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Masuda H, Mori M, Uzawa A, Uchida T, Muto M, Ohtani R, Aoki R, Kuwabara S. Elevated serum levels of bone morphogenetic protein-9 are associated with better outcome in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3538. [PMID: 36864239 PMCID: PMC9981699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic drainage in the central nervous system is regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature, and recurrent neuroinflammation alters lymphatic vessel remodeling. Patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4 + NMOSD) were reported to demonstrate worse outcomes compared with patients with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders (MOGAD). This study aimed to investigate the serum cytokines relevant to vascular remodeling after attacks and their prognostic role in patients with AQP4 + NMOSD. This study measured the serum levels of 12 cytokines relevant to vascular remodeling, including bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) and leptin, in 20 patients with AQP4 + NMOSD and 17 healthy controls (HCs). Disease controls included 18 patients with MOGAD. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels were also measured. Clinical severity was evaluated with Kurtzke's Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Compared with HCs, patients with AQP4 + NMOSD showed higher BMP-9 (median; 127 vs. 80.7 pg/mL; P = 0.0499) and leptin levels (median; 16,081 vs. 6770 pg/mL; P = 0.0224), but not those with MOGAD. Better improvement in EDSS at 6 months was associated with baseline BMP-9 levels in patients with AQP4 + NMOSD (Spearman's rho = - 0.47; P = 0.037). Serum BMP-9 is upregulated at relapse and may contribute to vascular remodeling in AQP4 + NMOSD. Serum BMP-9 levels could predict clinical recovery 6 months after the attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Uzawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mayumi Muto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Chiba Rosai Hospital, 2-16, Tatsumidai-Higashi, Ichihara-Shi, 290-0003, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohtani
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, 1010, Sakurai, Kisarazu-Shi, 292-8535, Japan
| | - Reiji Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba-Shi, 260-8670, Japan
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Abstract
Background Despite great advances in surgical techniques for rotator cuff tear (RCT) over the past decades, the postoperative failure rate of RCT is still high due to the poor healing competence of bone-tendon interface (BTI). The lymphatic vasculature plays a regulatory role in inflammatory disease and affects tissue healing. However, whether lymphangiogenesis and the role of lymphatic vasculature in the physiopathological process of rotator cuff (RC)injury remains unknown. Methods In this study, we constructed a mouse RC injury model and the BTI samples were collected for measurement. Firstly, immunofluorescence was used to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of lymphangiogenesis in BTI area at different post-injury time points. Subsequently, the mice of experimental group were gavaged with the lymphatic inhibitors (SAR131675) on the first postoperative day to inhibit lymphangiogenesis, while the control group was treated with the vehicle. At postoperative week 2 and 4, the samples were collected for immunofluorescence staining to evaluate lymphatic angiogenesis inhibition. At postoperative week 4 and 8, The supraspinatus (SS) tendon-humeral complexes were collected for bone morphometric, histological and biomechanical tests to assess the healing outcome of the BTI. Results Immunofluorescence results showed that the lymphatic proliferation in the BTI injury area and increased in consistence with the healing time, and the lymphatic hyperplasia area significantly diminished at postoperative week 4. The lymphatic hyperplasia area in the SAR group was significantly lower than that in the control group both at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Moreover, the administration of SAR131675 significantly impeded RC healing, as evidenced by lower histological scores, lower bone morphometric parameters, and worse biomechanical properties in comparison with that in control group at postoperative weeks 4 and 8. Conclusion Lymphangiogenesis plays a positive role in RC healing, and targeting the lymphatic drainage at healing site may be a new therapeutic approach to promote RC injury repair. The translational potential of this article This is the first study to assess the specific role of lymphatic vessels in RC healing, and improving lymphatic drainage may be a potential new therapeutic approach to facilitate repair of BTI. Further, our study provides a reference for possible future treatment of BTI by intervening the lymphatic system.
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HMGB1 Promotes Lymphangiogenesis through the Activation of RAGE on M2 Macrophages in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4487435. [PMID: 35280439 PMCID: PMC8916867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4487435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is implicated in tumor biology. Released high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) ligand binding to RAGE receptor in tumor cells promotes tumor progression. The mechanisms of HMGB1-RAGE signaling in M2 macrophages involved in lymphangiogenesis in laryngeal carcinoma remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the effect of HMGB1-RAGE signaling on M2 macrophages in lymphangiogenesis. Methods. HMGB1, CD163, and D2-40 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC,
), laryngeal precursor lesions (LPLs,
), and vocal polyp (VP,
) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. THP-1 cell-expressed RAGE gene was knocked down and then polarized to M0 macrophages and M2 macrophages. IL-23, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA; IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and CCL-13 were evaluated by RT-qPCR, and CD206, CD163, and RAGE were evaluated by western blot to evaluate whether classical M2 macrophages were obtained. Conditioned media from RAGE+/- M0 macrophages and RAGE+/- M2 macrophages incubated in the presence or absence of HMGB1, anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, anti-TLR4 antibodies, and anti-VEGF-C antibodies were collected separately for human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) for proliferation, migration, lymphangiogenesis assay, and VEGF-C concentration analysis. Results. HMGB1 and M2 macrophage densities were increased in LSCC (
). HMGB1 and M2 macrophage densities were significantly correlated with lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in LSCC (
). The HMGB1 overexpression and higher M2 macrophage density were involved in lymph node metastasis (
) and poor prognosis (
). In vitro, conditioned medium from HMGB1-stimulated RAGE+ M2 macrophages activated lymphangiogenesis by upregulating the VEGF compared to controls (
). On the contrary, RAGE knockdown obviously decreased the corresponding effects of HMGB1-preconditioned M2 macrophages upon HDLEC (
). HMGB1-TLR pathway does not significantly increase HDLEC proliferation, migration, and lymphangiogenesis on M2 macrophages. Conclusions. HMGB1 promotes lymphangiogenesis by activation of RAGE on M2 macrophages. Targeting RAGE may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against M2 macrophages in LSCC patients with lymph node metastasis.
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Wiśniewska K, Rybak Z, Szymonowicz M, Kuropka P, Dobrzyński M. Review on the Lymphatic Vessels in the Dental Pulp. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121257. [PMID: 34943171 PMCID: PMC8698795 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is debatable whether lymphatic vessels exist in the dental pulp. Most researchers confirm their presence; however, the lymphatic system in the dental pulp is much less developed compared to other tissues of the body. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in the dental pulp with inflammatory changes as a response to inflammatory stimuli acting on the tooth. If lymphangiogenesis is defined as the development of lymphatic vessels from already existing ones, such a mechanism is possible only when lymphatic vessels are present in healthy teeth. Research papers have not conclusively proved whether lymphatic vessels can form in the dental pulp. The use of an immunohistochemical examination can very likely prove the presence of a lymphatic system in dental tissues. However, the evaluation of the lymphatic system of the teeth is problematic because it is quite difficult to clearly distinguish lymphatic vessels from small blood vessels. Abstract Despite many studies, opinions on the lymphatic system of the teeth are still incompatible. Studies using light and electron microscopy and directly using methods such as a radioisotope (radionuclide) scan and interstitial fluid pressure measurement reported incomplete results. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays the main role in investigating presence of the lymphatic system in dental tissues. This method uses labeled antibodies against antigens typical of lymphatic vessels. The use of appropriate staining enables the detection of antigen-antibody reaction products using a light (optical), electron or fluorescence microscope. However, these studies do not show the system of vessels, their histologic structure under physiological conditions and inflammation as well as the lymphangiogenesis process in the dental pulp. Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies associating the presence of lymphatic vessels in the dental pulp with local lymphatic nodes or large vessels outside the tooth. In the scientific and research environment, the evaluation of the lymphatic system of the teeth is problematic because it is quite difficult to clearly distinguish lymphatic vessels from small blood vessels. Despite many indications of the presence of lymphatic vessels in the pulp chamber, this problem remains open and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wiśniewska
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-500211130
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Szymonowicz
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Piotr Kuropka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
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Hsu M, Laaker C, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Neuroinflammation-Driven Lymphangiogenesis in CNS Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:683676. [PMID: 34248503 PMCID: PMC8261156 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.683676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) undergoes immunosurveillance despite the lack of conventional antigen presenting cells and lymphatic vessels in the CNS parenchyma. Additionally, the CNS is bathed in a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is continuously produced, and consequently must continuously clear to maintain fluid homeostasis despite the lack of conventional lymphatics. During neuroinflammation, there is often an accumulation of fluid, antigens, and immune cells to affected areas of the brain parenchyma. Failure to effectively drain these factors may result in edema, prolonged immune response, and adverse clinical outcome as observed in conditions including traumatic brain injury, ischemic and hypoxic brain injury, CNS infection, multiple sclerosis (MS), and brain cancer. Consequently, there has been renewed interest surrounding the expansion of lymphatic vessels adjacent to the CNS which are now thought to be central in regulating the drainage of fluid, cells, and waste out of the CNS. These lymphatic vessels, found at the cribriform plate, dorsal dural meninges, base of the brain, and around the spinal cord have each been implicated to have important roles in various CNS diseases. In this review, we discuss the contribution of meningeal lymphatics to these processes during both steady-state conditions and neuroinflammation, as well as discuss some of the many still unknown aspects regarding the role of meningeal lymphatics in neuroinflammation. Specifically, we focus on the observed phenomenon of lymphangiogenesis by a subset of meningeal lymphatics near the cribriform plate during neuroinflammation, and discuss their potential roles in immunosurveillance, fluid clearance, and access to the CSF and CNS compartments. We propose that manipulating CNS lymphatics may be a new therapeutic way to treat CNS infections, stroke, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hsu
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Collin Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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7
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Steele MM, Lund AW. Afferent Lymphatic Transport and Peripheral Tissue Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:264-272. [PMID: 33397740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide an anatomical framework for immune surveillance and adaptive immune responses. Although appreciated as the route for Ag and dendritic cell transport, peripheral lymphatic vessels are often not considered active players in immune surveillance. Lymphatic vessels, however, integrate contextual cues that directly regulate transport, including changes in intrinsic pumping and capillary remodeling, and express a dynamic repertoire of inflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules that facilitates leukocyte egress out of inflamed tissue. These mechanisms together contribute to the course of peripheral tissue immunity. In this review, we focus on context-dependent mechanisms that regulate fluid and cellular transport out of peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to provide a framework for understanding the effects of afferent lymphatic transport on immune surveillance, peripheral tissue inflammation, and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Steele
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; .,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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8
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Paulson D, Harms R, Ward C, Latterell M, Pazour GJ, Fink DM. Loss of Primary Cilia Protein IFT20 Dysregulates Lymphatic Vessel Patterning in Development and Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672625. [PMID: 34055805 PMCID: PMC8160126 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental signals produced during development or inflammation stimulate lymphatic endothelial cells to undergo lymphangiogenesis, in which they sprout, proliferate, and migrate to expand the vascular network. Many cell types detect changes in extracellular conditions via primary cilia, microtubule-based cellular protrusions that house specialized membrane receptors and signaling complexes. Primary cilia are critical for receipt of extracellular cues from both ligand-receptor pathways and physical forces such as fluid shear stress. Here, we report the presence of primary cilia on immortalized mouse and primary adult human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro and on both luminal and abluminal domains of mouse corneal, skin, and mesenteric lymphatic vessels in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of disrupting primary cilia on lymphatic vessel patterning during development and inflammation. Intraflagellar transport protein 20 (IFT20) is part of the transport machinery required for ciliary assembly and function. To disrupt primary ciliary signaling, we generated global and lymphatic endothelium-specific IFT20 knockout mouse models and used immunofluorescence microscopy to quantify changes in lymphatic vessel patterning at E16.5 and in adult suture-mediated corneal lymphangiogenesis. Loss of IFT20 during development resulted in edema, increased and more variable lymphatic vessel caliber and branching, as well as red blood cell-filled lymphatics. We used a corneal suture model to determine ciliation status of lymphatic vessels during acute, recurrent, and tumor-associated inflammatory reactions and wound healing. Primary cilia were present on corneal lymphatics during all of the mechanistically distinct lymphatic patterning events of the model and assembled on lymphatic endothelial cells residing at the limbus, stalk, and vessel tip. Lymphatic-specific deletion of IFT20 cell-autonomously exacerbated acute corneal lymphangiogenesis resulting in increased lymphatic vessel density and branching. These data are the first functional studies of primary cilia on lymphatic endothelial cells and reveal a new dimension in regulation of lymphatic vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delayna Paulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Rebecca Harms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Cody Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Mackenzie Latterell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Gregory J. Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Darci M. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- *Correspondence: Darci M. Fink,
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Tacconi C, Schwager S, Cousin N, Bajic D, Sesartic M, Sundberg JP, Neri D, Detmar M. Antibody-Mediated Delivery of VEGFC Ameliorates Experimental Chronic Colitis. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:342-352. [PMID: 32259068 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two distinct forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by an expanded lymphatic network with impaired functionality both in mouse models and in human patients. In this study, we investigated whether targeted delivery of the pro-lymphangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) to the site of inflammation may represent a new, clinically feasible strategy for treating IBD. To achieve targeting of inflamed tissue, we developed a fusion protein consisting of human VEGFC fused to the F8 antibody (F8-VEGFC), which specifically binds to the extradomain A (EDA) of fibronectin, a spliced isoform almost exclusively expressed in inflamed tissues. The therapeutic activity of intravenously administered F8-VEGFC, compared to a targeted construct lacking VEGFC (F8-SIP), was investigated in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. The presence of EDA fibronectin was detected in both human and mouse inflamed colon tissue. Biodistribution studies of radiolabeled F8-VEGFC revealed a specific accumulation of the antibody in the colon of DSS-administered mice, as compared to an untargeted VEGFC fusion protein (KSF-VEGFC) (binding the irrelevant hen egg lysozyme antigen). Systemic treatment with F8-VEGFC significantly reduced the clinical and histological signs of inflammation, expanded the lymphatic vascular network, reduced the density of immune cells, and also decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the inflamed colon. Overall, these results reveal that administration of F8-VEGFC represents a novel and promising approach for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Schwager
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cousin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davor Bajic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marko Sesartic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, United States
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mukwaya A, Mirabelli P, Lennikov A, Thangavelu M, Jensen L, Peebo B, Lagali N. Repeat Corneal Neovascularization is Characterized by More Aggressive Inflammation and Vessel Invasion Than in the Initial Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:2990-3001. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mukwaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pierfrancesco Mirabelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Muthukumar Thangavelu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Deptartment of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Peebo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Neil Lagali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
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11
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Attenuated Lymphatic Proliferation Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy and High-Fat Diet-Induced Renal Lipotoxicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1994. [PMID: 30760777 PMCID: PMC6374395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis occurs in response to renal injury and is correlated with interstitial fibrosis. Diabetes- and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced intrarenal lipotoxicity and their relationships with lymphangiogenesis are not established. We used PPARα agonist, fenofibrate, to unravel the linkage between lipotoxicity and lymphangiogenesis. Eight-week-old male C57BLKS/J db/db mice and HFD Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were fed fenofibrate for 12 weeks. HK-2 and RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate their lymphangiogenic capacity in relation to lipotoxicity. Fenofibrate improved intrarenal lipotoxicity by increasing expression of PPARα and phosphorylation of AMPK. Lymphatic proliferation was attenuated; expression of lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), podoplanin, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) was decreased. In parallel, extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, apoptosis and inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced. In HK2 cells, palmitate- and high glucose-induced over expression of lymphatic makers was diminished by fenofibrate via activation of PPARα-AMPK-pACC signaling. Enhanced expression of M1 phenotype in RAW264.7 cells correlated with increased lymphatic growth. A causal relationship between lipotoxicity and lymphatic proliferation with a cellular link to macrophage activation can be speculated; pro-inflammatory M1 type macrophage is involved in the development of lymphangiogenesis through stimulation of VEGF-C and by its transdifferentiation into lymphatic endothelial cells.
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12
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Schwager S, Renner S, Hemmerle T, Karaman S, Proulx ST, Fetz R, Golding-Ochsenbein AM, Probst P, Halin C, Neri D, Detmar M. Antibody-mediated delivery of VEGF-C potently reduces chronic skin inflammation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:124850. [PMID: 30518687 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGF-C is an important mediator of lymphangiogenesis and has been shown to alleviate chronic inflammation in a variety of disease models. In this study, we investigated whether targeted delivery of VEGF-C to sites of inflammation and site-specific activation of lymphatic vessels would represent a clinically feasible strategy for treating chronic skin inflammation. To this end, we generated a fusion protein consisting of human VEGF-C fused to the F8 antibody (F8-VEGF-C), which is specific for the alternatively spliced, angiogenesis-marking extradomain A (EDA) of fibronectin. In two mouse models of psoriasis-like skin inflammation, mediated by transgenic VEGF-A overexpression or repeated application of imiquimod, intravenous treatment with F8-VEGF-C but not with untargeted VEGF-C significantly reduced ear skin edema and was as effective as the clinically used TNF-α receptor-Fc fusion protein (TNFR-Fc). Treatment with F8-VEGF-C led to a marked expansion of lymphatic vessels in the inflamed skin and significantly improved lymphatic drainage function. At the same time, treatment with F8-VEGF-C significantly reduced leukocyte numbers, including CD4+ and γδ T cells. In sum, our results reveal that targeted delivery of VEGF-C and site-specific induction of lymphatic vessels represent a potentially new and promising approach for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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13
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Loo CP, Nelson NA, Lane RS, Booth JL, Loprinzi Hardin SC, Thomas A, Slifka MK, Nolz JC, Lund AW. Lymphatic Vessels Balance Viral Dissemination and Immune Activation following Cutaneous Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3176-3187. [PMID: 28954233 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels lie at the interface between peripheral sites of pathogen entry, adaptive immunity, and the systemic host. Though the paradigm is that their open structure allows for passive flow of infectious particles from peripheral tissues to lymphoid organs, virus applied to skin by scarification does not spread to draining lymph nodes. Using cutaneous infection by scarification, we analyzed the effect of viral infection on lymphatic transport and evaluated its role at the host-pathogen interface. We found that, in the absence of lymphatic vessels, canonical lymph-node-dependent immune induction was impaired, resulting in exacerbated pathology and compensatory, systemic priming. Furthermore, lymphatic vessels decouple fluid and cellular transport in an interferon-dependent manner, leading to viral sequestration while maintaining dendritic cell transport for immune induction. In conclusion, we found that lymphatic vessels balance immune activation and viral dissemination and act as an "innate-like" component of tissue host viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Loo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nicholas A Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ryan S Lane
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jamie L Booth
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sofia C Loprinzi Hardin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Archana Thomas
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1615-1634. [PMID: 28947496 PMCID: PMC5647933 DOI: 10.1101/gad.303776.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review by Vaahtomeri et al. discusses the mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges. It describes how the lymphatic vasculature network is controlled by an intricate balance of growth factors and biomechanical cues. Lymphatic vessels are important for tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges are controlled by an intricate balance of growth factor and biomechanical cues. These transduce signals for the readjustment of gene expression and lymphatic endothelial migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we describe several of these cues and how they are integrated for the generation of functional lymphatic vessel networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vaahtomeri
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Song HB, Park SY, Ko JH, Park JW, Yoon CH, Kim DH, Kim JH, Kim MK, Lee RH, Prockop DJ, Oh JY. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Inhibit Inflammatory Lymphangiogenesis in the Cornea by Suppressing Macrophage in a TSG-6-Dependent Manner. Mol Ther 2017; 26:162-172. [PMID: 29301108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a transparent tissue devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels. However, various inflammatory conditions can cause hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the cornea, compromising transparency and visual acuity. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potentials in a variety of diseases because of anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, we investigated the effects of MSCs on corneal angiogenesis using a model of suture-induced inflammatory corneal neovascularization. Data demonstrated that an intravenous administration of MSCs suppressed corneal inflammation and neovascularization, inhibiting both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. MSCs reduced the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, Tek, MRC1, and MRC2 in the cornea, which are expressed by pro-angiogenic macrophages. Moreover, the number of CD11b+ monocytes/macrophages in the cornea, spleen, peripheral blood, and draining lymph nodes was decreased by MSCs. Depletion of circulating CD11b+ monocytes by blocking antibodies replicated the effects of MSCs. Importantly, knockdown of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) in MSCs abrogated the effects of MSCs in inhibiting corneal hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Together, the results suggest that MSCs inhibit inflammatory neovascularization in the cornea by suppressing pro-angiogenic monocyte/macrophage recruitment in a TSG-6-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Yoon
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Darwin J Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
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16
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Connor AL, Kelley PM, Tempero RM. Invariant asymmetry renews the lymphatic vasculature during homeostasis. J Transl Med 2016; 14:209. [PMID: 27400749 PMCID: PMC4940917 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic vasculature regulates tissue physiology and immunity throughout life. The self renewal mechanism that maintains the lymphatic vasculature during conditions of homeostasis is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular mechanism of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) self renewal and lymphatic vessel maintenance. METHODS Inductive genetic techniques were used to label LECs with tandem dimer tomato (tdT) in adult mice. Two types of studies were performed, those with high dose inductive conditions to label nearly all the lymphatic vessels and studies with low dose inductive conditions to stochastically label individual clones or small populations of LECs. We coupled image guidance techniques and live fluorescence microscopy imaging with lineage tracing to track the fate of entire tdT(+) cutaneous lymphatic vessels or the behavior of individual or small populations of LECs over 11 months. We tracked the fate of 110 LEC clones and 80 small LEC populations (clusters of 2-7 cells) over 11 months and analyzed their behavior using quantitative techniques. RESULTS The results of the high dose inductive studies showed that the lymphatic vessels remained tdT(+) over 11 months, suggesting passage and expression of the tdT transgene from LEC precursors to progenies, an intrinsic model of self- renewal. Interestingly, the morphology of tdT(+) lymphatic vasculature appeared relatively stable without significant remodeling during this time period. By following the behavior of labeled LEC clones or small populations of LECs individually over 11 months, we identified diverse LEC fates of proliferation, quiescence, and extinction. Quantitative analysis of this data revealed that the average lymphatic endothelial clone or small population remained stable in size despite diverse individual fates. CONCLUSION The results of these studies support a mechanism of invariant asymmetry to self renew the lymphatic vasculature during homeostasis. These original findings raise important questions related to the plasticity and self renewal properties that maintain the lymphatic vasculature during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L. Connor
- Department of Neurosensory Genetics and Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131 USA
| | - Philip M. Kelley
- Department of Neurosensory Genetics and Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131 USA
| | - Richard M. Tempero
- Department of Neurosensory Genetics and Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131 USA
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17
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Lymphatic endothelial lineage assemblage during corneal lymphangiogenesis. J Transl Med 2016; 96:270-82. [PMID: 26658452 PMCID: PMC4767586 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis presumably requires precise regulatory processes to properly assemble proliferating lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The specific mechanisms that regulate the assembly of LECs during new lymphatic vessel synthesis are unclear. Dynamic endothelial shuffling and rearrangement has been proposed as a mechanism of blood vessel growth. We developed genetic lineage-tracing strategies using an inductive transgenic technology to track the fate of entire tandem dimer tomato-positive (tdT) lymphatic vessels or small, in some cases clonal, populations of LECs. We coupled this platform with a suture-induced mouse model of corneal lymphangiogenesis and used different analytic microscopy techniques including serial live imaging to study the spatial properties of proliferating tdT(+) LEC progenies. LEC precursors and their progeny expanded from the corneal limbal lymphatic vessel and were assembled contiguously to comprise a subunit within a new lymphatic vessel. VE-cadherin blockade induced morphologic abnormalities in newly synthesized lymphatic vessels, but did not disrupt the tdT(+) lymphatic endothelial lineage assembly. Analysis of this static and dynamic data based largely on direct in vivo observations supports a model of lymphatic endothelial lineage assemblage during corneal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis.
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18
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Corliss BA, Azimi MS, Munson J, Peirce SM, Murfee WL. Macrophages: An Inflammatory Link Between Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis. Microcirculation 2016; 23:95-121. [PMID: 26614117 PMCID: PMC4744134 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis often occur in response to tissue injury or in the presence of pathology (e.g., cancer), and it is these types of environments in which macrophages are activated and increased in number. Moreover, the blood vascular microcirculation and the lymphatic circulation serve as the conduits for entry and exit for monocyte-derived macrophages in nearly every tissue and organ. Macrophages both affect and are affected by the vessels through which they travel. Therefore, it is not surprising that examination of macrophage behaviors in both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis has yielded interesting observations that suggest macrophages may be key regulators of these complex growth and remodeling processes. In this review, we will take a closer look at macrophages through the lens of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, examining how their dynamic behaviors may regulate vessel sprouting and function. We present macrophages as a cellular link that spatially and temporally connects angiogenesis with lymphangiogenesis, in both physiological growth and in pathological adaptations, such as tumorigenesis. As such, attempts to therapeutically target macrophages in order to affect these processes may be particularly effective, and studying macrophages in both settings will accelerate the field's understanding of this important cell type in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Corliss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mohammad S. Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs Energy Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Jenny Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs Energy Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
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19
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Fink DM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA. The lymphatic system and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:217-36. [PMID: 26742462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical understanding of lymphatic invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the clinical and biological consequences of lymphatic invasion and metastasis, including paraneoplastic effects on immune responses and consider the possible benefit of therapies to treat tumors that are localized to lymphatics. A review of current techniques and methods to study interactions between tumors and lymphatics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M Fink
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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20
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Lund AW, Medler TR, Leachman SA, Coussens LM. Lymphatic Vessels, Inflammation, and Immunity in Skin Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 6:22-35. [PMID: 26552413 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin is a highly ordered immune organ that coordinates rapid responses to external insult while maintaining self-tolerance. In healthy tissue, lymphatic vessels drain fluid and coordinate local immune responses; however, environmental factors induce lymphatic vessel dysfunction, leading to lymph stasis and perturbed regional immunity. These same environmental factors drive the formation of local malignancies, which are also influenced by local inflammation. Herein, we discuss clinical and experimental evidence supporting the tenet that lymphatic vessels participate in regulation of cutaneous inflammation and immunity, and are important contributors to malignancy and potential biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated inflammation are now appreciated not only for their role in cancer progression but also for their response to therapy. The lymphatic vasculature is a less-appreciated component of this microenvironment that coordinates local inflammation and immunity and thereby critically shapes local responses. A mechanistic understanding of the complexities of lymphatic vessel function in the unique context of skin provides a model to understand how regional immune dysfunction drives cutaneous malignancies, and as such lymphatic vessels represent a biomarker of cutaneous immunity that may provide insight into cancer prognosis and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Terry R Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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21
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Lymphangiogenesis and Inflammation-Looking for the "Missing Pieces" of the Puzzle. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:415-26. [PMID: 26169947 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several papers about lymphangiogenesis and inflammation focused on the detailed and complicated descriptions of the molecular pathways accompanying both non-tumor and tumor inflammatory-induced lymphatic vessel development. Many authors are tempted to present inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis in pathologic conditions neglecting the role of inflammatory cells during embryonic lymphatic vessel development. Some of the inflammatory cells are largely characterized in inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis, while others as mast cells, eosinophils, or plasma cells are less studied. No phenotypic characterization of inflammation-activated lymphatic endothelial cell is available in this moment. Another paradox is related to the existence of few papers regarding lymphangiogenesis inside lymphoid organs and for their related pathology. There are still several "missing pieces of such a big puzzle" of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation, with a direct impact on the ineffectiveness of the anti-inflammatory therapy as lymphangiogenesis inhibitors. The present paper will focus on the controversial issues of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation.
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Fink DM, Connor AL, Kelley PM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA, Tempero RM. Nerve growth factor regulates neurolymphatic remodeling during corneal inflammation and resolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112737. [PMID: 25383879 PMCID: PMC4226611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and physiologic mechanisms that regulate the resolution of inflammation remain poorly defined despite their widespread importance in improving inflammatory disease outcomes. We studied the resolution of two cardinal signs of inflammation–pain and swelling–by investigating molecular mechanisms that regulate neural and lymphatic vessel remodeling during the resolution of corneal inflammation. A mouse model of corneal inflammation and wound recovery was developed to study this process in vivo. Administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) increased pain sensation and inhibited neural remodeling and lymphatic vessel regression processes during wound recovery. A complementary in vivo approach, the corneal micropocket assay, revealed that NGF-laden pellets stimulated lymphangiogenesis and increased protein levels of VEGF-C. Adult human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells did not express canonical NGF receptors TrkA and p75NTR or activate downstream MAPK- or Akt-pathway effectors in the presence of NGF, although NGF treatment increased their migratory and tubulogenesis capacities in vitro. Blockade of the VEGF-R2/R3 signaling pathway ablated NGF-mediated lymphangiogenesis in vivo. These findings suggest a hierarchical relationship with NGF functioning upstream of the VEGF family members, particularly VEGF-C, to stimulate lymphangiogenesis. Taken together, these studies show that NGF stimulates lymphangiogenesis and that NGF may act as a pathogenic factor that negatively regulates the normal neural and lymphatic vascular remodeling events that accompany wound recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M. Fink
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States of America
| | - Alicia L. Connor
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Department of Genetics, 555 North 30 Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Kelley
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Department of Genetics, 555 North 30 Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Steele
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Tempero
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Department of Genetics, 555 North 30 Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, United States of America
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, 555 North 30 Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lenoir B, Wagner DR, Blacher S, Sala-Newby GB, Newby AC, Noel A, Devaux Y. Effects of adenosine on lymphangiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92715. [PMID: 24651845 PMCID: PMC3961410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lymphatic system controls tissue homeostasis by draining protein-rich lymph to the vascular system. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels, is a normal event in childhood but promotes tumor spread and metastasis during adulthood. Blocking lymphangiogenesis may therefore be of therapeutic interest. Production of adenosine is enhanced in the tumor environment and contributes to tumor progression through stimulation of angiogenesis. In this study, we determined whether adenosine affects lymphangiogenesis. Methods Lymphatic endothelial cells (HMVEC-dLy) were cultured in presence of adenosine and their proliferation, migration and tube formation was assessed. Gelatin sponges embedded with the stable analogue of adenosine 2-chloro adenosine were implanted in mice ear and lymphangiogenesis was quantified. Mice were intravenously injected with adenoviruses containing expression vector for 5′-endonucleotidase, which plays a major role in the formation of adenosine. Results In vitro, we observed that adenosine decreased the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells, their migration and tube formation. However, in vivo, gelatin sponges containing 2-chloro adenosine and implanted in mice ear displayed an elevated level of lymphangiogenesis (2.5-fold, p<0.001). Adenovirus-mediated over-expression of cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase IA stimulated lymphangiogenesis and the recruitment of macrophages in mouse liver. Proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells was enhanced (2-fold, p<0.001) when incubated in the presence of conditioned medium from murine macrophages. Conclusion We have shown that adenosine stimulates lymphangiogenesis in vivo, presumably through a macrophage-mediated mechanism. This observation suggests that blockade of adenosine receptors may help in anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Lenoir
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP – Santé), Luxembourg
| | - Daniel R. Wagner
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP – Santé), Luxembourg
- Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée - Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Graciela B. Sala-Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée - Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP – Santé), Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are accumulations of lymphoid cells in chronic inflammation that resemble LNs in their cellular content and organization, high endothelial venules, and lymphatic vessels (LVs). Although acute inflammation can result in defective LVs, TLO LVs appear to function normally in that they drain fluid and transport cells that respond to chemokines and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) gradients. Molecular regulation of TLO LVs differs from lymphangiogenesis in ontogeny with a dependence on cytokines and hematopoietic cells. Ongoing work to elucidate the function and molecular regulation of LVs in TLOs is providing insight into therapies for conditions as diverse as lymphedema, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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25
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Kim H, Kataru RP, Koh GY. Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis: a double-edged sword? J Clin Invest 2014; 124:936-42. [PMID: 24590279 DOI: 10.1172/jci71607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodeling are complex biological processes frequently observed during inflammation. Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) is not merely an endpoint event, but actually a phenomenon actively involved in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory disorders. The VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 and VEGF-A/VEGF-R2 signaling pathways are two of the best-studied pathways in IAL. Methods targeting these molecules, such as prolymphangiogenic or antilymphatic treatments, were found to be beneficial in various preclinical and/or clinical studies. This Review focuses on the most recent achievements in the fields of lymphatic biology relevant to inflammatory conditions. Additionally, preclinical and clinical therapies that modulate IAL are summarized.
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27
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Bryant-Hudson K, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Type I interferon and lymphangiogenesis in the HSV-1 infected cornea - are they beneficial to the host? Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 36:281-91. [PMID: 23876483 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that can result in significant human morbidity. Within the cornea, it was thought the initial recognition of the pathogen was through Toll-like receptors expressed on/in resident cells that then elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine production, activation of anti-viral pathways, and recruitment of leukocytes. However, our lab has uncovered a novel, TLR-independent innate sensor that supersedes TLR induction of anti-viral pathways following HSV-1 infection. In addition, we have also found HSV-1 induces the genesis of lymphatic vessels into the cornea proper by a mechanism independent of TLRs and unique in the field of neovascularization. This review will focus on these two innate immune events during acute HSV-1 infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bryant-Hudson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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