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Mo H, Zhang X, Ren L. Analysis of neuroglia and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer brain metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2398285. [PMID: 39238191 PMCID: PMC11382727 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2398285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent cancer diagnosed worldwide, often leading to brain metastasis, a challenging complication characterized by high mortality rates and a grim prognosis. Understanding the intricate mechanisms governing breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) remains an ongoing challenge. The unique microenvironment in the brain fosters an ideal setting for the colonization of breast cancer cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in brain metastases plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of BCBM, shaping the landscape for targeted therapeutic interventions. Current research primarily concentrates on unraveling the complexities of the TME in BCBM, with a particular emphasis on neuroglia and immune cells, such as microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), astrocytes and T cells. This comprehensive review delves deeply into these elements within the TME of BCBM, shedding light on their interplay, mechanisms, and potential as therapeutic targets to combat BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Mo
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Biobank and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Biobank and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangliang Ren
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Biobank and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
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2
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Xu Z, Zhou Z, Yang X, Thakur A, Han N, Li HT, Li LG, Hu J, Li TF, Yan Y. Determining M2 macrophages content for the anti-tumor effects of metal-organic framework-encapsulated pazopanib nanoparticles in breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:429. [PMID: 39033109 PMCID: PMC11264935 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib (PAZ), an oral multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, demonstrates promising cytostatic activities against various human cancers. However, its clinical utility is limited by substantial side effects and therapeutic resistance. We developed a nanoplatform capable of delivering PAZ for enhanced anti-breast cancer therapy. Nanometer-sized PAZ@Fe-MOF, compared to free PAZ, demonstrated increased anti-tumor therapeutic activities in both syngeneic murine 4T1 and xenograft human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer models. High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) revealed that PAZ@Fe-MOF significantly reduced pro-tumorigenic M2-like macrophage populations at tumor sites and suppressed M2-type signaling pathways, such as ATF6-TGFBR1-SMAD3, as well as chemokines including CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24. PAZ@Fe-MOF reprogramed the inhibitory immune microenvironment and curbed tumorigenicity by blocking the polarization of M2 phenotype macrophages. This platform offers a promising and new strategy for improving the cytotoxicity of PAZ against breast cancers. It provides a method to evaluate the immunological response of tumor cells to PAZ-mediated treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ning Han
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Liu-Gen Li
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Tong-Fei Li
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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3
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Khan IM, Khan SU, Sala HSS, Khan MU, Ud Din MA, Khan S, Hassan SSU, Khan NM, Liu Y. TME-targeted approaches of brain metastases and its clinical therapeutic evidence. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1131874. [PMID: 37228619 PMCID: PMC10204080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes both cellular and non-cellular elements, is now recognized as one of the major regulators of the development of primary tumors, the metastasis of which occurs to specific organs, and the response to therapy. Development of immunotherapy and targeted therapies have increased knowledge of cancer-related inflammation Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) limit immune cells from entering from the periphery, it has long been considered an immunological refuge. Thus, tumor cells that make their way "to the brain were believed to be protected from the body's normal mechanisms of monitoring and eliminating them. In this process, the microenvironment and tumor cells at different stages interact and depend on each other to form the basis of the evolution of tumor brain metastases. This paper focuses on the pathogenesis, microenvironmental changes, and new treatment methods of different types of brain metastases. Through the systematic review and summary from macro to micro, the occurrence and development rules and key driving factors of the disease are revealed, and the clinical precision medicine of brain metastases is comprehensively promoted. Recent research has shed light on the potential of TME-targeted and potential treatments for treating Brain metastases, and we'll use that knowledge to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hari Siva Sai Sala
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Samiullah Khan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Affairs, Guiyang, China
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nazir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
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4
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Varlamova EG, Khabatova VV, Gudkov SV, Turovsky EA. Ca 2+-Dependent Effects of the Selenium-Sorafenib Nanocomplex on Glioblastoma Cells and Astrocytes of the Cerebral Cortex: Anticancer Agent and Cytoprotector. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032411. [PMID: 36768736 PMCID: PMC9917080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that sorafenib is recommended for the treatment of oncological diseases of the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland, and recently it has been used for combination therapy of brain cancer of various genesis, there are still significant problems for its widespread and effective use. Among these problems, the presence of the blood-brain barrier of the brain and the need to use high doses of sorafenib, the existence of mechanisms for the redistribution of sorafenib and its release in the brain tissue, as well as the high resistance of gliomas and glioblastomas to therapy should be considered the main ones. Therefore, there is a need to create new methods for delivering sorafenib to brain tumors, enhancing the therapeutic potential of sorafenib and reducing the cytotoxic effects of active compounds on the healthy environment of tumors, and ideally, increasing the survival of healthy cells during therapy. Using vitality tests, fluorescence microscopy, and molecular biology methods, we showed that the selenium-sorafenib (SeSo) nanocomplex, at relatively low concentrations, is able to bypass the mechanisms of glioblastoma cell chemoresistance and to induce apoptosis through Ca2+-dependent induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, changes in the expression of selenoproteins and selenium-containing proteins, as well as key kinases-regulators of oncogenicity and cell death. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) also have a high anticancer efficacy in glioblastomas, but are less selective, since SeSo in cortical astrocytes causes a more pronounced activation of the cytoprotective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Venera V. Khabatova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove st., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove st., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Strickland MR, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Gainor JF, Brastianos PK. Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Brain Metastases: Toward Unlocking Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1199-1216. [PMID: 35394521 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BrM) is a devastating complication of solid tumors associated with poor outcomes. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of cancer, but determinants of response are incompletely understood. Given the rising incidence of BrM, improved understanding of immunobiologic principles unique to the central nervous system (CNS) and dissection of those that govern the activity of ICIs are paramount toward unlocking BrM-specific antitumor immunity. In this review, we seek to discuss the current clinical landscape of ICI activity in the CNS and CNS immunobiology, and we focus, in particular, on the role of glial cells in the CNS immune response to BrM. SIGNIFICANCE There is an urgent need to improve patient selection for and clinical activity of ICIs in patients with cancer with concomitant BrM. Increased understanding of the unique immunobiologic principles that govern response to ICIs in the CNS is critical toward identifying targets in the tumor microenvironment that may potentiate antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin F Gainor
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Diverse roles of tumor-stromal PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling in breast cancer growth and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 154:93-140. [PMID: 35459473 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, it has become increasingly apparent that the tumor microenvironment (TME) mediates every step of cancer progression and solid tumors are only able to metastasize with a permissive TME. This intricate interaction of cancer cells with their surrounding TME, or stroma, is becoming more understood with an ever greater knowledge of tumor-stromal signaling pairs such as platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) and their cognate receptors. We and others have focused our research efforts on understanding how tumor-derived PDGFB activates platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signaling specifically in the breast cancer TME. In this chapter, we broadly discuss PDGF and PDGFR expression patterns and signaling in normal physiology and breast cancer. We then detail the expansive roles played by the PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling pathway in modulating breast tumor growth and metastasis with a focus on specific cellular populations within the TME, which are responsive to tumor-derived PDGFB. Given the increasingly appreciated importance of PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling in breast cancer progression, specifically in promoting metastasis, we end by discussing how therapeutic targeting of PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling holds great promise for improving current breast cancer treatment strategies.
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7
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Zhu L, Retana D, García‐Gómez P, Álvaro‐Espinosa L, Priego N, Masmudi‐Martín M, Yebra N, Miarka L, Hernández‐Encinas E, Blanco‐Aparicio C, Martínez S, Sobrino C, Ajenjo N, Artiga M, Ortega‐Paino E, Torres‐Ruiz R, Rodríguez‐Perales S, Soffietti R, Bertero L, Cassoni P, Weiss T, Muñoz J, Sepúlveda JM, González‐León P, Jiménez‐Roldán L, Moreno LM, Esteban O, Pérez‐Núñez Á, Hernández‐Laín A, Toldos O, Ruano Y, Alcázar L, Blasco G, Fernández‐Alén J, Caleiras E, Lafarga M, Megías D, Graña‐Castro O, Nör C, Taylor MD, Young LS, Varešlija D, Cosgrove N, Couch FJ, Cussó L, Desco M, Mouron S, Quintela‐Fandino M, Weller M, Pastor J, Valiente M. A clinically compatible drug-screening platform based on organotypic cultures identifies vulnerabilities to prevent and treat brain metastasis. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14552. [PMID: 35174975 PMCID: PMC8899920 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a medium-throughput drug-screening platform (METPlatform) based on organotypic cultures that allows to evaluate inhibitors against metastases growing in situ. By applying this approach to the unmet clinical need of brain metastasis, we identified several vulnerabilities. Among them, a blood-brain barrier permeable HSP90 inhibitor showed high potency against mouse and human brain metastases at clinically relevant stages of the disease, including a novel model of local relapse after neurosurgery. Furthermore, in situ proteomic analysis applied to metastases treated with the chaperone inhibitor uncovered a novel molecular program in brain metastasis, which includes biomarkers of poor prognosis and actionable mechanisms of resistance. Our work validates METPlatform as a potent resource for metastasis research integrating drug-screening and unbiased omic approaches that is compatible with human samples. Thus, this clinically relevant strategy is aimed to personalize the management of metastatic disease in the brain and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Zhu
- Brain Metastasis GroupCNIOMadridSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raúl Torres‐Ruiz
- Molecular Cytogenetics UnitCNIOMadridSpain,Division of Hematopoietic Innovative TherapiesCentro de Investigaciones EnergeticasMedioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT)MadridSpain
| | | | | | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro‐OncologyUniversity and City of Health and Science HospitalTurinItaly
| | - Luca Bertero
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of NeurologyClinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich and University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics UnitProteoRedISCIIICNIOMadridSpain,Present address:
Cell Signaling and Clinical Proteomics GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain,Present address:
IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | | | | | - Luis Jiménez‐Roldán
- Neurosurgery UnitHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain,Department of SurgeryUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain,Neuropathology UnitInstituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | | | - Olga Esteban
- Neurosurgery UnitHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | - Ángel Pérez‐Núñez
- Neurosurgery UnitHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain,Department of SurgeryUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain,Neuro‐Oncology GroupResearch Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12)MadridSpain
| | | | - Oscar Toldos
- Neuropathology UnitInstituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | - Yolanda Ruano
- Pathology DepartmentInstituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain,Universidad Francisco de VitoriaMadridSpain
| | - Lucía Alcázar
- Neurosurgery DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaMadridSpain
| | - Guillermo Blasco
- Neurosurgery DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)University of Cantabria‐IDIVALSantanderSpain
| | | | | | - Carolina Nör
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program and The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research CentreThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program and The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research CentreThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research GroupDepartment of SurgeryRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublinIreland
| | - Damir Varešlija
- Endocrine Oncology Research GroupDepartment of SurgeryRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublinIreland
| | - Nicola Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research GroupDepartment of SurgeryRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublinIreland
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Lorena Cussó
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería AeroespacialUniversidad Carlos III de MadridMadridSpain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain,Unidad de Imagen AvanzadaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería AeroespacialUniversidad Carlos III de MadridMadridSpain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain,Unidad de Imagen AvanzadaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | | | | | - Michael Weller
- Department of NeurologyClinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich and University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Cellular Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041092. [PMID: 35205842 PMCID: PMC8870579 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper summarizes the crosstalk between tumor/non-tumor cells and other elements of the glioblastoma (GB) microenvironment. In tumor pathology, glial cells result in the highest number of cancers, and GB is considered the most lethal tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex peritumoral hallo composed of tumor cells and several non-tumor cells (e.g., nervous cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, vascular and immune cells), which might be a key factor for the ineffective treatment since the microenvironment modulates the biologic status of the tumor with the increase in its evasion capacity. A deeper understanding of cell–cell interactions in the TME and with the tumor cells could be the basis for a more efficient therapy. Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) represents a complex network of different cells, such as neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels. In tumor pathology, glial cells result in the highest number of cancers, and glioblastoma (GB) is considered the most lethal tumor in this region. The development of GB leads to the infiltration of healthy tissue through the interaction between all the elements of the brain network. This results in a GB microenvironment, a complex peritumoral hallo composed of tumor cells and several non-tumor cells (e.g., nervous cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, vascular and immune cells), which might be the principal factor for the ineffective treatment due to the fact that the microenvironment modulates the biologic status of the tumor with the increase in its evasion capacity. Crosstalk between glioma cells and the brain microenvironment finally inhibits the beneficial action of molecular pathways, favoring the development and invasion of the tumor and its increasing resistance to treatment. A deeper understanding of cell–cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and with the tumor cells could be the basis for a more efficient therapy.
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Meira Menezes T, Assis C, Lacerda Cintra AJ, Silva dos Santos RC, Martins do Vale WK, Max Gomes Martins R, de Souza Bezerra R, Seabra GDM, Li C, Neves JL. Binding Mechanism between Acetylcholinesterase and Drugs Pazopanib and Lapatinib: Biochemical and Biophysical Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4500-4511. [PMID: 34808043 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are antitumor compounds that prevent the phosphorylation of proteins in a biological environment. However, the multitarget performance of TKIs promotes them as possible candidates for drug repositioning. In this work, interaction and inhibition studies through spectroscopic and computational techniques to evaluate the binding effectiveness of lapatinib and pazopanib TKIs to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are reported. The results indicated potent inhibition at the μM level. The types of inhibition were identified, with pazopanib acting through non-competitive inhibition and lapatinib through acompetitive inhibition. The fluorescence suppression studies indicate a static mechanism for lapatinib-AChE and pazopanib-AChE systems, with a binding constant in the order of 105 M-1. The obtained thermodynamic parameters reveal interactions driven by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds in the lapatinib-AChE system (ΔH° and ΔS° < 0). In contrast, the pazopanib-AChE system shows positive ΔH° and ΔS°, characteristic of hydrophobic interactions. The Foster resonance energy transfer study supports the fluorescence studies performed. The 3D fluorescence studies suggest changes in the microenvironment of the tryptophan and tyrosine residues of the protein in contact with lapatinib and pazopanib. The results suggest effective inhibition and moderate interaction of the drugs with AChE, making them interesting for conducting more in-depth repositioning studies as AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Meira Menezes
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Caio Assis
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Regildo Max Gomes Martins
- Post-Graduate in Biotechnology Multi-Institutional Program, PPGBIOTEC, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Ranilson de Souza Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jorge Luiz Neves
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
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10
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Andersen BM, Faust Akl C, Wheeler MA, Chiocca EA, Reardon DA, Quintana FJ. Glial and myeloid heterogeneity in the brain tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:786-802. [PMID: 34584243 PMCID: PMC8616823 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancers carry bleak prognoses, with therapeutic advances helping only a minority of patients over the past decade. The brain tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive and differs from that of other malignancies as a result of the glial, neural and immune cell populations that constitute it. Until recently, the study of the brain TME was limited by the lack of methods to de-convolute this complex system at the single-cell level. However, novel technical approaches have begun to reveal the immunosuppressive and tumour-promoting properties of distinct glial and myeloid cell populations in the TME, identifying new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we discuss the immune modulatory functions of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages and astrocytes in brain metastases and glioma, highlighting their disease-associated heterogeneity and drawing from the insights gained by studying these malignancies and other neurological disorders. Lastly, we consider potential approaches for the therapeutic modulation of the brain TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Andersen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Parmigiani E, Scalera M, Mori E, Tantillo E, Vannini E. Old Stars and New Players in the Brain Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:709917. [PMID: 34690699 PMCID: PMC8527006 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.709917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the direct interaction between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a crucial regulator of tumor growth and a promising therapeutic target. The TME, including the surrounding peritumoral regions, is dynamically modified during tumor progression and in response to therapies. However, the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between malignant and non-malignant cells are still poorly understood, especially in the case of glioma, an aggressive form of brain tumor. The presence of unique brain-resident cell types, namely neurons and glial cells, and an exceptionally immunosuppressive microenvironment pose additional important challenges to the development of effective treatments targeting the TME. In this review, we provide an overview on the direct and indirect interplay between glioma and neuronal and glial cells, introducing new players and mechanisms that still deserve further investigation. We will focus on the effects of neural activity and glial response in controlling glioma cell behavior and discuss the potential of exploiting these cellular interactions to develop new therapeutic approaches with the aim to preserve proper brain functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Parmigiani
- Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta Scalera
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Elena Tantillo
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vannini
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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12
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Giridharan N, Glitza Oliva IC, O'Brien BJ, Parker Kerrigan BC, Heimberger AB, Ferguson SD. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Brain Metastasis. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2021; 31:641-649. [PMID: 32921358 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment is a feature of the metastatic process. Successful metastatic brain colonization requires complex mechanisms that ultimately allow tumor cells to adapt to the unique microenvironment of the central nervous system, evade immune destruction, survive, and grow. Accumulating evidence suggests that components of the brain tumor microenvironment (TME) play a vital role in the metastatic cascade. In this review, the authors summarize the contribution of the TME to the development and progression of brain metastasis. They also highlight opportunities for TME-directed targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Giridharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Isabella C Glitza Oliva
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 430, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barbara J O'Brien
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 431, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Brittany C Parker Kerrigan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Kim J, Park JH, Park SK, Hoe HS. Sorafenib Modulates the LPS- and Aβ-Induced Neuroinflammatory Response in Cells, Wild-Type Mice, and 5xFAD Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684344. [PMID: 34122447 PMCID: PMC8190398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is FDA-approved for the treatment of primary kidney or liver cancer, but its ability to inhibit many types of kinases suggests it may have potential for treating other diseases. Here, the effects of sorafenib on neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo and the underlying mechanisms were assessed. Sorafenib reduced the induction of mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines COX-2 and IL-1β by LPS in BV2 microglial cells, but in primary astrocytes, only COX-2 mRNA levels were altered by sorafenib. Interestingly, sorafenib altered the LPS-mediated neuroinflammatory response in BV2 microglial cells by modulating AKT/P38-linked STAT3/NF-kB signaling pathways. In LPS-stimulated wild-type mice, sorafenib administration suppressed microglial/astroglial kinetics and morphological changes and COX-2 mRNA levels by decreasing AKT phosphorylation in the brain. In 5xFAD mice (an Alzheimer’s disease model), sorafenib treatment daily for 3 days significantly reduced astrogliosis but not microgliosis. Thus, sorafenib may have therapeutic potential for suppressing neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
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14
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Wyss CB, Duffey N, Peyvandi S, Barras D, Martinez Usatorre A, Coquoz O, Romero P, Delorenzi M, Lorusso G, Rüegg C. Gain of HIF1 Activity and Loss of miRNA let-7d Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Brain via the PDGF/PDGFR Axis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:594-605. [PMID: 33526470 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and adjuvant therapies have significantly improved survival of patients with breast cancer over the past three decades. In contrast, management of metastatic disease remains unresolved. Brain metastasis is a late complication frequently observed among patients with metastatic breast cancer, whose poor prognosis calls for novel and more effective therapies. Here, we report that active hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF1) signaling and loss of the miRNA let-7d concur to promote brain metastasis in a recently established model of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis from the primary site to the brain (4T1-BM2), and additionally in murine and human experimental models of breast cancer brain metastasis (D2A1-BM2 and MDA231-BrM2). Active HIF1 and let-7d loss upregulated expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B/A in murine and human brain metastatic cells, respectively, while either individual silencing of HIF1α and PDGF-A/B or let-7d overexpression suppressed brain metastasis formation in the tested models. Let-7d silencing upregulated HIF1α expression and HIF1 activity, indicating a regulatory hierarchy of the system. The clinical relevance of the identified targets was supported by human gene expression data analyses. Treatment of mice with nilotinib, a kinase inhibitor impinging on PDGF receptor (PDGFR) signaling, prevented formation of spontaneous brain metastases in the 4T1-BM2 model and reduced growth of established brain metastases in mouse and human models. These results identify active HIF1 signaling and let-7d loss as coordinated events promoting breast cancer brain metastasis through increased expression of PDGF-A/B. Moreover, they identify PDGFR inhibition as a potentially actionable therapeutic strategy for patients with brain metastatis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that loss of miRNA let-7d and active HIF1 signaling promotes breast cancer brain metastasis via PDGF and that pharmacologic inhibition of PDGFR suppresses brain metastasis, suggesting novel therapeutic opportunities. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/3/594/F1.large.jpg.See related article by Thies et al., p. 606.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof B Wyss
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Duffey
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sanam Peyvandi
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amaïa Martinez Usatorre
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oriana Coquoz
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Girieca Lorusso
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Pathology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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15
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Srinivasan ES, Tan AC, Anders CK, Pendergast AM, Sipkins DA, Ashley DM, Fecci PE, Khasraw M. Salting the Soil: Targeting the Microenvironment of Brain Metastases. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:455-466. [PMID: 33402399 PMCID: PMC8041238 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paget's "seed and soil" hypothesis of metastatic spread has acted as a foundation of the field for over a century, with continued evolution as mechanisms of the process have been elucidated. The central nervous system (CNS) presents a unique soil through this lens, relatively isolated from peripheral circulation and immune surveillance with distinct cellular and structural composition. Research in primary and metastatic brain tumors has demonstrated that this tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in the growth of CNS tumors. In each case, the cancerous cells develop complex and bidirectional relationships that reorganize the local TME and reprogram the CNS cells, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, infiltrating monocytes, and lymphocytes. These interactions create a structurally and immunologically permissive TME with malignant processes promoting positive feedback loops and systemic consequences. Strategies to interrupt interactions with the native CNS components, on "salting the soil," to create an inhospitable environment are promising in the preclinical setting. This review aims to examine the general and specific pathways thus far investigated in brain metastases and related work in glioma to identify targetable mechanisms that may have general application across the spectrum of intracranial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Srinivasan
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron C Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carey K Anders
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Dorothy A Sipkins
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David M Ashley
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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16
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Fujino S, Miyoshi N, Ito A, Yasui M, Ohue M, Ogino T, Takahashi H, Uemura M, Matsuda C, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Crenolanib Regulates ERK and AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways in RAS/BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer Cells and Organoids. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:812-822. [PMID: 33579816 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed molecularly targeted therapies such as EGFR inhibitors have notably improved the prognosis of patients with cancer. However, patients with KRAS and BRAF mutations do not currently benefit from these therapies. Here, we aimed to examine potential effects of crenolanib as a new molecularly targeted therapy in colorectal cancer. We used multiple colorectal cancer cell lines to investigate the growth-inhibitory effect of crenolanib and its effect in combination with other cytotoxic agents. Primary cultures of patient-derived organoids (PDO), a model that reflects the heterogeneity of clinical colorectal cancer, were used to further validate the effects of crenolanib. Unlike cetuximab, crenolanib remarkably suppressed ERK and AKT/mTOR pathways in HT29 cells with BRAF mutation and in HCT116 cells with KRAS mutation with corresponding growth-suppressing effects. Additive or synergistic effects were observed in treatments with combination of crenolanib and other cytotoxic drugs. Moreover, crenolanib suppressed the expression of stem cell markers, such as OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. These observations were substantiated in seven PDOs with KRAS mutation and two PDOs without KRAS/BRAF mutations, with crenolanib suppressing the growth of all PDOs regardless of their KRAS mutation status. Furthermore, crenolanib abrogated PDGF- and TGFβ-induced increase of OCT4-positive cells in PDOs. Together, these findings suggest that crenolanib may have clinical utility for patients with colorectal cancer, especially patients with KRAS/BRAF mutations. IMPLICATIONS: These findings indicate that crenolanib can be a useful target agent for patients with colorectal cancer, especially patients with KRAS/BRAF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan.,Innovative Oncology Research and Translational Medicine, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan. .,Innovative Oncology Research and Translational Medicine, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Ito
- Innovative Oncology Research and Translational Medicine, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yasui
- Department of Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chu Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Thies KA, Hammer AM, Hildreth BE, Steck SA, Spehar JM, Kladney RD, Geisler JA, Das M, Russell LO, Bey JF, Bolyard CM, Pilarski R, Trimboli AJ, Cuitiño MC, Koivisto CS, Stover DG, Schoenfield L, Otero J, Godbout JP, Chakravarti A, Ringel MD, Ramaswamy B, Li Z, Kaur B, Leone G, Ostrowski MC, Sizemore ST, Sizemore GM. Stromal Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Signaling Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis in the Brain. Cancer Res 2020; 81:606-618. [PMID: 32327406 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) is a receptor tyrosine kinase found in cells of mesenchymal origin such as fibroblasts and pericytes. Activation of this receptor is dependent on paracrine ligand induction, and its preferred ligand PDGFB is released by neighboring epithelial and endothelial cells. While expression of both PDGFRβ and PDGFB has been noted in patient breast tumors for decades, how PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ tumor-stroma signaling mediates breast cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis remains unclear. Here we demonstrate this paracrine signaling pathway that mediates both primary tumor growth and metastasis, specifically, metastasis to the brain. Elevated levels of PDGFB accelerated orthotopic tumor growth and intracranial growth of mammary tumor cells, while mesenchymal-specific expression of an activating mutant PDGFRβ (PDGFRβD849V) exerted proproliferative signals on adjacent mammary tumor cells. Stromal expression of PDGFRβD849V also promoted brain metastases of mammary tumor cells expressing high PDGFB when injected intravenously. In the brain, expression of PDGFRβD849V was observed within a subset of astrocytes, and aged mice expressing PDGFRβD849V exhibited reactive gliosis. Importantly, the PDGFR-specific inhibitor crenolanib significantly reduced intracranial growth of mammary tumor cells. In a tissue microarray comprised of 363 primary human breast tumors, high PDGFB protein expression was prognostic for brain metastases, but not metastases to other sites. Our results advocate the use of mice expressing PDGFRβD849V in their stromal cells as a preclinical model of breast cancer-associated brain metastases and support continued investigation into the clinical prognostic and therapeutic use of PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling in women with breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These studies reveal a previously unknown role for PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ paracrine signaling in the promotion of breast cancer brain metastases and support the prognostic and therapeutic clinical utility of this pathway for patients.See related article by Wyss and colleagues, p. 594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Thies
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anisha M Hammer
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Blake E Hildreth
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sarah A Steck
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Spehar
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raleigh D Kladney
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer A Geisler
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Manjusri Das
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Luke O Russell
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jerome F Bey
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chelsea M Bolyard
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Pilarski
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anthony J Trimboli
- The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Maria C Cuitiño
- The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Christopher S Koivisto
- The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel G Stover
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lynn Schoenfield
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jose Otero
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zaibo Li
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Gustavo Leone
- The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Steven T Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gina M Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Lah TT, Novak M, Breznik B. Brain malignancies: Glioblastoma and brain metastases. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:262-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Leiss L, Mega A, Olsson Bontell T, Nistér M, Smits A, Corvigno S, Rahman MA, Enger PØ, Miletic H, Östman A. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/glial fibrillary acidic protein expressing peritumoral astrocytes associate with shorter median overall survival in glioblastoma patients. Glia 2019; 68:979-988. [PMID: 31769546 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment and architecture of peritumoral tissue have been suggested to affect permissiveness for infiltration of malignant cells. Astrocytes constitute a heterogeneous population of cells and have been linked to proliferation, migration, and drug sensitivity of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Through double-immunohistochemical staining for platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), this study explored the intercase variability among 45 human GBM samples regarding density of GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes and a subset of GFAP+ peritumoral astrocyte-like cells also expressing PDGFRα. Large intercase variability regarding the total peritumoral astrocyte density and the density of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocyte-like cells was detected. DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses for commonly altered genetic tumor markers supported the interpretation that these cells represented a genetically unaffected host cell subset referred to as PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes. The presence of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes was significantly positively correlated to older patient age and peritumoral astrocyte density, but not to other established prognostic factors. Notably, presence of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes, but not peritumoral astrocyte density, was associated with significantly shorter patient overall survival. The prognostic association of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes was confirmed in multivariable analyses. This exploratory study thus demonstrates previously unrecognized intercase variability and prognostic significance of peritumoral abundance of a novel PDGFRα+ subset of GFAP+ astrocytes. Findings suggest clinically relevant roles of the microenvironment of peritumoral GBM tissue and encourage further characterization of the novel astrocyte subset with regard to origin, function, and potential as biomarker and drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Leiss
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Mega
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsson Bontell
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Acandemy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Corvigno
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Carvalho R, Paredes J, Ribeiro AS. Impact of breast cancer cells´ secretome on the brain metastatic niche remodeling. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:294-301. [PMID: 31711993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases occur in approximately 10-20% of patients with metastatic breast cancer showing a very poor overall survival. Curiously, different molecular subtypes (that show specific gene expression signatures and differential prognostic significance) are associated with different risks for brain metastases development, suggesting that cancer cells harbor specific molecular programs that award them intrinsic advantages to survive in this specific foreign tissue. Emerging data has been revealing that biophysical and/or mechanical properties of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM), along with those of the brain resident cells, play a crucial role in creating the best conditions for survival, colonization and outgrowth of breast cancer cells in this distinct microenvironment. Although several reports show that cancer cells modulate metastatic niches way before they reach the target organ, few data exist for the brain metastatic niche. Indeed, little is known concerning how factors secreted by cancer cells activate brain resident cells and/or modify brain ECM biomechanical properties and how these modifications impact cells´ ability to metastasize the brain. The brain is a particular organ, protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB), and containing exclusive functional units and very special cell types. Additionally, it is the organ with the most singular ECM and biomechanical properties. Thus, this cancer cell-brain metastatic niche interaction must present distinct properties. Consequently, the search for putative molecular markers that modulate the brain pre-metastatic niche, thus promoting the successful metastatic homing of cancer cells, is urgently needed. In this review, we will discuss key aspects regarding breast cancer cells and the brain pre-metastatic niche paracrine communication that is crucial to initiate the metastatic cascade. We will focus on cancer cell`s secretome influence into the brain microenvironment, specifically on its impact on tissue mechanics and on brain resident cells as regulators of the pre-metastatic niche formation, ultimately promoting metastatic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Paredes
- i3S/IPATIMUP, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Interaction of tumor cells and astrocytes promotes breast cancer brain metastases through TGF-β2/ANGPTL4 axes. NPJ Precis Oncol 2019; 3:24. [PMID: 31602400 PMCID: PMC6776663 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-019-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic outcomes depend on the interactions of metastatic cells with a specific organ microenvironment. Our previous studies have shown that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells passaged in astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) show proclivity to form brain metastases, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. The combination of microarray analysis, qPCR, and ELISA assay were carried out to demonstrate the ACM-induced expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in TNBC cells. A stable ANGPTL4-knockdown MDA-MB-231 cell line was generated by ANGPTL4 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) and inoculated into mice via left ventricular injection to evaluate the role of ANGPTL4 in brain metastasis formation. The approaches of siRNA, neutralizing antibodies, inhibitors, and immunoprecipitation were used to demonstrate the involved signaling molecules. We first found that ACM-conditioned TNBC cells upregulated the expression of ANGPTL4, a secreted glycoprotein whose effect on tumor progression is known to be tumor microenvironment- and tumor-type dependent. Knockdown of ANGPTL4 in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells with shRNA decreased ACM-induced tumor cell metastatic growth in the brain and attributed to survival in a mouse model. Furthermore, we identified that astrocytes produced transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), which in part is responsible for upregulation of ANGPTL4 expression in TNBC through induction of SMAD signaling. Moreover, we identified that tumor cells communicate with astrocytes, where tumor cell-derived interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) increased the expression of TGF-β2 in astrocytes. Collectively, these findings indicate that the invading TNBC cells interact with astrocytes in the brain microenvironment that facilitates brain metastases of TNBC cells through a TGF-β2/ANGPTL4 axis. This provides groundwork to target ANGPTL4 as a treatment for breast cancer brain metastases.
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22
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Sirkisoon SR, Carpenter RL, Rimkus T, Doheny D, Zhu D, Aguayo NR, Xing F, Chan M, Ruiz J, Metheny-Barlow LJ, Strowd R, Lin J, Regua AT, Arrigo A, Anguelov M, Pasche B, Debinski W, Watabe K, Lo HW. TGLI1 transcription factor mediates breast cancer brain metastasis via activating metastasis-initiating cancer stem cells and astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2019; 39:64-78. [PMID: 31462709 PMCID: PMC6938539 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for breast cancer metastasis remain unclear. Whether truncated glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (TGLI1), a transcription factor known to promote angiogenesis, migration and invasion, plays any role in metastasis of any tumor type has never been investigated. In this study, results of two mouse models of breast cancer metastasis showed that ectopic expression of TGLI1, but not GLI1, promoted preferential metastasis to the brain. Conversely, selective TGLI1 knockdown using antisense oligonucleotides led to decreased breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGLI1, but not GLI1, was increased in lymph node metastases compared to matched primary tumors, and that TGLI1 was expressed at higher levels in BCBM specimens compared to primary tumors. TGLI1 activation is associated with a shortened time to develop BCBM and enriched in HER2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancers. Radioresistant BCBM cell lines and specimens expressed higher levels of TGLI1, but not GLI1, than radiosensitive counterparts. Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) are radioresistant and metastasis-initiating cells, we examined TGLI1 for its involvement in breast CSCs and found TGLI1 to transcriptionally activate stemness genes CD44, Nanog, Sox2, and OCT4 leading to CSC renewal, and TGLI1 outcompetes with GLI1 for binding to target promoters. We next examined whether astrocyte-priming underlies TGLI1-mediated brain tropism and found that TGLI1-positive CSCs strongly activated and interacted with astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that TGLI1 mediates breast cancer metastasis to the brain, in part, through promoting metastasis-initiating CSCs and activating astrocytes in BCBM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherona R Sirkisoon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tadas Rimkus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dongqin Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Noah R Aguayo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jimmy Ruiz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Linda J Metheny-Barlow
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roy Strowd
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelina T Regua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Austin Arrigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Marlyn Anguelov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Boris Pasche
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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23
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Kalita-de Croft P, Straube J, Lim M, Al-Ejeh F, Lakhani SR, Saunus JM. Proteomic Analysis of the Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102524. [PMID: 31121957 PMCID: PMC6567270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with brain-metastatic breast cancer face a bleak prognosis marked by morbidity and premature death. A deeper understanding of molecular interactions in the metastatic brain tumour microenvironment may inform the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this study, triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells or PBS (modelling traumatic brain injury) were stereotactically injected into the cerebral cortex of NOD/SCID mice to model metastatic colonization. Brain cells were isolated from five tumour-associated samples and five controls (pooled uninvolved and injured tissue) by immunoaffinity chromatography, and proteomic profiles were compared using the Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) discovery platform. Ontology and cell type biomarker enrichment analysis of the 125 differentially abundant proteins (p < 0.05) showed the changes largely represent cellular components involved in metabolic reprogramming and cell migration (min q = 4.59 × 10-5), with high-throughput PubMed text mining indicating they have been most frequently studied in the contexts of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and autophagy. Analysis of mouse brain cell type-specific biomarkers suggested the changes were paralleled by increased proportions of microglia, mural cells and interneurons. Finally, we orthogonally validated three of the proteins in an independent xenograft cohort, and investigated their expression in craniotomy specimens from triple-negative metastatic breast cancer patients, using a combination of standard and fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry. This included 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA Hydrolase (HIBCH), which is integral for gluconeogenic valine catabolism in the brain, and was strongly induced in both graft-associated brain tissue (13.5-fold by SWATH-MS; p = 7.2 × 10-4), and areas of tumour-associated, reactive gliosis in human clinical samples. HIBCH was also induced in the tumour compartment, with expression frequently localized to margins and haemorrhagic areas. These observations raise the possibility that catabolism of valine is an effective adaptation in metastatic cells able to access it, and that intermediates or products could be transferred from tumour-associated glia. Overall, our findings indicate that metabolic reprogramming dominates the proteomic landscape of graft-associated brain tissue in the intracranial MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. Brain-derived metabolic provisions could represent an exploitable dependency in breast cancer brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jasmin Straube
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Malcolm Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - Fares Al-Ejeh
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jodi M Saunus
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
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24
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Lee ATJ, Jones RL, Huang PH. Pazopanib in advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:16. [PMID: 31123606 PMCID: PMC6522548 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib is the first and only tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of multiple histological subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Initially developed as a small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, preclinical work indicates that pazopanib exerts an anticancer effect through the inhibition of both angiogenic and oncogenic signaling pathways. Following the establishment of optimal dosing and safety profiles in early phase studies and approval for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, pazopanib was investigated in STS. A landmark phase III randomized study demonstrated improved progression-free survival with pazopanib compared to that with placebo in pretreated patients with STS of various subtypes. The efficacy of pazopanib in specific STS subtypes has been further described in real-world-based case series in both mixed and subtype-specific STS cohorts. At present, there are no clinically validated predictive biomarkers for use in selecting patients with advanced STS for pazopanib therapy, limiting the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the drug. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical data for pazopanib, outline the evidence base for its effect in STS and explore reported studies that have investigated putative biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T. J. Lee
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robin L. Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Paul H. Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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25
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Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Effective Treatment of Brain Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061280. [PMID: 30875730 PMCID: PMC6471202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most prevalent of intracranial malignancies. They are associated with a very poor prognosis and near 100% mortality. This has been the case for decades, largely because we lack effective therapeutics to augment surgery and radiotherapy. Notwithstanding improvements in the precision and efficacy of these life-prolonging treatments, with no reliable options for adjunct systemic therapy, brain recurrences are virtually inevitable. The factors limiting intracranial efficacy of existing agents are both physiological and molecular in nature. For example, heterogeneous permeability, abnormal perfusion and high interstitial pressure oppose the conventional convective delivery of circulating drugs, thus new delivery strategies are needed to achieve uniform drug uptake at therapeutic concentrations. Brain metastases are also highly adapted to their microenvironment, with complex cross-talk between the tumor, the stroma and the neural compartments driving speciation and drug resistance. New strategies must account for resistance mechanisms that are frequently engaged in this milieu, such as HER3 and other receptor tyrosine kinases that become induced and activated in the brain microenvironment. Here, we discuss molecular and physiological factors that contribute to the recalcitrance of these tumors, and review emerging therapeutic strategies, including agents targeting the PI3K axis, immunotherapies, nanomedicines and MRI-guided focused ultrasound for externally controlling drug delivery.
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26
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Zhang H, Brown RL, Wei Y, Zhao P, Liu S, Liu X, Deng Y, Hu X, Zhang J, Gao XD, Kang Y, Mercurio AM, Goel HL, Cheng C. CD44 splice isoform switching determines breast cancer stem cell state. Genes Dev 2019; 33:166-179. [PMID: 30692202 PMCID: PMC6362815 DOI: 10.1101/gad.319889.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zhang et al. show that manipulating the splicing regulator ESRP1 to shift alternative splicing from splice isoform CD44v to CD44s leads to an induction of cancer stem cell properties. Although changes in alternative splicing have been observed in cancer, their functional contributions still remain largely unclear. Here we report that splice isoforms of the cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD44 exhibit strikingly opposite functions in breast cancer. Bioinformatic annotation in patient breast cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database reveals that the CD44 standard splice isoform (CD44s) positively associates with the CSC gene signatures, whereas the CD44 variant splice isoforms (CD44v) exhibit an inverse association. We show that CD44s is the predominant isoform expressed in breast CSCs. Elimination of the CD44s isoform impairs CSC traits. Conversely, manipulating the splicing regulator ESRP1 to shift alternative splicing from CD44v to CD44s leads to an induction of CSC properties. We further demonstrate that CD44s activates the PDGFRβ/Stat3 cascade to promote CSC traits. These results reveal CD44 isoform specificity in CSC and non-CSC states and suggest that alternative splicing provides functional gene versatility that is essential for distinct cancer cell states and thus cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Rhonda L Brown
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Pu Zhao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sali Liu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Xuan Liu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yu Deng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xin D Gao
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Chonghui Cheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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27
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Jitariu AA, Raica M, Cîmpean AM, Suciu SC. The role of PDGF-B/PDGFR-BETA axis in the normal development and carcinogenesis of the breast. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 131:46-52. [PMID: 30293705 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGFs/PDGFRs axis is documented as an important tumor-promoting agent and potential therapeutic target for several human carcinomas, including breast cancer. However, little is known about the role played by the PDGF family members in the normal development of the breast tissue, breast carcinogenesis and tumor-microenvironment dynamics Despite its potent pro-lymphangiogenic effects, PDGF-B/PDGFR-beta axis remains controversial and incompletely elucidated in the field of breast cancer, with emphasis to its differential implications in breast cancer molecular subtypes. Although some data are available concerning this aspect, little or no information is found regarding the role of the PDGF-B/PDGFR-beta axis in rare and aggressive types of breast cancers, such as triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) and its associated subtypes This review attempted to gather as many data as possible concerning PDGFs family members in the normal breast tissue and in breast carcinogenesis with special focus on their role in diagnosis and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana-Andreea Jitariu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Anca Maria Cîmpean
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania.
| | - Silviu Cristian Suciu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
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28
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Van Swearingen AED, Sambade MJ, Siegel MB, Sud S, McNeill RS, Bevill SM, Chen X, Bash RE, Mounsey L, Golitz BT, Santos C, Deal A, Parker JS, Rashid N, Miller CR, Johnson GL, Anders CK. Combined kinase inhibitors of MEK1/2 and either PI3K or PDGFR are efficacious in intracranial triple-negative breast cancer. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1481-1493. [PMID: 28486691 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking expression of hormone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 receptors, is an aggressive subtype that frequently metastasizes to the brain and has no FDA-approved systemic therapies. Previous literature demonstrates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) pathway activation in TNBC brain metastases. Thus, we aimed to discover rational combinatorial therapies with MEK inhibition, hypothesizing that co-inhibition using clinically available brain-penetrant inhibitors would improve survival in preclinical models of TNBC brain metastases. Methods Using human-derived TNBC cell lines, synthetic lethal small interfering RNA kinase screens were evaluated with brain-penetrant inhibitors against MEK1/2 (selumetinib, AZD6244) or phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K; buparlisib, BKM120). Mice bearing intracranial TNBC tumors (SUM149, MDA-MB-231Br, MDA-MB-468, or MDA-MB-436) were treated with MEK, PI3K, or platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR; pazopanib) inhibitors alone or in combination. Tumors were analyzed by western blot and multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads/mass spectrometry to assess treatment effects. Results Screens identified MEK+PI3K and MEK+PDGFR inhibitors as tractable, rational combinations. Dual treatment of selumetinib with buparlisib or pazopanib was synergistic in TNBC cells in vitro. Both combinations improved survival in intracranial SUM149 and MDA-MB-231Br, but not MDA-MB-468 or MDA-MB-436. Treatments decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K (Akt) signaling in sensitive (SUM149 and 231Br) but not resistant models (MDA-MB-468). Exploratory analysis of kinome reprogramming in SUM149 intracranial tumors after MEK ± PI3K inhibition demonstrates extensive kinome changes with treatment, especially in MAPK pathway members. Conclusions Results demonstrate that rational combinations of the clinically available inhibitors selumetinib with buparlisib or pazopanib may prove to be promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of some TNBC brain metastases. Additionally, effective combination treatments cause widespread alterations in kinase pathways, including targetable potential resistance drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E D Van Swearingen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Maria J Sambade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Marni B Siegel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shivani Sud
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samantha M Bevill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xin Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Louisa Mounsey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brian T Golitz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charlene Santos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Allison Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Naim Rashid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carey K Anders
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics, Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Divisions of Neuropathology, Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, and Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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29
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The biology and therapeutic management of melanoma brain metastases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 153:35-45. [PMID: 29278675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent years have seen significant progress in the development of systemic therapies to treat patients with advanced melanoma. Use of these new treatment modalities, which include immune checkpoint inhibitors and small molecule BRAF inhibitors, lead to increased overall survival and better outcomes. Although revolutionary, these therapies are often less effective against melanoma brain metastases, and frequently the CNS is the major site of treatment failure. The development of brain metastases remains a serious complication of advanced melanoma that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. New approaches to both prevent the development of brain metastases and treat established disease are urgently needed. In this review we will outline the mechanisms underlying the development of melanoma brain metastases and will discuss how new insights into metastasis biology are driving the development of new therapeutic strategies. Finally, we will describe the latest data from the ongoing clinical trials for patients with melanoma brain metastases.
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30
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Wasilewski D, Priego N, Fustero-Torre C, Valiente M. Reactive Astrocytes in Brain Metastasis. Front Oncol 2017; 7:298. [PMID: 29312881 PMCID: PMC5732246 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis, the secondary growth of malignant cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exceeds the incidence of primary brain tumors (i.e., gliomas) by tenfold and are seemingly on the rise owing to the emergence of novel targeted therapies that are more effective in controlling extracranial disease relatively to intracranial lesions. Despite the fact that metastasis to the brain poses a unmet clinical problem, with afflicted patients carrying significant morbidity and a fatal prognosis, our knowledge as to how metastatic cells manage to adapt to the tissue environment of the CNS remains limited. Answering this question could pave the way for novel and more specific therapeutic modalities in brain metastasis by targeting the specific makeup of the brain metastatic niche. In regard to this, astrocytes have emerged as the major host cell type that cancer cells encounter and interact with during brain metastasis formation. Similarly to other CNS disorders, astrocytes become reactive and respond to the presence of cancer cells by changing their phenotype and significantly influencing the outcome of disseminated cancer cells within the CNS. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of reactive astrocytes in brain metastasis by focusing on the signaling pathways and types of interactions that play a crucial part in the communication with cancer cells and how these could be translated into innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wasilewski
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Neibla Priego
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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31
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Abstract
The efficient production, folding, and secretion of proteins is critical for cancer cell survival. However, cancer cells thrive under stress conditions that damage proteins, so many cancer cells overexpress molecular chaperones that facilitate protein folding and target misfolded proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome or autophagy pathway. Stress response pathway induction is also important for cancer cell survival. Indeed, validated targets for anti-cancer treatments include molecular chaperones, components of the unfolded protein response, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy. We will focus on links between breast cancer and these processes, as well as the development of drug resistance, relapse, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, 4249 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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32
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Saunus JM, McCart Reed AE, Lim ZL, Lakhani SR. Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: Clonal Evolution in Clinical Context. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010152. [PMID: 28098771 PMCID: PMC5297785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are highly-evolved manifestations of breast cancer arising in a unique microenvironment, giving them exceptional adaptability in the face of new extrinsic pressures. The incidence is rising in line with population ageing, and use of newer therapies that stabilise metastatic disease burden with variable efficacy throughout the body. Historically, there has been a widely-held view that brain metastases do not respond to circulating therapeutics because the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) restricts their uptake. However, emerging data are beginning to paint a more complex picture where the brain acts as a sanctuary for dormant, subclinical proliferations that are initially protected by the BBB, but then exposed to dynamic selection pressures as tumours mature and vascular permeability increases. Here, we review key experimental approaches and landmark studies that have charted the genomic landscape of breast cancer brain metastases. These findings are contextualised with the factors impacting on clonal outgrowth in the brain: intrinsic breast tumour cell capabilities required for brain metastatic fitness, and the neural niche, which is initially hostile to invading cells but then engineered into a tumour-support vehicle by the successful minority. We also discuss how late detection, abnormal vascular perfusion and interstitial fluid dynamics underpin the recalcitrant clinical behaviour of brain metastases, and outline active clinical trials in the context of precision management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi M Saunus
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Amy E McCart Reed
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Zhun Leong Lim
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- UQ School of Medicine, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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33
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He C, Cai P, Li J, Zhang T, Lin L, Abbasi AZ, Henderson JT, Rauth AM, Wu XY. Blood-brain barrier-penetrating amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles deliver docetaxel for the treatment of brain metastases of triple negative breast cancer. J Control Release 2017; 246:98-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Kyyriäinen J, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Pitkänen A. Dynamics of PDGFRβ expression in different cell types after brain injury. Glia 2016; 65:322-341. [PMID: 27778377 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is upregulated after brain injury and its depletion results in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. We investigated the time-window and localization of PDGFRβ expression in mice with intrahippocampal kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (SE) and in rats with lateral fluid-percussion-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI). Tissue immunohistochemistry was evaluated at several time-points after SE and TBI. The distribution of PDGFRβ was analyzed, and its cell type-specific expression was verified with double/triple-labeling of astrocytes (GFAP), NG2 cells, and endothelial cells (RECA-1). In normal mouse hippocampus, we found evenly distributed PDGFRβ+ parenchymal cells. In double-labeling, all NG2+ and 40%-60% GFAP+ cells were PDGFRβ+. After SE, PDGFRβ+ cells clustered in the ipsilateral hilus (178% of that in controls at fourth day, 225% at seventh day, P < 0.05) and in CA3 (201% at seventh day, P < 0.05), but the total number of PDGFRβ+ cells was not altered. As in controls, PDGFRβ-immunoreactivity was detected in parenchymal NG2+ and GFAP+ cells. We also observed PDGFRβ+ structural pericytes, detached reactive pericytes, and endothelial cells. After TBI, PDGFRβ+ cells clustered in the perilesional cortex and thalamus, particularly during the first post-injury week. PDGFRβ immunopositivity was observed in NG2+ and GFAP+ cells, structural pericytes, detached reactive pericytes, and endothelial cells. In some animals, PDGFRβ vascular staining was observed around the cortical glial scar for up to 3 months. Our data revealed an acute accumulation of PDGFRβ+ BBB-related cells in degenerating brain areas, which can be long lasting, suggesting an active role for PDGFRβ-signaling in blood vessel and post-injury tissue recovery. GLIA 2017;65:322-341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
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35
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Abstract
Tumour metastasis, the movement of tumour cells from a primary site to progressively colonize distant organs, is a major contributor to the deaths of cancer patients. Therapeutic goals are the prevention of an initial metastasis in high-risk patients, shrinkage of established lesions and prevention of additional metastases in patients with limited disease. Instead of being autonomous, tumour cells engage in bidirectional interactions with metastatic microenvironments to alter antitumour immunity, the extracellular milieu, genomic stability, survival signalling, chemotherapeutic resistance and proliferative cycles. Can targeting of these interactions significantly improve patient outcomes? In this Review preclinical research, combination therapies and clinical trial designs are re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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36
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Momeny M, Saunus JM, Marturana F, McCart Reed AE, Black D, Sala G, Iacobelli S, Holland JD, Yu D, Da Silva L, Simpson PT, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G, Lakhani SR. Heregulin-HER3-HER2 signaling promotes matrix metalloproteinase-dependent blood-brain-barrier transendothelial migration of human breast cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3932-46. [PMID: 25668816 PMCID: PMC4414164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive breast tumors are associated with a high risk of brain relapse. HER3 is thought to be an indispensible signaling substrate for HER2 (encoded by ERBB2) and is induced in breast cancer-brain metastases, though the molecular mechanisms by which this oncogenic dimer promotes the development of brain metastases are still elusive. We studied the effects of the HER3-HER2 ligand, heregulin (neuregulin-1, broadly expressed in the brain), on luminal breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Treatment of SKBr3 (ERBB2-amplified), MDA-MB-361 (ERBB2-amplified, metastatic brain tumor-derived) and MCF7 (HER2-positive, not ERBB2-amplified) cells with exogenous heregulin increased proliferation and adhesive potential, concomitant with induction of cyclin D1 and ICAM-1, and suppression of p27. All three cell lines invaded through matrigel toward a heregulin chemotactic signal in transwell experiments, associated with activation of extracellular cathepsin B and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Moreover, heregulin induced breast cancer cell transmigration across a tight barrier of primary human brain microvascular endothelia. This was dependent on the activity of HER2, HER3 and MMPs, and was completely abrogated by combination HER2-HER3 blockade using Herceptin® and the humanized HER3 monoclonal antibody, EV20. Collectively these data suggest mechanisms by which the HER3-HER2 dimer promotes development of metastatic tumors in the heregulin-rich brain microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Momeny
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jodi M Saunus
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Marturana
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy E McCart Reed
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Debra Black
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Jane D Holland
- Department of Cancer Research, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leonard Da Silva
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter T Simpson
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sunil R Lakhani
- University of Queensland, UQ Center for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston, QLD, Australia
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37
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Sartorius CA, Hanna CT, Gril B, Cruz H, Serkova NJ, Huber KM, Kabos P, Schedin TB, Borges VF, Steeg PS, Cittelly DM. Estrogen promotes the brain metastatic colonization of triple negative breast cancer cells via an astrocyte-mediated paracrine mechanism. Oncogene 2015; 35:2881-92. [PMID: 26411365 PMCID: PMC4809801 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are a devastating consequence of breast cancer. BM occur more frequently in patients with estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) breast cancer subtypes; HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) tumors and triple-negative (TN) (ER−, progesterone receptor-negative (PR−) and normal HER2) tumors. Young age is an independent risk factor for development of BM, thus we speculated that higher circulating estrogens in young, pre-menopausal women could exert paracrine effects through the highly estrogen-responsive brain microenvironment. Using a TN experimental metastases model, we demonstrate that ovariectomy decreased the frequency of MRI detectable lesions by 56% as compared to estrogen supplementation, and that the combination of ovariectomy and letrozole further reduced the frequency of large lesions to 14.4% of the estrogen control. Human BM expressed 4.2-48.4% ER+ stromal area, particularly ER+ astrocytes. In vitro, E2-treated astrocytes increased proliferation, migration and invasion of 231BR-EGFP cells in an ER-dependent manner. E2 upregulated EGFR ligands Egf, Ereg, and Tgfa mRNA and protein levels in astrocytes, and activated EGFR in brain metastatic cells. Co-culture of 231BR-EGFP cells with E2-treated astrocytes led to upregulation of the metastatic mediator S100 Calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) (1.78-fold, P<0.05). Exogenous EGF increased S100A4 mRNA levels in 231BR-EGFP cells (1.40±0.02 fold, P<0.01 compared to vehicle-control) and an EGFR/HER2 inhibitor blocked this effect, suggesting that S100A4 is a downstream effector of EGFR activation. ShRNA-mediated S100A4 silencing in 231BR-EGFP cells decreased their migration and invasion in response to E2-CM, abolished their increased proliferation in co-cultures with E2-treated astrocytes, and decreased brain metastatic colonization. Thus, S100A4 is one effector of the paracrine action of E2 in brain metastatic cells. These studies provide a novel mechanism by which estrogens, acting through ER+ astrocytes in the brain microenvironment, can promote BM of TN breast cancers, and suggests existing endocrine agents may provide some clinical benefit towards reducing and managing BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C T Hanna
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - N J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K M Huber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T B Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V F Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D M Cittelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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38
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Smart D, Garcia-Glaessner A, Palmieri D, Wong-Goodrich SJ, Kramp T, Gril B, Shukla S, Lyle T, Hua E, Cameron HA, Camphausen K, Steeg PS. Analysis of radiation therapy in a model of triple-negative breast cancer brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:717-27. [PMID: 26319493 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer patients with brain metastases are treated with radiation therapy, yet this modality has not yet been meaningfully incorporated into preclinical experimental brain metastasis models. We applied two forms of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) to the brain-tropic 231-BR experimental brain metastasis model of triple-negative breast cancer. When compared to sham controls, WBRT as 3 Gy × 10 fractions (3 × 10) reduced the number of micrometastases and large metastases by 87.7 and 54.5 %, respectively (both p < 0.01); whereas a single radiation dose of 15 Gy × 1 (15 × 1) was less effective, reducing metastases by 58.4 % (p < 0.01) and 47.1 % (p = 0.41), respectively. Neuroinflammation in the adjacent brain parenchyma was due solely to a reaction from metastases, and not radiotherapy, while adult neurogenesis in brains was adversely affected following both radiation regimens. The nature of radiation resistance was investigated by ex vivo culture of tumor cells that survived initial WBRT ("Surviving" cultures). The Surviving cultures surprisingly demonstrated increased radiosensitivity ex vivo. In contrast, re-injection of Surviving cultures and re-treatment with a 3 × 10 WBRT regimen significantly reduced the number of large and micrometastases that developed in vivo, suggesting a role for the microenvironment. Micrometastases derived from tumor cells surviving initial 3 × 10 WBRT demonstrated a trend toward radioresistance upon repeat treatment (p = 0.09). The data confirm the potency of a fractionated 3 × 10 WBRT regimen and identify the brain microenvironment as a potential determinant of radiation efficacy. The data also nominate the Surviving cultures as a potential new translational model for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeDee Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Alejandra Garcia-Glaessner
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane Palmieri
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- NHLBI, Bldg 10-CRC, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Tamalee Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiffany Lyle
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily Hua
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, NIMH, NIH, 35 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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39
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Saunus JM, Quinn MCJ, Patch AM, Pearson JV, Bailey PJ, Nones K, McCart Reed AE, Miller D, Wilson PJ, Al-Ejeh F, Mariasegaram M, Lau Q, Withers T, Jeffree RL, Reid LE, Da Silva L, Matsika A, Niland CM, Cummings MC, Bruxner TJC, Christ AN, Harliwong I, Idrisoglu S, Manning S, Nourse C, Nourbakhsh E, Wani S, Anderson MJ, Fink JL, Holmes O, Kazakoff S, Leonard C, Newell F, Taylor D, Waddell N, Wood S, Xu Q, Kassahn KS, Narayanan V, Taib NA, Teo SH, Chow YP, kConFab, Jat PS, Brandner S, Flanagan AM, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G, Grimmond SM, Simpson PT, Waddell N, Lakhani SR. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis of human brain metastases identifies alterations of potential clinical significance. J Pathol 2015; 237:363-78. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi M Saunus
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Michael CJ Quinn
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - John V Pearson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Peter J Bailey
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences; University of Glasgow; UK
| | - Katia Nones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Amy E McCart Reed
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - David Miller
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Fares Al-Ejeh
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Mythily Mariasegaram
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Queenie Lau
- Pathology Queensland; Gold Coast Hospital; Southport Queensland Australia
| | - Teresa Withers
- Department of Neurosurgery; Gold Coast Hospital; Southport Queensland Australia
| | - Rosalind L Jeffree
- Kenneth G Jamieson Department of Neurosurgery; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Lynne E Reid
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Leonard Da Silva
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland School of Medicine; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Admire Matsika
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- Pathology Queensland; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Colleen M Niland
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Margaret C Cummings
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland School of Medicine; Herston Queensland Australia
- Pathology Queensland; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Timothy JC Bruxner
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Angelika N Christ
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Ivon Harliwong
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Senel Idrisoglu
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Suzanne Manning
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Craig Nourse
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences; University of Glasgow; UK
| | - Ehsan Nourbakhsh
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Shivangi Wani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - J Lynn Fink
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Oliver Holmes
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Stephen Kazakoff
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Conrad Leonard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Felicity Newell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Darrin Taylor
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Nick Waddell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Qinying Xu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Karin S Kassahn
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Genetic and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology; Women's and Children's Hospital; North Adelaide South Australia Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science; University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - Vairavan Narayanan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Taib
- Breast Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation; Sime Darby Medical Centre; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yock Ping Chow
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation; Sime Darby Medical Centre; Selangor Malaysia
| | - kConFab
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Parmjit S Jat
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and MRC Prion Unit; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Histopathology; Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Stanmore UK
- University College London Cancer Institute; London UK
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
| | | | - Sean M Grimmond
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences; University of Glasgow; UK
| | - Peter T Simpson
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland School of Medicine; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, IMB; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- University of Queensland; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland School of Medicine; Herston Queensland Australia
- Pathology Queensland; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
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40
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Arslan C, Dizdar O, Altundag K. Chemotherapy and biological treatment options in breast cancer patients with brain metastasis: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:1643-58. [PMID: 25032884 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.929664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cause of CNS metastasis. Ten to 20% of all, and 38% of human epidermal growth factor-2(+), metastatic BC patients experience brain metastasis (BM). Prolonged survival with better control of systemic disease and limited penetration of drugs to CNS increased the probability of CNS metastasis as a sanctuary site of relapse. Treatment of CNS disease has become an important component of overall disease control and quality of life. AREAS COVERED Current standard therapy for BM is whole-brain radiotherapy, surgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy for selected cases, corticosteroids and systemic chemotherapy. Little progress has been made in chemotherapy for the treatment of BM in patients with BC. Nevertheless, new treatment choices have emerged. In this review, we aimed to update current and future treatment options in systemic treatment for BM of BC. EXPERT OPINION Cornerstone local treatment options for BM of BC are radiotherapy and surgery in selected cases. Efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics is limited. Among targeted therapies, lapatinib has activity in systemic treatment of BM particularly when used in combination with capecitabine. Novel agents are currently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Arslan
- Izmir University Medical Park Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology , Izmir , Turkey
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41
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Zhao HL, Yang F, Huang X, Zhou QH. Overview of fundamental study of pazopanib in cancer. Thorac Cancer 2014; 5:487-93. [PMID: 26767042 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an indispensible process for tumor growth and metastasis. Anti-angiogenesis based therapy is one of the most promising treatments for inhibiting cancer progression. Through the exploration of inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, deemed as the major angiogenesis pathway, pazopanib was found as a small molecular pan-VEGFR and pan-platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor, with suitable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters to be an oral drug. In an vitro study, pazopanib exerted anti-tumor effect through mechanisms including the Raf-MAPK/ERK (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, and directly targeted on v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (B-raf) as well. It inhibited the proliferation of cell lines, such as DU-145 and HRC-45 in hepatocellular carcinoma, through mechanisms like "cell cycle arrest." In vivo xenograft studies and phase I/II clinical trials revealed a series of plasma cytokine and angiogenic factors, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and soluble VEGFR2, which have significant association with clinical curative effect. Pazopanib has been shown to be effective in solid tumors and some hematological malignancies. Future studies should focus on the exploration of biomarkers to screen sensitive patients and concomitant or metronomic dosage with other kinds of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Ministry of Education Beijing, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing-Hua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
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Craveiro RB, Ehrhardt M, Holst MI, Pietsch T, Dilloo D. In comparative analysis of multi-kinase inhibitors for targeted medulloblastoma therapy pazopanib exhibits promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Oncotarget 2014; 5:7149-61. [PMID: 25216529 PMCID: PMC4196191 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the recent advances in cytotoxic therapies, 30% of children diagnosed with medulloblastoma. succumb to the disease. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are warranted. Here we demonstrate that Pazopanib a clinically approved multi-kinase angiogenesis inhibitor (MKI) inhibits proliferation and apoptosis in medulloblastoma cell lines. Moreover, Pazopanib profoundly attenuates medulloblastoma cell migration, a prerequisite for tumor invasion and metastasis. In keeping with the observed anti-neoplastic activity of Pazopanib, we also delineate reduced phosphorylation of the STAT3 protein, a key regulator of medulloblastoma proliferation and cell survival. Finally, we document profound in vivo activity of Pazopanib in an orthotopic mouse model of the most aggressive c-myc amplified human medulloblastoma variant. Pazopanib reduced the growth rate of intracranial growing medulloblastoma and significantly prolonged the survival. Furthermore, to put these results into a broader perspective we analysed Pazopanib side by side with the MKI Sorafenib. Both compounds share a similar target profile but display different pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics with distinct cytotoxic activity in different tumor entities. Thus, we identified Pazopanib as a new promising candidate for a rational clinical assessment for targeted paediatric medulloblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michael Ehrhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Martin I Holst
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Dilloo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Metastasis is the relentless pursuit of cancer to escape its primary site and colonize distant organs. This malignant evolutionary process is biologically heterogeneous, yet one unifying element is the critical role of the microenvironment for arriving metastatic cells. Historically, brain metastases were rarely investigated because patients with advanced cancer were considered terminal. Fortunately, advances in molecular therapies have led to patients living longer with metastatic cancer. However, one site remains recalcitrant to our treatment efforts, the brain. The central nervous system is the most complex biologic system, which poses unique obstacles but also harbors opportunities for discovery. Much of what we know about the brain microenvironment comes from neuroscience. We suggest that the interrelated cellular responses in traumatic brain injury may guide us toward new perspectives in understanding brain metastases. In this view, brain metastases may be conceptualized as progressive oncologic injury to the nervous system. This review discusses our evolving understanding of bidirectional interactions between the brain milieu and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Josh Neman
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Rahul Jandial
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope, Duarte, California. Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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44
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Van Swearingen AE, Siegel MB, Anders CK. Breast cancer brain metastases: evidence for neuronal-like adaptation in a 'breast-to-brain' transition? Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:304. [PMID: 25679873 PMCID: PMC4052941 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases remain a significant challenge in the treatment of breast cancer patients due to the unique environment posed by the central nervous system. A better understanding of the biology of breast cancer cells that have metastasized to the brain is required to develop improved therapies. A recent Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences article demonstrates that breast cancer cells in the brain microenvironment express γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-related genes, enabling them to utilize GABA as an oncometabolite, thus gaining a proliferative advantage. In this viewpoint, we highlight these findings and their potential impact on the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases.
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Choi YP, Lee JH, Gao MQ, Kim BG, Kang S, Kim SH, Cho NH. Cancer-associated fibroblast promote transmigration through endothelial brain cells in three-dimensional in vitro models. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2024-33. [PMID: 24643985 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are associated with high morbidity as well as with poor prognosis and survival in breast cancer patients. Despite its clinical importance, metastasis of breast cancer cells through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is poorly understood. The objective of our study was to investigate whether cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play crucial roles in breast cancer brain metastasis. Using a cell adhesion assays, in vitro BBB permeability and transmigration assays and soft agar colony formation assays, we investigated the physical roles of CAFs in breast cancer brain metastasis. We also performed immunofluorescence, flow cytometric analysis, Droplet Digital PCR and Simon™ Simple Western System to confirm changes in expression levels. We established two novel three-dimensional (3D) culture systems using a perpendicular slide chamber and applying 3D embedded culture method to reflect brain metastasis conditions. With a newly developed device, CAFs was proven to promote cell adhesion to human brain microvascular endothelial cells, in vitro BBB permeability and transmigration and colony formation of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, CAFs enhanced the invasive migration of breast cancer cells in two kinds of 3D cultures. These 3D models also reliably recapitulate the initial steps of BBB transmigration, micro-metastasis and colonization. Expression of integrin α5β1 and αvβ3, c-MET and α2,6-siayltransferase was increased in breast cancer cells that migrated through the BBB. In conclusion, based on our in vitro BBB and co-culture models, our data suggest that CAFs may play a role in breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Pyo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, National Creative Research Center for Biofunctional Molecules, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Chemistry, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Criscitiello C, Gelao L, Viale G, Esposito A, Curigliano G. Investigational platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors in breast cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:599-610. [PMID: 24597540 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.895323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant regulation of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFR) has been shown to be involved in many solid tumors, including breast cancer. PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β expressions were documented in breast cancer and are correlated with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Preclinical evidence further suggests tumor stimulatory roles of PDGFRs expressed by tumor stroma cells and indicates a deleterious effect of stromal PDGFRs on intratumoral drug uptake. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the present understanding of PDGF signaling in breast cancer based on experimental studies and available clinical trials. It also provides a critical discussion of selected ongoing clinical trials in patients with breast cancer involving PDGFR inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, specifically in endocrine responsive breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION An increased molecular understanding of response and resistance mechanisms to endocrine therapy will be essential for therapeutic advances in PDGFR-directed cancer therapy. Future developments in the field will rely on clinical studies where prospective analyses of target expression in breast cancer cells and in the tumor stroma are included. More selective PDGFR inhibitors with reduced side effects will be crucial for combinatorial therapies. Development of sensitive diagnostics is of critical importance for patient selection and monitoring of therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Criscitiello
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies , Via Ripamonti 435, 20133 Milano , Italy +39 02 57489788 ; +39 02 57489581 ;
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Tavallai S, Hamed HA, Grant S, Poklepovic A, Dent P. Pazopanib and HDAC inhibitors interact to kill sarcoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:578-85. [PMID: 24556916 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies were to determine whether the multi-kinase inhibitor pazopanib interacted with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI: valproate, vorinostat) to kill sarcoma cells. In multiple sarcoma cell lines, at clinically achievable doses, pazopanib and HDACI interacted in an additive to greater than additive fashion to cause tumor cell death. The drug combination increased the numbers of LC3-GFP and LC3-RFP vesicles. Knockdown of Beclin1 or ATG5 significantly suppressed drug combination lethality. Expression of c-FLIP-s, and to a lesser extent BCL-XL or dominant negative caspase 9 reduced drug combination toxicity; knock down of FADD or CD95 was protective. Expression of both activated AKT and activated MEK1 was required to strongly suppress drug combination lethality. The drug combination inactivated mTOR and expression of activated mTOR strongly suppressed drug combination lethality. Treatment of animals carrying sarcoma tumors with pazopanib and valproate resulted in a greater than additive reduction in tumor volume compared with either drug individually. As both pazopanib and HDACIs are FDA-approved agents, our data argue for further determination as to whether this drug combination is a useful sarcoma therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehrad Tavallai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Hossein A Hamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Department of Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
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Berghoff AS, Preusser M. Biology in prevention and treatment of brain metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 13:1339-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.852067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Berghoff
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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49
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Tallet A. [Brain metastases from breast cancer]. Cancer Radiother 2013; 17:708-14. [PMID: 24210659 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of brain metastases and account for 15 % of metastatic breast cancer patients. Several patient- and tumor-related characteristics have been identified as risk factors for developing brain metastases. Treatment is based on local and/or systemic therapies, tailored to breast cancer brain metastases-specific prognostic factors. This article is an update on the current knowledge of the incidence, prognosis and prognostic factors, treatment and perspectives in brain metastases from breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tallet
- Département d'oncologie radiothérapie, institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille cedex 09, France.
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