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Ding Y, Ma N, Haseeb HA, Dai Z, Zhang J, Guo W. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides in response to variation of temperature and water activity on maize kernels. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110494. [PMID: 38006847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the important mycotoxigenic pathogens of maize since it causes severe yield losses and produces fumonisins (FBs) to threaten human and animal health. Previous studies showed that temperature and water activity (aw) are two pivotal environmental factors affecting F. verticillioides growth and FBs production during maize storage. However, the genome-wide transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in F. verticillioides under the stress combinations of temperature and aw has not been studied in detail. In this study, DEGs of F. verticillioides and their related regulatory pathways were analyzed in response to the stress of temperature and aw combinations using RNA-Seq. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions for F. verticillioides were 0.98 aw and 25 °C, whereas the highest per-unit yield of the fumonisin B1 (FB1) was observed at 0.98 aw and 15 °C. The RNA-seq analysis showed that 9648 DEGs were affected by temperature regardless of aw levels, whereas only 218 DEGs were affected by aw regardless of temperature variations. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that a decrease in temperature at both aw levels led to a significant upregulation of genes associated with 24 biological processes, while three biological processes were downregulated. Furthermore, when aw was decreased at both temperatures, seven biological processes were significantly upregulated and four were downregulated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the genes, whose expression was upregulated when the temperature decreased, were predominantly associated with the proteasome pathway, whereas the genes, whose expression was downregulated when the aw decreased, were mainly linked to amino acid metabolism. For the FB1, except for the FUM15 gene, the other 15 biosynthetic-related genes were highly expressed at 0.98 aw and 15 °C. In addition, the expression pattern analysis of other biosynthetic genes involved in secondary metabolite production and regulation of fumonisins production was conducted to explore how this fungus responds to the stress combinations of temperature and aw. Overall, this study primarily examines the impact of temperature and aw on the growth of F. verticillioides and its production of FB1 using transcriptome data. The findings presented here have the potential to contribute to the development of novel strategies for managing fungal diseases and offer valuable insights for preventing fumonisin contamination in food and feed storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nini Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hafiz Abdul Haseeb
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; Directorate General of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Kintl A, Vítěz T, Huňady I, Sobotková J, Hammerschmiedt T, Vítězová M, Brtnický M, Holátko J, Elbl J. Effect of Mycotoxins in Silage on Biogas Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1387. [PMID: 38135978 PMCID: PMC10740816 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins can pose a threat to biogas production as they can contaminate the feedstock used in biogas production, such as agricultural crops and other organic materials. This research study evaluated the contents of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin (FUM), and aflatoxin (AFL) mycotoxins in maize silage prior to it being processed in a biogas plant and in digestate produced at the end of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. In the experiment, three samples of silage were collected from one silage warehouse: Variant 1 = low contamination, Variant 2 = medium contamination, and Variant 3 = heavy contamination, which were subjected to investigation. A significantly reduced biogas production was recorded that was proportional to the increasing contamination with molds, which was primarily due to the AD of silage caused by technologically erroneous silage treatment. The AD was connected with changes in silage composition expressed by the values of VS content, sugar content, lactic acid content, acetic acid content, and the ratio of lactic acid content to acetic acid content. The production of biogas and methane decreased with the increasing contents of NDF, ADF, CF, and lignin. The only exception was Variant 2, in which the content of ADF, CF, and lignin was lower (by 8-11%) than that in Variant 1, and only the content of NDF was higher (by 9%) than that in Variant 1. A secondary factor that also correlated with changes in the composition of the substrate was the development of undesirable organisms, which further contributed to its degradation and to the production of mycotoxins. It was also demonstrated in this study that during the AD process, the tested mycotoxins were degraded, and their content was reduced by 27-100%. Only the variant with low mold contamination showed a DON concentration increase of 27.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Kintl
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (I.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Tomáš Vítěz
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Igor Huňady
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (I.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Julie Sobotková
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (I.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Tereza Hammerschmiedt
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.H.); (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Monika Vítězová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Brtnický
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.H.); (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiří Holátko
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.H.); (M.B.); (J.H.)
- Agrovyzkum Rapotin, Ltd., Vyzkumniku 267, 788 13 Rapotin, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Elbl
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (I.H.); (J.S.)
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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de Oliveira AJ, Ono MA, Suguiura IMDS, Zucareli C, Garcia EB, Olchanheski LR, Ono EYS. Potential of yeasts as biocontrol agents against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and on corn. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad296. [PMID: 38049375 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The antifungal effect of the yeast species Kluyveromyces marxianus, Meyerozyma caribbica, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus was evaluated against two Fusarium graminearum strains (FRS 26 and FSP 27) in vitro and on corn seeds. METHODS AND RESULTS The antifungal effect of the yeasts against F. graminearum was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and extracellular chitinase and glucanase production to further elucidate the biocontrol mode of action. In addition, the germination percentage and vigor test were investigated after applying yeast on corn seeds. All the yeast strains inhibited fungal growth in vitro (57.4%-100.0%) and on corn seeds (18.9%-87.2%). In co-culture with antagonistic yeasts, F. graminearum showed collapsed hyphae and turgidity loss, which could be related to the ability of yeasts to produce chitinases and glucanases. The three yeasts did not affect the seed corn germination, and W. anomalus and M. caribbica increased corn seed growth parameters (germination percentage, shoot and root length, and shoot dry weight). CONCLUSION Meyerozyma caribbica and W. anomalus showed satisfactory F. graminearum growth inhibition rates and did not affect seed growth parameters. Further studies are required to evaluate the application of these yeasts to the crop in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Jacqueline de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Claudemir Zucareli
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Emanueli Bastos Garcia
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski
- Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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García-García FA, Cristiani-Urbina E, Morales-Barrera L, Rodríguez-Peña ON, Hernández-Portilla LB, Flores-Ortíz CM. Spectroscopic and Microestructural Evidence for T-2 Toxin Adsorption Mechanism by Natural Bentonite Modified with Organic Cations. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:470. [PMID: 37505739 PMCID: PMC10467078 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminosilicates are adsorbents able to bind mycotoxins, and their chemical modification increases their affinity to adsorb low-polarity mycotoxins. To further investigate if the inclusion of salts in bentonite modifies its adsorptive capacity, we studied T-2 toxin adsorption in natural bentonite (NB) and when modified with quaternary ammonium salts differing in polarity and chain length: myristyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (B14), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (B16) and benzyl dimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride (B18). The results showed that quaternary salts made bentonite: displace monovalent (Na+1, K+1) and divalent (Mg+2, Ca+2) ions; reduce its porosity; change its compaction and structure, becoming more crystalline and ordered; and modify the charge balance of sheets. T-2 adsorption was higher in all modified materials compared to NB (p ≤ 0.0001), and B16 (42.96%) better adsorbed T-2 compared to B18 (35.80%; p = 0.0066). B14 (38.40%) showed no differences compared to B16 and B18 (p > 0.05). We described the T-2 adsorption mechanism in B16, in which hydrogen bond interactions, Van der Waals forces and the replacement of the salt by T-2 were found. Our results showed that interaction types due to the inclusion in B16 might be more important than the hydrocarbon chain length to improve the adsorptive capacity of bentonite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abiram García-García
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (F.A.G.-G.); (L.B.H.-P.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.C.-U.); (L.M.-B.)
| | - Eliseo Cristiani-Urbina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.C.-U.); (L.M.-B.)
| | - Liliana Morales-Barrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.C.-U.); (L.M.-B.)
| | - Olga Nelly Rodríguez-Peña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Luis Barbo Hernández-Portilla
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (F.A.G.-G.); (L.B.H.-P.)
| | - Cesar Mateo Flores-Ortíz
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (F.A.G.-G.); (L.B.H.-P.)
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
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Alisaac E, Mahlein AK. Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:192. [PMID: 36977083 PMCID: PMC10053988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat for wheat production worldwide. Most reviews focus on Fusarium graminearum as a main causal agent of FHB. However, different Fusarium species are involved in this disease complex. These species differ in their geographic adaptation and mycotoxin profile. The incidence of FHB epidemics is highly correlated with weather conditions, especially rainy days with warm temperatures at anthesis and an abundance of primary inoculum. Yield losses due to the disease can reach up to 80% of the crop. This review summarizes the Fusarium species involved in the FHB disease complex with the corresponding mycotoxin profiles, disease cycle, diagnostic methods, the history of FHB epidemics, and the management strategy of the disease. In addition, it discusses the role of remote sensing technology in the integrated management of the disease. This technology can accelerate the phenotyping process in the breeding programs aiming at FHB-resistant varieties. Moreover, it can support the decision-making strategies to apply fungicides via monitoring and early detection of the diseases under field conditions. It can also be used for selective harvest to avoid mycotoxin-contaminated plots in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Alisaac
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding, Julius Kühn-Institut, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
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Shanmugasundaram R, Adams D, Ramirez S, Murugesan GR, Applegate TJ, Cunningham S, Pokoo-Aikins A, Glenn AE. Subclinical Doses of Combined Fumonisins and Deoxynivalenol Predispose Clostridium perfringens–Inoculated Broilers to Necrotic Enteritis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:934660. [PMID: 35936897 PMCID: PMC9353554 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.934660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins which may predispose broiler chickens to necrotic enteritis (NE). The objective of this study was to identify the effects of subclinical doses of combined FB and DON on NE. A total of 480 day-old male broiler chicks were divided into four treatment groups; 1) control group (basal diet + Clostridium perfringens); 2) necrotic enteritis group (basal diet + Eimeria maxima + C. perfringens); 3) FB + DON group (basal diet + 3 mg/kg FB + 4 mg/kg DON + C. perfringens); and 4) FB + DON + NE group (basal diet + 3 mg/kg FB + 4 mg/kg DON + E. maxima + C. perfringens). Birds in NE and FB + DON + NE groups received 2.5 × 103E. maxima on day 14. All birds were inoculated with C. perfringens on days 19, 20, and 21. On day 35, birds in the NE, FB + DON, and FB + DON + NE groups had 242, 84, and 339 g lower BWG and a 19-, 2-, and 22-point increase in FCR respectively, than in the control group. Subclinical doses of FB + DON increased (p < 0.05) the NE lesion scores compared to the control group on day 21. On day 21, birds in the NE, FB + DON, and FB + DON + NE groups had increased (p < 0.05) serum FITC-D, lower (p < 0.05) jejunal tight junction protein mRNA, and increased (p < 0.05) cecal tonsil IL-1 mRNA compared to control group. On day 21, birds in the NE group had decreased (p < 0.05) villi height to crypt depth ratio compared to the control group and the presence of FB + DON in NE-induced birds further decreased the villi height to crypt depth ratio. Birds in the NE, FB + DON, and FB + DON + NE groups had increased (p < 0.05) C. perfringens, lower (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus loads in the cecal content, and a lower (p < 0.05) CD8+: CD4+ cell ratio in the cecal tonsils compared to the control group. It can be concluded that subclinical doses of combined FB and DON predispose C. perfringens-inoculated birds to NE, and the presence of FB + DON in NE-induced birds exacerbated the severity of NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: R. Shanmugasundaram,
| | - D. Adams
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - S. Ramirez
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - T. J. Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - S. Cunningham
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - A. Pokoo-Aikins
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - A. E. Glenn
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Zhai C, Yu Y, Han J, Hu J, He D, Zhang H, Shi J, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Wang G, Xu J. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Clostridium sporogenes F39 to Degrade Zearalenone under Anaerobic Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091194. [PMID: 35563917 PMCID: PMC9103434 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium spp. and is widely found in moldy wheat, corn, and other grains. ZEN has a strong toxicity and causes reproductive and immune disorders and estrogenic syndrome in animals and humans. Biodegradation has been demonstrated as an efficient way to control the hazardous effect of ZEN. A promising way to apply biodegradation in feed is to introduce anaerobic ZEN-degrading microorganisms, which can function during the digestion process in animal intestines. The aim of this study was to isolate anaerobic ZEN-degrading bacteria from anaerobic environments. A strain named F39 was isolated from animal intestinal contents and had a ZEN-degradation rate of 87.35% in 48 h to form trace amount of α- and β-zearalenol. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences, F39 was identified as Clostridium sporogenes. The optimum temperature for the growth of F39 was 37 °C, the optimum pH was 7.0, and the most suitable carbon source was beef extract, while the optimal conditions for the degradation of ZEN were as follows: 35 °C, pH 7.0, and GAM medium. ZEN was degraded by F39 with a high efficiency in the concentration range of 1–15 mg/L. The bioactive factors responsible for ZEN degradation were mainly distributed intracellularly. F39 can degrade most of the ZEN present, but a small amount is broken down into two secondary metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol, and the toxicity of the degradation products is reduced. With an efficiency of 49%, F39 can more effectively degrade ZEN in wheat-based feedstuffs than in other feedstuff, and the degradation efficiency was pH related. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Clostridium sporogenes F39’s ability to maintain the biodegradation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congning Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Yangguang Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Jun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Junqiang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza 12411, Egypt;
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
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Hooft JM, Bureau DP. Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action and its effects on various terrestrial and aquatic species. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112616. [PMID: 34662691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi, is a ubiquitious contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. Chronic, low dose consumption of feeds contaminated with DON is associated with a wide range of symptoms in terrestrial and aquatic species including decreased feed intake and feed refusal, reduced weight gain, and altered nutritional efficiency. Acute, high dose exposure to DON may be associated with more severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The toxicity of DON is partly related to its ability to disrupt eukaryotic protein synthesis via binding to the peptidyl transferase site of the ribosome. Moreover, DON exerts its effects at the cellular level by activating mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) through a process known as the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The outcome of DON-associated MAPK activation is dose and duration dependent; acute low dose exposure results in immunostimulation characterized by the upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and other proinflammatory-related proteins, whereas longer term exposure to higher doses generally results in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and immunosuppression. The order of decreasing sensitivity to DON is considered to be: swine > rats > mice > poultry ≈ ruminants. However, studies conducted within the past 10 years have demonstrated that some species of fish, such as rainbow trout, are highly sensitive to DON. The aims of this review are to explore the effects of DON on terrestrial and aquatic species as well as its mechanisms of action, metabolism, and interaction with other Fusarium mycotoxins. Notably, a considerable emphasis is placed on reviewing the effects of DON on different species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Hooft
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada.
| | - Dominique P Bureau
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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9
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Deng Q, Wu H, Gu Q, Tang G, Liu W. Glycosyltransferase FvCpsA Regulates Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100718. [PMID: 34679011 PMCID: PMC8539240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is the major maize pathogen associated with ear rot and stalk rot worldwide. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) produced by F. verticillioides, poses a serious threat to human and animal health. However, our understanding of FB1 synthesis and virulence mechanism in this fungus is still very limited. Glycosylation catalyzed by glycosyltransferases (GTs) has been identified as contributing to fungal infection and secondary metabolism synthesis. In this study, a family 2 glycosyltransferase, FvCpsA, was identified and characterized in F. verticillioides. ΔFvcpsA exhibited significant defects in vegetative growth. Moreover, ΔFvcpsA also increased resistance to osmotic and cell wall stress agents. In addition, expression levels of FUM genes involved in FB1 production were greatly up-regulated in ΔFvcpsA. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis revealed that ΔFvcpsA significantly increased FB1 production. Interestingly, we found that the deletion of FvCPSA showed penetration defects on cellophane membrane, and thus led to obvious defects in pathogenicity. Characterization of FvCpsA domain experiments showed that conserved DXD and QXXRW domains were vital for the biological functions of FvCpsA. Taken together, our results indicate that FvCpsA is critical for fungal growth, FB1 biosynthesis and virulence in F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Guangfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (W.L.)
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (W.L.)
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10
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Pack ED, Weiland S, Musser R, Schmale DG. Survey of zearalenone and type-B trichothecene mycotoxins in swine feed in the USA. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:297-313. [PMID: 34537950 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New information is needed regarding the types and concentrations of mycotoxins in swine feed. We hypothesized that (1) the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) vary among swine ingredient and feed types, and (2) the inclusion of specific ingredients is associated with mycotoxin contamination in complete feed. A total of 707 samples were collected from cooperators in 14 states between June 2018 and January 2020 then analyzed for DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV, and ZEN contamination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-four percent (663/707) of samples contained DON, 33% (230/707) of samples contained 3-AcDON, 57% (404/707) of samples contained 15-AcDON, 1% (6/707) of samples contained NIV, and 47% (335/707) of samples contained ZEN. Seventy-three percent (514/707) of samples contained multiple mycotoxins. Resulting DON concentrations were below the national advisory limits for all sample types, and no advisory limits are imposed for the other mycotoxins studied. Increased incorporation of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was associated with increased DON in complete feed (R2 = 0.82).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Pack
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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11
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Nasaruddin N, Jinap S, Samsudin NI, Kamarulzaman NH, Sanny M. Prevalence of mycotoxigenic fungi and assessment of aflatoxin contamination: a multiple case study along the integrated corn-based poultry feed supply chain in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1812-1821. [PMID: 32893877 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn, a main feed ingredient in the livestock industry, is one of the most susceptible crops to fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination. Livestock feeding on aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated feed have been shown to experience feed refusal, and decreased growth rate, milk production, and feed efficiency. In poultry, AF poisoning causes weight loss, poor feed efficiency, and reduced egg production and egg weight. The present work therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of mycotoxigenic fungi and the occurrence of AF contamination along the integrated corn-based poultry feed supply chain in Malaysia. A total of 51 samples were collected from different points along the feed supply chain from integrated poultry feed companies. The samples were subjected to mycological analyses (fungal isolation, enumeration, identification), and AFs were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). RESULTS Samples collected from sampling point 1 (company A) and sampling point 9 (company B) yielded the highest total fungal load (>log 4 CFU g-1 ). The prevalent fungal genera isolated were Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 8.3% of corn samples, and 7.4% of corn-based poultry feed samples along the feed supply chain, whereas AFs B2 , G1 , and G2 were not detected. CONCLUSION The incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi along the integrated poultry feed supply chain warrant continuous monitoring of mycotoxin contamination to reduce the exposure risk of mycotoxin intake in poultry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norafidah Nasaruddin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Ip Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nitty H Kamarulzaman
- Laboratory of Halal Policy and Management, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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12
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Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030232. [PMID: 33806727 PMCID: PMC8004697 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-four corn silages were characterized for chemicals, bacterial community, and concentrations of several fungal metabolites. Silages were grouped in five clusters, based on detected mycotoxins, and they were characterized for being contaminated by (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Altersetin was detected in clusters 1, 3, and 5. Rugulusovin or brevianamide F were detected in several samples, with the highest concentration in cluster 3. Emodin was detected in more than 50.0% of samples of clusters 1, 3 and 5, respectively. Kojic acid occurred mainly in clusters 1 and 2 at very low concentrations. Regarding Fusarium mycotoxins, high occurrences were observed for FB3, FB4, FA1, whereas the average concentrations of FB6 and FA2 were lower than 12.4 µg/kg dry matter. Emerging Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, such as siccanol, moniliformin, equisetin, epiequisetin and bikaverin were detected in the majority of analyzed corn silages. Pestalotin, oxaline, phenopirrozin and questiomycin A were detected at high incidences. Concluding, this work highlighted that corn silages could be contaminated by a high number of regulated and emerging mycotoxins.
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Holanda DM, Kim SW. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Toxicity, and Detoxifying Agents in Pig Production with an Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020171. [PMID: 33672250 PMCID: PMC7927007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins, their toxic effects, and the detoxifying agents discussed in scientific publications that are related to pig production. Mycotoxins that are of major interest are aflatoxins and Fusarium toxins, such as deoxynivalenol and fumonisins, because of their elevated frequency at a global scale and high occurrence in corn, which is the main feedstuff in pig diets. The toxic effects of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins include immune modulation, disruption of intestinal barrier function, and cytotoxicity leading to cell death, which all result in impaired pig performance. Feed additives, such as mycotoxin-detoxifying agents, that are currently available often combine organic and inorganic sources to enhance their adsorbability, immune stimulation, or ability to render mycotoxins less toxic. In summary, mycotoxins present challenges to pig production globally because of their increasing occurrences in recent years and their toxic effects impairing the health and growth of pigs. Effective mycotoxin-detoxifying agents must be used to boost pig health and performance and to improve the sustainable use of crops.
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14
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Peivasteh-Roudsari L, Pirhadi M, Shahbazi R, Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi H, Sepahi M, Mirza Alizadeh A, Tajdar-oranj B, Jazaeri S. Mycotoxins: Impact on Health and Strategies for Prevention and Detoxification in the Food Chain. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Pirhadi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Shahbazi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sepahi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam , Ilam, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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15
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Park Y, Lee HS. Cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxin exposure may cause human endocrine disruption: Evidence from OECD in vitro stably transfected transcriptional activation assays. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 100:52-59. [PMID: 33346041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins in foods and feedstuffs could potentially cause endocrine disrupting effects on humans and wildlife by their inhibition of active steroidogenesis. Therefore, we attempted to assess the human estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) agonistic/antagonistic effects of representative cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins, enniatin A1 (ENN A1), and enniatin B1 (ENN B1), by OECD Performand Based Test Guideline (PBTG) No.455, VM7Luc ER transcriptional activation (TA) assay and OECD TG No. 458, 22Rv1/MMTV_GR-KO AR TA assay. No tested cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins were found to be ER and AR agonists in VM7Luc ER TA and 22Rv1/MMTV_GR-KO AR TA assays. On the other hand, ENN A1, and ENN B1 exhibited the ER and AR antagonistic effects with IC30 and IC50 values in both TA assays. These two cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins, which were determined as ER and AR antagonists by two in vitro assays, bound to ERα, and AR. Then ENN A1, and ENN B1 inhibited the dimerization of ERα, and AR. These results, for the first time indicated that ENN A1, and ENN B1 could have potential endocrine disrupting effects mediated by interaction of ERα and AR using international standard testing methods to determine the potential endocrine disrupting chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Rahman S, Sharma AK, Singh ND, Prawez S. Immunopathological effects of experimental T-2 mycotoxicosis in Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:772-790. [PMID: 33111562 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120968852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that T-2 toxin has cytotoxic radiomimetic like effects on the immune system. Because of scant research data demonstrating the chronic effects of low doses of the T-2 toxin on humoral and cellular responses in rats, the present experiment was undertaken. The animals were divided into four groups, namely, group I (0.5 ppm), group II (0.75 ppm) and group III (1.0 ppm) and group IV (control) were given toxin-free diet for 12 weeks and eight animals each were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12-week of the experimental period. The humoral immune response was evaluated based on hemagglutination test (HA), and levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) while the cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to ovalbumin, lymphocyte stimulation index, analyses of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and mRNA expression levels of selected cytokines like IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 by quantitative Real-time PCR in experimental groups. T-2 treatment caused suppression in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses as evidenced by a decrease in all these parameters in toxin fed animals compared to the control in the dose and duration-dependent manner. This dose-dependent effect on the immune system has been further reflected largely by the depletion of lymphocytes from lymphoid organs as observed histopathologically in the spleen, thymus, and Peyer's patches in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiqur Rahman
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-J, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nittin Dev Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Shahid Prawez
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RGSC, 30114Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Occurrence, Pathogenicity, and Mycotoxin Production of Fusarium temperatum in Relation to Other Fusarium Species on Maize in Germany. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110864. [PMID: 33105838 PMCID: PMC7690569 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium subglutinans is a plant pathogenic fungus infecting cereal grain crops. In 2011, the species was divided in Fusarium temperatumsp. nov. and F. subglutinans sensu stricto. In order to determine the occurrence and significance of F. temperatum and F. subglutinans on maize, a monitoring of maize ears and stalks was carried out in Germany in 2017 and 2018. Species identification was conducted by analysis of the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) gene. Ninety-four isolates of F. temperatum and eight isolates of F. subglutinans were obtained during two years of monitoring from 60 sampling sites in nine federal states of Germany. Inoculation of maize ears revealed a superior aggressiveness for F. temperatum, followed by Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and F. subglutinans. On maize stalks, F. graminearum was the most aggressive species while F. temperatum and F. subglutinans caused only small lesions. The optimal temperature for infection of maize ears with F. temperatum was 24 °C and 21 °C for F. subglutinans. All strains of F. temperatum and F. subglutinans were pathogenic on wheat and capable to cause moderate to severe head blight symptoms. The assessment of mycotoxin production of 60 strains of F. temperatum cultivated on rice revealed that all strains produced beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaric acid, and fusaproliferin. The results demonstrate a higher prevalence and aggressiveness of F. temperatum compared to F. subglutinans in German maize cultivation areas.
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Jacquat AG, Theumer MG, Cañizares MC, Debat HJ, Iglesias J, García Pedrajas MD, Dambolena JS. A Survey of Mycoviral Infection in Fusarium spp. Isolated from Maize and Sorghum in Argentina Identifies the First Mycovirus from Fusarium verticillioides. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101161. [PMID: 33066620 PMCID: PMC7602464 DOI: 10.3390/v12101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoviruses appear to be widespread in Fusarium species worldwide. The aim of this work was to identify mycoviral infections in Fusarium spp., isolated from maize and sorghum grown in Argentina, and to estimate their potential effects on the pathogenicity and toxigenesis of the host fungus towards maize. Mycoviruses were identified in 2 out of 105 isolates analyzed; Fusarium verticillioides strain Sec505 and Fusarium andiyazi strain 162. They were characterized as members of the genus Mitovirus by high-throughput sequencing and sequence analysis. The F. verticillioides mitovirus was a novel mycovirus whereas the F. andiyazi mitovirus was found to be a new strain of a previously identified mitovirus. We have named these mitoviruses, Fusarium verticillioides mitovirus 1 (FvMV1) and Fusarium andiyazi mitovirus 1 strain 162 (FaMV1-162). To our knowledge, FvMV1 is the first mycovirus reported as naturally infecting F. verticillioides, the major causal agent of ear rot and fumonisin producer in corn. Both mitoviruses exhibited 100% vertical transmission rate to microconidia. The Fa162 strain infected with FaMV1-162 did not show phenotypic alterations. In contract, F. verticillioides Sec505 infected with FvMV1 showed increased virulence as well as microconidia and fumonisin-B1 production, compared with two uninfected strains. These results suggest that FvMV1 could have a role in modulating F. verticillioides pathogenicity and toxin production worth further exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gustavo Jacquat
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Martín Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende—Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM—UMA—CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
| | - Humberto Julio Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE—CIAP—INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5.5, Córdoba X5020ICA, Argentina;
| | - Juliana Iglesias
- Estación Experimental Pergamino, (EEA) INTA Pergamino, Universidad Nacional Noroeste (UNNOBA), Pergamino (Buenos Aires) B2700, Argentina;
| | - María Dolores García Pedrajas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM—UMA—CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.D.G.P.); (J.S.D.)
| | - José Sebastián Dambolena
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (M.D.G.P.); (J.S.D.)
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19
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Li M, Yu R, Bai X, Wang H, Zhang H. Fusarium: a treasure trove of bioactive secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1568-1588. [PMID: 32785347 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to December 2019Fusarium, one of the most common fungal genera, has received considerable attention because of its biosynthetic exuberance, the result of many unique gene clusters involved in the production of secondary metabolites. This review provides the first comprehensive analysis of the secondary metabolites unique to the genus Fusarium, describing their occurrence, bioactivity, and genome features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Yang L, Tu D, Wu Y, Liu W, Hu Y, Liu T, Tan L, Li Y, Lei H, Zhan Y, Wang N, Deng Z, Guo S, Wang A. Distribution and persistence of residual T-2 and HT-2 toxins from moldy feed in broiler chickens. Toxicon 2020; 178:82-91. [PMID: 32135197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
T-2 and HT-2 widely found in food products can seriously affect human and animal health. In this study, sterilized corn was inoculated with F. poae and incubated to allow fungal growth before being examined via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine the concentrations of T-2/HT-2. Broilers were then fed with a mix of moldy corn and normal feed at different ratios to obtain different toxin doses. After 35 days, the contaminated feed was replaced with mycotoxin-free feed and the distribution and concentration of residual toxins in the tissues and organs of the chickens were examined at different time points. The results showed that at the time of feed replacement (0 h), T-2 residue was present at significantly higher concentrations in the lungs and small intestines than in other tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, T-2 concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner in the tissues of chickens in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups; however, the differences in concentration between the groups were not statistically significant. The HT-2 content (0 h) in the livers and small intestines was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). At 48 h post-feed replacement, the concentration of T-2 dropped below detectable levels in all tissues while HT-2 could still be detected at 192 h post-feed replacement. Thus, this study reveals the distribution and persistence of residual T-2/HT-2 from moldy feed in broilers, providing a reference for the detection of these toxins in animal-derived food products and a theoretical basis for formulating food-safety and quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchen Yang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Di Tu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yingxin Wu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Tanbin Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Hongyu Lei
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Vandicke J, De Visschere K, Croubels S, De Saeger S, Audenaert K, Haesaert G. Mycotoxins in Flanders' Fields: Occurrence and Correlations with Fusarium Species in Whole-Plant Harvested Maize. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E571. [PMID: 31752071 PMCID: PMC6920824 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are well-known contaminants of several food- and feedstuffs, including silage maize for dairy cattle. Climate change and year-to-year variations in climatic conditions may cause a shift in the fungal populations infecting maize, and therefore alter the mycotoxin load. In this research, 257 maize samples were taken from fields across Flanders, Belgium, over the course of three years (2016-2018) and analyzed for 22 different mycotoxins using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. DNA of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides was quantified using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Multi-mycotoxin contamination occurred frequently, with 47% of samples containing five or more mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) was the most prevalent mycotoxin, being present in 99% of the samples, followed by deoxynivalenol (DON) in 86% and zearalenone (ZEN) in 50% of the samples. Fumonisins (FUMs) were found in only 2% of the samples in the wet, cold year of 2016, but in 61% in the extremely hot and dry year of 2018. Positive correlations were found between DON and NIV and between F. graminearum and F. culmorum, among others. FUM concentrations were not correlated with any other mycotoxin, nor with any Fusarium sp., except F. verticillioides. These results show that changing weather conditions can influence fungal populations and the corresponding mycotoxin contamination of maize significantly, and that multi-mycotoxin contamination increases the risk of mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vandicke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Katrien De Visschere
- Biosciences and Food Sciences Department, Faculty Science and Technology, University College Ghent, Research Station HoGent-UGent, Diepestraat 1, 9820 Bottelare, Belgium;
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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22
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Borba VSD, Paiva Rodrigues MH, Badiale-Furlong E. Impact of Biological Contamination of Rice on Food Safety. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1683745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Simões De Borba
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcy Heli Paiva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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23
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Abstract
Abstract
The cereals are a suitable substrate for the growth of microscopic filamentous fungi. Micromycetes are capable of reducing the nutritional value of feedstuff and they can produce several mycotoxins. The most frequent genera of microscopic filamentous fungi are Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria and Aspergillus. The contamination by microscopic fungi and mycotoxins was determinated in 56 samples of feed cereals originating from the Slovak Republic. The most common genera of fungi detected in the feed cereals included: Alternaria (67.8 %), Fusarium (44.6 %), Penicillium (39.2 %), Mucor (30.3 %), Rhizopus (28.5 %), Cladosporium (21.4 %), Scopulariopsis (8.9 %) and Aspergillus (1.7 %). Deoxynivalenol was present in 24 samples (42.8 %) and zearalenone in 15 samples (26.7 %). The values of both mycotoxins did not reach the regulatory limits and thus they do not pose a risk to livestock nutrition.
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24
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Szabó-Fodor J, Szabó A, Kócsó D, Marosi K, Bóta B, Kachlek M, Mézes M, Balogh K, Kövér G, Nagy I, Glávits R, Kovács M. Interaction between the three frequently co-occurring Fusarium mycotoxins in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:370-382. [PMID: 30362174 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To test the complex, acute biochemical effects of combined, naturally co-occurring fusariotoxins, a 5-day rat study was performed. Mycotoxin treatment was invented by intraperitoneal injection: FB1 (F): 9 µg/animal/day (approx. 30 µg/kg bw/day), DON (D): 16.5 µg/animal/day (approx. 55 µg/kg bw/day) and ZEN (Z): 12.75 µg/animal/day (approx. 42.5 µg/kg bw/day). The binary groups (FB1 and DON [FD], FB1 and ZEN [FZ] and DON and ZEN [DZ]) as well as the ternary (FB1 , DON and ZEN [FDZ]) group were dosed at the same combined level as the individual mycotoxins. Body weight, feed intake and mortality were not affected by any of the treatments. FB1 and DON in combination (FD) increased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity synergistically (compared to the individual FB1 and DON). In the liver, both the total glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were increased (p < 0.05) by the binary FB1 and ZEN (FZ) and the DON and ZEN (DZ) groups as well as the ternary FB1 , DON and ZEA group (FDZ) compared to the control. The GSH level of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to the FB1 group, whereas the GPx activity of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to all three the individual mycotoxin groups. The Bliss independence method revealed synergism between DON and ZEN (DZ), as well as FB1 and DON (FD) on liver GPx activity. None of the toxins alone or in combination exerted strong genotoxicity on lymphocytes, neither on the gross histopathological characteristics. However, even at these low levels acute exposure of more than one of these mycotoxins (FB1 , DON and ZEN) affected metabolic and detoxification changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Szabó-Fodor
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary.,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kócsó
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Kinga Marosi
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Bóta
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Mariam Kachlek
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - György Kövér
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | | | - Melinda Kovács
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary.,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
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25
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Chen SW, Hsu JT, Chou YA, Wang HT. The application of digestive tract lactic acid bacteria with high esterase activity for zearalenone detoxification. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3870-3879. [PMID: 29364505 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species and frequently contaminates cereals used for food or animal feed. This study attempted to select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with high esterase activity from the digestive tract, with the goal of using these bacteria for ZEA detoxification. RESULTS No ZEA activity-related biotransformation products were observed in three isolates (B1, B2 and D10) during incubation in the presence of ZEA. All three LAB strains were Lactobacillus plantarum, but the API 50 CHL results suggested that the three isolates were different strains. Increased esterase activity was associated with an increase in cell growth, and the ZEA-detoxifying capabilities of isolates rely on the concentration of bacteria in the culture medium. The lipolytic activity and ZEA removal assay indicated that ZEA degradation by the supernatant fraction was dependent on esterase activity; the supernatant of B2 strain showed the highest ZEA degradation ability and did not release the binding ZEA back into the medium. The D10 strain showed fast ZEA binding ability during the late log phase but began to release the bound ZEA back into the medium after the early stationary phase. All isolates showed good acid and bile salt tolerance ability but all strains showed low adhesion ability to epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Based on the ZEA removal characterization and ability of the isolates, it is suggested that the isolates could be applied to ZEA detoxification of contaminated feed, but the with the requirement of high cell number for ZEA binding and limited degradation time before absorption of ZEA in the digestive tract. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiau-Wei Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Tay Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-An Chou
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tsung Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Qi J, Cheng L, Sun Y, Hirata Y, Ushida N, Ma Z, Osada H, Nishikawa T, Xiang L. Identification of an Asexual Reproduction Inducer of Phytopathogenic and Toxigenic Fusarium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8100-8104. [PMID: 29729060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Asexual and sexual reproduction are the most important biological events in the life cycle of phytopathogenic and toxigenic Fusarium and are responsible for disease epidemics. However, the signaling molecules which induce the asexual reproduction of Fusarium are unknown. Herein we describe the structure elucidation, including the absolute configuration, of Fusarium asexual reproduction inducer (FARI), a new sesquiterpene derivative, by spectroscopic analysis, total synthesis, and conidium-inducing assays of synthetic isomers. We have also uncovered the universality of FARI among Fusarium species. Moreover, a mechanism-of-action study suggested that the Gpmk1 and LaeA signaling pathways are required for conidium formation induced by FARI; conversely, the Mgv1 of mitogen-activated protein kinase is not involved in conidium formation. FARI exhibited conidium-inducing activity at an extremely low dose and high stereoselectivity, which may suggest the presence of a stereospecific target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Qi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yushi Hirata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoki Ushida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Lan Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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27
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Qi J, Cheng L, Sun Y, Hirata Y, Ushida N, Ma Z, Osada H, Nishikawa T, Xiang L. Identification of an Asexual Reproduction Inducer of Phytopathogenic and Toxigenic
Fusarium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Qi
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University Yu Hang Tang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Lihong Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University Yu Hang Tang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University Yu Hang Tang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Yushi Hirata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Naoki Ushida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang University Yu Hang Tang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Lan Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University Yu Hang Tang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
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28
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Bertero A, Moretti A, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium Molds and Mycotoxins: Potential Species-Specific Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E244. [PMID: 29914090 PMCID: PMC6024576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the information on biochemical and biological activity of the main Fusarium mycotoxins, focusing on toxicological aspects in terms of species-specific effects. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have centered on the peculiarity of the responses to mycotoxins, demonstrating that toxicokinetics, bioavailability and the mechanisms of action of these substances vary depending on the species involved, but additional studies are needed to better understand the specific responses. The aim of this review is to summarize the toxicological responses of the main species affected by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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29
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Lyu F, Gao F, Zhou X, Zhang J, Ding Y. Using acid and alkaline electrolyzed water to reduce deoxynivalenol and mycological contaminations in wheat grains. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Somoskői B, Kovács M, Cseh S. Effects of T-2 and Fumonisin B1 combined treatment on in vitro mouse embryo development and blastocyst quality. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:353-360. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718764039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the temperate region, most common mycotoxins are members of fusariotoxins. It often happens that food and forage are contaminated with two or more fusariotoxins at the same time. Effects of co-contamination are poorly documented, especially in the field of reproduction. The aim of our study was to assess the combined effect of the two common fusariotoxins, T-2 toxin (T-2) and Fumonisin B1 on early mouse embryo development in vitro. Embryo culture media contained either (1) 0.5 ng/ml T-2; 1, 2, or 10 ng/ml FB1 (group A, B, and C, respectively); or (2) 0.5 ng/ml T-2 and 1, 2, or 10 ng/ml FB1 (group TA, TB, and TC, respectively). Developmental rate, blastocoel expansion, cell number, and micronucleus rate were measured following 96 h culture. Although the developmental rate was similar to the control group (86.43% vs. 83.33, 78.79, 85.98, and 86.67%, respectively) in the case of single toxin treatments, the combined treatments induced significant decreases (14.5, 33.6, and 22.8% in TA, TB, and TC, respectively). The proportion of late blastocysts was lower in all treatments compared to control (83.6% vs. 0–83.6%). Combined treatment resulted in a significantly lower proportion of late blastocysts (25% in TA and 0% in TB and TC). Cell numbers decreased in all toxin-treated groups with a higher rate after combined treatments. No differences were detected in the micronucleus rate in the single or combined treatments compared to control. Our study shows that T-2 and FB1 toxins do not necessarily decrease the developmental rate, but co-contamination results in a significantly lower blastocyst rate and disturbs the blastocoel expansion as well. One possible explanation of this observation could be that the presence of two mycotoxins in the culture media intensifies their negative effects. All toxin treatments decreased the cell number in the blastocysts and this negative effect was more expressed after combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Somoskői
- Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Kovács
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Team, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Sándor Cseh
- Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Braun MS, Wink M. Exposure, Occurrence, and Chemistry of Fumonisins and their Cryptic Derivatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:769-791. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Santhosh Braun
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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32
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Blacutt AA, Gold SE, Voss KA, Gao M, Glenn AE. Fusarium verticillioides: Advancements in Understanding the Toxicity, Virulence, and Niche Adaptations of a Model Mycotoxigenic Pathogen of Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:312-326. [PMID: 28971734 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-17-0203-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of understanding the biology of the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides and its various microbial and plant host interactions is critical given its threat to maize, one of the world's most valuable food crops. Disease outbreaks and mycotoxin contamination of grain threaten economic returns and have grave implications for human and animal health and food security. Furthermore, F. verticillioides is a member of a genus of significant phytopathogens and, thus, data regarding its host association, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and other metabolic (degradative) capabilities are consequential to both basic and applied research efforts across multiple pathosystems. Notorious among its secondary metabolites are the fumonisin mycotoxins, which cause severe animal diseases and are implicated in human disease. Additionally, studies of these mycotoxins have led to new understandings of F. verticillioides plant pathogenicity and provide tools for research into cellular processes and host-pathogen interaction strategies. This review presents current knowledge regarding several significant lines of F. verticillioides research, including facets of toxin production, virulence, and novel fitness strategies exhibited by this fungus across rhizosphere and plant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Blacutt
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Scott E Gold
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Kenneth A Voss
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Minglu Gao
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
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Sim JH, Tian F, Jung SY, Auh JH, Chun HS. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of the zearalenone chemotype of Fusarium species in white and brown rice. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 269:120-127. [PMID: 29425859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of the zearalenone (ZEA) chemotype of Fusarium species could be a precautionary measure for preventing ZEA contamination in rice. In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay for detecting ZEA-producing fungi in rice was established using a set of four primers targeting the ZEA biosynthesis genes PKS3, PKS13, ZEB1, and ZEB2. Two mPCR approaches were used: one that amplified the DNA obtained from Fusarium isolates (conventional method) and another that directly amplified the target DNA from rice samples without time-consuming DNA isolation (direct method). The two mPCR methods showed high sensitivity in detecting ZEA-producing species, with a detection limit of 1.25 pg/μL of genomic DNA and 102 and 103 spores/g of white and brown rice, respectively. Both methods were specific for ZEA-producing species and gave four band patterns. The application of the two mPCR methods to 51 Fusarium isolates and 41 rice samples revealed that 31% (16 of 51) and 24% (10 of 41) of the samples were contaminated with ZEA-producing species, respectively. The mPCR results were further evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography; in general, the two methods yielded similar results. These findings indicate that both mPCR methods are suitable for the detection of ZEA-producing Fusarium species in white and brown rice; however, the direct method yielded more rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Sim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Fei Tian
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Jung
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Huang D, Cui L, Guo P, Xue X, Wu Q, Hussain HI, Wang X, Yuan Z. Nitric oxide mediates apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction and plays a role in growth hormone deficiency by nivalenol in GH3 cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17079. [PMID: 29213091 PMCID: PMC5719085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecenes commonly found in cereal crops, can cause growth impairment in animals. However, limited information about its mechanisms is available. Trichothecenes have been characterized as an inhibitor of protein synthesis and induce apoptosis in cells. Oxidative stress is considered an underlying mechanism. However, whether NIV can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat pituitary cells line GH3 is unclear. The present study showed that NIV significantly reduced the viability of cells and caused oxidative stress in GH3 cells. Further experiments showed that nitric oxide (NO), but not ROS, mediated NIV-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, NIV induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial ultrastructural changes. However, NIV-induced caspase activation, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis were partially alleviated by Z-VAD-FMK or NO scavenger hemoglobin. Finally, NIV changed the expression of growth-associated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NIV also reduced the GH secretion in GH3 cells, which was reversed by hemoglobin. Taken together, these results suggested that NIV induced apoptosis in caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway in GH3 cells, which might be an underlying mechanism of NIV-induced GH deficiency. Importantly, NO played a critical role in the induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis and GH deficiency in NIV-treated GH3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Huang
- The Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Luqing Cui
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Pu Guo
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Xue
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, P.R. China
| | - Hafiz Iftikhar Hussain
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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Hao K, Suryoprabowo S, Song S, Liu L, Kuang H. Rapid detection of zearalenone and its metabolite in corn flour with the immunochromatographic test strip. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1406461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Steven Suryoprabowo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based magnetic solid-phase extraction for the determination of zearalenone and its derivatives in maize by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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He Q, Peng H, Yang J, Xu Z, Fan C, Sun Y. QuEChERS extraction followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in cereals. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1348491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong He
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment in Agricultural Products Preservation Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- GuangDong Food and Drug Administration, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Peng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment in Agricultural Products Preservation Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyi Yang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment in Agricultural Products Preservation Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment in Agricultural Products Preservation Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congcong Fan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment in Agricultural Products Preservation Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment in Agricultural Products Preservation Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Pleadin J, Vasilj V, Kudumija N, Petrović D, Vilušić M, Škrivanko M. Survey of T-2/HT-2 toxins in unprocessed cereals, food and feed coming from Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. Food Chem 2017; 224:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Van Broekhoven S, Gutierrez JM, De Rijk T, De Nijs W, Van Loon J. Degradation and excretion of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol by an edible insect, the Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insects could provide an alternative and more sustainable source of animal protein compared to conventional livestock. Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) can be grown on diets composed of organic by-products. However, these diets could be contaminated with mycotoxins. Thus far, little is known about possible retention, sequestration, excretion or detoxification of mycotoxins by edible insects. T. molitor larvae were grown on wheat flour naturally contaminated with mycotoxins among which deoxynivalenol (DON) was predominant (4.9 mg/kg), wheat flour spiked with 8 mg/kg pure DON, and uncontaminated wheat flour. Larval survival and weight gain on the three diets were compared. Survival was high for larvae on all dietary treatments (>98%) and no difference in weight gain was observed when comparing larvae grown on uncontaminated control diet with larvae grown on contaminated diets (P=0.091). Presence of mycotoxins in larvae and larval faeces was analysed using LC-MS/MS. No DON or DON-derivatives were detected in T. molitor after harvest of the larvae, pointing to degradation by the larvae. Excretion of DON in larval faeces was ca. 14% of the amount of DON ingested for larvae grown on naturally contaminated diet and ca. 41% for larvae grown on DON-spiked diet. These are promising results with respect to food safety of mealworms or derived products grown on mycotoxin-contaminated feed. However, enzymatic degradation of DON in T. molitor, as well as possible toxicity of the resulting metabolites, remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Van Broekhoven
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Mota Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.C. De Rijk
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W.C.M. De Nijs
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J.J.A. Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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40
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Effect of γ-irradiation on fumonisin producing Fusarium associated with animal and poultry feed mixtures. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:57. [PMID: 28444604 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of animal and poultry feeds by Fusarium and the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 is frequent in the feed supply chain. The present study evaluated the prevalence of fumonisin B1 producing Fusarium among irradiated and non-irradiated animal and poultry feed mixtures. Further, the efficiency of γ-rays (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kGy) to minimize Fusarium growth and biosynthesis of fumonisin B1 in artificially inoculated feed was evaluated. A total of 108 feed samples were collected in which 45.37% of feed mixtures were contaminated with Fusarium species. Among the contaminated samples, the frequency levels of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were 42.59 and 24.07%, respectively. Out of the 98 Fusarium isolates from feed samples, 84.7% of F. verticillioides and 64.28% of F. proliferatum were positive for FUM1 set of primers. Fumonisin B1 biosynthesis by the FUM1 positive isolates in feed was confirmed by LC/MS which recorded 0.1-45 µg/g of feed. Fungal growth and viable count of Fusarium in PDA medium and feed decreased with increasing irradiation dosage. Interestingly, fumonisin content was 11 µg/g of feed in 2.5 kGy irradiated sample as compared to 5 µg/g of feed in non-irradiated control. Ionizing radiation at 7.5 kGy was found lethal for fungal growth and fumonisin production. Our findings suggest that γ-radiation above 7.5 kGy effectively prevented fungal growth in feed mixtures and minimized the exposure of animal and human life to the potential risk of mycotoxin. Also it is necessary to maintain proper storage system for feeds until consumption.
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41
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Chen PH, Chou JY. Screening and Identification of Yeasts Antagonistic to Pathogenic Fungi Show a Narrow Optimal pH Range for Antagonistic Activity. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 66:101-106. [PMID: 29359688 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have evolved ways of interference competition to gain advantage over their ecological competitors. The use of secreted antagonistic compounds by yeast cells is one of the prominent examples. Although this killer behavior has been thoroughly studied in laboratory yeast strains, our knowledge of the antagonistic specificity of killer effects in nature remains limited. In this study, yeast strains were collected from various niches and screened for antagonistic activity against one toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three pathogenic fungi. We demonstrate that some strains with antagonistic activity against these pathogenic fungi can be found in antagonist culture tests. These yeasts were identified as members of Trichosporon asahii, Candida stellimalicola, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Ustilago esculenta, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Pichia kluyveri. The results indicated that the antagonistic activity of these killer yeasts has a narrow optimal pH range. Furthermore, we found that the antagonistic activity of some species is strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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42
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Sun XD, Su P, Shan H. Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China. J Food Sci 2017; 82:573-584. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong Sun
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Ping Su
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Hong Shan
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
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43
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Divband K, Shokri H, Khosravi AR. Down-regulatory effect of Thymus vulgaris L. on growth and Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum strains. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:1-5. [PMID: 28062283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) essential oil on the fungal growth and Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) strains. The oil was obtained by water-distillation using a Clevenger-type system. The chemical composition of the essential oil was obtained by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and by retention indices. The antifungal activity was evaluated by broth microdilution assay. A quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was also developed specific for F. oxysporum on the basis of trichothecene biosynthetic gene, Tri4, which allowed discrimination from F. oxysporum. Results showed thymol (32.67%) and p-cymene (16.68%) as the main components of T. vulgaris. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 5 to 20 μg/ml with T. vulgaris (mean: 10.50 μg/ml), while minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 8 to 30 μg/ml with mean value of 16.20 μg/ml qRT-PCR results revealed a downregulation from 4.04 to 6.27 fold of Tri4 gene expression of the fungi exposed to T. vulgaris essential oil. The results suggest that T. vulgaris oil can be considered potential alternative natural fungicide to the synthetic chemicals that are currently used to prevent and control seed-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsum Divband
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. against Selected Fusarium spp. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:8761610. [PMID: 28127308 PMCID: PMC5239988 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8761610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oil (EO) of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. against five Fusarium spp. commonly associated with maize. The essential oil had been extracted by steam distillation in a modified Clevenger-type apparatus from leaves of E. camaldulensis and their chemical composition characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Poisoned food technique was used to determine the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration of the EO on the test pathogens. Antifungal activity of different concentrations of the EO was evaluated using disc diffusion method. The most abundant compounds identified in the EO were 1,8-cineole (16.2%), α-pinene (15.6%), α-phellandrene (10.0%), and p-cymene (8.1%). The EO produced complete mycelial growth inhibition in all the test pathogens at a concentration of 7-8 μL/mL after five days of incubation. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of the EO on the test fungi were in the range of 7-8 μL/mL and 8–10 μL/mL, respectively. These findings confirm the fungicidal properties of E. camaldulensis essential oils and their potential use in the management of economically important Fusarium spp. and as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides.
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45
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Zakaria L. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species from agricultural crops in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.67_2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Parandin R, Behnam-Rassouli M, Mahdavi-Shahri N. Effects of Neonatal Exposure to Zearalenone on Puberty Timing, Hypothalamic Nuclei of AVPV and ARC, and Reproductive Functions in Female Mice. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:1293-1303. [PMID: 28814190 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116683808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is now established that mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) disrupts reproductive physiology, but the specific mechanisms by which this occurs remain unknown, especially in brain. Growing evidence suggests that populations of estradiol (E2)-sensitive neurons in anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei, especially kisspeptin neurons, play a pivotal role in the timing of puberty onset, ovulation, and normal reproduction. The present study was conducted to find whether the ZEN can cause estrogen-like actions during the critical period of neonatal differentiation. In this study, we compared the effect of neonatal exposure to sesame oil, E2 benzoate (EB, 20 µg/kg body weight [bw]), and 3 various doses: 0.2, 1, and 2 mg/kg bw of ZEN (0.2, 1, and 2 ZEN) on the onset of puberty and estrus cyclicity as well as ovarian follicular profile, kisspeptin expression, and neuronal density in AVPV and ARC hypothalamic nuclei and E2 and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels on postnatal day 70. Control mice received no treatment. Vaginal opening was significantly advanced by EB and 2 ZEN. Disrupted estrus cycles and decreased follicular profiles were observed in EB, 1 ZEN, and 2 ZEN animals. In addition, EB, 1 ZEN, and 2 ZEN reduced the expression of kisspeptin and neuronal density of AVPV and ARC nuclei and caused a decrease in the LH and an increase in E2 plasma levels. Taken together, our observations provide physiological evidence that neonatal exposure to ZEN exerts estrogen-like actions in the estrogen-sensitive hypothalamic AVPV and ARC nuclei, controlling reproductive functions in adult female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatollah Parandin
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasser Mahdavi-Shahri
- 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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47
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Ferruz E, Loran S, Herrera M, Gimenez I, Bervis N, Barcena C, Carramiñana JJ, Juan T, Herrera A, Ariño A. Inhibition of Fusarium Growth and Mycotoxin Production in Culture Medium and in Maize Kernels by Natural Phenolic Acids. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1753-1758. [PMID: 28221840 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of natural phenolic compounds in inhibiting fungal growth and toxin production has been of recent interest as an alternative strategy to the use of chemical fungicides for the maintenance of food safety. Fusarium is a worldwide fungal genus mainly associated with cereal crops. The most important Fusarium mycotoxins are trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of four natural phenolic acids (caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and chlorogenic) for the control of mycelial growth and mycotoxin production by six toxigenic species of Fusarium . The addition of phenolic acids to corn meal agar had a marked inhibitory effect on the radial growth of all Fusarium species at levels of 2.5 to 10 mM in a dose-response pattern, causing total inhibition (100%) in all species except F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae . However, the effects of phenolic acids on mycotoxin production in maize kernels were less evident than the effects on growth. The fungal species differed in their responses to the phenolic acid treatments, and significant reductions in toxin concentrations were observed only for T-2 and HT-2 (90% reduction) and zearalenone (48 to 77% reduction). These results provide data that could be used for developing pre- and postharvest strategies for controlling Fusarium infection and subsequent toxin production in cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferruz
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Loran
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Herrera
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Gimenez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noemi Bervis
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Barcena
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Carramiñana
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Juan
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agustin Ariño
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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48
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Bolton SL, Brannen PM, Glenn AE. A Novel Population of Fusarium fujikuroi Isolated from Southeastern U.S. Winegrapes Reveals the Need to Re-Evaluate the Species' Fumonisin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090254. [PMID: 27589800 PMCID: PMC5037480 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins pose a challenge to a safe food supply worldwide, and their threat is expected to worsen with our changing climate. The need for diligence is exemplified by the discovery of fumonisin B2 in wine, which joins ochratoxin A as a mycotoxin of concern in the grape-wine chain. To elucidate the mycotoxin risk in southeastern American wine, grape samples were collected from vineyards during harvest in 2013 and potentially mycotoxigenic fungi (Fusarium and Aspergillus) were isolated from the samples. Numerous Fusarium isolates were recovered and identified to the species level by comparison of translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences to verified strains. Fusariumfujikuroi was the most abundant species recovered (239 isolates), followed by F. proliferatum (52), F. incarnatum-equiseti (14), F. oxysporum (7), F. concentricum (1), and F. solani (1). In vitro assays quantified fumonisin production for representative isolates via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, nearly all F. fujikuroi isolates produced fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 at levels comparable to both the F. proliferatum isolates and the positive control, Fusariumverticillioides. Such capacity for fumonisin production refutes the generally accepted notion that F.fujikuroi produces undetectable or low levels of fumonisins and provides evidence to reconsider this species as a mycotoxigenic threat to economically significant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bolton
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Phillip M Brannen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, R.B. Russell Research Center, USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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49
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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50
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Smith MC, Madec S, Coton E, Hymery N. Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds and Their in vitro Combined Toxicological Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:94. [PMID: 27023609 PMCID: PMC4848621 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some foods and feeds are often contaminated by numerous mycotoxins, but most studies have focused on the occurrence and toxicology of a single mycotoxin. Regulations throughout the world do not consider the combined effects of mycotoxins. However, several surveys have reported the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins from all over the world. Most of the published data has concerned the major mycotoxins aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and trichothecenes (TCTs), especially deoxynivalenol (DON). Concerning cereals and derived cereal product samples, among the 127 mycotoxin combinations described in the literature, AFs+FUM, DON+ZEA, AFs+OTA, and FUM+ZEA are the most observed. However, only a few studies specified the number of co-occurring mycotoxins with the percentage of the co-contaminated samples, as well as the main combinations found. Studies of mycotoxin combination toxicity showed antagonist, additive or synergic effects depending on the tested species, cell model or mixture, and were not necessarily time- or dose-dependent. This review summarizes the findings on mycotoxins and their co-occurrence in various foods and feeds from all over the world as well as in vitro experimental data on their combined toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Smith
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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