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Parasin N, Amnuaylojaroen T, Saokaew S. Prenatal PM 2.5 Exposure and Its Association with Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TOXICS 2024; 12:446. [PMID: 39058098 PMCID: PMC11280910 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 while pregnant is associated with negative effects on low birth weight (LBW). This study employed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy on LBW. A search of databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed identified thirteen appropriate studies. This study used a random-effects model to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each trimester. The findings revealed a significant relationship between PM2.5 exposure and LBW in both the first and second trimesters (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.09, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between trimesters (p = 0.704). The results emphasize the persistent influence of PM2.5 on fetal development throughout all stages of pregnancy. Reducing air pollution is critical for improving pregnancy outcomes and decreasing the incidence of LBW. Further study is needed to improve exposure assessments and investigate the underlying biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichapa Parasin
- School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
| | - Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen
- School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change Research Units, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Division of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and Integration (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Lubrano C, Parisi F, Cetin I. Impact of Maternal Environment and Inflammation on Fetal Neurodevelopment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:453. [PMID: 38671901 PMCID: PMC11047368 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During intrauterine life, external stimuli including maternal nutrition, lifestyle, socioeconomic conditions, anxiety, stress, and air pollution can significantly impact fetal development. The human brain structures begin to form in the early weeks of gestation and continue to grow and mature throughout pregnancy. This review aims to assess, based on the latest research, the impact of environmental factors on fetal and neonatal brain development, showing that oxidative stress and inflammation are implied as a common factor for most of the stressors. Environmental insults can induce a maternal inflammatory state and modify nutrient supply to the fetus, possibly through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to significant consequences for brain morphogenesis and neurological outcomes. These risk factors are often synergic and mutually reinforcing. Fetal growth restriction and preterm birth represent paradigms of intrauterine reduced nutrient supply and inflammation, respectively. These mechanisms can lead to an increase in free radicals and, consequently, oxidative stress, with well-known adverse effects on the offspring's neurodevelopment. Therefore, a healthy intrauterine environment is a critical factor in supporting normal fetal brain development. Hence, healthcare professionals and clinicians should implement effective interventions to prevent and reduce modifiable risk factors associated with an increased inflammatory state and decreased nutrient supply during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lubrano
- Nutritional Sciences, Doctoral Programme (PhD), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Mother, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Department of Mother, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Mother, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy;
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Essers E, Granés L, Delaney S, Ballester J, Santos S, Petricola S, Yang TC, Fernández-Somoano A, Bereziartua A, Ballester F, Tardón A, Vrijheid M, Lertxundi A, McEachan RRC, El Marroun H, Tiemeier H, Iñiguez C, Guxens M. Ambient air temperature exposure and foetal size and growth in three European birth cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108619. [PMID: 38603813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient air temperature may affect birth outcomes adversely, but little is known about their impact on foetal growth throughout pregnancy. We evaluated the association between temperature exposure during pregnancy and foetal size and growth in three European birth cohorts. METHODS We studied 23,408 pregnant women from the English Born in Bradford cohort, Dutch Generation R Study, and Spanish INMA Project. Using the UrbClimTM model, weekly ambient air temperature exposure at 100x100m resolution at the mothers' residences during pregnancy was calculated. Estimated foetal weight, head circumference, and femur length at mid and late pregnancy and weight, head circumference, and length at birth were converted into standard deviation scores (SDS). Foetal growth from mid to late pregnancy was calculated (grams or centimetres/week). Cohort/region-specific distributed lag non-linear models were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis and results presented in reference to the median percentile of temperature (14 °C). RESULTS Weekly temperatures ranged from -5.6 (Bradford) to 30.3 °C (INMA-Sabadell). Cold and heat exposure during weeks 1-28 were associated with a smaller and larger head circumference in late pregnancy, respectively (e.g., for 9.5 °C: -1.6 SDS [95 %CI -2.0; -0.4] and for 20.0 °C: 1.8 SDS [0.7; 2.9]). A susceptibility period from weeks 1-7 was identified for cold exposure and a smaller head circumference at late pregnancy. Cold exposure was associated with a slower head circumference growth from mid to late pregnancy (for 5.5 °C: -0.1 cm/week [-0.2; -0.04]), with a susceptibility period from weeks 4-12. No associations that survived multiple testing correction were found for other foetal or any birth outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative exposure to cold and heat during pregnancy was associated with changes in foetal head circumference throughout gestation, with susceptibility periods for cold during the first pregnancy trimester. No associations were found at birth, suggesting potential recovery. Future research should replicate this study across different climatic regions including varying temperature profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Essers
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Granés
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Delaney
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | | | - Susana Santos
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sami Petricola
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiffany C Yang
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IUOPA-Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Bereziartua
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, IIS Biogipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO- Universitat Jaume I- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IUOPA-Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Gu H, Li B, Liu L, Li X, Wang H, Chen L. Stage-, dose-, and course-dependent inhibition of prenatal amoxicillin exposure on fetal articular cartilage development in fetal mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 463:116429. [PMID: 36796495 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Amoxicillin is widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases during pregnancy; however, the effects of prenatal amoxicillin exposure (PAE) on fetal development remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of PAE on fetal cartilage at different stage-, dose-, and course. Pregnant Kunming mice were orally administered 300 mg/kg·d (converted from clinical dose) amoxicillin on gestational days (GD) 10-12 or 16-18 (mid or late pregnancy stage), 150 or 300 mg/kg.d amoxicillin on GD16-18 (different doses), 300 mg/kg·d amoxicillin on GD16 (single course) or 16-18 (multiple courses), respectively. The fetal articular cartilage of the knee was collected on GD18. The number of chondrocytes and the expression of matrix synthesis/degradation, proliferation/apoptosis-related markers, and the TGF-β signaling pathway were detected. The results showed that the number of chondrocytes and the expression of matrix synthesis markers were reduced in male fetal mice treated with PAE (GD16-18, 300 mg/kg.d, single course and multiple courses), whereas the above indices in female mice showed no changes. The inhibited expression of PCNA, increased expression of Caspase-3, and down-regulated expression of the TGF-β signaling pathway were found in male PAE fetal mice. Accordingly, PAE exerted its "toxic effect window" on the knee cartilage development in male fetal mice, which manifested as reduced chondrocyte number and inhibited expression of matrix synthesis at a clinical dose of multiple courses in the late pregnancy stage. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for elucidating the risk of chondrodevelopmental toxicity associated with amoxicillin during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Gu
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xufeng Li
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Li LJ, Du R, Loy SL, Chong YS, Chan JKY, Wong TY, Eriksson JG, Huang Z, Zhang C. Retinal microvasculature and risk of spontaneous abortion in multiethnic Southeast Asian women. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:748-757. [PMID: 35981917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand the underlying pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion that affects 10%-20% of recognized pregnancies. We used retinal imaging to study the role of systemic microvasculature and the risk of spontaneous abortion. DESIGN A prospective multiethnic preconception cohort study conducted in Singapore. SETTING Hospital-based. PATIENT(S) A total of 1,032 Southeast Asian women who intended to conceive naturally were screened at study entry, among which 480 women spontaneously conceived within the 12-month observation period. After excluding 24 women who were lost to follow-up, we calculated the spontaneous abortion rate among 456 women. Further, we included 379 women for the final association analysis because 63 women did not undergo preconception retinal imaging examination and 14 had other types of pregnancy loss instead of spontaneous abortion. INTERVENTION(S) Trained photographers performed retinal examination using a 45-degree nonmydriatic retinal camera at study entry during the preconception screening. Using a semiautomated, computer-based program, we assessed quantitative retinal microvascular measurements, including caliber, fractal dimension, curvature tortuosity, and branching angle. Clinical research coordinators collected information on sociodemographic status, menstrual characteristics, and lifestyle, and assessed blood pressure and anthropometry at study entry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We performed a modified Poisson regression model to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each retinal microvascular feature and its association with spontaneous abortion after adjusting for major confounders such as maternal prepregnancy, body mass index, and previous pregnancy loss history. RESULT(S) We reported a spontaneous abortion rate of 13.4% (61 out of 456). Among all retinal microvascular features, retinal arteriolar caliber, retinal arteriolar, and venular curvature tortuosity were associated with a high risk of incident spontaneous abortion. In the regression model, per SD increase in retinal curvature tortuosity was associated with a 25%-34% increased risk of incident spontaneous abortion (arteriolar: unadjusted RR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.06-1.56] and adjusted RR, 1.26 [1.04-1.53]; venule: unadjusted RR, 1.30 [1.08-1.55] and adjusted RR, 1.34 [1.09-1.64]). CONCLUSION(S) Our prospective cohort observed an increased risk of spontaneous abortion among Asian women with more tortuous retinal vessels assessed during the preconception phase. Our results indicate a role of vascular inflammatory and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03531658.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ruochen Du
- Biostatics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - See Ling Loy
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology & Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ogoke O, Guiggey D, Mon T, Shamul C, Ross S, Rao S, Parashurama N. Spatiotemporal imaging and analysis of mouse and human liver bud morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:662-686. [PMID: 34665487 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of liver organogenesis has served as a paradigm for organ formation. However, there remains a lack of understanding regarding early mouse and human liver bud morphogenesis and early liver volumetric growth. Elucidating dynamic changes in liver volumes is critical for understanding organ development, implementing toxicological studies, and for modeling hPSC-derived liver organoid growth. New visualization, analysis, and experimental techniques are desperately needed. RESULTS Here, we combine observational data with digital resources, new 3D imaging approaches, retrospective analysis of liver volume data, mathematical modeling, and experiments with hPSC-derived liver organoids. Mouse and human liver organogenesis, characterized by exponential growth, demonstrate distinct spatial features and growth curves over time, which we mathematically modeled using Gompertz models. Visualization of liver-epithelial and septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) interactions suggests extended interactions, which together with new spatial features may be responsible for extensive exponential growth. These STM interactions are modeled with a novel in vitro human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatic organoid system that exhibits cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Our methods enhance our understanding of liver organogenesis, with new 3D visualization, analysis, mathematical modeling, and in vitro models with hPSCs. Our approach highlights mouse and human differences and provides potential hypothesis for further investigation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Guiggey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tala Mon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Claire Shamul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shatoni Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Saroja Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA.,Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue Engineering (CGTE), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
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Dhillon P, Kaur I, Singh K. Pregnancy-induced hypertension: Role of drug therapy and nutrition in the management of hypertension. PHARMANUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Steinhauser CB, Askelson K, Lambo CA, Hobbs KC, Bazer FW, Satterfield MC. Lipid metabolism is altered in maternal, placental, and fetal tissues of ewes with small for gestational age fetuses†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:170-180. [PMID: 33001151 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient restriction (NR) has the potential to negatively impact birthweight, an indicator of neonatal survival and lifelong health. Those fetuses are termed as small for gestational age (SGA). Interestingly, there is a spectral phenotype of fetal growth rates in response to NR associated with changes in placental development, nutrient and waste transport, and lipid metabolism. A sheep model with a maternal diet, starting at Day 35, of 100% National Research Council (NRC) nutrient requirements (n = 8) or 50% NRC (n = 28) was used to assess alterations in fetuses designated NR SGA (n = 7) or NR NonSGA (n = 7) based on fetal weight at Day 135 of pregnancy. Allantoic fluid concentrations of triglycerides were greater in NR SGA fetuses than 100% NRC and NR NonSGA fetuses at Day 70 (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between allantoic fluid concentrations of triglycerides (R2 = 0.207) and bile acids (R2 = 0.179) on Day 70 and fetal weight at Day 135 for NR ewes (P < 0.05). Bile acids were more abundant in maternal and fetal blood for NR SGA compared to 100% NRC and NR NonSGA ewes (P < 0.05). Maternal blood concentrations of NEFAs increased in late pregnancy in NR NonSGA compared to NR SGA ewes (P < 0.05). Protein expression of fatty acid transporter SLC27A6 localized to placentomal maternal and fetal epithelia and decreased in Day 70 NR SGA compared to 100% NRC and NR NonSGA placentomes (P < 0.05). These results identify novel factors associated with an ability of placentae and fetuses in NR NonSGA ewes to adapt to, and overcome, nutritional hardship during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine Askelson
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Colleen A Lambo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth C Hobbs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - M Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Wang D, Xie Y, Yan M, Pan Q, Liang Y, Sun X. Colchicine causes prenatal cell toxicity and increases tetraploid risk. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:66. [PMID: 31722728 PMCID: PMC6854803 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colchicine is a clinical medicine used for relief from gout and familial Mediterranean fever. Because of its toxic effects, intravenous injection of colchicine has been banned, but it is still widely administered orally. We assayed the toxic effects of colchicine in cultured primary chorionic villus cells and amniotic fluid cells to interpret its influence on the placenta and foetus. Methods Bright field record and cell count kit 8 were used to value cell viability. Flow cytometer was used to identify cells markers, cell cycle and cell apoptosis. G-banding was used for karyotype analysis for sample genetic and drug effect evaluation. Results Chorionic villus cells and amniotic fluid cells were characterized as mesenchymal cells that share most cell surface markers and have a similar response to colchicine. Colchicine did not induce a decline in cell viability at low concentrations but suppressed cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and increased the risk of tetraploid generation in a small subset of cases. Conclusions Our study revealed the results of a colchicine-induced toxicity test in prenatal cells and determined the anti-mitotic biologically functional dose and manner of administration that might reduce the risk of tetraploid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 of Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 of Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Minyi Yan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 of Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianying Pan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 of Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 of Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 of Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Ellman LM, Murphy SK, Maxwell SD, Calvo EM, Cooper T, Schaefer CA, Bresnahan MA, Susser ES, Brown AS. Maternal cortisol during pregnancy and offspring schizophrenia: Influence of fetal sex and timing of exposure. Schizophr Res 2019; 213:15-22. [PMID: 31345704 PMCID: PMC7074891 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal stress during pregnancy has been repeatedly linked to increased risk for schizophrenia; however, no study has examined maternal cortisol during pregnancy and risk for the disorder. Study aims were to determine whether prenatal cortisol was associated with risk for schizophrenia and risk for an intermediate phenotype-decreased fetal growth-previously linked to prenatal cortisol and schizophrenia. Timing of exposure and fetal sex also were examined given previous findings. METHODS Participants were 64 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and 117 controls from a prospective birth cohort study. Maternal cortisol was determined from stored sera from each trimester and psychiatric diagnoses were assessed from offspring using semi-structured interviews and medical records review. RESULTS Maternal cortisol during pregnancy was not associated with risk for offspring schizophrenia. There was a significant interaction between 3rd trimester cortisol and case status on fetal growth. Specifically, cases exposed to higher 3rd trimester maternal cortisol had significantly decreased fetal growth compared to controls. In addition, these findings were restricted to male offspring. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that higher prenatal cortisol is associated with an intermediate phenotype linked to schizophrenia, fetal growth, but only among male offspring who developed schizophrenia. Findings were consistent with evidence that schizophrenia genes may disrupt placental functioning specifically for male fetuses, as well as findings that males are more vulnerable to maternal cortisol during pregnancy. Finally, results suggest that examining fetal sex and intermediate phenotypes may be important in understanding the mechanisms involved in prenatal contributors to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Shannon K Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Seth D Maxwell
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Evan M Calvo
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Thomas Cooper
- Analytic Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Catherine A Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America.
| | - Michaeline A Bresnahan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Ezra S Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Alan S Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
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11
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Dallmann A, Ince I, Meyer M, Willmann S, Eissing T, Hempel G. Gestation-Specific Changes in the Anatomy and Physiology of Healthy Pregnant Women: An Extended Repository of Model Parameters for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 56:1303-1330. [PMID: 28401479 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past years, several repositories for anatomical and physiological parameters required for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in pregnant women have been published. While providing a good basis, some important aspects can be further detailed. For example, they did not account for the variability associated with parameters or were lacking key parameters necessary for developing more detailed mechanistic pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, such as the composition of pregnancy-specific tissues. OBJECTIVES The aim of this meta-analysis was to provide an updated and extended database of anatomical and physiological parameters in healthy pregnant women that also accounts for changes in the variability of a parameter throughout gestation and for the composition of pregnancy-specific tissues. METHODS A systematic literature search was carried out to collect study data on pregnancy-related changes of anatomical and physiological parameters. For each parameter, a set of mathematical functions was fitted to the data and to the standard deviation observed among the data. The best performing functions were selected based on numerical and visual diagnostics as well as based on physiological plausibility. RESULTS The literature search yielded 473 studies, 302 of which met the criteria to be further analyzed and compiled in a database. In total, the database encompassed 7729 data. Although the availability of quantitative data for some parameters remained limited, mathematical functions could be generated for many important parameters. Gaps were filled based on qualitative knowledge and based on physiologically plausible assumptions. CONCLUSION The presented results facilitate the integration of pregnancy-dependent changes in anatomy and physiology into mechanistic population physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Such models can ultimately provide a valuable tool to investigate the pharmacokinetics during pregnancy in silico and support informed decision making regarding optimal dosing regimens in this vulnerable special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Dallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Westfälische Wilhelm-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Ince
- ET-TD-ET Systems Pharmacology CV, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Michaela Meyer
- DD-CS Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Willmann
- DD-CS Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Eissing
- ET-TD-ET Systems Pharmacology CV, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Georg Hempel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Westfälische Wilhelm-University Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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Berti C, Cetin I, Agostoni C, Desoye G, Devlieger R, Emmett PM, Ensenauer R, Hauner H, Herrera E, Hoesli I, Krauss-Etschmann S, Olsen SF, Schaefer-Graf U, Schiessl B, Symonds ME, Koletzko B. Pregnancy and Infants' Outcome: Nutritional and Metabolic Implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:82-91. [PMID: 24628089 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.745477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex period of human growth, development, and imprinting. Nutrition and metabolism play a crucial role for the health and well-being of both mother and fetus, as well as for the long-term health of the offspring. Nevertheless, several biological and physiological mechanisms related to nutritive requirements together with their transfer and utilization across the placenta are still poorly understood. In February 2009, the Child Health Foundation invited leading experts of this field to a workshop to critically review and discuss current knowledge, with the aim to highlight priorities for future research. This paper summarizes our main conclusions with regards to maternal preconceptional body mass index, gestational weight gain, placental and fetal requirements in relation to adverse pregnancy and long-term outcomes of the fetus (nutritional programming). We conclude that there is an urgent need to develop further human investigations aimed at better understanding of the basis of biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological events related to maternal-fetal nutrition and offspring health. An improved knowledge would help to optimize nutritional recommendations for pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berti
- a Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Hospital 'L. Sacco', and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - I Cetin
- a Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Hospital 'L. Sacco', and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - C Agostoni
- b Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - G Desoye
- c Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - R Devlieger
- d Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , University Hospitals K.U. Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - P M Emmett
- e Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine , University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - R Ensenauer
- f Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - H Hauner
- g Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - E Herrera
- h Unit of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Universidad San Pablo CEU , Madrid , Spain
| | - I Hoesli
- i Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , University Hospital of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - S Krauss-Etschmann
- j Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital , Munich , Germany.,k Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany
| | - S F Olsen
- l Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - U Schaefer-Graf
- m Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Berlin Center for Diabetes & Pregnancy, St. Joseph Hospital , Berlin , Germany
| | - B Schiessl
- n Fetal Maternal Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - M E Symonds
- o The Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Academic Child Health, School of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - B Koletzko
- p Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital , University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich , Germany
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13
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Li LJ, Aris I, Su LL, Tint MT, Cheung CYL, Ikram MK, Gluckman P, Godfrey KM, Tan KH, Yeo G, Yap F, Kwek K, Saw SM, Chong YS, Wong TY, Lee YS. Associations of maternal retinal vasculature with subsequent fetal growth and birth size. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118250. [PMID: 25909909 PMCID: PMC4409150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the maternal retinal microvasculature at mid-trimester and its relationship with subsequent fetal growth and birth size. METHODS We recruited 732 pregnant women aged 18-46 years in the first trimester with singleton pregnancies. All had retinal photography and fetal scan performed at 26-28 weeks gestation, and subsequent fetal scan at 32-34 weeks gestation. Infant anthropometric measurements were done at birth. Retinal microvasculature was measured using computer software from the retinal photographs. RESULTS In multiple linear regression models, each 10 μm narrowing in maternal retinal arteriolar caliber was associated with decreases of 1.36 mm in fetal head circumference at 32-34 weeks gestation, as well as decreases of 1.50 mm and 2.30 mm in infant head circumference and birth length at delivery, respectively. Each standard deviation decrease in maternal retinal arteriolar fractal dimension was associated with decreases of 1.55 mm in fetal head circumference at 32-34 weeks gestation, as well as decreases of 1.08 mm and 46.42 g in infant head circumference and birth weight at delivery, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Narrower retinal arteriolar caliber and a sparser retinal vascular network in mothers, reflecting a suboptimal uteroplacental microvasculature during mid-pregnancy, were associated with poorer fetal growth and birth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin Aris
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Lin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Yim-Lui Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Departments of Epidemiology & Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Peter Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Yeo
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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14
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Szpinda M, Paruszewska-Achtel M, Woźniak A, Badura M, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Wiśniewski M. Three-dimensional growth dynamics of the liver in the human fetus. Surg Radiol Anat 2015; 37:439-48. [PMID: 25645545 PMCID: PMC4432028 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-015-1437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The fetal liver is indubitably the earliest and the most severely affected organ by abnormal fetal growth. The size of the fetal liver assessed by three-dimensional ultrasonography is indispensable in determining the status of fetal growth, nutrition and maturity, and in the early recognition and monitoring fetal micro- and macrosomias. The aim of the present study was to measure the human fetal liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters to establish their age-specific reference intervals, the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97th smoothed centile curves, and the relative growth of the liver calculated for the 50th centile. Materials and methods Using anatomical, digital (NIS-Elements AR 3.0, Nikon) and statistical methods (one-way ANOVA test for paired data and post hoc RIR Tukey test, Shapiro–Wilk test, Fisher’s test, Student’s t test, the Altman-Chitty method), length, transverse and sagittal diameters of the liver for the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97th centiles were assessed in 69 human fetuses of both sexes (32 males and 37 females) aged 18–30 weeks, derived from spontaneous abortions or stillbirths. Results No male–female differences (P > 0.05) concerning the three parameters studied were found. During the study period, the fetal liver increased tri-dimensionally: in length from 19.51 ± 1.02 to 39.65 ± 7.05 mm, in transverse diameter from 29.44 ± 3.73 to 53.13 ± 5.31 mm, and in sagittal diameter from 22.97 ± 3.79 to 43.22 ± 5.49 mm. The natural logarithmic models were found to fit the data with gestational age (P < 0.001) in the following five cutoff points: 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th centiles. The values of liver parameters in relation to gestational age in weeks were calculated by the following logarithmic regressions: y = −82.778 + 35.752 × ln(age) ± Z × (−2.778 + 0.308 × age) for liver length, y = −123.06 + 52.668 × ln(age) ± Z × (3.156 + 0.049 × age) for liver transverse diameter, and y = −108.94 + 46.052 × ln(age) ± Z × (−0.541 + 0.188 × age) for liver sagittal diameter. For the 50th centile, at the range of 18–30 weeks, the growth rates per week were gradually decreasing from 1.93 to 1.21 mm for length, from 2.85 to 1.79 mm for transverse diameter, and from 2.49 to 1.56 mm for sagittal diameter of the liver (P < 0.05). During the study period both the length-to-transverse diameter ratio and the sagittal-to-transverse diameter ratio of the liver changed little, attaining the values of 0.71 ± 0.11 and 0.87 ± 0.12, respectively. Conclusions The fetal liver does not reveal sex differences in its length, transverse and sagittal diameters. The fetal liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters grow logarithmically. The regression equations for the estimation of the mean and standard deviation of liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters allow for calculating any desired centiles according to gestational age. The three-dimensional evolution of the fetal liver follows proportionately. The age-specific reference intervals for evolving liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters constitute the normative values of potential relevance in monitoring normal fetal development and screening for disturbances in fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szpinda
- Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Łukasiewicza 1 Street, 85-821, Bydgoszcz, Poland,
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15
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Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with a variety of physiological changes that can alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several drugs. However, limited data exists on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the majority of the medications used in pregnancy. In this article, we first describe basic concepts (drug absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and transport) in pharmacokinetics. Then, we discuss several physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that theoretically affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Further, we provide a brief review of the literature on the clinical pharmacokinetic studies performed in pregnant women in recent years. In general, pregnancy increases the clearance of several drugs and correspondingly decreases drug exposure during pregnancy. Based on current drug exposure measurements during pregnancy, alterations in the dose or dosing regimen of certain drugs are essential during pregnancy. More pharmacological studies in pregnant women are needed to optimize drug therapy in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mary F. Hebert
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; McGovern Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.
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16
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Mahoney P. Dental fast track: Prenatal enamel growth, incisor eruption, and weaning in human infants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156:407-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Research Lab.; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
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17
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Cui Z, Chow DL, Wu L, Lazar D, Rodrigo R, Olutoye O, Olutoye O. High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay of dexmedetomidine in plasma, urine and amniotic fluid samples for pregnant ewe model. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 961:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lausten-Thomsen U, Olsen M, Greisen G, Schmiegelow K. Inflammatory markers in umbilical cord blood from small-for-gestational-age newborns. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2014; 33:114-8. [PMID: 24476425 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2013.879239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of inflammation in intrauterine growth retardation by exploring the levels of inflammatory markers in umbilical cord blood from neonates who were born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and comparing them to neonates who were born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA). Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by standard methods in term or near-term (gestational age >36 weeks) neonates born SGA (n = 45) and a matched group of neonates born AGA (n = 45). Infants exposed to maternal chronic diseases, diabetes or pre-eclampsia were excluded. SGA was defined as two standard derivations below the expected for term and gender. In multivariate regression analyses significant elevation in cord blood concentration of IL-6 was demonstrated in the SGA group (mean 4.56 vs. 2.38, p = 0.002). The results indicate the presence of elevated inflammatory markers in the cord blood from SGA infants compared to AGA infants, and consequently the results suggest an inflammatory component in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen
- 1 Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
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19
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Ferrara SD, Viel G. Functional ‘-omics’ in intrauterine growth restriction: novel insights into child development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:355-7. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Kneeland RE, Fatemi SH. Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:35-48. [PMID: 22349576 PMCID: PMC3408569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and environmental etiologies. Prenatal viral/bacterial infections and inflammation play major roles in the genesis of schizophrenia. In this review, we describe a viral model of schizophrenia tested in mice whereby the offspring of mice prenatally infected with influenza at E7, E9, E16, and E18 show significant gene, protein, and brain structural abnormalities postnatally. Similarly, we describe data on rodents exposed to bacterial infection or injected with a synthetic viral mimic (PolyI:C) also demonstrating brain structural and behavioral abnormalities. Moreover, human serologic data has been indispensible in supporting the viral theory of schizophrenia. Individuals born seropositive for bacterial and viral agents are at a significantly elevated risk of developing schizophrenia. While the specific mechanisms of prenatal viral/bacterial infections and brain disorder are unclear, recent findings suggest that the maternal inflammatory response may be associated with fetal brain injury. Preventive and therapeutic treatment options are also proposed. This review presents data related to epidemiology, human serology, and experimental animal models which support the viral model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Kneeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - S. Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 310 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 310 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States,Corresponding author at: 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Tel.: +1 612 626 3633; fax: +1 612 624 8935. (R.E. Kneeland), (S.H. Fatemi)
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Cooley SM, Donnelly JC, Walsh T, Kirkham C, Gillan J, Geary MP. Ponderal index (PI) vs birth weight centiles in the low-risk primigravid population: which is the better predictor of fetal wellbeing? J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2012; 32:439-43. [PMID: 22663314 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.667172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to compare Ponderal index (PI) with birth weight centiles as predictors of perinatal morbidity and to determine which best reflects the presence of placental disease. We prospectively recruited 1,011 low-risk primigravidas and calculated PI and birth weight centiles following delivery. Perinatal morbidity was defined as: pre-term birth (PTB); fetal acidosis; an Apgar score <7 at 5 min or neonatal resuscitation. Placental disease was defined as chronic uteroplacental insufficiency (CUPI); villous dysmaturity; infection or vascular pathology. Ponderal index was statistically reduced (25.33 vs 27.79 p =0.001) and the incidence of infant birth weight <9th centile was statistically higher (11.1% vs 5.1%; p =0.004) in cases with PTB and in CUPI (26.23 vs 27.84; p =0.001 and 28.2.1% vs 10.4%; p =0.002). Both PI and infant birth weight centile <9th centile for gestational age correlate with PTB, however overall, both are poor predictors of neonatal and placental disease.
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Fetal concentrations of the growth factors TGF-α and TGF-β1 in relation to normal and restricted fetal growth at term. Cytokine 2012; 60:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abduljalil K, Furness P, Johnson TN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Soltani H. Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Changes with Gestational Age during Normal Pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012; 51:365-96. [DOI: 10.2165/11597440-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Teng J, Chang T, Reyes C, Nelson KB. Placental weight and neurologic outcome in the infant: a review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2082-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.671871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Deloison B, Siauve N, Aimot S, Balvay D, Thiam R, Cuenod CA, Ville Y, Clement O, Salomon LJ. SPIO-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study of placental perfusion in a rat model of intrauterine growth restriction. BJOG 2012; 119:626-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Rijken MJ, Moroski WE, Kiricharoen S, Karunkonkowit N, Stevenson G, Ohuma EO, Noble JA, Kennedy SH, McGready R, Papageorghiou AT, Nosten FH. Effect of malaria on placental volume measured using three-dimensional ultrasound: a pilot study. Malar J 2012; 11:5. [PMID: 22222152 PMCID: PMC3317826 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of malaria parasites and histopathological changes in the placenta are associated with a reduction in birth weight, principally due to intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of studying early pregnancy placental volumes using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in a malaria endemic area, as a small volume in the second trimester may be an indicator of intra-uterine growth restriction and placental insufficiency. METHODS Placenta volumes were acquired using a portable ultrasound machine and a 3D ultrasound transducer and estimated using the Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) image analysis software package. Intra-observer reliability and limits of agreement of the placenta volume measurements were calculated. Polynomial regression models for the mean and standard deviation as a function of gestational age for the placental volumes of uninfected women were created and tested. Based on these equations each measurement was converted into a z -score. The z-scores of the placental volumes of malaria infected and uninfected women were then compared. RESULTS Eighty-four women (uninfected = 65; infected = 19) with a posterior placenta delivered congenitally normal, live born, single babies. The mean placental volumes in the uninfected women were modeled to fit 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 95th centiles for 14-24 weeks' gestation. Most placenta volumes in the infected women were below the 50th centile for gestational age; most of those with Plasmodium falciparum were below the 10th centile. The 95% intra-observer limits of agreement for first and second measurements were ± 37.0 mL and ± 25.4 mL at 30 degrees and 15 degrees rotation respectively. CONCLUSION The new technique of 3D ultrasound volumetry of the placenta may be useful to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological constraints on foetal growth caused by malaria infection in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Rijken
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), PO Box 46, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand
| | - William E Moroski
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), PO Box 46, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand
| | - Suporn Kiricharoen
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), PO Box 46, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand
| | | | - Gordon Stevenson
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Alison Noble
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rose McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), PO Box 46, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - François H Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), PO Box 46, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Cetin I, Barberis B, Brusati V, Brighina E, Mandia L, Arighi A, Radaelli T, Biondetti P, Bresolin N, Pardi G, Rango M. Lactate detection in the brain of growth-restricted fetuses with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:350.e1-7. [PMID: 21861968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of detecting fetal brain lactate, a marker of fetal metabolic acidemia, using a noninvasive technique, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS), in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses. STUDY DESIGN In vivo human fetal brain lactate detection was determined by (1)H MRS in 5 fetuses with IUGR. Oxygenation and acid-base balance data were obtained at birth. RESULTS (1)H MRS analysis showed the presence of a lactate peak in the brain of the most severely affected IUGR fetus, with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler and fetal heart rate tracing. This finding was consistent with the low oxygen content and high lactic acid concentration observed in umbilical blood obtained at delivery. CONCLUSION (1)H MRS allows the noninvasive detection of cerebral lactate in IUGR fetuses. Lactate detected by (1)H MRS may represent a possible marker of in utero cerebral injury or underperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cetin
- Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Radaelli T, Boito S, Taricco E, Cozzi V, Cetin I. Estimation of fetal oxygen uptake in human term pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:174-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.566948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cetin I, Berti C, Mandò C, Parisi F. Placental Iron Transport and Maternal Absorption. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 59:55-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000332133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Berti C, Decsi T, Dykes F, Hermoso M, Koletzko B, Massari M, Moreno LA, Serra‐Majem L, Cetin I. Critical issues in setting micronutrient recommendations for pregnant women: an insight. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2010; 6 Suppl 2:5-22. [PMID: 22296248 PMCID: PMC6860719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The European Micronutrient Recommendations Aligned (EURRECA) Network aims to provide standardized approaches to reveal and beneficially influence variability within the European Union in micronutrient recommendations for vulnerable population groups. Characterization of the 'vulnerability' together with the 'variability' of micronutrient needs represents the first step to creating guidelines for setting micronutrient recommendations within target populations. This paper describes some of the key factors and characteristics relevant to assess micronutrient requirements and formulate recommendations of micronutrients in pregnancy. Nutritional requirements during pregnancy increase to support fetal growth and development as well as maternal metabolism and tissue accretion. Micronutrients are involved in both embryonal and fetal organ development and overall pregnancy outcomes. Several factors may affect directly or indirectly fetal nourishment and the overall pregnancy outcomes, such as the quality of diet including intakes and bioavailability of micronutrients, maternal age, and the overall environment. The bioavailability of micronutrients during pregnancy varies depending on specific metabolic mechanisms because pregnancy is an anabolic and dynamic state orchestrated via hormones acting for both redirection of nutrients to highly specialized maternal tissues and transfer of nutrients to the developing fetus. The timing of prenatal intakes or supplementations of specific micronutrients is also crucial as pregnancy is characterized by different stages that represent a continuum, up to lactation and beyond. Consequently, nutrition during pregnancy might have long-lasting effects on the well-being of the mother and the fetus, and may further influence the health of the baby at a later age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Berti
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences Hospital ‘L. Sacco’ and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, University of Milan, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Fiona Dykes
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Nurture Unit (MAINN), University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE Preston, UK
| | - Maria Hermoso
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Maddalena Massari
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences Hospital ‘L. Sacco’ and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, University of Milan, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- ‘Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development’ (GENUD) Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and
| | - Luis Serra‐Majem
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35080 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Irene Cetin
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences Hospital ‘L. Sacco’ and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, University of Milan, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Van den Akker CH, Van Goudoever JB. Recent advances in our understanding of protein and amino acid metabolism in the human fetus. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:75-80. [PMID: 19904202 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328333aa4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Premature infants often suffer from suboptimal outcome, at least partially due to suboptimal nutrition. Gaining insight into human fetal amino acid metabolism might ultimately lead to an improved nutritional strategy for prematurely born infants. Our aim was, therefore, to discuss recent findings with regard to human fetal amino acid metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Human fetal protein and amino acid metabolism can be studied in vivo using stable isotope techniques. To date, however, only a few studies employing these techniques have been performed. For one, it was shown in vivo that essential amino acids are transported at different rates across the human placenta. In addition, tyrosine appears not to be a conditionally essential amino acid in the fetus at term, as phenylalanine is hydroxylated into tyrosine at considerable rates. Furthermore, albumin is synthesized at very high rates at two-thirds of gestation; higher than prematurely born infants do at a neonatal intensive care unit. This could indicate that postnatal nutrition of very immature infants can be improved. SUMMARY Although technically challenging, more studies regarding human fetal amino acid metabolism should be performed. Premature infants could then benefit from this knowledge from new nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hp Van den Akker
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cetin I, Alvino G. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Implications for Placental Metabolism and Transport. A Review. Placenta 2009; 30 Suppl A:S77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mikheev AM, Nabekura T, Kaddoumi A, Bammler TK, Govindarajan R, Hebert MF, Unadkat JD. Profiling gene expression in human placentae of different gestational ages: an OPRU Network and UW SCOR Study. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:866-77. [PMID: 19050320 PMCID: PMC2702165 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108322425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We used the whole-genome approach to identify major functional categories of genes whose expression depends on gestational age. Using microarray analysis, we compared gene expression profiles in the villous tissues of first (45-59 days) and second trimester (109-115 days) placentae with C-section term placentae. We found that in first trimester placentae, genes related to cell cycle, DNA, amino acids, and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly overrepresented, while genes related to signal transduction were underrepresented. Among genes involved in organism defense, we identified genes involved in chemical response, metabolism, and transport. Analysis of signal transduction pathways suggested, and subsequently confirmed independently, that the Wnt pathway was changed with gestational age leading to inhibition of beta-catenin protein expression. Our study will serve as a reference database to gain insight into the regulation of gene expression in the developing placentae and to compare with gene expression in placentae from complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei M Mikheev
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Barry JS, Rozance PJ, Anthony RV. An animal model of placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32:225-30. [PMID: 18482626 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), often associated with functional placental insufficiency, results in increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. For obvious reasons, many questions regarding the progression of IUGR pregnancies cannot be addressed experimentally in humans, predicating the use of animal models. Although no animal model fully recapitulates human pregnancy, the pregnant sheep has been used extensively to investigate maternal-fetal interactions. In sheep, surgical placement of catheters in both the maternal and fetal vasculature allows repeated sampling from nonanesthetized pregnancies. Considerable insight has been gained on placental oxygen and nutrient transfer and utilization from use of pregnant sheep, often confirmed in the human once appropriate technologies became available. This review will focus on one sheep model, used to examine the impact of placental insufficiency-induced IUGR on oxygen and nutrient transport and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Barry
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
Successful outcome of human pregnancy not only impacts the quality of infant life and well-being, but considerable evidence now suggests that what happens during fetal development may well impact health and well-being into adulthood. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the developmental events that occur between conception and delivery is needed. For obvious ethical reasons, many of the questions remaining about the progression of human pregnancy cannot be answered directly, necessitating the use of appropriate animal models. A variety of animal models exist for the study of both normal and compromised pregnancies, including laboratory rodents, non-human primates and domestic ruminants. While all of these animal models have merit, most suffer from the inability to repetitively sample from both the maternal and fetal side of the placenta, limiting their usefulness in the study of placental or fetal physiology under non-stressed in vivo conditions. No animal model truly recapitulates human pregnancy, yet the pregnant sheep has been used extensively to investigate maternal-fetal interactions. This is due in part to the ability to surgically place and maintain catheters in both the maternal and fetal vasculature, allowing repeated sampling from non-anesthetized pregnancies. Considerable insight has been gained on placental oxygen and nutrient transfer and utilization from use of pregnant sheep. These findings were often confirmed in human pregnancies once appropriate technologies became available. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of human and sheep pregnancy, with emphasis placed on placental development and function as an organ of nutrient transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Barry
- Perinatal Research Facility, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
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36
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Todros T, Marzioni D, Lorenzi T, Piccoli E, Capparuccia L, Perugini V, Cardaropoli S, Romagnoli R, Gesuita R, Rolfo A, Paulesu L, Castellucci M. Evidence for a role of TGF-beta1 in the expression and regulation of alpha-SMA in fetal growth restricted placentae. Placenta 2007; 28:1123-32. [PMID: 17664003 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) is a protein that plays a pivotal role in the production of contractile forces and it is induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). We have analysed the expression of alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, its receptor RI and the activator phospho-Smad2 in (a) fetal growth restriction pre-eclamptic placentae characterised by early onset and absence of end diastolic velocities in the umbilical arteries (FGR-AED) and (b) control placentae accurately matched for gestational age. The study was performed by immunohistochemical, quantitative Western blotting, ELISA, RT-PCR and in vitro analyses. We found that TGF-beta1 stimulates alpha-SMA production in chorionic villi cultured in vitro. In addition, we observed that in vivo TGF-beta1 concentration is significantly higher in FGR-AED placental samples than in control placentae and that this growth factor could have a paracrine action on villous stroma myofibroblasts expressing TGF-beta1 receptors and phospho-Smad2. Indeed, we report that alpha-SMA undergoes a redistribution in FGR-AED placental villous tree, i.e. we show that alpha-SMA is enhanced in medium and small stem villi and significantly decreased in the peripheral villi. Our data allow us to consider TGF-beta1 and alpha-SMA as key molecules related to FGR-AED placental villous tree phenotypic changes responsible for increased impedance to blood flow observable in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Todros
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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