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Zhou B, Qu X, Li M, Wang X, Xu Q, Wang J, Liu X, Zhang L, Zhang T, Gu J, Zhou L, Peng N, Niu W, Wang L. Correlation of bone age development with overweight and obesity in 23,305 children from Beijing. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03988-w. [PMID: 39129043 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to observe the influence of differential nutritional status on bone age (BA) change according to body mass index (BMI) and analyze the risk of advanced bone age in children with overweight and obesity. METHODS In total 23,305 children from Beijing were included in this cross-sectional study. Childhood overweight and obesity were defined according to the China and World Health Organization growth criteria. The data were analyzed by the R coding platform version 4.3.0. RESULTS Under the Chinese criteria, 29%, 15%, and 4% of boys with overweight; 33%, 33%, and 3% of boys with obesity; 39%, 25%, and 2% of girls with overweight; and 37%, 42% and 1% of girls with obesity had advanced, significantly advanced and delayed BA, respectively. After adjustment, overweight (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, P under the Chinese criteria: 2.52, 2.30-2.75, <0.001 and 4.54, 4.06-5.09, <0.001) and obesity (4.31, 3.85-4.82, <0.001 and 14.01, 12.39-15.85, <0.001) were risk factors for both advanced BA and significantly advanced BA. CONCLUSIONS Different nutritional statuses lead to differences in children's BA development. Children with overweight and obesity have higher rates of advanced BA under two growth criteria, and girls have more advances in BA than boys do. Overweight and obesity are risk factors for advanced BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Qu
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minjun Li
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Gu
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Peng
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Child Healthcare Center, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
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Sadry S, Ok U, Özdaş DÖ. Is there a relationship of nasal septum deviation with pharyngeal airway dimension and craniocervical posture? Cranio 2024; 42:461-469. [PMID: 34720059 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2021.1995223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nasal septum deviation on the pharyngeal airway and craniocervical posture measurements using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS This retrospective study analyzed the CBCTs of 25 patients with and without nasal septum deviation. Various parameters defining the pharyngeal airway and craniocervical and facial skeletal morphology were measured and compared between the groups after confirming intra-examiner reliability. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the group with nasal septum deviation had a statistically significantly shorter nasopharyngeal length (p < 0.001), longer vertical airway length (p < 0.002), and larger cervical column curvature angle (p < 0.006). CONCLUSION Children with a nasal septum deviation of 4 mm or more on their CBCT scan are susceptible to unfavorable pharyngeal airway and craniocervical postural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sadry
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Aydin Universty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Ok
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Gelişim Universty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Öner Özdaş
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Aydin Universty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Shu W, Niu W, Zhang Y, Li H. Association between sex hormones and bone age in boys aged 9-18 years from China. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18181. [PMID: 38506077 PMCID: PMC10951883 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the association between sex hormones and bone age (BA) in boys aged 9-18 years, both individually and interactively, and further to explore whether nutritional status may influence this association. A retrospective analysis was performed among 1382 Chinese boys with physical measurements, sexual characteristics, BA radiographs and sex hormone indicators from February 2015 to February 2022. A total of 470 (34.0%) boys had advanced BA. BA was positively associated with estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone in both advanced and normal BA groups after adjusting for age, genetic height and body mass index. Multiple logistic regression showed that after adjusting for covariates, estradiol (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.12), LH (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.96), and testosterone (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.17-2.13) were significantly associated with the increased risk of advanced BA in boys, and the association was reinforced when these hormones were interactively explored. Stratified by nutritional status, the interaction between estradiol, LH, and testosterone showed a strong association with advanced BA in boys with normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shu
- Department of Growth and DevelopmentCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Center for Evidence‐Based MedicineCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Department of Growth and DevelopmentCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Growth and DevelopmentCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Karsli N, Tuhan Kutlu E. Effect of body mass index on soft tissues in adolescents with skeletal class I and normal facial height. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16196. [PMID: 37810775 PMCID: PMC10557952 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evaluation of soft tissues in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment plays a critical role in diagnosis and treatment planning. This study aims to evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on facial soft tissues in skeletal Class I patients with normal vertical growth. Methods The study included 72 patients with a normal vertical growth pattern (SN-GoGn 26-38°) and skeletal Class I (ANB 2‒4°) malocclusion. According to their BMI (kg/m2) values, the patients were divided into three groups of 24 individuals each: underweight (>5th percentile) (13 females, 11 males; mean age, 11.58 ± 1.95 years), normal weight (5‒85th percentile) (12 females, 12 males; mean age, 11.54 ± 1.95 years), overweight (85‒95th percentile) (12 females, 12 males; mean age, 11.62 ± 2.01 years). Soft tissue thickness and height measurements were made on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Results In all soft tissue thickness measurements, except for the nasion, the overweight weight group had higher values. In comparing the underweight and normal weight groups, statistically significant differences were found in the thickness measurements at the nasion and gnathion (p < 0.05). The differences in thickness measurements at the glabella, labiale superius, stomion, labiale inferius, pogonion, gnathion, and menton are statistically significant between the underweight and overweight groups (p < 0.005). Comparing the normal and overweight groups revealed statistically significant differences the thickness measurements at the glabella, labiale superius, stomion, pogonion and menton (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurver Karsli
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Esra Tuhan Kutlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Park TH, Lin JH, Chung CH, Zheng Z, Li C. The skeletal and dental age advancements of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 164:325-339. [PMID: 37367707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decades, a trend of increasing obesity among children has emerged. This study aimed to evaluate and summarize the impacts of overweight and obesity on children's and adolescents' skeletal and dental developmental advancement that may influence orthodontic management. METHODS Registered with the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration no. CRD42022347488), this study complies with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. Particularly, relevant original studies on skeletal or dental age evaluation were screened from accessible electronic databases and supplemented by hand-searching. Meta-analysis was recruited to calculate differences (and their 95% confidence interval [CI]) between subjects with overweight or obese and normal-weight counterparts. RESULTS After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 articles were selected for the final review. Two of the 17 selected studies were found to have a high risk of bias and moderate the other 15. A meta-analysis detected no statistically significant difference in skeletal age between children and adolescents with overweight and normal-weight counterparts (P = 0.24). However, the dental age of children and adolescents with overweight was found to be 0.49 years (95% CI, 0.29-0.70) advanced in comparison with normal-weight counterparts (P <0.00001). In contrast, children and adolescents with obesity were found to have advanced skeletal age by 1.17 (95% CI, 0.48-1.86) years (P = 0.0009) and dental age by 0.56 (95% CI, 0.37-0.76) years (P <0.00001) compared with their normal-weight counterparts. CONCLUSION Because the orthopedic outcomes of the orthodontic intervention are closely tied to the skeletal age of the patients, these results suggest that the orthodontic evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity might occur earlier than that of the normal-weight population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany H Park
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jia-Hong Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Chun-Hsi Chung
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Zhong Zheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
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Ke D, Lu D, Cai G, Zhang J, Wang X, Suzuki K. Accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight and obesity as early as preschool age: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:452. [PMID: 32988365 PMCID: PMC7520956 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body mass index (BMI) and skeletal age (SA) are important indicators of individual growth and maturation. Although the results have not been unified, most studies indicated that accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight/obesity. However, there have so far been insufficient studies about the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity in preschoolers, particularly Asian children. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Chinese children to verify the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity at preschool age. Methods The study involved 1330 participants aged 3.1–6.6 years old (730 males and 600 females) in Shanghai, China. The skeletal age was determined according to the method of TW3-C RUS. Accelerated skeletal maturation was defined as relative SA (SA minus chronological age [CA]) ≥1.0 years. BMI was classified as thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cut-offs. The Chi-square was performed to determine the statistically significant difference in the frequency of accelerated skeletal maturation in BMI and age categories. The logistic regression model analyzed the association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity. Results The percentage of accelerated skeletal maturation increased with BMI (7.8% of children in thinness group had accelerated skeletal maturation; the percentage increased to 30.8% in obese group. x2 = 89.442, df = 3, P < 0.01) and age group (at age 3.5, 3.5% of participants had accelerated skeletal maturation; at age 6.0 years, this increased to 27.8%. x2 = 43.417, df = 5, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with overweight and obesity are more likely to have accelerated skeletal maturation than children with normal weight after adjusting for gender and age (Overweight, odds ratio [OR] = 3.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20–4.87; Obese, OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.99–7.48). Conclusions There is an association between accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity among preschool children. This study suggests that accelerated skeletal maturation might coexist with overweight/obesity in preschool children, and interventions, such as dietary modifications and increasing levels of physical activity, should be employed to prevent both accelerated skeletal maturation and overweight/obesity as early as preschool age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ke
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1- 1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai-city, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Dajiang Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, No. 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Cai
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, No.87 Wuxing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, No.339 Luding Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, No. 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1- 1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai-city, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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Ibrahim RSM, Shaker CW, Mira MF, Sedky MA, Anwar GM. Clinical, laboratory and radiological assessment of skeletal maturation in children and adolescents with obesity. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7223000 DOI: 10.1186/s43054-020-00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity is related to multiple serious health problems and an enhanced risk of premature onset of diseases. The relation of skeletal maturation to obesity is undetermined. The study aims to evaluate skeletal maturation in children and adolescents with obesity, to correlate it with their anthropometric data, body fat content, BMI, fat mass and pubertal stage. Results Our study shows that obese children and adolescents have accelerated skeletal maturation compared to control normal-weight healthy subjects (mean skeletal age difference of 0.123 ± 0.67 years versus − 0.175 ± 0.32 years). Also, there were significant positive correlations between bone age and BMI (r = 0.435, P value 0.00). Conclusion The mean skeletal age difference was more in the obese group as compared to the control group and suggesting accelerated skeletal development in the obese group. It is important to assess skeletal maturity in growing patients to determine the best timing for orthopedic and orthodontic treatment around the growth spurt.
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Sezen Erhamza T, Kilicaslan Y, Nazik Unver F. Effect of body mass index percentile on skeletal maturation of cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist and dental maturation. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:236-240. [PMID: 31909677 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1709891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile and skeletal and dental maturation in Turkish adolescents.Materials and methods: A sample of 429 patients (171 males, 258 females aged between 7 and 17 years) was selected. Skeletal maturation was identified in the hand-wrist radiography by Björk, Grave and Brown (BGB), and the cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method defined by Hassel and Farman in lateral cephalometric radiography. Dental maturation was determined by the Demirjian method. BMI was calculated by reference curves used for Turkish children. A regression model was used for the relationship between BMI percentile and skeletal and dental maturation.Results: There was no significant correlation between BMI and skeletal maturation of cervical vertebrae and dental maturation. A one-percentile increase in BMI percentile accelerates the increase of period (likelihood of being post-pubertal period) to 1.016 times (p < .05). Skeletal maturation of hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae and dental maturation were more prominent in females compared to males (p < .05). Males and females were not statistically significantly different in BMI percentile (p = .52).Conclusions: BMI may be considered before deciding to estimate the skeletal and dental maturation in an individual by the relevant methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turkan Sezen Erhamza
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Kilicaslan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nazik Unver
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine relationships between dental maturity and body mass index (BMI) in Korean children. Study Design: 600 Korean children aged between 5 and 10 years for whom panoramic radiographs have been obtained between 2010 and 2017 were selected. Subjects were divided into four weight-status groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. Five lower-left permanent teeth were observed and rated. The stage of each tooth was converted into a score using the table suggested by Demirjian, and the sum of these scores was designated as the 'maturity score'. Results: This study found statistically significant differences in dental maturity between the weight groups (analysis of variance, P=0.003), with the maturity score being higher in the obese group than in normal-weight subjects (Tukey's post-hoc test, P=0.004). The linear regression showed a positive association between BMI and the maturity score after adjusting for sex and age (β=0.34, P<0.001). The linear regression coefficient was higher in girls (β=0.61, P<0.001) than in boys (β=0.31, P=0.02). Conclusions: These data suggest that dental maturation is positively associated with BMI in Korean children. Since many treatment decisions are made in relation to dental maturity, these findings may have implications for pediatric dental care.
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Varghese ST, Kumar V, Paul S, Jose LK, Mathew T, Siddique S. Estimation of Dental and Bone Age in Obese Children of South India. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:153-159. [PMID: 29780741 PMCID: PMC5946524 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_14_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determination of skeletal and dental age is very essential for Pediatric dentist and orthodontist to formulate a treatment plan, and it is a source of supplemental information for Pediatrics, Orthopedics, and Forensics. There are no available studies in the literature about the comparison of dental and bone age with chronological age in obese children of south India. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare dental age, bone age, and chronological age in obese children of south India. Materials and Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of college, and informed consent was obtained from parents of the study participants. A total of 100 obese study participants were selected between 8 to 14 years age group. Date of birth was considered to obtain chronological age. Demirjian's method was used to assess dental age. Bjork, Grave, and Brown's method was followed to detect bone age using hand-wrist radiograph. The comparison of three ages was done using the unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Dental age and bone age were advanced in comparison to chronological age in both sexes and its statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlationship between three ages in both sexes. Conclusion: As per our study, dental age and bone age were advanced in obese children, but dental age was more advanced. Dental age and bone age can be considered as variables for diagnosing the impact of growth in obese children. In the future, further studies are required to support our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaji T Varghese
- Department of Orthodontics, PSM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trichur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sam Paul
- Department of Orthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, India
| | - Lijo K Jose
- Department of Orthodontics, PSM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trichur, India
| | - Tom Mathew
- Department of Orthodontics, PSM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trichur, India
| | - Sabin Siddique
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, MES Dental College, Perinthalmanna, Kerala, India
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Buyuk SK, Genc E, Simsek H, Karaman A. Analysis of facial soft tissue values and cranial skeletal widths in different body mass index percentile adolescent subjects. Cranio 2018; 37:223-230. [PMID: 29318946 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2017.1420440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze facial soft tissue thickness and cranial skeletal transverse widths in adolescent subjects with different body mass index (BMI) percentiles. METHODS The 80 subjects were divided into three groups according to BMI percentile: normal-weight, overweight, and obese adolescent subjects. Facial soft tissue linear and cranial skeletal transversal width measurements were performed on lateral and postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs. RESULTS Glabella, nasion, pogonion, and gnathion soft tissue thicknesses were significantly different among normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects (p < 0.05). However, other facial soft tissue thickness parameters were not statistically significantly different among the groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in cranial skeletal transversal widths among groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Nasion soft tissue thickness was thicker in overweight subjects; whereas, glabella, pogonion and gnathion soft tissue thickness was thicker in obese subjects. All measured cranial skeletal widths were similar in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kutalmış Buyuk
- a Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Esra Genc
- a Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Huseyin Simsek
- b Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karaman
- a Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
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12
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Index of orthodontic treatment need in obese adolescents. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:876931. [PMID: 25945093 PMCID: PMC4402187 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. This case-control retrospective study is aimed at assessing if obese adolescents need more orthodontic treatment in comparison with normal-weight patients of the same age. Methods. The test group included 100 obese subjects (50 males and 50 females; average age: 13.09 ± 1.19 years old) and the control group included 100 normal-weight patients matched for age and sex (50 males and 50 females; average age: 13.07 ± 1.26 years old). Clinical examinations were conducted on dental casts to assess the need of orthodontic treatment, by using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) (DHC, dental health component; AC, aesthetic components). Results. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the two groups with regard to AC. Obese females showed a significant (P < 0.05) higher percentage of DHC 3 (32%) in comparison to the normal-weight girls (22%); for the other grades of DHC and for the single kind of malocclusion, no significant difference was found. Conclusions. Obese adolescents showed a similar need for orthodontic treatment compared to normal-weight patients of the same age. However, in obese females, a slightly greater need for orthodontic treatment was observed, compared to normal-weight patients.
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Zahoor M, Cha PH, Choi KY. Indirubin-3'-oxime, an activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, enhances osteogenic commitment of ST2 cells and restores bone loss in high-fat diet-induced obese male mice. Bone 2014; 65:60-8. [PMID: 24815917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing issue of the modern world, and its negative impact on bones in obese male patients has been recently reported. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway has an established role in the regulation of body fat content and bone density. We investigated the effects of indirubin-3'-oxime (I3O), the GSK3β inhibitor that activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, on trabecular bone in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese male mice. I3O reverses the downregulating effect of fatty acid (FA) on Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhances the osteogenic commitment of the bone marrow-derived stromal cell line ST2. FA induces the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. In a male mouse model of HFD-induced obesity, trabecular bone loss was observed in the femora, with a gross increase in abdominal fat; however, the HFD effects were rescued with the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by I3O treatment. I3O administration also reversed the increase in the number of HFD-induced adipocytes in the femur bone marrow in trabecular bone. Overall, our results indicate that I3O could be a potential therapeutic agent for obese male patients through downregulation of abdominal fat and net increment in trabecular bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pu-Hyeon Cha
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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14
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Giuca MR, Pasini M, Tecco S, Marchetti E, Giannotti L, Marzo G. Skeletal maturation in obese patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013. [PMID: 23195363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to compare skeletal maturation in obese patients and in subjects of normal weight to evaluate the best timing for orthopedic and orthodontic treatment. The null hypothesis was that obese and normal-weight patients show similar degrees of skeletal maturation. METHODS The sample for this retrospective study consisted of 50 white patients (28 boys, 22 girls) whose x-rays (hand-wrist and lateral cephalometric radiographs) were already available. The test group included 25 obese patients (11 girls, 14 boys; average age, 9.8 ± 2.11 years), and the control group included 25 subjects of normal weight (11 girls, 14 boys; average age, 9.9 ± 2.5 years). Skeletal maturation was determined by using the carpal analysis method and the cervical vertebral maturation method. RESULTS According to the carpal analysis, there was a significant difference between skeletal and chronologic ages between the test group (11.8 ± 11.4 months) and the control group (-2.9 ± 3.1 months). Furthermore, the obese subjects exhibited a significantly higher mean cervical vertebral maturation score (2.8 ± 0.7) than did the control subjects (2 ± 0.6) (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with the normal-weight subjects, the obese subjects showed a higher mean discrepancy between skeletal and chronologic ages according to the carpal analysis and had a significantly higher cervical vertebral maturation score. Thus, to account for the growth in obese patients with skeletal discrepancies, it might be necessary to perform examinations and dentofacial and orthopedic treatments earlier than in normal-weight subjects.
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Lu XM, Zhao H, Wang EH. A high-fat diet induces obesity and impairs bone acquisition in young male mice. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1203-8. [PMID: 23444006 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal development of obesity is highly associated with the excessive consumption of a high-calorie, high-fat diet (HFD). However, the correlation between HFD-induced pediatric obesity and skeletal development remains to be elucidated. In the present study, postnatal day 17 (PND17) mice were weaned on a HFD for eight weeks ad libitum to induce obesity. The HFD mice showed a significant increase in the total body weight and gonadal and abdominal fat mass compared with the control animals. Peripheral quantitative (pQ) CT scans of the tibial bone revealed that the bone mineral density (BMD), including the total, trabecular and cortical BMD, was unchanged between the HFD and control diet groups, but that it was inversely associated with body fat. By contrast, the bone mineral content (BMC) and trabecular area were significantly decreased in the HFD group compared with the control. RNA and protein were isolated from the femur. qPCR and western blot analyses showed a significant downregulation in the gene expression of the key canonical Wnt signaling molecule β-catenin, the osteoblastic cell differentiation marker Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and also in the β-catenin gene encoded protein levels of the HFD mice when compared with the controls. Consistent with the increased fat mass in the HFD-induced obese animals, the expression of the adipogenic genes and aP2 was increased compared with the controls. Bone marrow cells were aspirated and the ex vivo bone marrow cell cultures showed that the number of colony-forming unit osteoblasts (CFU-OBs) per bone was significantly decreased in the samples from the HFD mice compared with those from the controls. These observations suggested that HFD-induced obesity in growing animals may affect the total available osteoblastic cell differentiation progenitors in the bone, while increasing adipogenesis. This may result in negative consequences for the bone later on in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Abdelmoula A, Martin V, Bouchant A, Walrand S, Lavet C, Taillardat M, Maffiuletti NA, Boisseau N, Duché P, Ratel S. Knee extension strength in obese and nonobese male adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:269-75. [PMID: 22448629 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare "absolute" and "relative" knee extension strength between obese and nonobese adolescents. Ten nonobese and 12 severely obese adolescent boys of similar chronological age, maturity status, and height were compared. Total body and regional soft tissue composition were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Knee extensors maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) torque was measured using an isometric dynamometer at a knee angle of 60° (0° is full extension). Absolute MVC torque was significantly higher in obese adolescents than in controls. However, although MVC torque expressed per unit of body mass was found to be significantly lower in obese adolescent boys, no significant difference in MVC torque was found between groups when normalized to fat-free mass. Conversely, when correcting for thigh lean mass and estimated thigh muscle mass, MVC torque was significantly higher in the obese group (17.9% and 22.2%, respectively; P <0.05). To conclude, our sample of obese adolescent boys had higher absolute and relative knee extension strength than our nonobese controls. However, further studies are required to ascertain whether or not relative strength, measured with more accurate in vivo methods such as magnetic resonance imaging, is higher in obese adolescents than in nonobese controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achref Abdelmoula
- Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Chen JR, Lazarenko OP, Wu X, Tong Y, Blackburn ML, Shankar K, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ. Obesity reduces bone density associated with activation of PPARγ and suppression of Wnt/β-catenin in rapidly growing male rats. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13704. [PMID: 21060836 PMCID: PMC2965663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that excessive consumption of a high fat diet (HFD) results in obesity; however, the consequences of obesity on postnatal skeletal development have not been well studied. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Total enteral nutrition (TEN) was used to feed postnatal day 27 male rats intragastrically with a high 45% fat diet (HFD) for four weeks to induce obesity. Fat mass was increased compared to rats fed TEN diets containing 25% fat (medium fat diet, MFD) or a chow diet (low fat diet, LFD) fed ad libitum with matched body weight gains. Serum leptin and total non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were elevated in HFD rats, which also had reduced bone mass compared to LFD-fed animals. This was accompanied by decreases in bone formation, but increases in the bone resorption. Bone marrow adiposity and expression of adipogenic genes, PPARγ and aP2 were increased, whereas osteoblastogenic markers osteocalcin and Runx2 were decreased, in bone in HFD rats compared to LFD controls. The diversion of stromal cell differentiation in response to HFD stemmed from down-regulation of the key canonical Wnt signaling molecule β-catenin protein and reciprocal up-regulation of nuclear PPARγ expression in bone. In a set of in vitro studies using pluripotent ST2 bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells treated with serum from rats on the different diets or using the free fatty acid composition of NEFA quantified in rat serum from HFD-fed animals by GC-MS, we were able to recapitulate our in vivo findings. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These observations strongly suggest that increased NEFA in serum from rats made obese by HFD-feeding impaired bone formation due to stimulation of bone marrow adipogenesis. These effects of obesity on bone in early life may result in impaired attainment of peak bone mass and therefore increase the prevalence of osteoporosis later on in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ran Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America.
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Lenders CM, Wright JA, Apovian CM, Hess DT, Shukla RR, Adams WG, Lee K. Weight loss surgery eligibility according to various BMI criteria among adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:150-5. [PMID: 19008870 PMCID: PMC4144199 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A BMI cutoff point at the 99th percentile for age and gender or at 40 kg/m(2) has been suggested for more aggressive treatment of adolescent obesity. The main objective of this study was to determine the proportion of adolescents eligible for weight loss surgery (WLS) based on various BMI cutoff points. Data was extracted from the electronic medical record database of an urban pediatric ambulatory care center over 4 years. National data were used to calculate BMI percentiles (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2000). Eligibility for WLS was based on a BMI percentile criterion (>or=99th percentile) or the adult WLS cutoff point (>or=40 kg/m(2)). The sample consisted of 3,220 adolescents aged 12-17.9 years, of which 53% were female, 55% were of black race, and 17% of Hispanic ethnicity. Overall, 88 (3%) adolescents had a BMI >or=40 kg/m(2) and 236 (7%) had a BMI >or=99th percentile (P < 0.001). All adolescents with BMI >or=40 kg/m(2) had a BMI >or=99th percentile. A total of 159/2,007 (8%) of 12-14.9-year olds had a BMI >or=99th percentile compared with 77/1,213 (6%) 15-17.9-year olds (P = 0.10), whereas 43/2,007 (2%) of 12-14.9-year olds had a BMI >or=40 kg/m(2) compared with 45/1,213 (4%) 15-17.9-year olds (P = 0.003). In summary, a relatively large proportion of adolescents from a diverse urban population would qualify for WLS based on the percentile criterion. Fewer adolescents would be eligible based on the adult WLS criterion, and younger adolescents would be less likely to be eligible for WLS than older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine M Lenders
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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