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Stauch KLN, Black TE, Abramson CI. Preliminary Analysis of Genetic Markers for Functional Ethanol Tolerance in Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera) Using a Free-Flying Paradigm. INSECTS 2024; 15:494. [PMID: 39057227 PMCID: PMC11277305 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Honey bees are a commonly used species for alcohol research due to their genome being fully sequenced, their behavioral changes following consumption, and their preference for alcohol. The purpose of this article is to provide a preliminary examination of the genetic expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and big potassium ion channel protein (BKP) in honey bees following the consumption of either 0%, 2.5%, 5%, or 10% ethanol (EtOH) solutions. The foraging behaviors of the bees were observed and recorded through their return and drinking times. There were significant differences in the return and drinking times between some of the groups. The bees in the 10% condition took significantly longer to return compared to the other groups. Additionally, the bees in the 5% group spent significantly more time drinking compared to the bees in the control (0%) group. There were no significant differences in HSP70 or BKP between the different ethanol groups. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that, while bees may exhibit behavioral differences, the differences in gene expression may not be observed at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Li N. Stauch
- Laboratory of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Timothy E. Black
- Department of Neuroscience & Psychological Sciences, Weber State University, Ogden, UT 84403, USA
| | - Charles I. Abramson
- Laboratory of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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2
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Nuñez KM, Catalano JL, Scaplen KM, Kaun KR. Ethanol Behavioral Responses in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:719-24. [PMID: 37019606 PMCID: PMC10551053 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful genetic model for investigating the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced behaviors, metabolism, and preference. Ethanol-induced locomotor activity is especially useful for understanding the mechanisms by which ethanol acutely affects the brain and behavior. Ethanol-induced locomotor activity is characterized by hyperlocomotion and subsequent sedation with increased exposure duration or concentration. Locomotor activity is an efficient, easy, robust, and reproducible behavioral screening tool for identifying underlying genes and neuronal circuits as well as investigating genetic and molecular pathways. We introduce a detailed protocol for performing experiments investigating how volatilized ethanol affects locomotor activity using the fly Group Activity Monitor (flyGrAM). We introduce installation, implementation, data collection, and subsequent data-analysis methods for investigating how volatilized stimuli affect activity. We also introduce a procedure for how to optogenetically probe neuronal activity to identify the neural mechanisms underlying locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin M Nuñez
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jamie L Catalano
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Psychology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, USA
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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3
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Hernandez J, Kaun KR. Alcohol, neuronal plasticity, and mitochondrial trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208744119. [PMID: 35858366 PMCID: PMC9303853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208744119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Karla R. Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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4
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Morozova TV, Shankar V, MacPherson RA, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Modulation of the Drosophila transcriptome by developmental exposure to alcohol. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:347. [PMID: 35524193 PMCID: PMC9074282 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to ethanol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a prevalent, preventable pediatric disorder. Identifying genetic risk alleles for FASD is challenging since time, dose, and frequency of exposure are often unknown, and manifestations of FASD are diverse and evident long after exposure. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to study the genetic basis of the effects of developmental alcohol exposure since many individuals of the same genotype can be reared under controlled environmental conditions. RESULTS We used 96 sequenced, wild-derived inbred lines from the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to profile genome-wide transcript abundances in young adult flies that developed on ethanol-supplemented medium or standard culture medium. We found substantial genetic variation in gene expression in response to ethanol with extensive sexual dimorphism. We constructed sex-specific genetic networks associated with alcohol-dependent modulation of gene expression that include protein-coding genes, Novel Transcribed Regions (NTRs, postulated to encode long non-coding RNAs) and female-specific coordinated regulation of snoRNAs that regulate pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA. We reared DGRP lines which showed extreme upregulation or downregulation of snoRNA expression during developmental alcohol exposure on standard or ethanol supplemented medium and demonstrated that developmental exposure to ethanol has genotype-specific effects on adult locomotor activity and sleep. CONCLUSIONS There is significant and sex-specific natural genetic variation in the transcriptional response to developmental exposure to ethanol in Drosophila that comprises networks of genes affecting nervous system development and ethanol metabolism as well as networks of regulatory non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Morozova
- Bioskryb Genomics, 2810 Meridian Parkway, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Vijay Shankar
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Rebecca A MacPherson
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA.
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA.
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5
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Abstract
In this review, we highlight sources of alcohols in nature, as well as the behavioral and ecological roles that these fermentation cues play in the short lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. With a focus on neuroethology, we describe the olfactory detection of alcohol as well as ensuing neural signaling within the brain of the fly. We proceed to explain the plethora of behaviors related to alcohol, including attraction, feeding, and oviposition, as well as general effects on aggression and courtship. All of these behaviors are shaped by physiological state and social contexts. In a comparative perspective, we also discuss inter- and intraspecies differences related to alcohol tolerance and metabolism. Lastly, we provide corollaries with other dipteran and coleopteran insect species that also have olfactory systems attuned to ethanol detection and describe ecological and evolutionary directions for further studies of the natural history of alcohol and the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Keesey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA;
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
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6
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Atkinson NS. Alcohol-induced Aggression. Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:26331055211061145. [PMID: 34841248 PMCID: PMC8611288 DOI: 10.1177/26331055211061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspecies aggression is commonly focused on securing reproductive resources such as food, territory, and mates, and it is often males who do the fighting. In humans, individual acts of overt physical aggression seem maladaptive and probably represent dysregulation of the pathways underlying aggression. Such acts are often associated with ethanol consumption. The Drosophila melanogaster model system, which has long been used to study how ethanol affects the nervous system and behavior, has also been used to study the molecular origins of aggression. In addition, ethanol-induced aggression has been demonstrated in flies. Recent publications show that ethanol stimulates Drosophila aggression in 2 ways: the odor of ethanol and the consumption of ethanol both make males more aggressive. These ethanol effects occur at concentrations that flies likely experience in the wild. A picture emerges of males arriving on their preferred reproductive site-fermenting plant matter-and being stimulated by ethanol to fight harder to secure the site for their own use. Fly fighting assays appear to be a suitable bioassay for studying how low doses of ethanol reshape neural signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel S Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner
Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Oepen AS, Catalano JL, Azanchi R, Kaun KR. The foraging gene affects alcohol sensitivity, metabolism and memory in Drosophila. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:236-248. [PMID: 34092172 PMCID: PMC9215342 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1931178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is complex. Understanding how natural genetic variation contributes to alcohol phenotypes can help us identify and understand the genetic basis of AUD. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the human foraging (for) gene ortholog, Protein Kinase cGMP-Dependent 1 (PRKG1), was found to be associated with stress-induced risk for alcohol abuse. However, the mechanistic role that PRKG1 plays in AUD is not well understood. We use natural variation in the Drosophila for gene to describe how variation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activity modifies ethanol-induced phenotypes. We found that variation in for affects ethanol-induced increases in locomotion and memory of the appetitive properties of ethanol intoxication. Further, these differences may stem from the ability to metabolize ethanol. Together, this data suggests that natural variation in PKG modulates cue reactivity for alcohol, and thus could influence alcohol cravings by differentially modulating metabolic and behavioral sensitivities to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Oepen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence,
RI, USA
- Masters Program in Developmental, Neuronal and Behavioral
Biology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jamie L. Catalano
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence,
RI, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program,
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Reza Azanchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence,
RI, USA
| | - Karla R. Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence,
RI, USA
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8
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Mokashi SS, Shankar V, MacPherson RA, Hannah RC, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Developmental Alcohol Exposure in Drosophila: Effects on Adult Phenotypes and Gene Expression in the Brain. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:699033. [PMID: 34366927 PMCID: PMC8341641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to developmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral changes, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control found that 1 in 10 pregnant women report alcohol use and more than 3 million women in the USA are at risk of exposing their developing fetus to alcohol. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent genetic model to study developmental effects of alcohol exposure because many individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly and economically under controlled environmental conditions. Flies exposed to alcohol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol-related phenotypes. Here, we show that adult flies that developed on ethanol-supplemented medium have decreased viability, reduced sensitivity to ethanol, and disrupted sleep and activity patterns. To assess the effects of exposure to alcohol during development on brain gene expression, we performed single cell RNA sequencing and resolved cell clusters with differentially expressed genes which represent distinct neuronal and glial populations. Differential gene expression showed extensive sexual dimorphism with little overlap between males and females. Gene expression differences following developmental alcohol exposure were similar to previously reported differential gene expression following cocaine consumption, suggesting that common neural substrates respond to both drugs. Genes associated with glutathione metabolism, lipid transport, glutamate and GABA metabolism, and vision feature in sexually dimorphic global multi-cluster interaction networks. Our results provide a blueprint for translational studies on alcohol-induced effects on gene expression in the brain that may contribute to or result from FASD in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, United States
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9
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Kanno M, Hiramatsu S, Kondo S, Tanimoto H, Ichinose T. Voluntary intake of psychoactive substances is regulated by the dopamine receptor Dop1R1 in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3432. [PMID: 33564023 PMCID: PMC7873259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated motivation to consume psychoactive substances leads to addictive behaviors that often result in serious health consequences. Understanding the neuronal mechanisms that drive drug consumption is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster offers a unique opportunity to approach this problem with a battery of sophisticated neurogenetic tools available, but how they consume these drugs remains largely unknown. Here, we examined drug self-administration behavior of Drosophila and the underlying neuronal mechanisms. We measured the preference of flies for five different psychoactive substances using a two-choice feeding assay and monitored its long-term changes. We found that flies show acute preference for ethanol and methamphetamine, but not for cocaine, caffeine or morphine. Repeated intake of ethanol, but not methamphetamine, increased over time. Preference for methamphetamine and the long-term escalation of ethanol preference required the dopamine receptor Dop1R1 in the mushroom body. The protein level of Dop1R1 increased after repeated intake of ethanol, but not methamphetamine, which correlates with the acquired preference. Genetic overexpression of Dop1R1 enhanced ethanol preference. These results reveal a striking diversity of response to individual drugs in the fly and the role of dopamine signaling and its plastic changes in controlling voluntary intake of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kanno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shun Hiramatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ichinose
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan. .,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan. .,Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan. .,Department of Neuropharmacology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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10
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Haass-Koffler CL, Cannella N, Ciccocioppo R. Translational dynamics of alcohol tolerance of preclinical models and human laboratory studies. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:417-425. [PMID: 32212746 PMCID: PMC7390673 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasing sensitivity due to alcohol intake has been explored using molecular and cellular mechanisms of sensitization and adaptive biobehavioral changes as well as through negative experiences of altered function during withdrawal. However, within both a preclinical and human laboratory setting, little has been elucidated toward understanding the neural substrates of decreased sensitivity to alcohol effects, that is, alcohol tolerance. More paradigms assessing alcohol tolerance are needed. Tolerance can be assessed through both self-reported response (subjective) and observed (objective) measurements. Therefore, sensitivity to alcohol is an exploitable variable that can be utilized to disentangle the diverse alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenotypical profile. This literature review focuses on preclinical models and human laboratory studies to evaluate alcohol tolerance and its modulating factors. Increased understanding of alcohol tolerance has the potential to reduce gaps between preclinical models and human laboratory studies to better evaluate the development of alcohol-related biobehavioral responses. Furthermore, alcohol tolerance can be used as an AUD phenotypic variable in randomized clinical trials designed for developing AUD therapies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
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11
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Ranson DC, Ayoub SS, Corcoran O, Casalotti SO. Pharmacological targeting of the GABA B receptor alters Drosophila's behavioural responses to alcohol. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12725. [PMID: 30761704 PMCID: PMC7050513 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to ethanol, Drosophila melanogaster display a variety of addiction-like behaviours similar to those observed in mammals. Sensitivity to ethanol can be quantified by measuring the time at which 50% of the flies are sedated by ethanol exposure (ST50); an increase of ST50 following multiple ethanol exposures is widely interpreted as development of tolerance to ethanol. Sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol were measured after administration of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABAB ) agonist (SKF 97541) and antagonist (CGP 54626), when compared with flies treated with ethanol alone. Dose-dependent increases and decreases in sensitivity to ethanol were observed for both the agonist and antagonist respectively. Tolerance was recorded in the presence of GABAB drugs, but the rate of tolerance development was increased by SKF 97451 and unaltered in presence of CGP 54626. This indicates that the GABAB receptor contributes to both the sensitivity to ethanol and mechanisms by which tolerance develops. The data also reinforce the usefulness of Drosophila as a model for identifying the molecular components of addictive behaviours and for testing drugs that could potentially be used for the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir S. Ayoub
- Medicines Research GroupUniversity of East London London UK
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12
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Litten RZ, Falk DE, Ryan ML, Fertig J, Leggio L. Five Priority Areas for Improving Medications Development for Alcohol Use Disorder and Promoting Their Routine Use in Clinical Practice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:23-35. [PMID: 31803968 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raye Z Litten
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel E Falk
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megan L Ryan
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanne Fertig
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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13
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Ron D, Weiner J. Special issue on new technologies for alcohol research and treatment. Alcohol 2019; 74:1-2. [PMID: 30409742 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ron
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 United States.
| | - Jeff Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 United States.
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