Quantitative investigation of the esthetic impact of lip prominence in relation to the esthetic line

Influence of facial width on the perception of lip protrusion and its differences between profile and 3-dimensional video clip

INTRODUCTION

This study evaluated the influence of facial width on the perception of lip protrusion and investigated the concordance between 2-dimensional (2D) profile images and 3-dimensional (3D) video clips in assessing lip protrusion.

METHODS

An Asian female standard head model was created using 3D modeling software. Eight head models were constructed by modifying the standard head model in terms of facial width (broad, neutral, and slim) and lip protrusion (retrusive, straight, and protrusive). Overall, 97 Asian raters rated the lip protrusion from the 2D profiles and 3D rotation video clips of the 9 models.

RESULTS

No significant differences were found in the perception of lip protrusion in terms of sex, age, or occupation. Compared with the 2D profiles, the 3D video clips were rated as more protrusive in 8 of the 9 head models, with the retrusive broad, retrusive neutral, straight broad, and straight slim faces showing statistical significance (P <0.01). The rating is significantly higher in slim faces than in broad faces across the 3 groups of 2D profiles (P <0.01). For 3D video clips, the rating was higher in slim faces than in broad faces in all 3 groups, whereas differences were significant in the straight and protrusive groups only (P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, 3D video clips were more sensitive to the perception of lip protrusion than were 2D profiles to some extent. The lips were rated relatively more protrusive in a slim face than in a broad face. Therefore, the relationship between facial width and lip protrusion should be considered in orthodontic treatment goals and treatment plans.

Influence of lip position on esthetics perception with respect to profile divergence using silhouette images

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to determine the facial divergence and lip position combinations that are most and least preferred, and to investigate whether age or gender has an impact on these preferences.

METHODS

The current investigation was carried out on a sample of 1077 individuals who were not experts in the field (253 men and 824 females). The research employed black silhouette photographs of profiles featuring different lip locations and profile divergences. The recruitment of participants was conducted in order to assess the attractiveness of the profiles, employing a Likert scale. The various positions of the lips and variations in facial profiles were thoroughly categorized. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test.

RESULTS

The findings of the research demonstrated that aesthetic perceptions displayed diversity when considering different lip locations and profile divergences. It was shown that neutral lip positions were predominantly favored, accounting for approximately 40.2% of the total frequencies in the anterior diverging group. It is noteworthy to highlight the aesthetically pleasing features exhibited by those with the most prominent lip position, occurring at a frequency of 10.9% in straight-diverging group. In the posterior divergent group, the most protruded lip position, showed very attractive aesthetics with frequency (7.1%). Gender, age, region, and level of education had significant influence on aesthetic perception.

CONCLUSIONS

The variety of aesthetic preferences is influenced by the location of the lips and the divergence of the facial profile, resulting in different outcomes within the categories of anterior, straight, and posterior divergence. Clinicians are advised to customize the treatment regimen in order to correspond with the unique desires and preferences of the patient.

Influence of social media on the esthetic perception of the lip profile of orthodontic patients

Objective

To identify the use of social media as an influencing factor of the orthodontic patient's preferences regarding the lip profile protrusion.

Methods

A two-part cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed to orthodontic patients in Spain and The Netherlands. The first part collected general data and frequency of use of different social media. The second part consisted of a series of modified female and male silhouettes presenting different lip profile positions. Each participant was required to choose both the (male and female) most attractive silhouette and the least attractive one.Student t-test, one-way ANOVA and Chi-square test were performed. Effect sizes were calculated to express the magnitude of differences between samples.

Results

The Spanish sample resulted in a moderate higher tendency (R² = 0.060) to choose protrusive lips as the most attractive lip profile for females, on subjects with more frequent use of social media. A medium tendency (R²⁼0,26) was observed as result of low users of social media choosing and ideal lip profile for men.The Dutch sample showed that high users of social media tended to choose as attractive a more protrusive female lip profile versus low users (p < .01). This was also observed (p < .05) on male attractive lip profiles.

Conclusions

Results suggest that frequent users of social media platforms tend to prefer more protruded lips than their less frequent counterparts. This information is valuable to be considered when formulating a treatment plan to satisfy the patient's expectations.

Evaluation of the attractiveness of lips with different volumes after filling with hyaluronic acid

To compare the attractiveness of lips with different volumes after filling in the view of laypersons, dentists, and specialists. The sample comprised close-up frontal and lateral photographs of the lips of 16 women who underwent lip filling procedure with hyaluronic acid and was divided into 2 groups. Group 1: eight women with thinner lips at pretreatment. Group 2: eight female patients with thicker lips at pretreatment. Photographs from before and 10 days after lip filling were used to assess attractiveness randomly displayed in a Google Forms questionnaire and then sent via a messaging app to the evaluators. The evaluators' groups were general dentists, dentists with degrees in facial aesthetics, and laypersons. The attractiveness was evaluated with scores from 0 to 10 (0: least attractive and 10 the greatest). T-tests were used for the statistical comparisons. The group with thinner lips showed significantly improved attractiveness after filling. The group with thicker lips showed a worsening attractiveness after filling. The group with thicker lips had significantly higher attractiveness scores than those with thinner lips. There was no significant difference in the preference between men and women. The group of laypersons was more rigorous, giving significantly lower lip attractiveness scores. Thinner lips showed a significant improvement in attractiveness after filling. Thicker lips showed a worsening of the attractiveness score after filling. Before and after filling, thicker lips had significantly higher attractiveness scores than thinner lips.Clinical relevance: The amount of fillers applied to each patient must be individually evaluated.

Esthetic preferences of orthodontists, dentists, and plastic surgeons for balanced facial profiles

PURPOSE

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the facial esthetics of subjects rated as "attractive" can be related to specific cephalometric soft tissue parameters.

METHODS

The profile silhouettes of 100 subjects (45 males and 55 females) were rated by 60 esthetics specialists (20 orthodontists, 20 dentists, and 20 plastic surgeons) using a Likert scale, and 30 of the subjects were selected as being "attractive". The cephalometric measurements of the attractive group were then compared with norms for the general Caucasian population.

RESULTS

The effects of specific measured parameters on profile beauty grades were assessed using the median test, and the following variables were found to show significant correlations between the Caucasian norms and the attractive profile group: the ratio of the upper to lower face height (P = 0.011), the ratio of the subnasale - labrale inferius (Sn-Li) and labrale inferius - menton (Li-Me`) lines (P = 0.011), the distance between the chin and the subnasale perpendicular (P = 0.002), upper lip thickness (P = 0.021), soft tissue chin thickness (P = 0.021), vertical height ratio (P = 0.021), and nasolabial angle (P = 0.021).

CONCLUSION

A straight profile with a fuller and more protruded upper lip, a higher nasal tip, and a smaller lower facial third are considered to be the most attractive facial features, and may be useful for improvement of facial esthetics.

Comparing the esthetic impact of virtual mandibular advancement, bichectomy, jawline, and their combination

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mandibular advancement (MA), bichectomy, jawline, and their combination on facial attractiveness. The 3-dimensional (3D) visual sculpting is a method to perform the task.

METHODS

FaceBuilder software, a Blender 2.93 LTS add-on, was used to generate a 3D head and face model of a female patient with Class II Division I malocclusion. MA, bichectomy, jawline, and combination modifications were performed on the model using a 3D virtual sculpting tab, and 4 new head models were created. Five hundred thirteen participants scored lateral and frontal views of the modified and reference models. The Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

MA modification received the highest frontal and lateral image scores. The raters found the jawline frontal photograph to be the least attractive. Significant differences were observed between the lateral and frontal attractiveness scores in all modifications except bichectomy. The combination of 3 modifications in both frontal and lateral images received the second-lowest score.

CONCLUSIONS

Facial esthetic modifications receive different attractiveness scores in lateral or frontal evaluations. MA outperforms bichectomy and jawline augmentation in terms of improving facial attractiveness.