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Wilder C, Kilgore LJ, Fritzel A, Larson KE. Improving Medical Student Anatomy Knowledge and Confidence for the Breast Surgical Oncology Rotation. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:709. [PMID: 36900714 PMCID: PMC10000369 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomy curriculum has undergone considerable reductions in class time, resulting in decreased student anatomical knowledge retention and confidence during their surgical rotations. To counter this deficit in anatomy knowledge, a clinical anatomy mentorship program (CAMP) was developed by fourth-year medical student leaders and staff mentors in a near-peer teaching fashion prior to the surgical clerkship. This study analyzed the impact this program had on third-year medical students (MS3s) self-assessed anatomical knowledge and confidence in the operating room on the Breast Surgical Oncology rotation after this near-peer program. METHODS A single-center prospective survey study was performed at an academic medical center. Pre- and post-program surveys were administered to all students who participated in the CAMP and rotated on the breast surgical oncology (BSO) service during the surgery clerkship rotation. A control group of individuals who did not rotate on the CAMP was established, and this group was administered a retrospective survey. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess surgical anatomy knowledge, confidence in the operating room, and comfort in assisting in the operating room. Control group versus post-CAMP intervention group and pre- versus post-CAMP intervention groups survey results were compared using the Student's t-test with a p-value of <0.05 statistically significant. RESULTS All CAMP students rated their surgical anatomy knowledge (p < 0.01), confidence in the operating room (p < 0.01), and comfort in assisting in the operating room (p < 0.01) as greater than those who did not participate in the program. Additionally, the program improved the ability of third-year medical students to prepare for operating room cases going into their third-year breast surgical oncology clerkship (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This near-peer surgical education model appears to be an effective way to prepare third-year medical students for the breast surgical oncology rotation during the surgery clerkship by improving anatomic knowledge and student confidence. The program can serve as a template for medical students, surgical clerkship directors, and other faculty interested in efficiently expanding surgical anatomy at their institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Wilder
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lyndsey J. Kilgore
- Breast Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Abbey Fritzel
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kelsey E. Larson
- Breast Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Ivarson J, Hermansson A, Meister B, Zeberg H, Bolander Laksov K, Ekström W. Transfer of anatomy during surgical clerkships: an exploratory study of a student-staff partnership. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 13:221-229. [PMID: 36049218 PMCID: PMC9905002 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.62eb.850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This qualitative study aims to explore how fourth-year medical students on the surgery course perceived a clinical anatomy workshop organised by near-peer student teachers in partnership with faculty. METHODS Forty-seven medical students participated in a workshop on clinical anatomy in the dissection laboratory. A voluntary response sampling method was used. The students' perceptions of the workshop were explored through a thematic content analysis of transcribed, semi-structured group interviews and written comments. RESULTS A majority of the students had not revisited the dissection laboratory since their second year, and all students described the workshop as a unique opportunity to vertically integrate anatomical knowledge. Four main themes were identified as most valuable for the students' learning experience, namely that the workshop 1) was taught by knowledgeable and friendly near-peer tutors (NPTs), 2) consisted of highly relevant anatomical content, 3) offered a hands-on experience of cadavers in the dissection laboratory, and 4) was taught in a focused session in the middle of the surgery course. CONCLUSIONS This study shows how hands-on workshops in clinical anatomy, developed in student-staff partnerships and taught by NPTs, can enable senior medical students to recall and vertically integrate anatomical knowledge during surgical clerkships. The results have implications for curriculum design, giving voice to senior students' wishes for spaced repetition and vertical integration of pre-clinical anatomy knowledge during their clinical training. Moreover, this study may inspire other students and faculty to develop similar near-peer teaching activities through student-staff partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Ivarson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Hermansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Meister
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Zeberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Bolander Laksov
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, CAP Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Wilhelmina Ekström
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang J, Zilundu PLM, Zhang W, Yu G, Li S, Zhou L, Guo G. The use of a surgical boot camp combining anatomical education and surgical simulation for internship preparedness among senior medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:459. [PMID: 35705984 PMCID: PMC9202198 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senior medical students feel unprepared for surgical procedures and care for surgery patients when they begin their internship. This study sought to introduce and evaluate a surgical boot camp training for senior medical students. METHODS A 44-h surgical boot camp program of lectures on clinical practice simulation, anatomical dissections, and simulated operation on cadavers was designed, implemented, and evaluated during the 2018 to 2019 academic year. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess students' perceptions of the content, delivery, and self-confidence. The mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (mini-CEX) and the Operative Performance Rating System were used to assess skills essential to good clinical care and to facilitate feedback. RESULTS Over 93% of the students were satisfied with the surgical boot camp, training equipment, and learning materials provided. After six sessions of training, 85.3% reported gaining self-confidence and performed better in some surgical procedures such as major gastrectomy. The mini-CEX scores suggested significant improvement in the students' clinical skills, attitudes, and behaviors (P < 0.01). Ninety-eight percent of students felt that the anatomical knowledge taught met their needs. The scores of the Operative Performance Rating System suggested that the students' surgical skills such as instruments handling, incising, treatment of surrounding tissues (blood vessels, nerves), and smoothness of the whole operation had increased significantly following the surgical boot camp (All P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The surgical boot camp curriculum improved students' satisfaction and confidence in core clinical practice competencies. Therefore, medical schools the world over should continue to seek ways to bridge the gaps between pre-clinical, clinical, and internship training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Prince Last Mudenda Zilundu
- Department of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anatomy, Sun Yat-Sen School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Sun Yat-Sen School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Mullens CL, Battin A, Grabo DJ, Borgstrom DC, Thomay AA. The PASS Course: Practical Anatomy and Surgical Skills Course as a Pragmatic Primer for Senior Medical Students Pursuing Surgical Residency. Am Surg 2021:31348211054551. [PMID: 34766513 DOI: 10.1177/00031348211054551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The senior year of undergraduate medical education has been scrutinized for lacking emphasis from educators and value for students. Surgical residency program directors and medical students have reported different sets of perceived weaknesses as surgical trainees enter residency. With this in mind, we developed a novel rotation for senior medical students pursuing surgical residency. The rotation incorporates practical didactics, robust skill and simulation training, and an enriching anatomy experience that entails dissections and operations on embalmed and fresh tissue cadavers. To our knowledge, this is the first reported formal training experience for medical students that involves working with fresh tissue cadavers, which have been described as effective models for live human tissue in the operating room. We describe our multifaceted curriculum in detail, discuss its organization, and elaborate on its potential value. We also provide detailed explanations of the curriculum components so that other surgical educators may consider adopting them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Battin
- 12355West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daniel J Grabo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, 5631West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - David C Borgstrom
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, 5631West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alan A Thomay
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology12355West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Bauman B, Kernahan P, Weinhaus A, Walker MJ, Irwin E, Sundin A, Yerxa D, Vakayil V, Harmon JV. An Interprofessional Senior Medical Student Preparation Course: Improvement in Knowledge and Self-Confidence Before Entering Surgical Training. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2021; 12:441-451. [PMID: 33994822 PMCID: PMC8112855 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s287430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Senior medical students are variably prepared to begin surgical training; and a national curriculum was established through the American College of Surgeons to better prepare senior medical students for surgical training. The purpose of our course is to prepare senior medical students to more effectively enter surgical training programs. We recently enhanced our independently developed surgical training preparation course by increasing exposure to surgical anatomy, medical physiology, surgical skills, and point-of-care ultrasound. We evaluated the impact of our interprofessional training course to increase confidence and readiness among senior medical students entering surgical training. METHODS The course focused on pre- and post-operative patient care, surgical anatomy, human physiology, and bedside ultrasound. Didactic lectures in anatomy, human physiology, and bedside ultrasound were provided prior to all hands-on simulated patient care sessions and mock surgical procedures. To evaluate our interprofessional curriculum, we administered pre- and post-course surveys, pre- and post-course knowledge tests, and a final surgical anatomy laboratory practical examination to 22 senior medical students who were enrolled in the course. All students created a final surgical anatomy presentation. RESULTS The students demonstrated a 100% pass rate in surgical anatomy. The knowledge test, which included assessment of knowledge on perioperative surgical decision making, human physiology, and bedside ultrasound, demonstrated an average improvement of 10%. Statistically significant improvements in median confidence values were identified in 10 of 32 surveyed categories, including surgical skills (p < 0.05); 84% of student goals for the course were achieved. The medical students' surveys confirmed increased confidence related to the use of point-of-care ultrasound, teamwork experience, and basic surgical skills through small group interactive seminars and surgical simulation exercises. CONCLUSION Our preparation for surgical training course resulted in high student satisfaction and demonstrated an increased sense of confidence to begin surgical training. The 10% improvement in medical student knowledge, as evaluated by a written examination, and the significant improvement in confidence level self-assessment scores confirms this surgery preparation course for senior medical students successfully achieved the desired goals of the course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Bauman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Kernahan
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Program in Human Anatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anthony Weinhaus
- Program in Human Anatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Walker
- Program in Human Anatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Irwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Sundin
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Derek Yerxa
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victor Vakayil
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James V Harmon
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Program in Human Anatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Lin J. Evolution of the thoracic surgeon educator: Incorporating education science into our DNA. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 162:503-509. [PMID: 33353748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Lin
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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Kassam AF, Singer KE, Winer LK, Browne D, Sussman JJ, Goodman MD, Makley AT. Acquisition and retention of surgical skills taught during intern surgical boot camp. Am J Surg 2020; 221:987-992. [PMID: 32981654 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical residencies have implemented boot-camps for early acquisition of basic technical skills for interns. However, educators worry that retention is poor. We hypothesized that a structured boot-camp curriculum would improve skills. METHODS Interns underwent eight boot-camp sessions at the beginning of residency. Interns completed pre-, post-boot-camp, and end-of-year skills assessments, as well as post-boot camp and end-of-year porcine procedure labs. Proficiency was measured on a 5-point scale and by completion time. RESULTS After boot-camp, interns improved all domains of knot-tying. Median time decreased for skin-closure (8.3 vs 9.9 min, p < 0.01), peg transfer (57 vs 87 s, p < 0.01), intracorporeal (178 vs 300 s, p < 0.01), and extracorporeal knot-tying (140 vs 259 s, p < 0.01). At the end-of-year assessment, interns exhibited retention of all skills and improved in knot-tying and central line skills. During the retention porcine lab, interns progressed basic but not complex skills. CONCLUSIONS An eight-week boot-camp effectively improved technical skills among surgery interns. Interns retained all skills and improved upon techniques frequently practiced during intern year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Faraaz Kassam
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen E Singer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leah K Winer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deborah Browne
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Sussman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael D Goodman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy T Makley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Bains M, Kaliski DZ. An anatomy workshop for improving anatomy self-efficacy and competency when transitioning into a problem-based learning, Doctor of Physical Therapy program. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2020; 44:39-49. [PMID: 31855453 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00048.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
First-year Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students entering a problem-based learning (PBL) program are faced with a number of pedagogical challenges, including the development of self-directed learning skills, resource unfamiliarity, and group dynamics. These challenges can make learning anatomy in a self-directed manner less efficient. Prematriculation introduction of strategies to improve anatomy learning may help prepare students for a rigorous DPT program and improve anatomy learning efficiency. The present study describes a 2-day anatomy workshop offered to incoming students before a DPT program was initiated. Knowledge acquired during both days of the workshop resulted in statistically significant improvements in anatomy postquiz scores for each corresponding prequiz (P < 0.001 for lower and upper limb quizzes). Workshop participants survey responses demonstrated that anatomy confidence and PBL preparedness increased at distinct intervals following the workshop and was significantly higher than controls after the first semester (P < 0.01 for anatomy confidence and PBL preparedness). Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated statistically significant relationships between semester anatomy practical scores and workshop participation (P = 0.03 for practical 1 and P = 0.049 for practical 2) and undergraduate grade point average (P < 0.001 for practical 1 and P = 0.03 for practical 2). First-year DPT students reported the anatomy workshop to be a valuable experience for learning strategies to improve anatomy self-efficacy. An introductory anatomy workshop is an effective strategy to improve self-directed anatomy learning efficiency before the start of a rigorous DPT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bains
- School of Physical Therapy, The University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Debora Z Kaliski
- School of Physical Therapy, The University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas
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Lufler RS, Lazarus MD, Stefanik JJ. The Spectrum of Learning and Teaching: The Impact of a Fourth-Year Anatomy Course on Medical Student Knowledge and Confidence. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 13:19-29. [PMID: 30793847 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is growing demand from accrediting agencies for improved basic science integration into fourth-year medical curricula and inculcation of medical students with teaching skills. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a fourth-year medical school elective course focused on teaching gross anatomy on anatomical knowledge and teaching confidence. Fourth-year medical student "teacher" participants' gross anatomy knowledge was assessed before and after the course. Students rated their overall perceived anatomy knowledge and teaching skills on a scale from 0 (worst) to 10 (best), and responded to specific knowledge and teaching confidence items using a similar scale. First-year students were surveyed to evaluate the effectiveness of the fourth-year student teaching on their learning. Thirty-two students completed the course. The mean anatomy knowledge pretest score and posttest scores were 43.2 (±22.1) and 74.1 (±18.4), respectively (P < 0.001). The mean perceived anatomy knowledge ratings before and after the course were 6.19 (±1.84) and 7.84 (±1.30), respectively (P < 0.0001) and mean perceived teaching skills ratings before and after the course were 7.94 (±1.24) and 8.53 (±0.95), respectively (P = 0.002). Student feedback highlighted five themes which impacted fourth-year teaching assistant effectiveness, including social/cognitive congruence and improved access to learning opportunities. Together these results suggest that integrating fourth-year medical students in anatomy teaching increases their anatomical knowledge and improves measures of perceived confidence in both teaching and anatomy knowledge. The thematic analysis revealed that this initiative has positive benefits for first-year students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Lufler
- Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle D Lazarus
- Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua J Stefanik
- Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Technical skill improvement with surgical preparatory courses: What advantages are reflected in residency? Am J Surg 2018; 216:155-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Owei L, Neylan C, Kelz R, Dumon KR, Allen SR, Williams N, Dempsey DT, Fisher C. Resource Usage Implementing the Surgical Resident Prep Curriculum at a Single Institution. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2018; 75:650-655. [PMID: 29037824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Resident Prep Curriculum (RPC), published in 2014 and developed as a collaboration of the American College of Surgeons, Association of Program Directors in Surgery, and the Association for Surgical Education, was designed to improve the quality and consistency of medical student preparation for surgical residency. We aim to assess the feasibility of and resource usage for implementation of this curriculum at our institution. DESIGN Our institution expanded upon a pre-existing 2-week surgical preparatory course, adding modules designed to meet the goals and objectives of the RPC. We performed an evaluation of the resources required for these additions, namely time, logistics and incremental cost. SETTING The course took place at the Perelman School of Medicine, which is a large, academic medical center affiliated with the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. RESULTS Our course satisfied each of the six domains outlined in the RPC. In 2015, 22 students were enrolled in the course. It was run over a consecutive 4-week period in the spring of 2015, with 9 full and 9 half days. To meet the needs of the Curriculum, approximately 33 hours (38%) were spent in the classroom, 34 hours (39%) in a simulation center, and 20 hours (23%) in the anatomical laboratory. Seventy faculty-hours (from 5 disciplines) and 73 resident-hours (double-counting for cotaught modules) were required to support the course. Besides room availability, funding was required for certain aspects of the course such as cadavers, dedicated anatomy teaching, and the costs of supplies in the simulation center. There is also a cost associated with the use of the Penn Medicine Simulation Center. Taking these into account, the total cost of implementing the curriculum amounted to $30,627.10. CONCLUSION The implementation of the RPC was feasible but relied heavily upon faculty/resident time. As a result of the success of this initiative, our medical school seeks to expand the idea across multiple specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Owei
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris Neylan
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Rachel Kelz
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristoffel R Dumon
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steve R Allen
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Noel Williams
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel T Dempsey
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Hefler J, Ramnanan CJ. Can CanMEDS competencies be developed in medical school anatomy laboratories? A literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 8. [PMID: 28650843 PMCID: PMC5511744 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5929.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this literature review was to identify potential ways in which undergraduate medical anatomy education may be relevant to the CanMEDS Roles, a competency-based framework used throughout Canadian medical training. METHODS A scoping review of medical education literature was conducted in March 2017 for English language publications that included key words related to anatomy education and to key competencies formally described for each of the Roles in the CanMEDS 2015 framework. Indicated benefits were then collated, characterized, and synthesized for each CanMEDS Role. RESULTS There were 71 studies identified describing original findings. Perceived benefits of anatomy education were most often identified for competencies related to the Medical Expert Role. Multiple studies also cited benefits related to the Scholar, Professional and Collaborator Roles. There was a lack of literature related to the Health Advocate, Communicator, and Leader Roles. The majority of benefits defined in the literature were limited to student perceptions rather than objectively measured outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence to suggest that anatomy education can facilitate the development of core competencies related to several CanMEDS Roles, outside of simply developing medical knowledge in the Medical Expert Role. Future studies need to develop methods to objectively assess outcomes related to these competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hefler
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Ramnanan
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Neylan CJ, Nelson EF, Dumon KR, Morris JB, Williams NN, Dempsey DT, Kelz RR, Fisher CS, Allen SR. Medical School Surgical Boot Camps: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2017; 74:384-389. [PMID: 27939818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many medical schools have begun to offer surgical boot camps to senior medical students. The aim of the present study is to systematically review the literature and evidence surrounding medical school surgical boot camps to direct future research into the effectiveness of boot camps. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC. The review was conducted according to the PICOTS structure, with an intervention of a surgical boot camp for senior medical students entering surgical residencies. RESULTS The search resulted in 5351 database hits, from which we identified 10 published studies that met the inclusion criteria. Two reviews were identified that met the PICOTS criteria but were excluded from data synthesis. Boot camps increase the confidence and competence of medical students entering their surgical internships. There is no objective assessment of the effect of boot camps on the clinical performance of interns. CONCLUSIONS Despite the success of medical school surgical boot camps, no objective data exist to show that boot camps translate into improved performance during internship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Neylan
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth F Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kristoffel R Dumon
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Penn Medicine Simulation Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jon B Morris
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Surgical Education, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noel N Williams
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Surgical Education, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel T Dempsey
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel R Kelz
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Surgical Education, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla S Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven R Allen
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Shiozawa T, Butz B, Herlan S, Kramer A, Hirt B. Interactive anatomical and surgical live stream lectures improve students' academic performance in applied clinical anatomy. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2017; 10:46-52. [PMID: 27273871 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuebingen's Sectio Chirurgica (TSC) is an innovative, interactive, multimedia, and transdisciplinary teaching method designed to complement dissection courses. The Tuebingen's Sectio Chirurgica (TSC) allows clinical anatomy to be taught via interactive live stream surgeries moderated by an anatomist. This method aims to provide an application-oriented approach to teaching anatomy that offers students a deeper learning experience. A cohort study was devised to determine whether students who participated in the TSC were better able to solve clinical application questions than students who did not participate. A total of 365 students participated in the dissection course during the winter term of the 2012/2013 academic year. The final examination contained 40 standard multiple-choice (S-MC) and 20 clinically-applied multiple-choice (CA-MC) items. The CA-MC items referred to clinical cases but could be answered solely using anatomical knowledge. Students who regularly participated in the TSC answered the CA-MC questions significantly better than the control group (75% and 65%, respectively; P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The groups exhibited no differences on the S-MC questions (85% and 82.5%, respectively; P > 0.05). The CA-MC questions had a slightly higher level of difficulty than the S-MC questions (0.725 and 0.801, respectively; P = 0.083). The discriminatory power of the items was comparable (S-MC median Pearson correlations: 0.321; CA-MC: 0.283). The TSC successfully teaches the clinical application of anatomical knowledge. Students who attended the TSC in addition to the dissection course were able to answer CA-MC questions significantly better than students who did not attend the TSC. Thus, attending the TSC in addition to the dissection course supported students' clinical learning goals. Anat Sci Educ 10: 46-52. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shiozawa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Herlan
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kramer
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Morgan H, Skinner B, Marzano D, Fitzgerald J, Curran D, Hammoud M. Improving the medical school-residency transition. CLINICAL TEACHER 2016; 14:340-343. [PMID: 27878956 DOI: 10.1111/tct.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to calls to improve the continuum between undergraduate and graduate medical education, many medical schools are creating electives designed to prepare students for residency training. There is a need for data that link improvements from these residency preparation courses to residency itself. Data is needed that links improvements from these residency preparation courses to residency OBJECTIVE: To examine senior medical student performance on the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) Preparation for Residency Knowledge Assessment before and after an obstetrics and gynaecology residency preparation elective, and to determine whether the knowledge improvements persisted to the start of the residency. METHODS All 13 students enrolled in the course completed the APGO knowledge assessment on the first and last day of the elective. Three months later, the students were asked to re-take the assessment immediately prior to the start of their residency. RESULTS There was improvement in mean scores from the pre-test score of 66.4 per cent to the post-test score of 77.4 per cent. At the time of the pre-test, three of the 13 students (23%) had passing scores (70% or greater), and at the time of the post-test, 11 of the 13 (85%) had passing scores. Nine of the 13 students (69%) completed the APGO knowledge assessment immediately prior to the start of their residency. Those nine students had a mean pre-residency score of 76.4 per cent. Eight of the nine students (89%) passed the pre-residency test. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the value of residency preparation electives for improving knowledge, and suggest that senior medical school electives can help to bridge the continuum between undergraduate and graduate medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Morgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Learning Health Services, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bethany Skinner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Marzano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James Fitzgerald
- Department of Learning Health Services, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Diana Curran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maya Hammoud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Learning Health Services, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Morgan H, Zeller J, Hughes DT, Dooley-Hash S, Klein K, Caty R, Santen S. Applied clinical anatomy: the successful integration of anatomy into specialty-specific senior electives. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 39:95-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Singh P, Aggarwal R, Pucher PH, Darzi A. Development, Organisation and Implementation of a Surgical Skills 'Boot Camp': SIMweek. World J Surg 2016; 39:1649-60. [PMID: 25665671 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-2972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of increased mortality and reduced efficiency in hospitals due to the annual changeover of junior doctors. This paper describes a framework to develop an intensive simulated week that will recreate experiences and situations that junixor surgical interns will likely face in their first weeks after graduation. METHODS To provide evidence-based recommendations, a systematic review of published literature using the keywords 'surg*', 'boot', 'camp' was performed. Reports of the development, implementation or evaluation of a simulated skills course or 'boot camp' to prepare incoming surgical interns were analysed. RESULTS Eighteen relevant articles were identified. Subjects on internship preparation courses have identified 'hands-on' training sessions to be very useful. In particular, mock pages have been identified as being valuable and didactic lectures have been identified as the weakest parts of the course. We first consider the end-users of the course and their associated learning needs. We subsequently discuss resources required and propose a strategy for the organisation of a course and selection of teaching faculty. Finally, we consider the costs involved in running a course. CONCLUSIONS This paper proposes a framework for the development, organisation and implementation of an intensive simulation course to prepare graduating medical students for their role as junior surgical intern. Facilitating the step change in responsibility from student to surgical intern may improve patient safety in addition to reducing the associated anxiety for the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Singh
- Academic Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, 10th Floor QEQM, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK,
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19
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The Evolving Role of Simulation in Teaching Surgery in Undergraduate Medical Education. Surg Clin North Am 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Singh P, Aggarwal R, Pucher PH, Hashimoto DA, Beyer-Berjot L, Bharathan R, Middleton KE, Jones J, Darzi A. An immersive "simulation week" enhances clinical performance of incoming surgical interns improved performance persists at 6 months follow-up. Surgery 2015; 157:432-43. [PMID: 25633735 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from student to intern can be challenging. The "August" or "July effect" describes increased errors and reduced patient safety during this transition. The study objectives were to develop, pilot, and evaluate clinical performance after an immersive simulation course for incoming interns. METHODS Graduating students were recruited for a 1-week immersive simulation course. Controls received no simulation training. Primary outcome (at baseline, and 1 and 6 months) was clinical performance on Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) of clinical procedures and surgical technical skills. Secondary outcomes were self-reported confidence and clinical procedure logbook data. RESULTS Nineteen students were recruited. Sixteen completed the 6-month follow-up, 10 in the intervention group and 6 in the control group. No differences were demonstrated between interventions and controls at baseline (OSCE [median, 66 vs. 78; P = .181], technical skills [48 vs. 52.5; P = .381], and confidence [101 vs 96; P = .368]). Interventions outperformed controls at 1 month (OSCE [111 vs 82; P = .001], technical skills [78.5 vs 63; P = .030], and confidence [142 vs. 119; P < .001]), and 6 months (OSCE [107 vs. 93; P = .007], technical skills [92.5 vs. 69; P = .044], and confidence [148 vs. 129; P = .022]). No differences were observed in numbers of clinical procedures performed at 1 (P = .958), 4 (P = .093), or 6 months (P = .713). CONCLUSION The immersive simulation course objectively improved subjects' clinical skills, technical skills, and confidence. Despite similar clinical experience as controls, the intervention group's improved performance persisted at 6 months follow-up. This feasible and effective intervention to ease transition from student to intern could reduce errors and enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Singh
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Rajesh Aggarwal
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip H Pucher
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daniel A Hashimoto
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Beyer-Berjot
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK; Centre for Surgical Training & Research, University of Mediterrannee, Marseille, France
| | - Rasiah Bharathan
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katherine E Middleton
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joanne Jones
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Lazarus MD, Kauffman GL, Kothari MJ, Mosher TJ, Silvis ML, Wawrzyniak JR, Anderson DT, Black KP. Anatomy integration blueprint: A fourth-year musculoskeletal anatomy elective model. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2014; 7:379-388. [PMID: 24591484 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current undergraduate medical school curricular trends focus on both vertical integration of clinical knowledge into the traditionally basic science-dedicated curricula and increasing basic science education in the clinical years. This latter type of integration is more difficult and less reported on than the former. Here, we present an outline of a course wherein the primary learning and teaching objective is to integrate basic science anatomy knowledge with clinical education. The course was developed through collaboration by a multi-specialist course development team (composed of both basic scientists and physicians) and was founded in current adult learning theories. The course was designed to be widely applicable to multiple future specialties, using current published reports regarding the topics and clinical care areas relying heavily on anatomical knowledge regardless of specialist focus. To this end, the course focuses on the role of anatomy in the diagnosis and treatment of frequently encountered musculoskeletal conditions. Our iterative implementation and action research approach to this course development has yielded a curricular template for anatomy integration into clinical years. Key components for successful implementation of these types of courses, including content topic sequence, the faculty development team, learning approaches, and hidden curricula, were developed. We also report preliminary feedback from course stakeholders and lessons learned through the process. The purpose of this report is to enhance the current literature regarding basic science integration in the clinical years of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Lazarus
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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