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Sakuma I, Gaspar RC, Luukkonen PK, Kahn M, Zhang D, Zhang X, Murray S, Golla JP, Vatner DF, Samuel VT, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Lysophosphatidic acid triggers inflammation in the liver and white adipose tissue in rat models of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 deficiency and overnutrition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312666120. [PMID: 38127985 PMCID: PMC10756285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312666120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AGPAT2 (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase-2) converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA), and mutations of the AGPAT2 gene cause the most common form of congenital generalized lipodystrophy which leads to steatohepatitis. The underlying mechanism by which AGPAT2 deficiency leads to lipodystrophy and steatohepatitis has not been elucidated. We addressed this question using an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to knockdown expression of Agpat2 in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Agpat2 ASO treatment induced lipodystrophy and inflammation in WAT and the liver, which was associated with increased LPA content in both tissues, whereas PA content was unchanged. We found that a controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) prevented LPA accumulation and inflammation in WAT whereas an ASO against glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial (Gpam) prevented LPA content and inflammation in the liver in Agpat2 ASO-treated rats. In addition, we show that overnutrition, due to high sucrose feeding, resulted in increased hepatic LPA content and increased activated macrophage content which were both abrogated with Gpam ASO treatment. Taken together, these data identify LPA as a key mediator of liver and WAT inflammation and lipodystrophy due to AGPAT2 deficiency as well as liver inflammation due to overnutrition and identify LPA as a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Sakuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University, Chiba260-8670, Japan
| | - Rafael C. Gaspar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Panu K. Luukkonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | | | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Daniel F. Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Varman T. Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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Iqbal J, Jiang HL, Wu HX, Li L, Zhou YH, Hu N, Xiao F, Wang T, Xu SN, Zhou HD. Hereditary severe insulin resistance syndrome: Pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492723 PMCID: PMC10363564 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe insulin resistance has been linked to some of the most globally prevalent disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and hypertension. Hereditary severe insulin resistance syndrome (H-SIRS) is a rare disorder classified into four principal categories: primary insulin receptor defects, lipodystrophies, complex syndromes, and obesity-related H-SIRS. Genes such as INSR, AKT2, TBC1D4, AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, PTRF, LMNA, PPARG, PLIN1, CIDEC, LIPE, PCYT1A, MC4R, LEP, POMC, SH2B1, RECQL2, RECQL3, ALMS1, PCNT, ZMPSTE24, PIK3R1, and POLD1 have been linked to H-SIRS. Its clinical features include insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperandrogenism, severe dyslipidemia, fatty liver, abnormal topography of adipose tissue, and low serum leptin and adiponectin levels. Diagnosis of H-SIRS is based on the presence of typical clinical features associated with the various H-SIRS forms and the identification of mutations in H-SIRS-linked genes by genetic testing. Diet therapy, insulin sensitization, exogenous insulin therapy, and leptin replacement therapy have widely been adopted to manage H-SIRS. The rarity of H-SIRS, its highly variable clinical presentation, refusal to be tested for genetic mutations by patients' family members who are not severely sick, unavailability of genetic testing, and testing expenses contribute to the delayed or underdiagnoses of H-SIRS. Early diagnosis facilitates early management of the condition, which results in improved glycemic control and delayed onset of diabetes and other complications related to severe insulin resistance. The use of updated genetic sequencing technologies is recommended, and long-term studies are required for genotype-phenotype differentiation and formulation of diagnostic and treatment protocols.
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Hoa Chung L, Qi Y. Lipodystrophy - A Rare Condition with Serious Metabolic Abnormalities. Rare Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Ceccarini G, Magno S, Pelosini C, Ferrari F, Sessa MR, Scabia G, Maffei M, Jéru I, Lascols O, Vigouroux C, Santini F. Congenital Generalized Lipoatrophy (Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome) Type 1: Description of Novel AGPAT2 Homozygous Variants Showing the Highly Heterogeneous Presentation of the Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:39. [PMID: 32117065 PMCID: PMC7034310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipoatrophy (BSCL) is characterized by near total fat atrophy, associated with the progressive development of metabolic complications. BSCL type 1 (BSCL1) is caused by mutations in AGPAT2, encoding 1-acylglycerol-3phosphate-O-acyltransferase β (recently renamed lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase beta), which catalyzes the transformation of lysophosphatidic acid in phosphatidic acid, the precursor of glycerophospholipids and triglycerides. BSCL1 is an autosomal recessive disease due to AGPAT2 pathogenic variants leading to a depletion of triglycerides inside the adipose organ, and to a defective signaling of key elements involved in proper adipogenesis. We herein investigated the characteristics of two AGPAT2 variants in Caucasian Italian patients with Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipoatrophy. The first patient exhibited a novel homozygous nonsense c.430 C > T AGPAT2 mutation (p.Gln144*) predicting the synthesis of a truncated enzyme of approximately half of the proper size. The second patient harbored a homozygous AGPAT2 missense variant (p.Arg159Cys), never described previously in BSCL1 patients: the segregation of the disease with the mutation in the pedigree of the family and the in silico analysis are compatible with a causative role of the p.Arg159Cys variant. We remark that BSCL1 can be clinically very heterogeneous at presentation and that the associated complications, occurring in the natural history of the disease, reduce life-expectancy. We point to the necessity for medical treatments capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular death. In BSCL1 patients, the assessment of cardiovascular disease with conventional diagnostic means maybe particularly challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ceccarini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Ceccarini
| | - Silvia Magno
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Pelosini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory at University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Sessa
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory at University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaia Scabia
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Maffei
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabelle Jéru
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lascols
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre National de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Craveiro Sarmento AS, Ferreira LC, Lima JG, de Azevedo Medeiros LB, Barbosa Cunha PT, Agnez-Lima LF, Galvão Ururahy MA, de Melo Campos JTA. The worldwide mutational landscape of Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:30-52. [PMID: 31416577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a rare disease characterized by the near total absence of body fat at birth. BSCL etiology involves genetic variations in four different genes: AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, and CAVIN1. The four different biochemical subtypes of the disease are distinguished depending on which gene is mutated. The diagnosis of lipodystrophy can be based on clinical criteria, but the gold standard remains genetic testing. Since many different mutations have already been correlated with the onset of the disease, the most indicative method is DNA sequencing. However, not all laboratories have the resources to perform sequencing. Thus, less expensive techniques that include narrow gene regions may be applied. In such cases, the target mutations to be tested must be carefully determined taking into account the frequency of the description of the mutations in the literature, the nationality of the patient, as well as their phenotype. This review considers the molecular basis of BSCL, including the manual count of the majority of mutations reported in the literature up to the year 2018. Ninety different genetic mutations in 332 cases were reported at different frequencies. Some mutations were distributed homogeneously and others were specific to geographic regions. Type 2 BSCL was mentioned most often in the literature (50.3% of the cases), followed by Type 1 (38.0%), Type 4 (10.2%), and Type 3 (1.5%). The mutations comprised frameshifts (34.4%), nonsense (26.6%), and missense (21.1%). The c.517dupA in the BSCL2 gene was the most frequent (13.3%), followed by c.589-2A>G in the AGPAT2 gene (11.5%), c.507_511delGTATC in the BSCL2 gene (9.7%), c.317-588del in the AGPAT2 gene (7.3%), and c.202C>T in the AGPAT2 gene (4.5%). This information should prove valuable for analysts in making decisions regarding the best therapeutic targets in a population-specific context, which will benefit patients and enable faster and less expensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aquiles Sales Craveiro Sarmento
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Capistrano Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Josivan Gomes Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Batista de Azevedo Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Marcela Abbott Galvão Ururahy
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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6
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Bradley RM, Bloemberg D, Aristizabal Henao JJ, Hashemi A, Mitchell AS, Fajardo VA, Bellissimo C, Mardian EB, Bombardier E, Paré MF, Moes KA, Stark KD, Tupling AR, Quadrilatero J, Duncan RE. Lpaatδ/Agpat4 deficiency impairs maximal force contractility in soleus and alters fibre type in extensor digitorum longus muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:700-711. [PMID: 29627383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) δ/acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase 4 is a mitochondrial enzyme and one of five homologues that catalyze the acyl-CoA-dependent synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA) from lysophosphatidic acid. We studied skeletal muscle LPAATδ and found highest levels in soleus, a red oxidative fibre-type that is rich in mitochondria, and lower levels in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (white glycolytic) and gastrocnemius (mixed fibre-type). Using Lpaatδ-deficient mice, we found no change in soleus or EDL mass, or in treadmill time-to-exhaustion compared to wildtype littermates. There was, however, a significant reduction in the proportion of type I and type IIA fibres in EDL but, surprisingly, not soleus, where these fibre-types predominate. Also unexpectedly, there was no impairment in force generation by EDL, but a significant reduction by soleus. Oxidative phosphorylation and activity of complexes I, I + II, III, and IV in soleus mitochondria was unchanged and therefore could not explain this effect. However, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced in Lpaatδ-/- soleus and EDL. Analysis of cellular lipids indicated no difference in soleus triacylglycerol, but specific elevations in soleus PA and phosphatidylethanolamine levels, likely due to a compensatory upregulation of Lpaatβ and Lpaatε in Lpaatδ-/- mice. An anabolic effect for PA as an activator of skeletal muscle mTOR has been reported, but we found no change in serine 2448 phosphorylation, indicating reduced soleus force generation is unlikely due to the loss of mTOR activation by a specific pool of LPAATδ-derived PA. Our results identify an important role for LPAATδ in soleus and EDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bradley
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juan J Aristizabal Henao
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ashkan Hashemi
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Mitchell
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Catherine Bellissimo
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emily B Mardian
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Eric Bombardier
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marie-France Paré
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Katherine A Moes
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, BMH 1110, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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