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Huang A, Wu X, Lu F, Liu F. Sustainable Production of Ulva Oligosaccharides via Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Review on Ulvan Lyase. Foods 2024; 13:2820. [PMID: 39272585 PMCID: PMC11395424 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulvan is a water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the green algae cell wall. Compared with polysaccharides, oligosaccharides have drawn increasing attention in various industries due to their enhanced biocompatibility and solubility. Ulvan lyase degrades polysaccharides into low molecular weight oligosaccharides through the β-elimination mechanism. The elucidation of the structure, catalytic mechanism, and molecular modification of ulvan lyase will be helpful to obtain high value-added products from marine biomass resources, as well as reduce environmental pollution caused by the eutrophication of green algae. This review summarizes the structure and bioactivity of ulvan, the microbial origin of ulvan lyase, as well as its sequence, three-dimensional structure, and enzymatic mechanism. In addition, the molecular modification of ulvan lyase, prospects and challenges in the application of enzymatic methods to prepare oligosaccharides are also discussed. It provides information for the preparation of bioactive Ulva oligosaccharides through enzymatic hydrolysis, the technological bottlenecks, and possible solutions to address these issues within the enzymatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinming Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Huang A, Chen Z, Wu X, Yan W, Lu F, Liu F. Improving the thermal stability and catalytic activity of ulvan lyase by the combination of FoldX and KnowVolution campaign. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128577. [PMID: 38070809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Thermal stability is one of the most important properties of ulvan lyases for their application in algae biomass degradation. The Knowledge gaining directed eVolution (KnowVolution) protein engineering strategy could be employed to improve thermostability of ulvan lyase with less screening effort. Herein, the unfolding free energies (ΔΔG) of the loop region were calculated using FoldX and four sites (D103, G104, T113, Q229) were selected for saturation mutagenesis, resulting in the identification of a favorable single-site mutant Q229M. Subsequently, iteration mutation was carried out with the mutant N57P (previously obtained by our group) to further enhance the performance of ulvan lyase. The results showed that the most beneficial variant N57P/Q229M exhibited a 1.67-fold and 2-fold increase in residual activity compared to the wild type after incubation at 40 °C and 50 °C for 1 h, respectively. In addition, the variant produced 1.06 mg/mL of reducing sugar in 2 h, which was almost four times as much as the wild type. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that N57P/Q229M mutant enhanced the structural rigidity by augmenting intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the shorter proton transmission distance between the general base of the enzyme and the substrate contributed to the glycosidic bond breakage. Our research showed that in silico saturation mutagenesis using position scan module in FoldX allowed for faster screening of mutants with improved thermal stability, and combining it with KnowVolution enabled a balanced effect of thermal stability and enzyme activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhengqi Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinming Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenxing Yan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China.
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Li C, Tang T, Jiang J, Yao Z, Zhu B. Biochemical characterization of a new ulvan lyase and its applicability in utilization of ulvan and preparation of ulva oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2023; 33:837-845. [PMID: 37593920 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulva is globally distributed specie and has a high economic value. Ulvan is one of the main active substances in Ulva, which has a variety of biological properties. Ulvan lyase degrades ulvan through a β-elimination mechanism which cleaves the β-glycosidic bond between Rha3S and GlcA or IdoA. The complex monosaccharide composition of ulvan makes it promising for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. This thesis explores a putative ulvan lyase from Alteromonas sp. KUL_42. We expressed and purified the protein, performed a series of characterizations and signal peptide had been removed. The results showed that the protein molecular weight of ULA-2 was 53.97 kDa, and it had the highest catalytic activity at 45 °C and pH 8.0 in Tris-HCl buffer. The Km and Vmax values were 2.24 mg · mL-1 and 2.048 μmol · min-1 · mL-1, respectively. The activity of ULA-2 was able to maintain more than 80% at 20 ~ 30 °C. ESI-MS analysis showed that the primary end-products were mainly disaccharides to tetrasaccharides. The study of ULA-2 enriches the ulvan lyase library, promotes the development and high-value utilization of Ulva resources, and facilitates further research applications of ulvan lyase in ulva oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tiancheng Tang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinju Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Brightmoon Seaweed Group Co Ltd, 777 Mingyue Road, Qingdao 266400, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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Li C, Tang T, Du Y, Jiang L, Yao Z, Ning L, Zhu B. Ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides: a systematic review of structure, preparation, biological activities and applications. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:66. [PMID: 38647949 PMCID: PMC10991135 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulva is one of the main green algae causing green tide disasters. Ulvan is the primarily component polysaccharide of the cell wall of Ulva and its complex structure and monosaccharide composition resulted in various biological activities. However, the high-value and effective utilization of extracted ulvan have been obstructed by limitations ranging from large molecular weight and low solubility to poor bioavailability. Ulva oligosaccharide obtained by degrading ulvan can not only ideally retain the various biological activities of ulvan very well but also effectively solve the problems of low solubility and poor bioavailability. The preparation and biological activity studies of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides have become a hot spot in the field of marine biological resources development research. At present, the comprehensive reviews of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides are still scarce. What are overviewed in this paper are the chemical composition, structure, extraction, and purification of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides, where research progress on the biological activities of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides is summarized and prospected. A theoretical and practical basis has been provided for further research on ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides, as well as the high-value development and effective utilization of marine algae resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiancheng Tang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limin Ning
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
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Alvarado-Ramírez L, Santiesteban-Romero B, Poss G, Sosa-Hernández JE, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R, Bonaccorso AD, Melchor-Martínez EM. Sustainable production of biofuels and bioderivatives from aquaculture and marine waste. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1072761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual global fish production reached a record 178 million tonnes in 2020, which continues to increase. Today, 49% of the total fish is harvested from aquaculture, which is forecasted to reach 60% of the total fish produced by 2030. Considering that the wastes of fishing industries represent up to 75% of the whole organisms, the fish industry is generating a large amount of waste which is being neglected in most parts of the world. This negligence can be traced to the ridicule of the value of this resource as well as the many difficulties related to its valorisation. In addition, the massive expansion of the aquaculture industry is generating significant environmental consequences, including chemical and biological pollution, disease outbreaks that increase the fish mortality rate, unsustainable feeds, competition for coastal space, and an increase in the macroalgal blooms due to anthropogenic stressors, leading to a negative socio-economic and environmental impact. The establishment of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has received increasing attention due to the environmental benefits of using waste products and transforming them into valuable products. There is a need to integrate and implement new technologies able to valorise the waste generated from the fish and aquaculture industry making the aquaculture sector and the fish industry more sustainable through the development of a circular economy scheme. This review wants to provide an overview of several approaches to valorise marine waste (e.g., dead fish, algae waste from marine and aquaculture, fish waste), by their transformation into biofuels (biomethane, biohydrogen, biodiesel, green diesel, bioethanol, or biomethanol) and recovering biomolecules such as proteins (collagen, fish hydrolysate protein), polysaccharides (chitosan, chitin, carrageenan, ulvan, alginate, fucoidan, and laminarin) and biosurfactants.
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Tang T, Zhu B, Yao Z. Biochemical characterization and elucidation the action mode of a new PL25 family ulvan lyase from marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. TK-45 (2). ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abd El-Malek F, Rofeal M, Zabed HM, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Qi X. Microorganism-mediated algal biomass processing for clean products manufacturing: Current status, challenges and future outlook. FUEL 2022; 311:122612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Tang T, Cao S, Zhu B, Li Q. Ulvan polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: An updated and comprehensive review of sources category, property, structure, and applications of ulvan lyases. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Xu F, Dong F, Sun XH, Cao HY, Fu HH, Li CY, Zhang XY, McMinn A, Zhang YZ, Wang P, Chen XL. Mechanistic Insights into Substrate Recognition and Catalysis of a New Ulvan Lyase of Polysaccharide Lyase Family 24. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0041221. [PMID: 33771786 PMCID: PMC8174760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00412-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulvan is an important marine polysaccharide. Bacterial ulvan lyases play important roles in ulvan degradation and marine carbon cycling. Until now, only a small number of ulvan lyases have been characterized. Here, a new ulvan lyase, Uly1, belonging to polysaccharide lyase family 24 (PL24) from the marine bacterium Catenovulum maritimum, is characterized. The optimal temperature and pH for Uly1 to degrade ulvan are 40°C and pH 9.0, respectively. Uly1 degrades ulvan polysaccharides in the endolytic manner, mainly producing ΔRha3S, consisting of an unsaturated 4-deoxy-l-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid and a 3-O-sulfated α-l-rhamnose. The structure of Uly1 was resolved at a 2.10-Å resolution. Uly1 adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller architecture. Structural and site-directed mutagenesis analyses indicate that four highly conserved residues, H128, H149, Y223, and R239, are essential for catalysis. H128 functions as both the catalytic acid and base, H149 and R239 function as the neutralizers, and Y223 plays a supporting role in catalysis. Structural comparison and sequence alignment suggest that Uly1 and many other PL24 enzymes may directly bind the substrate near the catalytic residues for catalysis, different from the PL24 ulvan lyase LOR_107, which adopts a two-stage substrate binding process. This study provides new insights into ulvan lyases and ulvan degradation. IMPORTANCE Ulvan is a major cell wall component of green algae of the genus Ulva. Many marine heterotrophic bacteria can produce extracellular ulvan lyases to degrade ulvan for a carbon nutrient. In addition, ulvan has a range of physiological bioactivities based on its specific chemical structure. Ulvan lyase thus plays an important role in marine carbon cycling and has great potential in biotechnological applications. However, only a small number of ulvan lyases have been characterized over the past 10 years. Here, based on biochemical and structural analyses, a new ulvan lyase of polysaccharide lyase family 24 is characterized, and its substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms are revealed. Moreover, a new substrate binding process adopted by PL24 ulvan lyases is proposed. This study offers a better understanding of bacterial ulvan lyases and is helpful for studying the application potentials of ulvan lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Hui Fu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andrew McMinn
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Marine Algae Polysaccharides as Basis for Wound Dressings, Drug Delivery, and Tissue Engineering: A Review. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8070481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review considers the physicochemical and biological properties of polysaccharides (PS) from brown, red, and green algae (alginates, fucoidans, carrageenans, and ulvans) used in the latest technologies of regenerative medicine (tissue engineering, modulation of the drug delivery system, and the design of wound dressing materials). Information on various types of modern biodegradable and biocompatible PS-based wound dressings (membranes, foams, hydrogels, nanofibers, and sponges) is provided; the results of experimental and clinical trials of some dressing materials in the treatment of wounds of various origins are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the ability of PS to form hydrogels, as hydrogel dressings meet the basic requirements set out for a perfect wound dressing. The current trends in the development of new-generation PS-based materials for designing drug delivery systems and various tissue-engineering scaffolds, which makes it possible to create human-specific tissues and develop target-oriented and personalized regenerative medicine products, are also discussed.
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A novel polysaccharide isolated from Ulva Pertusa: Structure and physicochemical property. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Qiao L, Yang X, Xie R, Du C, Chi Y, Zhang J, Wang P. Efficient production of ulvan lyase from Ulva prolifera by Catenovulum sp. LP based on stage-controlled fermentation strategy. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li Q, Hu F, Zhu B, Ni F, Yao Z. Insights into ulvan lyase: review of source, biochemical characteristics, structure and catalytic mechanism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:432-441. [PMID: 32050804 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1723486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ulvan, a kind of polyanionic heteropolysaccharide consisting of 3-sulfated rhamnose, uronic acids (iduronic acid and glucuronic acid) and xylose, has been widely applied in food and cosmetic industries. In addition, ulvan can be converted into fermentable monosaccharides through the cascade system of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan into ulvan oligosaccharides, which is the first step in the fully degradation of ulvan. Various ulvan lyases have been cloned and characterized from marine bacteria and grouped into five polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, namely: PL24, PL25, PL28, PL37 and PL40 families. The elucidation of the biochemical characterization, action pattern and catalytic mechanism of ulvan lyase would definitely enhance our understanding of the deep utilization of marine bioresource and marine carbon cycling. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses about the source and biochemical characteristics of ulvan lyase. Additionally, the structural characteristics and catalytic mechanisms have been introduced in detail. This comprehensive information should be helpful regarding the application of ulvan lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fu Hu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ni
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Qin HM, Gao D, Zhu M, Li C, Zhu Z, Wang H, Liu W, Tanokura M, Lu F. Biochemical characterization and structural analysis of ulvan lyase from marine Alteromonas sp. reveals the basis for its salt tolerance. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 147:1309-1317. [PMID: 31751708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae have gained considerable attention as renewable biomass sources. Ulvan is a water-soluble anionic polysaccharide, and its depolymerization into fermentable monosaccharides has great potential for the production of bioethanol or high-value food additives. Ulvan lyase from Alteromonas sp. (AsPL) utilizes a β-elimination mechanism to cleave the glycosidic bond between rhamnose 3-sulfate and glucuronic acid, forming an unsaturated uronic acid at the non-reducing end. AsPL was active in the temperature range of 30-50 °C and pH values ranging from 7.5 to 9.5. Furthermore, AsPL was found to be halophilic, showing high activity and stability in the presence of up to 2.5 M NaCl. The apparent Km and kcat values of AsPL are 3.19 ± 0.37 mg mL-1 and 4.19 ± 0.21 s-1, respectively. Crystal structure analysis revealed that AsPL adopts a β-propeller fold with four anti-parallel β-strands in each of the seven propeller blades. The acid residues at the protein surface and two Ca2+ coordination sites contribute to its salt tolerance. The research on ulvan lyase has potential commercial value in the utilization of algal resources for biofuel production to relieve the environmental burden of petrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Dengke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Menglu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhangliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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15
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Chi Y, Li H, Wang P, Du C, Ye H, Zuo S, Guan H, Wang P. Structural characterization of ulvan extracted from Ulva clathrata assisted by an ulvan lyase. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115497. [PMID: 31826447 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnan-rich sulfated polysaccharides extracted from green algae (ulvan) constitute potentially useful natural materials for drug development. However, the characterization of their complex structures poses a challenge for their application. In this study, the structure of ulvan extracted from Ulva clathrata was analyzed with the assistance of an ulvan lyase belonging to the PL25 family. According to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the degraded oligosaccharides, the backbone of such a polysaccharide mainly consisted of →4)-β-d-GlcA-(1→4)-α-l-Rha3S-(1→ and →4)-β-d-Xyl-(1→4)-α-l-Rha3S-(1→ disaccharide repeating units, and the ratio is approximately 4:1. In addition, about 4% of the xylose moieties bear sulfate groups. Minor amounts of branches containing hexose and unsaturated glucuronic acid were found during the sequence analysis of hexa- to octasaccharides. These results indicated the presence of a long branch in the ulvan. The clarification of the detailed structure provides a foundation for ulvan modification and its structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Chi
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Huining Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Chunying Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Han Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Siqi Zuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Huashi Guan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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16
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Gao J, Du C, Chi Y, Zuo S, Ye H, Wang P. Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a New PL25 Family Ulvan Lyase from Marine Bacterium Alteromonas sp. A321. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E568. [PMID: 31597240 PMCID: PMC6836179 DOI: 10.3390/md17100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan to oligosaccharides with potent biological activity. A new ulvan lyase gene, ALT3695, was identified in Alteromonas sp. A321. Soluble expression of ALT3695 was achieved in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The 1314-bp gene encoded a protein with 437 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of ALT3695 exhibited low sequence identity with polysaccharide lyase family 25 (PL25) ulvan lyases from Pseudoalteromonas sp. PLSV (64.14% identity), Alteromonas sp. LOR (62.68% identity), and Nonlabens ulvanivorans PLR (57.37% identity). Recombinant ALT3695 was purified and the apparent molecular weight was about 53 kDa, which is different from that of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes identified in Alteromonas sp. A321. ALT3695 exhibited maximal activity in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0 and 50 °C. ALT3695 was relatively thermostable, as 90% activity was observed after incubation at 40 °C for 3 h. The Km and Vmax values of ALT3695 towards ulvan were 0.43 mg·mL-1 and 0.11 μmol·min-1·mL-1, respectively. ESI-MS analysis showed that enzymatic products were mainly disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. This study reports a new PL25 family ulvan lyase, ALT3695, with properties that suggest its great potential for the preparation of ulvan oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chunying Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongzhou Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Siqi Zuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Han Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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17
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Ulva lactuca, A Source of Troubles and Potential Riches. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060357. [PMID: 31207947 PMCID: PMC6627311 DOI: 10.3390/md17060357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulva lactuca is a green macro alga involved in devastating green tides observed worldwide. These green tides or blooms are a consequence of human activities. Ulva blooms occur mainly in shallow waters and the decomposition of this alga can produce dangerous vapors. Ulva lactuca is a species usually resembling lettuce, but genetic analyses demonstrated that other green algae with tubular phenotypes were U. lactuca clades although previously described as different species or even genera. The capacity for U. lactuca to adopt different phenotypes can be due to environment parameters, such as the degree of water salinity or symbiosis with bacteria. No efficient ways have been discovered to control these green tides, but the Mediterranean seas appear to be protected from blooms, which disappear rapidly in springtime. Ulva contains commercially valuable components, such as bioactive compounds, food or biofuel. The biomass due to this alga collected on beaches every year is beginning to be valorized to produce valuable compounds. This review describes different processes and strategies developed to extract these different valuable components.
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