB, Delcourt C, Lengyel I, Peto T, Ueffing M, Klaver CCW, Dammeier S, den Hollander AI, de Jong EK. Systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:9-39. [PMID: 28522341 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers can help unravel mechanisms of disease and identify new targets for therapy. They can also be useful in clinical practice for monitoring disease progression, evaluation of treatment efficacy, and risk assessment in multifactorial diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a highly prevalent progressive retinal disorder for which multiple genetic and environmental risk factors have been described, but the exact etiology is not yet fully understood. Many compounds have been evaluated for their association with AMD. We performed an extensive literature review of all compounds measured in serum, plasma, vitreous, aqueous humor, and urine of AMD patients. Over 3600 articles were screened, resulting in more than 100 different compounds analyzed in AMD studies, involved in neovascularization, immunity, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix, oxidative stress, diet, hormones, and comorbidities (such as kidney disease). For each compound, we provide a short description of its function and discuss the results of the studies in relation to its usefulness as AMD biomarker. In addition, biomarkers identified by hypothesis-free techniques, including metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics, are covered. In summary, compounds belonging to the oxidative stress pathway, the complement system, and lipid metabolism are the most promising biomarker candidates for AMD. We hope that this comprehensive survey of the literature on systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in AMD will provide a stepping stone for future research and possible implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Constantin C Paun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa L Schellevis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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van 't Erve TJ, Kadiiska MB, London SJ, Mason RP. Classifying oxidative stress by F 2-isoprostane levels across human diseases: A meta-analysis. Redox Biol 2017; 12:582-599. [PMID: 28391180 PMCID: PMC5384299 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion that oxidative stress plays a role in virtually every human disease and environmental exposure has become ingrained in everyday knowledge. However, mounting evidence regarding the lack of specificity of biomarkers traditionally used as indicators of oxidative stress in human disease and exposures now necessitates re-evaluation. To prioritize these re-evaluations, published literature was comprehensively analyzed in a meta-analysis to quantitatively classify the levels of systemic oxidative damage across human disease and in response to environmental exposures. In this meta-analysis, the F2-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF2α, was specifically chosen as the representative marker of oxidative damage. To combine published values across measurement methods and specimens, the standardized mean differences (Hedges’ g) in 8-iso-PGF2α levels between affected and control populations were calculated. The meta-analysis resulted in a classification of oxidative damage levels as measured by 8-iso-PGF2α across 50 human health outcomes and exposures from 242 distinct publications. Relatively small increases in 8-iso-PGF2α levels (g<0.8) were found in the following conditions: hypertension (g=0.4), metabolic syndrome (g=0.5), asthma (g=0.4), and tobacco smoking (g=0.7). In contrast, large increases in 8-iso-PGF2α levels were observed in pathologies of the kidney, e.g., chronic renal insufficiency (g=1.9), obstructive sleep apnoea (g=1.1), and pre-eclampsia (g=1.1), as well as respiratory tract disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis (g=2.3). In conclusion, we have established a quantitative classification for the level of 8-iso-PGF2α generation in different human pathologies and exposures based on a comprehensive meta-analysis of published data. This analysis provides knowledge on the true involvement of oxidative damage across human health outcomes as well as utilizes past research to prioritize those conditions requiring further scrutiny on the mechanisms of biomarker generation. Oxidative damage is highly variable in human conditions as measured by F2-isoprostanes. Respiratory tract and urogenital diseases have the highest F2-isoprostanes. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases have surprisingly low F2-isoprostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J van 't Erve
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA.
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J London
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
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Ding Y, Aredo B, Zhong X, Zhao CX, Ufret-Vincenty RL. Increased susceptibility to fundus camera-delivered light-induced retinal degeneration in mice deficient in oxidative stress response proteins. Exp Eye Res 2017; 159:58-68. [PMID: 28336262 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration and retinal dystrophies. Light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) can serve as a model in which to study the response of the retina to stress. Of note, many genetic mutant mice are in a C57BL/6 J background and are thus resistant to the usual LIRD models. We recently developed a new model of fundus camera-delivered light-induced retinal degeneration (FCD-LIRD) which is effective in strains of mice expressing the light-resistant variant of RPE65 (450Met), including C57BL/6 J. In this work we investigated whether FCD-LIRD would be useful as a model in which to test the effect of genetic mutations on the response of the retina to stress. Furthermore, we tested whether oxidative stress plays an important role in the setting of this new FCD-LIRD model. FCD-LIRD was applied to C57BL/6 J mice and to mice simultaneously deficient in three proteins that are important in the response of the retina to oxidative stress (SOD1, DJ-1 and Parkin). Using fundus photography, we found that retinal damage was dramatically increased in the SOD1/DJ-1/Parkin deficient mice compared to C57BL/6 J. Outer retinal OCT volume and RPE cell morphology analysis in ZO-1-stained flat mounts added support to these findings. Gene expression analysis confirmed a strong oxidative stress response after FCD-LIRD, which was differentially altered in the SOD1/DJ1/Parkin deficient mice. We conclude that FCD-LIRD is useful to study the effect of genetic mutations on the response of the retina to light stress in light-resistant strains of mice. Furthermore, oxidative stress seems to be an important component of FCD-LIRD. Finally, we have established protocols to quantify the effect of FCD-LIRD on the retina and RPE which will be useful for future studies. Further dissection of the mechanisms by which the retina responds to light-induced oxidative stress may result in new strategies to modulate this response, which could lead to a reduction in retinal and RPE damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
| | - Bogale Aredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
| | - Cynthia X Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
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20
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Comparison of serum thiol–disulphide homeostasis and total antioxidant–oxidant levels between exudative age-related macular degeneration patients and healthy subjects. Int Ophthalmol 2016; 37:1095-1101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Cuyamendous C, de la Torre A, Lee YY, Leung KS, Guy A, Bultel-Poncé V, Galano JM, Lee JCY, Oger C, Durand T. The novelty of phytofurans, isofurans, dihomo-isofurans and neurofurans: Discovery, synthesis and potential application. Biochimie 2016; 130:49-62. [PMID: 27519299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are oxidized in vivo under oxidative stress through free radical pathway and release cyclic oxygenated metabolites, which are commonly classified as isoprostanes and isofurans. The discovery of isoprostanes goes back twenty-five years compared to fifteen years for isofurans, and great many are discovered. The biosynthesis, the nomenclature, the chemical synthesis of furanoids from α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6), adrenic acid (AdA, 22:4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) as well as their identification and implication in biological systems are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cuyamendous
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Yiu Yiu Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Valérie Bultel-Poncé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Bâtiment D, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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22
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Jones BW, Pfeiffer RL, Ferrell WD, Watt CB, Tucker J, Marc RE. Retinal Remodeling and Metabolic Alterations in Human AMD. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:103. [PMID: 27199657 PMCID: PMC4848316 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal degeneration resulting in central visual field loss, ultimately causing debilitating blindness. AMD affects 18% of Americans from 65 to 74, 30% older than 74 years of age and is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness in Western populations. While many genetic and environmental risk factors are known for AMD, we currently know less about the mechanisms mediating disease progression. The pathways and mechanisms through which genetic and non-genetic risk factors modulate development of AMD pathogenesis remain largely unexplored. Moreover, current treatment for AMD is palliative and limited to wet/exudative forms. Retina is a complex, heterocellular tissue and most retinal cell classes are impacted or altered in AMD. Defining disease and stage-specific cytoarchitectural and metabolic responses in AMD is critical for highlighting targets for intervention. The goal of this article is to illustrate cell types impacted in AMD and demonstrate the implications of those changes, likely beginning in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), for remodeling of the the neural retina. Tracking heterocellular responses in disease progression is best achieved with computational molecular phenotyping (CMP), a tool that enables acquisition of a small molecule fingerprint for every cell in the retina. CMP uncovered critical cellular and molecular pathologies (remodeling and reprogramming) in progressive retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We now applied these approaches to normal human and AMD tissues mapping progression of cellular and molecular changes in AMD retinas, including late-stage forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - William D Ferrell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carl B Watt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Tucker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Marc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Juel HB, Faber C, Munthe-Fog L, Bastrup-Birk S, Reese-Petersen AL, Falk MK, Singh A, Sørensen TL, Garred P, Nissen MH. Systemic and Ocular Long Pentraxin 3 in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132800. [PMID: 26176960 PMCID: PMC4503310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been associated with both systemic and ocular alterations of the immune system. In particular dysfunction of complement factor H (CFH), a soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of the complement system, has been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. One of the ligands for CFH is long pentraxin 3 (PTX3), which is produced locally in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To test the hypothesis that PTX3 is relevant to retinal immunohomeostasis and may be associated with AMD pathogenesis, we measured plasma PTX3 protein concentration and analyzed the RPE/choroid PTX3 gene expression in patients with AMD. To measure the ability of RPE cells to secrete PTX3 in vitro, polarized ARPE-19 cells were treated with activated T cells or cytokines (interferon (IFN)-gamma and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) from the basolateral side; then PTX3 protein concentration in supernatants and PTX3 gene expression in tissue lysates were quantified. Plasma levels of PTX3 were generally low and did not significantly differ between patients and controls (P=0.307). No statistically significant difference was observed between dry and exudative AMD nor was there any correlation with hsCRP or CFH genotype. The gene expression of PTX3 increased in RPE/choroid with age (P=0.0098 macular; P=0.003 extramacular), but did not differ between aged controls and AMD patients. In vitro, ARPE-19 cells increased expression of the PTX3 gene as well PTX3 apical secretions after stimulation with TNF-alpha or activated T cells (P<0.01). These findings indicate that PTX3 expressed in the eye cannot be detected systemically and systemic PTX3 may have little or no impact on disease progression, but our findings do not exclude that locally produced PTX3 produced in the posterior segment of the eye may be part of the AMD immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bæk Juel
- Eye Research Unit, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Faber
- Eye Research Unit, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lea Munthe-Fog
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Bastrup-Birk
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Lynge Reese-Petersen
- Eye Research Unit, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Krüger Falk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Holst Nissen
- Eye Research Unit, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Ma L, Li Z, Liu K, Rong SS, Brelen ME, Young AL, Kumaramanickavel G, Pang CP, Chen H, Chen LJ. Association of Genetic Variants with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1854-65. [PMID: 26081444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TOPIC A systematic review and meta-analysis of the genetic association with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and the genetic difference between PCV and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). CLINICAL RELEVANCE To identify genetic biomarkers that are potentially useful for genetic diagnosis of PCV and for differentiating PCV from nAMD. METHODS We performed a literature search in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Chinese Biomedical Database for PCV genetic studies published before February 6, 2015. We then conducted a meta-analysis of all polymorphisms that had sufficient genotype/allele data reported in ≥2 studies and estimated the summary odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for PCV. We also compared the association profiles between PCV and nAMD, and performed a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS A total of 66 studies were included in the meta-analysis, involving 56 polymorphisms in 19 genes/loci. In total, 31 polymorphisms in 10 genes/loci (age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 [ARMS2], high-temperature requirement factor A1 [HTRA1], complement factor H [CFH], complement component 2 [C2], CFB, RDBP, SKIV2L, CETP, 8p21, and 4q12) were significantly associated with PCV. Another 25 polymorphisms in 13 genes (ARMS2, HTRA1, C2, CFB, ELN, LIPC, LPL, ABCA1, VEGF-A, TLR3, LOXL1, SERPING1, and PEDF) had no significant association. Twelve polymorphisms at the ARMS2-HTRA1 locus showed significant differences between PCV and nAMD. The sensitivity analysis validated the significance of our analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed 31 polymorphisms in 10 genes/loci that contribute to PCV susceptibility. Among them, ARMS2-HTRA1 also showed allelic diversity between PCV and nAMD. Our results confirm the gene variants that could affect the phenotypic expressions of PCV and nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marten E Brelen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Wang JCC, Cao S, Wang A, To E, Law G, Gao J, Zhang D, Cui JZ, Matsubara JA. CFH Y402H polymorphism is associated with elevated vitreal GM-CSF and choroidal macrophages in the postmortem human eye. Mol Vis 2015; 21:264-72. [PMID: 25814824 PMCID: PMC4360164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in people 50 years of age or older in developed countries. The homozygous CC genotype in the complement factor H (CFH) Y402H single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1061170) is widely recognized as a risk factor for the development of AMD. In this study, we examined vitreal levels of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a hematopoietic cytokine, and macrophages in the choroid of postmortem human eyes genotyped for the CFH Y402H SNP. METHODS Twenty-two pairs of postmortem, non-diseased, human donor eyes were obtained. The vitreous and retinal tissues of the left eyes were collected for GM-CSF level measurement and CFH Y402H genotyping, respectively. The right eyes were paraffin-embedded and sectioned for immunohistochemistry using a macrophage and microglia marker, CD68. Cell cultures of RPE cells were stimulated with complement C3a, C5a, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and GM-CSF expression was measured with a suspension assay or quantitative PCR. RESULTS Eyes genotyped with the CC or the CT risk variant of the CFH Y402H SNP showed significantly increased levels of GM-CSF in the vitreous compared to eyes with the protective TT variant (mean ± standard error of mean, 607.54±85.83 pg/ml or 656.32±15.20 pg/ml versus 286.69±81.96 pg/ml, p<0.05). The choroid of eye tissues genotyped with the CC variant showed higher levels of CD68 immunoreactivity than the tissues genotyped with the TT variant (p<0.05). The GM-CSF levels detected in the supernatant of RPE cells in culture treated with HNE or TNF-α were significantly higher compared to the non-treated control (145.88±5.06 pg/ml and 149.32±3.76 pg/ml versus 123.27±4.05 pg/ml, p<0.05). Furthermore, the gene expression of GM-CSF detected in the lysate of RPE cells stimulated with complement C3a or C5a showed significantly increased fold changes compared to the non-treated control (C3a: 2.38±0.31 fold, p<0.05; C5a: 2.84±0.54 fold, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed a relationship between the CFH Y402H polymorphism and GM-CSF levels in the vitreous and accumulation of choroidal macrophages in the postmortem eye. These data suggest that the at-risk variant of the CFH gene may contribute to the dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines locally in the eye.
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Association of age-related macular degeneration with erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activity and serum total antioxidant status. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:804054. [PMID: 25815109 PMCID: PMC4359814 DOI: 10.1155/2015/804054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to estimate association of the oxidative stress with the occurrence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and additionally serum total antioxidant status (TAS) were used as indicators of the oxidative stress level. 57 AMD patients (32 early and 25 late AMD) and 50 healthy, age and gender matched controls were included. GPx activity (P < 0.001) and serum TAS (P = 0.015) were significantly lower in AMD patients. The difference was not significant for SOD or CAT activities. Significant interaction between GPx and SOD was detected (P = 0.003). At high levels of SOD activity (over 75th percentile), one standard deviation decrease in GPx increases the odds for AMD for six times (OR = 6.22; P < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed that combined values of GPx activity and TAS are significant determinants of AMD status. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 75%, 95%, 52%, 69%, and 90%, respectively. The study showed that low GPx activity and TAS are associated with AMD. SOD modulates the association of GPx and AMD. The results suggest that erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activity and serum TAS could be promising markers for the prediction of AMD.
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27
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Ha JH, Shil PK, Zhu P, Gu L, Li Q, Chung S. Ocular inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are attenuated by supplementation with grape polyphenols in human retinal pigmented epithelium cells and in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:799-806. [PMID: 24699803 PMCID: PMC6611528 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are common denominators for vision-threatening diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Based on our previous study, supplementation with muscadine grape polyphenols (MGPs) alleviated systemic insulin resistance and proinflammatory responses. In this study, we hypothesized that MGPs would also be effective in attenuating ocular inflammation and ER stress. We tested this hypothesis using the human retinal pigmented epithelium (ARPE-19) cells and C57BL/6 mice. In ARPE-19 cells, tumor necrosis factor-α-induced proinflammatory gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was decreased by 35.0%, 68.8%, and 62.5%, respectively, with MGP pretreatment, which was primarily due to the diminished mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and subsequent reduction of nuclear factor κ-B activation. Consistently, acute ocular inflammation and leukocyte infiltration were almost completely dampened (>95%) by MGP supplementation (100-200 mg/kg body weight) in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, MGPs reduced inflammation-mediated loss of tight junctions and retinal permeability. To further investigate the protective roles of MGPs against ER stress, ARPE-19 cells were stimulated with thapsigargin. Pretreatment with MGPs significantly decreased the following: 1) ER stress-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor secretion (3.47 ± 0.06 vs. 1.58 ± 0.02 μg/L, P < 0.0001), 2) unfolded protein response, and 3) early apoptotic cell death (64.4 ± 6.85 vs. 33.7 ± 4.32%, P = 0.0003). Collectively, we have demonstrated that MGP is effective in attenuating ocular inflammation and ER stress. Our work also suggests that MGP may provide a novel dietary strategy to prevent vision-threatening retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Liwei Gu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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28
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Davies SS, Guo L. Lipid peroxidation generates biologically active phospholipids including oxidatively N-modified phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:1-33. [PMID: 24704586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidation of membranes and lipoproteins converts "inert" phospholipids into a plethora of oxidatively modified phospholipids (oxPL) that can act as signaling molecules. In this review, we will discuss four major classes of oxPL: mildly oxygenated phospholipids, phospholipids with oxidatively truncated acyl chains, phospholipids with cyclized acyl chains, and phospholipids that have been oxidatively N-modified on their headgroups by reactive lipid species. For each class of oxPL we will review the chemical mechanisms of their formation, the evidence for their formation in biological samples, the biological activities and signaling pathways associated with them, and the catabolic pathways for their elimination. We will end by briefly highlighting some of the critical questions that remain about the role of oxPL in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States.
| | - Lilu Guo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States
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29
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Klein R, Myers CE, Cruickshanks KJ, Gangnon RE, Danforth LG, Sivakumaran TA, Iyengar SK, Tsai MY, Klein BEK. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction and the 20-year cumulative incidence of early age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132:446-55. [PMID: 24481424 PMCID: PMC4076038 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Modifying levels of factors associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may decrease the risk for visual impairment in older persons. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships of markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction to the 20-year cumulative incidence of early AMD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This longitudinal population-based cohort study involved a random sample of 975 persons in the Beaver Dam Eye Study without signs of AMD who participated in the baseline examination in 1988-1990 and up to 4 follow-up examinations in 1993-1995, 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2008-2010. EXPOSURES Serum markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, interleukin-6, and white blood cell count), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane and total carbonyl content), and endothelial dysfunction (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) were measured. Interactions with complement factor H (rs1061170), age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (rs10490924), complement component 3 (rs2230199), and complement component 2/complement factor B (rs4151667) were examined using multiplicative models. Age-related macular degeneration was assessed from fundus photographs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Early AMD defined by the presence of any size drusen and the presence of pigmentary abnormalities or by the presence of large-sized drusen (≥125-μm diameter) in the absence of late AMD. RESULTS The 20-year cumulative incidence of early AMD was 23.0%. Adjusting for age, sex, and other risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (odds ratio comparing fourth with first quartile, 2.18; P = .005), tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 (odds ratio, 1.78; P = .04), and interleukin-6 (odds ratio, 1.78; P = .03) were associated with the incidence of early AMD. Increased incidence of early AMD was associated with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (odds ratio per SD on the logarithmic scale, 1.21; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We found modest evidence of relationships of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, interleukin-6, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 to the 20-year cumulative incidence of early AMD independent of age, smoking status, and other factors. It is not known whether these associations represent a cause and effect relationship or whether other unknown confounders accounted for the findings. Even if inflammatory processes are a cause of early AMD, it is not known whether interventions that reduce systemic inflammatory processes will reduce the incidence of early AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison2Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Chelsea E Myers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Karen J Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison3Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Ronald E Gangnon
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison3Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Lorraine G Danforth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Theru A Sivakumaran
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Genetics and Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio5Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Genetics and Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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30
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Gibson LR, Bohn PW. Non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis for characterization of lipid biomarkers. Interface Focus 2014; 3:20120096. [PMID: 24427539 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo measurements of lipid biomarkers are hampered by their low solubility in aqueous solution, which limits the choices for molecular separations. Here, we introduce non-aqueous microchip electrophoretic separations of lipid mixtures performed in three-dimensional hybrid nanofluidic/microfluidic polymeric devices. Electrokinetic injection is used to reproducibly introduce discrete femtolitre to picolitre volumes of charged lipids into a separation microchannel containing low (100 μM-10 mM) concentration tetraalkylammonium tetraphenylborate background electrolyte (BGE) in N-methylformamide, supporting rapid electro-osmotic fluid flow in polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. The quality of the resulting electrophoretic separations depends on the voltage and timing of the injection pulse, the BGE concentration and the electric field strength. Injected volumes increase with longer injection pulse widths and higher injection pulse amplitudes. Separation efficiency, as measured by total plate number, N, increases with increasing electric field and with decreasing BGE concentration. Electrophoretic separations of binary and ternary lipid mixtures were achieved with high resolution (R s ∼ 5) and quality (N > 7.7 × 10(6) plates m(-1)). Rapid in vivo monitoring of lipid biomarkers requires high-quality separation and detection of lipids downstream of microdialysis sample collection, and the multilayered non-aqueous microfluidic devices studied here offer one possible avenue to swiftly process complex lipid samples. The resulting capability may make it possible to correlate oxidative stress with in vivo lipid biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Gibson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556 , USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556 , USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556 , USA
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31
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Dikmetas O, Kadayıfcılar S, Eldem B. The effect of CFH polymorphisms on the response to the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with intravitreal ranibizumab. Mol Vis 2013; 19:2571-8. [PMID: 24367156 PMCID: PMC3869644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of complement factor H (CFH) Y402H CC and TT polymorphisms on treatment response to intravitreal ranibizumab injection in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS One hundred ninety-three patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to AMD who were monitored for at least 6 months of follow-up, and with at least three ranibizumab injections, were included in the study. At the final examination, an increase in visual acuity (VA) of five letters or more compared to the initial VA was regarded as a good response, and a decrease in VA of five letters or more compared to the initial VA was evaluated as a poor response. A genetic examination was performed with a PCR melting curve analysis. In the statistical evaluation, SPSS version 18 software was used. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 71.01 (55-86) years, the mean follow-up was 13.34 (6-36) months, and the mean number of injections was 4.02 (3-15). There were 96 patients in the good response group (Group 1) and 97 patients in the poor response group (Group 2). The initial VA in Group 1 was 41.34 (10-64) letters, the initial central macular thickness (CMT) was 213.40 (126-494) µm, and the initial lesion width was 3760 (1430-6430) µm. The initial VA in Group 2 was 52.89 (26-82) letters, the initial CMT was 257.60 (115-882) µm, and the initial lesion width was 4460 (1000-7650) µm. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the initial VA and CMT (p=0.094, p=0.083). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the width of the initial lesion (p=0.003). In Group 1, 15 CC, 30 TT, and 51 TC alleles were found, and in Group 2, 49 CC, two TT, and 46 TC alleles were found, and the distribution was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.012). The change in the distribution of genotypes was not associated with either the lesion size or VA (p=0.841). Fibrosis developed in 12 patients who were all poor responders. CONCLUSIONS CFH Y402H CC accompanied a poor response, and TT accompanied a good response in this series of patients with AMD undergoing ranibizumab therapy.
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Capozzi ME, Gordon AY, Penn JS, Jayagopal A. Molecular imaging of retinal disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:275-86. [PMID: 23421501 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of the eye plays an important role in ocular therapeutic discovery and evaluation in preclinical models and patients. Advances in ophthalmic imaging instrumentation have enabled visualization of the retina at an unprecedented resolution. These developments have contributed toward early detection of the disease, monitoring of disease progression, and assessment of the therapeutic response. These powerful technologies are being further harnessed for clinical applications by configuring instrumentation to detect disease biomarkers in the retina. These biomarkers can be detected either by measuring the intrinsic imaging contrast in tissue, or by the engineering of targeted injectable contrast agents for imaging of the retina at the cellular and molecular level. Such approaches have promise in providing a window on dynamic disease processes in the retina such as inflammation and apoptosis, enabling translation of biomarkers identified in preclinical and clinical studies into useful diagnostic targets. We discuss recently reported and emerging imaging strategies for visualizing diverse cell types and molecular mediators of the retina in vivo during health and disease, and the potential for clinical translation of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Capozzi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA
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Yuan D, Yang Q, Liu X, Yuan D, Yuan S, Xie P, Liu Q. Complement factor H Val62Ile variant and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. Mol Vis 2013; 19:374-83. [PMID: 23441108 PMCID: PMC3580987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the precise association of complement factor H (CFH) Val62Ile polymorphism with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) susceptibility. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis using databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science to find relevant studies. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using fixed-effect and random-effects models. The inconsistency index (I(2)) was used to assess heterogeneity. Funnel plots and Egger's test were used to evaluate publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. RESULTS Fourteen studies including 4,438 patients with AMD and 6,099 controls based on the search criteria were involved in the meta-analysis. In overall populations, the pooled OR(1) for genotype GA+GG versus homozygous genotype AA was 2.28 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.48-3.52), the OR(2) of heterozygous genotype GA versus AA was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.13-2.19), the OR(3) of homozygous genotype GG versus AA was 2.90 (95% CI: 1.95-4.30), and the OR(4) of allele G versus A was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.43-2.21). In Asian populations, our results provided substantial evidence that the Val62Ile variant was significantly associated with AMD (OR(4) = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.63-2.09). However, in Caucasian populations, no significant association of Val62Ile with AMD was established in all circumstances. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis provides substantial evidence that the Val62Ile variant is significantly associated with AMD in Asian populations. However, our results have demonstrated no link between the Val62Ile polymorphism and AMD in Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Donglan Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Brantley MA, Osborn MP, Sanders BJ, Rezaei KA, Lu P, Li C, Milne GL, Cai J, Sternberg P. The short-term effects of antioxidant and zinc supplements on oxidative stress biomarker levels in plasma: a pilot investigation. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153:1104-9.e2. [PMID: 22381365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if short-term Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) antioxidant and zinc supplementation affects biomarkers of oxidative stress, possibly serving as a predictor of their efficacy. DESIGN Prospective interventional case series. METHODS Nineteen subjects, 12 with intermediate or advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (AREDS categories 3 or 4) and 7 non-AMD controls, were admitted to the Vanderbilt General Clinical Research Center and placed on a controlled diet for 7 days. Antioxidant and zinc supplements were stopped 2 weeks prior to study enrollment. Dietary supplementation with 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 15 mg β-carotene, 80 mg zinc oxide, and 2 mg cupric oxide per day was instituted on study day 2. Blood was drawn on study days 2 and 7, and plasma concentrations of cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), glutathione (GSH), isoprostane (IsoP), and isofuran (IsoF) were determined. RESULTS Short-term AREDS supplementation significantly lowered mean plasma levels of CySS in participants on a regulated diet (P = .034). No significant differences were observed for Cys, GSH, IsoP, or IsoF. There were no significant differences between AMD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS This pilot interventional study shows that a 5-day course of antioxidant and zinc supplements can modify plasma levels of CySS, suggesting that this oxidative stress biomarker could help predict how likely an individual is to benefit from AREDS supplementation. Further, CySS may be useful for the evaluation of new AMD therapies, particularly those hypothesized to affect redox status.
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