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Chen S, Yang G, Shi Q, Wan N, Lin R, Wang L, Hu X, Zhuang X, Yu L, Sui M. Frizzled 6 endows high-grade serous ovarian cancer with stem-like properties and chemoresistance. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:2001-2012. [PMID: 39129468 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Stem-like properties contribute to tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) exhibits a very aggressive phenotype characterized by extensive metastasis, rapid progression, and therapy resistance. Frizzled 6 (FZD6) is overexpressed in HGSOC, and higher levels of FZD6 have been associated with shorter survival times in patients with HGSOC. Functionally, FZD6 promotes HGSOC growth and peritoneal metastasis. It endues HGSOC cells with stem-like properties by modulating POU5F1, ALDH1, and EPCAM. It can also desensitize HGSOC cells to certain chemical drugs. As a putative ligand for FZD6, WNT7B is also implicated in cell proliferation, stem-like properties, invasion and migration, and chemoresistance. SMAD7 is a downstream component of FZD6 signaling that is thought to mediate FZD6-associated phenotypes, at least in part. Therefore, FZD6/WNT7B-SMAD7 can be considered a tumor-promoting signaling pathway in HGSOC that may be responsible for tumor growth, peritoneal metastasis, and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qirong Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ningning Wan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ruyin Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Lianhua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Liying Yu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ming Sui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Timilsina S, Saad MA, Lang RT, Hasan T, Spring BQ. Methods for assessing and removing non-specific photoimmunotherapy damage in patient-derived tumor cell culture models. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38728432 DOI: 10.1111/php.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted, activatable photoimmunotherapy (taPIT) has been shown to selectively destroy tumor in a metastatic mouse model. However, the photoimmunoconjugate (PIC) used for taPIT includes a small fraction of non-covalently associated (free) benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), which leads to non-specific killing in vitro. Here, we report a new treatment protocol for patient-derived primary tumor cell cultures ultrasensitive to BPD photodynamic therapy (BPD-PDT). Based on free BPD efflux dynamics, the updated in vitro taPIT protocol precludes non-specific BPD-PDT by silencing the effect of free BPD. Following incubation with PIC, incubating cells with PIC-free medium allows time for expulsion of free BPD whereas BPD covalently bound to PIC fragments is retained. Administration of the light dose after the intracellular free BPD drops below the threshold for inducing cell death helps to mitigate non-specific damage. In this study, we tested two primary ovarian tumor cell lines that are intrinsically chemoresistant, yet ultrasensitive to BPD-PDT such that small amounts of free BPD (a few percent of the total BPD dose) lead to potent induction of cell death upon irradiation. The modifications in the protocol suggested here improve in vitro taPIT experiments that lack in vivo mechanisms of free BPD clearance (i.e., lymph and blood flow).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Timilsina
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammad Ahsan Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan T Lang
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan Q Spring
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lai W, Xie R, Chen C, Lou W, Yang H, Deng L, Lu Q, Tang X. Integrated analysis of scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq identifies FBXO2 as a candidate biomarker associated with chemoresistance in HGSOC. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28490. [PMID: 38590858 PMCID: PMC10999934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most prevalent and aggressive histological subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. Around 80% of individuals will experience a recurrence within five years because of resistance to chemotherapy, despite initially responding well to platinum-based treatment. Biomarkers associated with chemoresistance are desperately needed in clinical practice. Methods We jointly analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of single-cell and bulk datasets of HGSOC to identify cell types associated with chemoresistance. Copy number variation (CNV) inference was performed to identify malignant cells. We subsequently analyzed the expression of candidate biomarkers and their relationship with patients' prognosis. The enrichment analysis and potential biological function of candidate biomarkers were explored. Then, we validated the candidate biomarker using in vitro experiments. Results We identified 8871 malignant epithelial cells in a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset, of which 861 cells were associated with chemoresistance. Among these malignant epithelial cells, FBXO2 (F-box protein 2) is highly expressed in cells related to chemoresistance. Moreover, FBXO2 expression was found to be higher in epithelial cells from chemoresistance samples compared to those from chemosensitivity samples in a separate single-cell RNA sequencing dataset. Patients exhibiting elevated levels of FBXO2 experienced poorer outcomes in terms of both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). FBXO2 could impact chemoresistance by influencing the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, focal adhesion, and ECM-receptor interactions and regulating tumorigenesis. The 50% maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin decreased in A2780 and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cell lines with silenced FBXO2 during an in vitro experiment. Conclusions We determined that FBXO2 is a potential biomarker linked to chemoresistance in HGSOC by combining single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq dataset. Our results suggest that FBXO2 could serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential target for drug development in HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lai
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ruixiang Xie
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiming Lou
- Academic Affairs Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Libin Deng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Izadpanah A, Mohammadkhani N, Masoudnia M, Ghasemzad M, Saeedian A, Mehdizadeh H, Poorebrahim M, Ebrahimi M. Update on immune-based therapy strategies targeting cancer stem cells. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18960-18980. [PMID: 37698048 PMCID: PMC10557910 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data reveals that tumors possess a specialized subset of cancer cells named cancer stem cells (CSCs), responsible for metastasis and recurrence of malignancies, with various properties such as self-renewal, heterogenicity, and capacity for drug resistance. Some signaling pathways or processes like Notch, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), Hedgehog (Hh), and Wnt, as well as CSCs' surface markers such as CD44, CD123, CD133, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) have pivotal roles in acquiring CSCs properties. Therefore, targeting CSC-related signaling pathways and surface markers might effectively eradicate tumors and pave the way for cancer survival. Since current treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy cannot eradicate all of the CSCs and tumor relapse may happen following temporary recovery, improving novel and more efficient therapeutic options to combine with current treatments is required. Immunotherapy strategies are the new therapeutic modalities with promising results in targeting CSCs. Here, we review the targeting of CSCs by immunotherapy strategies such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-engineered immune cells, natural killer-cell (NK-cell) therapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), checkpoint inhibitors, and the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in pre-clinical and clinical studies. This review will mainly focus on blood malignancies but also describe solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Izadpanah
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical BiochemistrySchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mina Masoudnia
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahsa Ghasemzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology‐Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in BiologyUniversity of Science and CultureTehranIran
| | - Arefeh Saeedian
- Radiation Oncology Research CenterCancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamid Mehdizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
| | - Mansour Poorebrahim
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of CalgaryAlbertaCalgaryCanada
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Department of regenerative medicineCell Science research Center, Royan Institute for stem cell biology and technology, ACECRTehranIran
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Kim N, Hwang CY, Kim T, Kim H, Cho KH. A Cell-Fate Reprogramming Strategy Reverses Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Lung Cancer Cells While Avoiding Hybrid States. Cancer Res 2023; 83:956-970. [PMID: 36710400 PMCID: PMC10015224 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of primary cancer contributes to the acquisition of lethal properties, including metastasis and drug resistance. Blocking or reversing EMT could be an effective strategy to improve cancer treatment. However, it is still unclear how to achieve complete EMT reversal (rEMT), as cancer cells often transition to hybrid EMT states with high metastatic potential. To tackle this problem, we employed a systems biology approach and identified a core-regulatory circuit that plays the primary role in driving rEMT without hybrid properties. Perturbation of any single node was not sufficient to completely revert EMT. Inhibition of both SMAD4 and ERK signaling along with p53 activation could induce rEMT in cancer cells even with TGFβ stimulation, a primary inducer of EMT. Induction of rEMT in lung cancer cells with the triple combination approach restored chemosensitivity. This cell-fate reprogramming strategy based on attractor landscapes revealed potential therapeutic targets that can eradicate metastatic potential by subverting EMT while avoiding hybrid states. SIGNIFICANCE Network modeling unravels the highly complex and plastic process regulating epithelial and mesenchymal states in cancer cells and discovers therapeutic interventions for reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and enhancing chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhee Kim
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-inspired Engineering, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Young Hwang
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-inspired Engineering, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Aventi Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-inspired Engineering, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-inspired Engineering, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-inspired Engineering, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding Author: Kwang-Hyun Cho, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. Phone: 82-42-350-4325; Fax: 82-42-350-4310; E-mail:
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Wiseman L, Cinti N, Guinn BA. Identification and prioritization of tumour-associated antigens for immunotherapeutic and diagnostic capacity in epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic literature review. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:1015-1029. [PMID: 36318800 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a prevalent carcinoma in the female population associated with poor prognostic outcomes, in part due to the late stage of the disease at diagnosis. Aiming to identify tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) with the potential to facilitate earlier detection and targeted therapy of EOC, five scientific literature repositories were systemically searched for primary literature sources reporting the expression of a TAA in the tissue or serum of adult females diagnosed with EOC and healthy women. We identified 7120 articles of which 32 met our inclusion criteria and passed the bias-quality assessment. Subsequently, data were collated on 29 TAAs whose expression had been analysed in 2181 patients and 589 healthy individuals. Reports of CA125 and EpCAM expression were numerous while tissue expression data were available for 28 TAAs. Data were segregated into three meta-cohorts for statistical scrutiny and their capacity for diagnostic and treatment targeting was assessed. We showed that CA-125 was expressed homogenously in EOC patients while EpCAM was expressed heterogeneously. CA-125 was the most promising TAA target for both diagnosis and treatment, gaining a priority score of 12 (/12) while EpCAM gained a priority score of seven. Tissue expression of EOC TAAs was homogenous; 90% of the EOC population express any identified TAA while just 20% of healthy individuals will be positive for the same TAA. We suggest TAA profiling should be a fundamental aspect of EOC diagnosis, sitting alongside the FIGO framework, promoting reduced mortality and directing the development of TAA-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Wiseman
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Noemi Cinti
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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Li Z, Ni J, Liu L, Gu L, Wu Z, Li T, Ivanovich KI, Zhao W, Sun T, Wang T. Imaging-Guided Chemo-Photothermal Polydopamine Carbon Dots for EpCAM-Targeted Delivery toward Liver Tumor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29340-29348. [PMID: 34137582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a versatile nanoparticle with imaging-guided chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy and EpCAM-targeted delivery of liver tumor cells. EpCAM antibody (anti-EpCAM) and Pt(IV) were grafted onto the polydopamine carbon dots (PDA-CDs) by the amidation reaction. The EpCAM antibody of particles enables the targeted interaction with liver progenitor cells due to their overexpressed EpCAM protein. The tetravalent platinum prodrug [Pt(IV)] induces apoptosis with minimum toxic side effects through the interaction between cisplatin and tumor cell DNA. The nanoparticles displayed stable photothermal property and considerable anti-tumor therapeutic effect in vivo. Coupling with cellular imaging due to their fluorescence property, anti-EpCAM@PDA-CDs@Pt(IV) offers a convenient and effective platform for imaging-guided chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy toward liver cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiatong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Harbin First Specialist Hospital, 217 Hongwei Road, Harbin 150056, China
| | - Liyuan Gu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tianlong Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Wancheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Li Z, Wang T, Gu L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Lu S, Zhao W, Sun T. N-doped carbon dots modified with the epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody as an imaging agent for HepG2 cells using their ultra-sensitive response to Al 3. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:485703. [PMID: 33118523 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb0b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as an ideal multifunctional materials due to their ease of preparation and excellent properties in medical imaging technology, environmental monitoring, chemical analysis and other fields. N-doped CDs modified with the epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody (anti-EpCAM-NCDs) were synthesized in an ingenious and high-output approach. Due to the fluorescence enhancement effect of the introduced N atoms, the obtained anti-EpCAM-NCDs exhibited a strong green emission with an absolute quantum yield of up to 32.5%. Anti-EpCAM-NCDs have immunofluorescent properties and an active targeting function. The fluorescence effect and fluorescence quenching of anti-EpCAM-NCDs are used to image cells and detect Al3+, respectively. Experimental results show that this probe exhibited a wide linear response to Al3+over a concentration range of 0-100μM with a detection limit and quantification limit of 3 nM and 6 nM, respectively. Significantly, anti-EpCAM-NCDs, which have negligible cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility and high photostability, could be used for the intracellular imaging of HepG2 cells and the detection of Al3+in environmental and biological samples. As an efficient multifunctional material, anti-EpCAM-NCDs hold great promise for a number of applications in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Gu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, 450002, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Henan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Wancheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
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Yahyazadeh Mashhadi SM, Kazemimanesh M, Arashkia A, Azadmanesh K, Meshkat Z, Golichenari B, Sahebkar A. Shedding light on the EpCAM: An overview. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12569-12580. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Muhammad Yahyazadeh Mashhadi
- Department of Virology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Production Expert at Samandaroo 8 (Biotech Pharmaceutical) Co. Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Behrouz Golichenari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhosein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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The Interplay between Circulating Tumor Cells and the Immune System: From Immune Escape to Cancer Immunotherapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8030059. [PMID: 30200242 PMCID: PMC6164896 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have aroused increasing interest not only in mechanistic studies of metastasis, but also for translational applications, such as patient monitoring, treatment choice, and treatment change due to tumor resistance. In this review, we will assess the state of the art about the study of the interactions between CTCs and the immune system. We intend to analyze the impact that the cells of the immune system have in limiting or promoting the metastatic capability of CTCs. To this purpose, we will examine studies that correlate CTCs, immune cells, and patient prognosis, and we will also discuss relevant animal models that have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms of immune-mediated metastasis. We will then consider some studies in which CTCs seem to play a promising role in monitoring cancer patients during immunotherapy regimens. We believe that, from an accurate and profound knowledge of the interactions between CTCs and the immune system, new immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer might emerge in the future.
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Sneha S, Nagare RP, Priya SK, Sidhanth C, Pors K, Ganesan TS. Therapeutic antibodies against cancer stem cells: a promising approach. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1383-1398. [PMID: 28840297 PMCID: PMC11028654 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been extensively used to treat malignancy along with routine chemotherapeutic drugs. Chemotherapy for metastatic cancer has not been successful in securing long-term remission of disease. This is in part due to the resistance of cancer cells to drugs. One aspect of the drug resistance is the inability of conventional drugs to eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs) which often constitute less than 1-2% of the whole tumor. In some tumor types, it is possible to identify these cells using surface markers. Monoclonal antibodies targeting these CSCs are an attractive option for a new therapeutic approach. Although administering antibodies has not been effective, when combined with chemotherapy they have proved synergistic. This review highlights the potential of improving treatment efficacy using functional antibodies against CSCs, which could be combined with chemotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarakan Sneha
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Rohit Pravin Nagare
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Syama Krishna Priya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Chirukandath Sidhanth
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Trivadi Sundaram Ganesan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India.
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Cocco E, Deng Y, Shapiro EM, Bortolomai I, Lopez S, Lin K, Bellone S, Cui J, Menderes G, Black JD, Schwab CL, Bonazzoli E, Yang F, Predolini F, Zammataro L, Altwerger G, de Haydu C, Clark M, Alvarenga J, Ratner E, Azodi M, Silasi DA, Schwartz PE, Litkouhi B, Saltzman WM, Santin AD. Dual-Targeting Nanoparticles for In Vivo Delivery of Suicide Genes to Chemotherapy-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:323-333. [PMID: 27956521 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Claudin-3 and -4, the receptors for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), are overexpressed in more than 70% of these tumors. Here, we synthesized and characterized poly(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with the carboxy-terminal-binding domain of CPE (c-CPE-NP) for the delivery of suicide gene therapy to chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cells. As a therapeutic payload, we generated a plasmid encoding for the diphtheria toxin subunit-A (DT-A) under the transcriptional control of the p16 promoter, a gene highly differentially expressed in ovarian cancer cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence demonstrated that c-CPE-NPs encapsulating the cytomegalovirus (CMV) GFP plasmid (CMV GFP c-CPE-NP) were significantly more efficient than control NPs modified with a scrambled peptide (CMV GFP scr-NP) in transfecting primary chemotherapy-resistant ovarian tumor cell lines in vitro (P = 0.03). Importantly, c-CPE-NPs encapsulating the p16 DT-A vector (p16 DT-A c-CPE-NP) were significantly more effective than control p16 DT-A scr-NP in inducing ovarian cancer cell death in vitro (% cytotoxicity: mean ± SD = 32.9 ± 0.15 and 7.45 ± 7.93, respectively, P = 0.03). In vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated efficient transfection of tumor cells within 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection of CMV GFP c-CPE-NP in mice harboring chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer xenografts. Finally, multiple intraperitoneal injections of p16 DT-A c-CPE-NP resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with control NP in chemotherapy-resistant tumor-bearing mice (P = 0.041). p16 DT-A c-CPE-NP may represent a novel dual-targeting therapeutic approach for the selective delivery of gene therapy to chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 323-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Salvatore Lopez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ken Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiajia Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan D Black
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Federica Predolini
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher de Haydu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mitchell Clark
- Yale University Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut
| | - Julio Alvarenga
- Yale University Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Babak Litkouhi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Novel mechanisms and approaches to overcome multidrug resistance in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:266-275. [PMID: 27717733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related mortality despite the advances in surgical techniques and chemotherapy drugs over the past three decades. Multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapy is the major cause of treatment failure. Previous research has focused mainly on strategies to reverse MDR by targeting the MDR1 gene encoded P-glycoprotein (Pgp) with small molecular compound inhibitors. However, prior Pgp inhibitors have shown very limited clinical success because these agents have relatively low potency and high toxicity. Therefore, identification of more specific and potent new inhibitors would be useful. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs), deregulated non-coding RNA (ncRNA), autophagy, and tumor heterogeneity also contribute significantly to drug sensitivity/resistance in ovarian cancer. This review summarizes these novel mechanisms of MDR and evaluates several new concepts to overcome MDR in the treatment of ovarian cancer. These new strategies include overcoming MDR with more potent and specific Pgp inhibitors, targeting CSCs and ncRNA, modulating autophagy signaling pathway, and targeting tumor heterogeneity.
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Bellone S, Black J, English DP, Schwab CL, Lopez S, Cocco E, Bonazzoli E, Predolini F, Ferrari F, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. Solitomab, an EpCAM/CD3 bispecific antibody construct (BiTE), is highly active against primary uterine serous papillary carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:99.e1-8. [PMID: 26272866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine serous carcinoma is an aggressive form of endometrial cancer that carries an extremely poor prognosis. Solitomab is a novel bispecific single-chain antibody construct that targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule on tumor cells and also contains a CD3 binding region. We evaluated the expression levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecule and the in vitro activity of solitomab against primary uterine serous carcinoma cell lines in vitro and ex-vivo in the ascites of patients with uterine serous carcinoma. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule on uterine serous carcinoma cell lines and the ability of solitomab to modulate immune responses (T-cell proliferation, activation, cytokine production, and tumor killing) to tumor cells when it is combined with lymphocytes and epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cell lines or epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive ascitic fluid in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression was evaluated by flow cytometry in a total of 14 primary uterine serous carcinoma cell lines. Sensitivity to solitomab-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity was tested against a panel of primary uterine serous carcinoma cell lines that express different levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecule in standard 4-hour chromium release assays. The proliferative activity, activation, cytokine secretion (ie, type I vs type II), and cytotoxicity of solitomab in autologous tumor-associated T cells in the ascitic fluid of patients with uterine serous carcinoma was also evaluated by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester and flow-cytometry assays. Differences in epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression, solitomab-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity levels were analyzed with the use of an unpaired t test. T-cell activation marker increase and cytokine release were analyzed by a paired t test. RESULTS Surface expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule was found in 85.7% (12 of 14) of the uterine serous carcinoma cell lines that were tested by flow cytometry. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cell lines were found resistant to natural killer cells or T-cell-mediated killing after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4-hour chromium-release assays (mean killing ± standard of the mean, 2.7% ± 3.1% after incubation of epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cell lines with control bispecific antibody construct). In contrast, after incubation with solitomab, epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive uterine serous carcinoma cells became highly sensitive to T-cell cytotoxicity (mean killing, 25.7% ± 4.5%; P < .0001) by peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ex vivo incubation of autologous tumor-associated lymphocytes with epithelial cell adhesion molecule that expressed malignant cells in ascites with solitomab resulted in a significant increase in T-cell proliferation in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increase in T-cell activation markers (ie, CD25 and HLA-DR), and a reduction in number of viable uterine serous carcinoma cells in ascites (P < .001). CONCLUSION Solitomab induces robust immunologic responses in vitro that result in increased T-cell activation, proliferation, production of cytokines, and direct killing of tumor cells. These findings suggest that solitomab may represent a novel, potentially effective agent for the treatment of recurrent/metastatic and/or chemo-resistant uterine serous carcinoma-overexpressing epithelial cell adhesion molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Papillary/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Uterine Neoplasms/chemistry
- Uterine Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Uterine Neoplasms/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan Black
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Diana P English
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Federica Predolini
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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15
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Ferrari F, Bellone S, Black J, Schwab CL, Lopez S, Cocco E, Bonazzoli E, Predolini F, Menderes G, Litkouhi B, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. Solitomab, an EpCAM/CD3 bispecific antibody construct (BiTE®), is highly active against primary uterine and ovarian carcinosarcoma cell lines in vitro. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:123. [PMID: 26474755 PMCID: PMC4609066 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas (CS) are rare but highly aggressive gynecologic tumors which carry an extremely poor prognosis. We evaluated the expression levels of EpCAM and the in vitro activity of solitomab, a bispecific single-chain antibody construct which targets epithelial-cell-adhesion-molecule (EpCAM) on tumor cells and also contains a CD3 binding region, against primary uterine and ovarian CS cell lines. Methods EpCAM expression was evaluated by flow cytometry in a total of 5 primary CS cell lines. Sensitivity to solitomab-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC) was tested against the panel of primary CS cell lines expressing different levels of EpCAM in standard 4 h 51Cr release-assays. The proliferative activity, activation, cytokine secretion (i.e., Type I vs Type II) and cytotoxicity of solitomab in autologous tumor-associated-T cells (TAL) in the pleural fluid of a CS patient were also evaluated by CFSE and flow-cytometry assays. Results Surface expression of EpCAM was found in 80.0 % (4 out of 5) of the CS cell lines tested by flow cytometry. EpCAM positive cell lines were found resistant to NK or T-cell-mediated killing after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in 4-h chromium-release assays (mean killing ± SEM = 1.1 ± 1.6 %, range 0–5.3 % after incubation of EpCAM positive cell lines with control BiTE®). In contrast, after incubation with solitomab, EpCAM positive CS cells became highly sensitive to T-cell-cytotoxicity (mean killing ± SEM of 19.7 ± 6.3 %; range 10.0-32.0 %; P < 0.0001). Ex vivo incubation of autologous TAL with EpCAM expressing malignant cells in pleural effusion with solitomab, resulted in a significant increase in T-cell proliferation in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increase in T-cell activation markers (i.e., CD25 and HLA-DR), and a reduction in number of viable CS cells in the exudate (P < 0.001). Conclusions Solitomab may represent an effective treatment for patients with recurrent/metastatic and/or chemo-resistant CS overexpressing EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jonathan Black
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Federica Predolini
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Babak Litkouhi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,, 333 Cedar Street, LSOG 305, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06520-8063, USA.
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16
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Cocco E, Shapiro EM, Gasparrini S, Lopez S, Schwab CL, Bellone S, Bortolomai I, Sumi NJ, Bonazzoli E, Nicoletti R, Deng Y, Saltzman WM, Zeiss CJ, Centritto F, Black JD, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Azodi M, Rutherford TJ, Schwartz PE, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin C-terminal domain labeled to fluorescent dyes for in vivo visualization of micrometastatic chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2618-29. [PMID: 26060989 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification of micrometastatic disease at the time of surgery remains extremely challenging in ovarian cancer patients. We used fluorescence microscopy, an in vivo imaging system and a fluorescence stereo microscope to evaluate fluorescence distribution in Claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing ovarian tumors, floating tumor clumps isolated from ascites and healthy organs. To do so, mice harboring chemotherapy-naïve and chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer xenografts or patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were treated with the carboxyl-terminal binding domain of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-CPE) conjugated to FITC (FITC-c-CPE) or the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent tag IRDye CW800 (CW800-c-CPE) either intraperitoneally (IP) or intravenously (IV). We found tumor fluorescence to plateau at 30 min after IP injection of both the FITC-c-CPE and the CW800-c-CPE peptides and to be significantly higher than in healthy organs (p < 0.01). After IV injection of CW800-c-CPE, tumor fluorescence plateaued at 6 hr while the most favorable tumor-to-background fluorescence ratio (TBR) was found at 48 hr in both mouse models. Importantly, fluorescent c-CPE was highly sensitive for the in vivo visualization of peritoneal micrometastatic tumor implants and the identification of ovarian tumor spheroids floating in malignant ascites that were otherwise not detectable by conventional visual observation. The use of the fluorescent c-CPE peptide may represent a novel and effective optical approach at the time of primary debulking surgery for the real-time detection of micrometastatic ovarian disease overexpressing the Claudin-3 and -4 receptors or the identification of residual disease at the time of interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palazzetto Polifunzionale, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Sara Gasparrini
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Natalia J Sumi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Roberta Nicoletti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Floriana Centritto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan D Black
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Thomas J Rutherford
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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17
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Armeanu-Ebinger S, Hoh A, Wenz J, Fuchs J. Targeting EpCAM (CD326) for immunotherapy in hepatoblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22620. [PMID: 23482411 PMCID: PMC3583930 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver cancer in children. Recurrence of HB after chemotherapy and surgery is frequent among high-risk patients and is associated with chemoresistance. Immunotherapy may improve poor treatment outcomes in HB patients. Cytotoxic leukocytes of the innate and adaptive immune system including different populations of cytotoxic T cells play a major role in fighting developing tumors. In this setting, monoclonal antibodies may be employed to specifically direct immune responses toward tumor cells. We addressed this issue by using humanized antibodies that recognize the cell surface molecule EpCAM (CD326, overexpressed in hepatic tumor cells) to enhance immune responses against HB. EpCAM was constantly expressed on HB cells and its expression was independent of previous therapy based on the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. Co-culture assays performed with two well-described HB cell lines and tumor tissue cultures demonstrated that tumor cell lysis by γδ T cells can be dramatically augmented by applying EpCAM-specific monoclonal antibodies. These data emphasize the value of antitumor immune responses and encourage adapting immunotherapeutic regimens to improve the outcome of high risk HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Armeanu-Ebinger
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology; University Children's Hospital; Tuebingen, Germany
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18
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English DP, Bellone S, Schwab CL, Roque DM, Lopez S, Bortolomai I, Cocco E, Bonazzoli E, Chatterjee S, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Santin AD. Solitomab, an epithelial cell adhesion molecule/CD3 bispecific antibody (BiTE), is highly active against primary chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro and fresh tumor cells ex vivo. Cancer 2014; 121:403-12. [PMID: 25251053 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solitomab is a novel, bispecific, single-chain antibody that targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tumor cells and also contains a cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) (T-cell coreceptor) binding region. The authors evaluated the in vitro activity of solitomab against primary chemotherapy-resistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines as well as malignant cells in ascites. METHODS EpCAM expression was evaluated by flow cytometry in 5 primary ovarian cancer cell lines and in 42 fresh ovarian tumor cell cultures in ascites from patients with mainly advanced or recurrent, chemotherapy-resistant disease. The potential activity of solitomab against EpCAM-positive tumor cells was evaluated by flow cytometry, proliferation, and 4-hour chromium-release, cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS EpCAM expression was detected by flow cytometry in approximately 80% of the fresh ovarian tumors and primary ovarian tumor cell lines tested. EpCAM-positive, chemotherapy-resistant cell lines were identified as resistant to natural killer cell-mediated or T-cell-mediated killing after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4-hour chromium-release assays (mean±standard error of the mean, 3.6%±0.7% of cells killed after incubation of EpCAM-positive cell lines with control bispecific antibody). In contrast, after incubation with solitomab, EpCAM-positive, chemotherapy-resistant cells became highly sensitive to T-cell cytotoxicity (mean±standard error of the mean, 28.2%±2.05% of cells killed; P<.0001) after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ex vivo incubation of autologous tumor-associated lymphocytes with EpCAM-expressing malignant cells in ascites with solitomab resulted in a significant increase in T-cell activation markers and a reduction in the number of viable ovarian tumor cells in ascites (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Solitomab may represent a novel, potentially effective agent for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancers that overexpress EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P English
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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19
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Abstract
Ascites tumor cells (ATCs) represent a potentially valuable source of cells for monitoring treatment of ovarian cancer as it would obviate the need for more invasive surgical biopsies. The ability to perform longitudinal testing of ascites in a point-of-care setting could significantly impact clinical trials, drug development, and clinical care. Here, we developed a microfluidic chip platform to enrich ATCs from highly heterogeneous peritoneal fluid and then perform molecular analyses on these cells. We evaluated 85 putative ovarian cancer protein markers and found that nearly two-thirds were either nonspecific for malignant disease or had low abundance. Using four of the most promising markers, we prospectively studied 47 patients (33 ovarian cancer and 14 control). We show that a marker set (ATCdx) can sensitively and specifically map ATC numbers and, through its reliable enrichment, facilitate additional treatment-response measurements related to proliferation, protein translation, or pathway inhibition.
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Bidirectional modulation of endogenous EpCAM expression to unravel its function in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:881-6. [PMID: 23403823 PMCID: PMC3590680 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed on most carcinomas. Dependent on the tumour type, its overexpression is either associated with improved or worse patient survival. For ovarian cancer, however, the role of EpCAM remains unclear. Methods: Cell survival of ovarian cancer cell lines was studied after induction or repression of endogenous EpCAM expression using siRNA/cDNA or artificial transcription factors (ATF) consisting of engineered zinc-fingers fused to either a transcriptional activator or repressor domain. Results: Two ATFs were selected as the most potent down- and upregulator, showing at least a two-fold alteration of EpCAM protein expression compared with control. Downregulation of EpCAM expression resulted in growth inhibition in breast cancer, but showed no effect on cell growth in ovarian cancer. Induction or further upregulation of EpCAM expression decreased ovarian cancer cell survival. Conclusion: The bidirectional ATF-based approach is uniquely suited to study cell-type-specific biological effects of EpCAM expression. Using this approach, the oncogenic function of EpCAM in breast cancer was confirmed. Despite its value as a diagnostic marker and for immunotherapy, EpCAM does not seem to represent a therapeutic target for gene expression silencing in ovarian cancer.
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Connor JP, Cristea MC, Lewis NL, Lewis LD, Komarnitsky PB, Mattiacci MR, Felder M, Stewart S, Harter J, Henslee-Downey J, Kramer D, Neugebauer R, Stupp R. A phase 1b study of humanized KS-interleukin-2 (huKS-IL2) immunocytokine with cyclophosphamide in patients with EpCAM-positive advanced solid tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:20. [PMID: 23320927 PMCID: PMC3600662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humanized KS-interleukin-2 (huKS-IL2), an immunocytokine with specificity for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), has demonstrated favorable tolerability and immunologic activity as a single agent. Methods Phase 1b study in patients with EpCAM-positive advanced solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of huKS-IL2 in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Treatment consisted of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2 on day 1), and escalating doses of huKS-IL2 (0.5–4.0 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 4 hours) on days 2, 3, and 4 of each 21-day cycle. Safety, pharmacokinetic profile, immunogenicity, anti-tumor and biologic activity were evaluated. Results Twenty-seven patients were treated for up to 6 cycles; 26 were evaluable for response. The MTD of huKS-IL2 in combination with 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide was 3.0 mg/m2. At higher doses, myelosuppression was dose-limiting. Transient lymphopenia was the most common grade 3/4 adverse event (AE). Other significant AEs included hypotension, hypophosphatemia, and increase in serum creatinine. All patients recovered from these AEs. The huKS-IL2 exposure was dose-dependent, but not dose-proportional, accumulation was negligible, and elimination half-life and systemic clearance were independent of dose and time. Most patients had a transient immune response to huKS-IL2. Immunologic activity was observed at all doses. Ten patients (38%) had stable disease as best response, lasting for ≥ 4 cycles in 3 patients. Conclusion The combination of huKS-IL2 with low-dose cyclophosphamide was well tolerated. Although no objective responses were observed, the combination showed evidence of immunologic activity and 3 patients showed stable disease for ≥ 4 cycles. Trial registration http://NCT00132522
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer has been the focus of research efforts working toward the greater goal of improving cancer therapy for patients with residual disease after initial treatment with conventional surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The focus of this review will be centered on new therapeutic strategies based on Cancer Stem Cells studies of chemoresistant subpopulations, the prevention of metastasis, and individualized therapy in order to find the most successful combination of treatments to effectively treat human ovarian cancer. We reviewed recent literature (1993-2011) of novel treatment approaches to ovarian cancer stem cells. As the focus of ovarian cancer investigation has centered on the cancer stem cell model and the complexities that it presents in the development of effective treatments, the future of treating ovarian cancer lies in utilizing individualized treatment systems that include enhancing existing treatments, aiming for novel therapy targets, managing the plasticity of stem cells to induce cellular differentiation, and regulating oncogenic signaling pathways.
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Abstract
Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract are rare tumors with an aggressive clinical behavior. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, acts by binding to HER2/neu extracellular domain and exhibits therapeutic efficacy in HER2/neu-overexpressing cancers. Two uterine carcinosarcomas (UMMT-ARK-1, UMMT-ARK-2) and 2 ovarian carcinosarcomas (OMMT-ARK-1, OMMT-ARK-2) were established as primary tumor cell lines in vitro and evaluated for HER2/neu expression by immunohistochemistry, fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and for membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 by flow cytometry. Sensitivity to trastuzumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity was studied in 5-hr chromium release assays. HER2/neu expression was demonstrated in OMMT-ARK-1 and OMMT-ARK-2. OMMT-ARK-2 demonstrated an amplification of the c-erbB2 gene by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis and a high sensitivity to ADCC (mean killing, 45.6%; range, 32.3%-72.6%). A lower level of killing was detected against the fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis-negative OMMT-ARK-1 cell line (mean, 26.5%; range, 21.0%-31.8%). CD46, CD55, and CD59 membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins were expressed at high levels in all primary mixed müllerian tumor cell lines, and all these tumors were found to be highly resistant to complement-dependent cytotoxicity with or without trastuzumab. Addition of untreated and heat-inactivated plasma did not significantly decrease ADCC against OMMT-ARK-2 cell line, suggesting that while the cell line is highly resistant to complement, irrelevant IgG does not significantly alter the ability of trastuzumab to mediate ADCC. Our results suggest that HER2/neu may represent a novel target for the immunotherapy of a subset of human carcinosarcomas refractory to salvage chemotherapy.
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Chatterjee M, Tainsky MA. Autoantibodies as biomarkers for ovarian cancer. Cancer Biomark 2012; 8:187-201. [PMID: 22045353 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-2011-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVCA) has the highest mortality of all gynecologic cancers. The poor survival rate is due to the lack of diagnostic screening tests and high incidence of recurrence in OVCA patients resistant to chemotherapy that leads to a more aggressive form of the disease. Therefore, a search for biomarkers holds great promise not only for early detection of OVCA at presymptomatic stage and for monitoring the course of the disease during the first-line chemotherapy treatment but also for identifying those women whose disease is likely to recur. Research efforts have sought to unravel the complexity of the tumor specific proteome by profiling immune responses generated against tumor associated antigens (TAAs) using multianalyte-based analytical discovery platforms readily adaptable to clinical diagnostic screening tests. The occurrence of tumor-specific autoantibodies directed to respective TAAs can be observed before the development of clinical symptoms. Evaluation of the level of tumor autoantibodies during the time of tumor debulking followed by first-line chemotherapy for the prediction of early recurrence as well as their correlation with other clinical parameters to evaluate their prognostic value has been conducted in various clinical studies. The anti-tumor immune response against OVCA is the ultimate key to the development of multiple immune-based therapeutic strategies that have been proposed and tested in different clinical trials that may have beneficial impact on the disease outcome in OVCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Chatterjee
- Program in Molecular Biology and Genetics, Karmanos Cancer Institute; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Ovarian cancer stem cells: elusive targets for chemotherapy. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3400-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Alexander S, Friedl P. Cancer invasion and resistance: interconnected processes of disease progression and therapy failure. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cocco E, Varughese J, Buza N, Bellone S, Lin KY, Bellone M, Todeschini P, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Carrara L, Tassi R, Pecorelli S, Lockwood CJ, Santin AD. Tissue factor expression in ovarian cancer: implications for immunotherapy with hI-con1, a factor VII-IgGF(c) chimeric protein targeting tissue factor. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:689-700. [PMID: 21725665 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression of tissue factor (TF) in ovarian cancer (EOC) and the potential of hI-con1, an antibody-like molecule targeting TF, as a novel form of therapy against chemotherapy-resistant ovarian disease. We studied the expression of TF in 88 EOC by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the levels of membrane-bound-complement-regulatory-proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59 in primary EOC cell lines by flow-cytometry. Sensitivity to hI-con1-dependent-cell-mediated-cytotoxicity (IDCC), complement-dependent-cell-cytotoxicity and inhibition of IDCC by γ-immunoglobulin were evaluated in 5-h (51)chromium-release-assays. Cytoplasmic and/or membrane TF expression was observed in 24 out of 25 (96%) of the EOC samples tested by IHC, but not in normal ovarian-tissue. EOC with clear cell histology significantly overexpress TF when compared to serous, endometrioid, or undifferentiated tumors by qRT-PCR. With a single exception, all primary EOC that overexpressed TF demonstrated high levels of CD46, CD55 and CD59 and regardless of their histology or resistance to chemotherapy, were highly sensitive to IDCC. The effect of complement and physiologic doses of γ-immunoglobulin on IDCC in ovarian cancer cell lines overexpressing TF was tumor specific and related to the overexpression of CD59 on tumor cells. Small-interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown of CD59 expression in ovarian tumors significantly increased hI-con1-mediated cytotoxic activity in vitro. Finally, low doses of interleukin-2 further increased the cytotoxic effect induced by hI-con1 (P < 0.01). hI-con1 molecule induces strong cytotoxicity against primary chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines overexpressing TF and may represent a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian tumors refractory to standard treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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