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Charpignon ML, Matos J, Nakayama L, Gallifant J, Alfonso PGI, Cobanaj M, Fiske A, Gates AJ, Ho FDV, Jain U, Kashkooli M, McCoy LG, Shaffer J, Link Woite N, Celi LA. Does diversity beget diversity? A scientometric analysis of over 150,000 studies and 49,000 authors published in high-impact medical journals between 2007 and 2022. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.21.24304695. [PMID: 38562711 PMCID: PMC10984076 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.24304695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Health research that significantly impacts global clinical practice and policy is often published in high-impact factor (IF) medical journals. These outlets play a pivotal role in the worldwide dissemination of novel medical knowledge. However, researchers identifying as women and those affiliated with institutions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have been largely underrepresented in high-IF journals across multiple fields of medicine. To evaluate disparities in gender and geographical representation among authors who have published in any of five top general medical journals, we conducted scientometric analyses using a large-scale dataset extracted from the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), The British Medical Journal (BMJ), The Lancet, and Nature Medicine. Methods Author metadata from all articles published in the selected journals between 2007 and 2022 were collected using the DimensionsAI platform. The Genderize.io API was then utilized to infer each author's likely gender based on their extracted first name. The World Bank country classification was used to map countries associated with researcher affiliations to the LMIC or the high-income country (HIC) category. We characterized the overall gender and country income category representation across the medical journals. In addition, we computed article-level diversity metrics and contrasted their distributions across the journals. Findings We studied 151,536 authors across 49,764 articles published in five top medical journals, over a long period spanning 15 years. On average, approximately one-third (33.1%) of the authors of a given paper were inferred to be women; this result was consistent across the journals we studied. Further, 86.6% of the teams were exclusively composed of HIC authors; in contrast, only 3.9% were exclusively composed of LMIC authors. The probability of serving as the first or last author was significantly higher if the author was inferred to be a man (18.1% vs 16.8%, P < .01) or was affiliated with an institution in a HIC (16.9% vs 15.5%, P < .01). Our primary finding reveals that having a diverse team promotes further diversity, within the same dimension (i.e., gender or geography) and across dimensions. Notably, papers with at least one woman among the authors were more likely to also involve at least two LMIC authors (11.7% versus 10.4% in baseline, P < .001; based on inferred gender); conversely, papers with at least one LMIC author were more likely to also involve at least two women (49.4% versus 37.6%, P < .001; based on inferred gender). Conclusion We provide a scientometric framework to assess authorship diversity. Our research suggests that the inclusiveness of high-impact medical journals is limited in terms of both gender and geography. We advocate for medical journals to adopt policies and practices that promote greater diversity and collaborative research. In addition, our findings offer a first step towards understanding the composition of teams conducting medical research globally and an opportunity for individual authors to reflect on their own collaborative research practices and possibilities to cultivate more diverse partnerships in their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Charpignon
- Institute for Data Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - João Matos
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESCTEC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Nakayama
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jack Gallifant
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marisa Cobanaj
- Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amelia Fiske
- Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander J Gates
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Urvish Jain
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Kashkooli
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Liam G McCoy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Shaffer
- Department of Sociology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Naira Link Woite
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo Anthony Celi
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Faria I, Montalvan A, Kazimi M, Martins PN, Eckhoff D. Representation of Women Authorship in the Top 5 Transplantation Journals in the United States. Transplantation 2024; 108:802-812. [PMID: 37917944 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, only 13% of transplant surgeons are women. We evaluated gender distribution and trends of American authorship over the past 10 y in high-impact solid organ transplantation journals to gain insight into the current status of women authorship in transplantation. METHODS Original articles from 2012 to 2021 from the 5 highest-impact solid organ transplantation journals were extracted from Scopus. First and last author's gender was predicted using Genderize.io. Data of first and last authors, article type and topic, location, citation, and funding metrics were analyzed. Chi-square, logistic regression, and trend tests were performed where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at <0.05. RESULTS Women's first and last authorship increased over time among all journals. There was an increase in women first authors in the American Journal of Transplantation and in senior women authors in Liver Transplantation and Transplantation . Significant differences in gender authorship in lung, intestine, pancreas, general, and islet cell transplantation were found. Women's last authorship was associated with 1.69 higher odds of having a woman first author when adjusting for year and journal. There was an increase in the rate of women's first and last author collaborations over the years. Women last authors had 1.5 higher odds of being funded by the National Institutes of Health over the years. CONCLUSIONS Despite an increase in women transplant surgeons and physicians, the gap in women authorship in transplantation persists. Women's last authorship was associated with higher odds of having a woman first author, pointing to the importance of mentorship for women joining the transplant academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Faria
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adriana Montalvan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marwan Kazimi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA
| | - Devin Eckhoff
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Faria I, Montalvan A, Canizares S, Martins PN, Weber GM, Kazimi M, Eckhoff D. The power of partnership: Exploring collaboration dynamics in U.S. transplant research. Am J Surg 2024; 227:24-33. [PMID: 37852844 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Collaboration is one of the hallmarks of academic research. This study analyzes collaboration patterns in U.S. transplant research, examining publication trends, productive institutions, co-authorship networks, and citation patterns in high-impact transplant journals. METHODS 4,265 articles published between 2012 and 2021 were analyzed using scientometric tools, logistic regression, VantagePoint software, and Gephi software for network visualization. RESULTS 16,003 authors from 1,011 institutions and 59 countries were identified, with Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and University of Pennsylvania contributing the most papers. Odds of international collaboration significantly increased over time (OR 1.03; p = 0.040), while odds of citation in single-institution collaborations decreased (OR 0.99; p = 0.016). Five major scientific communities and central institutions (Harvard University and University of Pittsburgh) connecting them were identified, revealing interconnected research clusters. CONCLUSIONS Collaboration enhances knowledge exchange and research productivity, with an increasing trend of institutional and international collaboration in U.S. transplant research. Understanding this community is essential for promoting research impact and forming strategic partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Faria
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Adriana Montalvan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stalin Canizares
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Griffin M Weber
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marwan Kazimi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Devin Eckhoff
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Alexandrou M, Driva TS, Makri S, Nikolakea M, Routsi E, Spyrou N, Msaouel P, Esagian SM. Gender disparity trends in genitourinary oncology academic publishing over the past 3 decades: A bibliometric analysis. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:432.e21-432.e27. [PMID: 37573196 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine gender disparities in genitourinary (GU) oncology academic publishing over the past three decades. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a bibliometric analysis of eight academic journals featuring GU oncology research articles: Journal of Clinical Oncology, Cancer, European Journal of Cancer, European Urology, Journal of Urology, BJU International, Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, and Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations. After selecting four time points (1990, 2000, 2010, 2020), we recorded the gender of the first and senior authors and investigated their association with independent variables including publication year, research field, and geographic continent. Results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 14,786 articles were included in our analyses. Females comprised 25.7% of first and 18.1% of senior authors. Compared to 1990, there was a trend of progressively higher female first author (OR 1.47 [95% CI 1.27-1.69] in 2000; 2.28 [95% CI 2.00-2.59] in 2010; 3.10 [95% CI 2.71-3.55] in 2020) and senior author positions (OR 1.23 [95% CI 1.05-1.45] in 2000; 1.67 [95% CI 1.45-1.93] in 2010; 2.55 [95% CI 2.20-2.96] in 2020). Compared to GU oncology, non-GU oncology articles were more likely to have female first (OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.38-2.86) or senior authors (OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.35-2.91). Articles from Asia (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.38-0.51), Africa (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22-0.91), and international collaborations (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.50-0.76) had a lower proportion of female first authors compared to North America. First authors were significantly more likely to be female when senior authors were also female (OR 2.45, 95% CI 2.23-2.69). CONCLUSIONS Despite the bridging trend demonstrated, GU oncology remains a male-predominant discipline. Female leadership and mentorship are pivotal in achieving gender parity in the academic medicine community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaella Alexandrou
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Oncology Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
| | - Tatiana S Driva
- Oncology Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece; First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavriani Makri
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Oncology Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
| | - Melina Nikolakea
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Oncology Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Routsi
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Oncology Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spyrou
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stepan M Esagian
- Oncology Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals / Jacobi, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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Woodyard KC, Lee E, Ferguson R, Dembinski D, Effendi M, Janowak CF, Gobble RM. Surgical Fellowships Demonstrate Variable Improvement in Gender Representation Despite Greater Female Enrollment in General Surgery Residencies. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1104-1112. [PMID: 37336666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increasing female representation in General Surgery (GS) residency training programs, proportional improvement of female enrollment in surgical fellowships has yet to be quantified. We aimed to assess if female enrollment in surgical fellowships has improved at an equivalent rate in 7 different surgical fellowship options after GS. DESIGN AND SETTING Data were collected from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resources which disclosed active resident and fellow characteristics. Gender identification was self-reported by residents to ACGME. Gender data collected for GS programs and surgical fellowships including Surgical Critical Care, Colon, and Rectal Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Surgical Oncology, Thoracic Surgery, and Vascular Surgery from annual reports. Pearson Chi-squared analysis was conducted between GS residencies and fellowship programs in their corresponding years using Stata15 software. RESULTS In all years examined, fellowships in Vascular, Thoracic, and Plastic Surgery had significantly lower female enrollment in proportion to the number of female GS residents (p = <0.02). In all years examined, Surgical Oncology, Pediatric, Colon and Rectal, and Surgical Critical Care had female enrollment that was, at minimum, proportional to female enrollment in GS residency, indicating equitable gender representation. Surgical Oncology (2016), Pediatric (2020) and Surgical Critical Care (2016) fellowships each had 1 year where female enrollment was significantly higher than General Surgery. CONCLUSIONS The enrollment of female surgeons in Plastic, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery fellowships has not improved proportionally despite an increase in female GS residents. These results suggest the possibility of persistent factors that deter female enrollment in Vascular, Thoracic and Plastic Surgery fellowships that are not present to the same degree in fields with equitable fellowship female enrollment. Female representation in surgical fellowships is vital to improving gender diversity in all disciplines of surgery, particularly academic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten C Woodyard
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Craniofacial and Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ermina Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Riley Ferguson
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Douglas Dembinski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maleeh Effendi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher F Janowak
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan M Gobble
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Chen H. From the editor - In - Chief: Featured papers in the November 2022 issue. Am J Surg 2022; 224:1187. [PMID: 36171170 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Gender equity in surgical literature authorship: Are we there yet? Am J Surg 2022; 224:1215-1216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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