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Liu T, Ma W, Wang J, Wei Y, Wang Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Guan W, Shao D, Chen F. Dietary Protease Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestion via Modulating Intestine Barrier, Immunological Response, and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:816. [PMID: 39061885 PMCID: PMC11273905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence for dietary protease benefits, the mechanisms beyond enhanced protein degradation are poorly understood. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the impact of protease addition on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbial composition of weaned piglets. Ninety 28-day-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to the following three experimental diets based on their initial body weight for a 28-day experiment: (1) control (CC), a basic diet with composite enzymes without protease; (2) negative control (NC), a diet with no enzymes; and (3) dietary protease (PR), a control diet with protease. The results show that dietary proteases significantly enhanced growth performance and boosted antioxidant capacity, increasing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05) while reducing malonaldehyde levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, protease addition reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the jejunum (p < 0.01), and inhibited MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, protease-supplemented diets improved intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, including zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 (p < 0.05). Microbiota compositions were also significantly altered by protease addition with increased abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) (p < 0.05) and reduced harmful Terrisporobacter (p < 0.05). Further correlation analysis revealed a positive link between beneficial bacteria and growth performance and a negative association with inflammatory factors and intestinal permeability. In summary, dietary protease addition enhanced growth performance in weaned piglets, beneficial effects which were associated with improved intestinal barrier integrity, immunological response, and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yulong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Zheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wutai Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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da Cruz TA, Donatelli Muro BB, Machado Costa Lima E, Dos Santos Moreira V, de Carvalho JCC, Pospissil Garbossa CA, Batista Costa L. Aspartic protease supplementation enhancing the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and economic viability, without changing blood parameters and salivary cortisol of pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11238. [PMID: 38755406 PMCID: PMC11099141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aiming to study the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, salivary cortisol levels, and economic viability of pigs administered aspartic protease, a total of 135 pigs were housed in pens in a randomized block design, divided into five treatments with nine replications. The experimental diets were positive control (PC), basic diet with a 5.0% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; negative control (NC) with a 7.5% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; NC + 100 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC100); NC + 150 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC150); and NC + 200 g/mT of neutral serine protease (NC200). The inclusion of protease, independently of the source and amount, increased the average daily weight gain (P < 0.05) of animals compared with the control treatments (PC and NC), improved feed conversion (P < 0.05) in early stages, and improved diet digestibility (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Treatment with NC150 and NC200 resulted in greater carcass weights (P < 0.05) than treatment with the PC. NC100 led to a greater carcass yield than PC (P < 0.05), and NC150 resulted in a greater loin eye area than PC (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) in the blood parameters or salivary cortisol levels were found. Regarding economic viability, proteases increased the profitability, with NC150 leading to the best results. Thus, the use of aspartic proteases is recommended to improve performance and further facilitate pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Augusto da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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Park S, Lee J, Yun W, Hong S, Oh H, Song D, Chang S, An J, Cho H, Jeon K, Cho J. Supplementation of protease and different nutrient density diets in growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:326-339. [PMID: 38628687 PMCID: PMC11016743 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets in growing-finishing pigs. A total of one hundred-eight crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 × 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces sps; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1, Basal requirement; 2, 0.94%-0.98% higher than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). High nutrient (HN) diets showed higher average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) (p < .0001) compared to basal nutrient (BN) diets during growing periods. Supplementation of protease showed higher BW (p < 0.05) and ADG (p < 0.05) compared to non-supplementation of protease during growing periods. Also, supplementation of protease showed higher ATTD of CP (p < 0.01), ATTD of gross energy (p < 0.05) and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.001) compared to non-supplementation of protease during finishing periods. Pigs which fed the protease showed decreased ammonia (NH3) emissions (p < 0.05) during experiment periods and decreased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions (p < 0.01) during finishing periods. Interactions between nutrient density and protease were observed, which decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in HN diets without protease compared to BN diets without protease during weeks 4 to 6. Also, interaction between nutrient density and protease was observed, which resulted in improved ATTD of CP (p < 0.01) in response to PTA supplementation with HN diets during the finishing period. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH3 in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improves growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens 30602, GA, United States
| | - Won Yun
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Seokman Hong
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeongho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Oyeagu CE, Mlambo V, Lewu FB. Histomorphometric traits, microbiota, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality parameters of chickens fed diets supplemented with different levels of Bacillus protease. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2161552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chika E. Oyeagu
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victor Mlambo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Francis B. Lewu
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zhang J, Zhou C, Zou H, Li B, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Yan H, Luo J, Luo Y, Chen J, Yu J. Effects of Protease in Soybean Meal-Reduced Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:101. [PMID: 38200832 PMCID: PMC10778164 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted in weaned piglets to determine the effects of exogenous protease to low soybean meal (SBM) diets on growth performance, diarrhea rate, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology. Seventy-two Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned barrows (21-day-old, 5.88 ± 0.95 kg) were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates in each following a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of SBM levels (0 to 14 d, 9%, 7.5%; 15 to 42 d, 20%, 18.5%) and protease (0 or 150 mg/kg) for a 42-day trial. Fecal samples were collected on days 11 to 14 and 38 to 42 of the experiment, and serum, intestinal tissue, and chyme samples were taken at the end of the experiments. Adding protease in low SBM diets had a significant increase in ADG (p < 0.05) and a decrease in F/G (p < 0.05). Protease significantly reduced the diarrhea rate (p < 0.05). Low SBM level decreased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and ash (p < 0.05) but increased the ATTD of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), and CP after the addition of protease (p < 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of aspartic acid (Asp), threonine (Thr), serine (Ser), alanine (Ala), lysine (Lys), and total amino acids (AAs) were significantly increased by protease supplementation (p < 0.05). Both the SBM-reduced and protease-added diets lead to lower albumin (ALB), albumin/globulin (A/G), and urea nitrogen (UREA) (p < 0.05), but greater globulin (GLOB) with low SBM diets (p < 0.05). The SBM-reduced and protease-added diets decreased the duodenum pH, respectively (p < 0.05). The protease increased the villus:crypt (V:C) in the duodenum and ileum, and ileal villus length (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of 150 mg/kg protease improved the intestinal health and performance of the weaned piglets and reversed the negative effect of a 1.5% SBM reduction in nutrient utilization, intestinal pH, and intestinal morphological parameters of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- Medical School, Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou 450009, China;
| | - Honglei Zou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bin Li
- Sichuan Tequ Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610207, China;
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jinyong Chen
- Medical School, Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou 450009, China;
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sichuan Tequ Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610207, China;
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Moturi J, Hosseindoust A, Kinara E, Mun J, Ha S, Park S, Park S, Tajudeen H, Lokhande A, Ingale S, Kim J. Exogenous protease influences protein digestibility, growth performance, and gut microflora in weanling pigs on a limited protein diet. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:342-362. [PMID: 37886795 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2257921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary level of crude protein (CP) and protease supplementation on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in weaning pigs. Three hundred cross-bred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were allotted to five dietary treatments on the basis of initial body weight (BW) and sex. Pigs were group-housed in pens with each treatment with 10 replicate pens with six pigs per pen. The treatments included a standard diet (STD), STD with 0.6% lower protein (STD0.6), STD with 0.6% lower protein and protease supplementation (Pro0.6), STD with 1.0% lower protein (STD1.0), STD with 1.0% lower protein and protease supplementation (Pro1.0). Results indicated a higher BW (p < 0.05) of piglets in the Pro0.6 group at days 0-42 compared to the STD0.6 and STD1.0 groups. The average daily gain was higher (p < 0.05) in the Pro0.6 treatments at days 0-42 compared to the STD0.6 and STD1.0. The gain to feed ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in the STD, and Pro0.6 groups compared to the STD0.6, Pro1.0 and the STD1.0 groups at days 0-42. Dry matter digestibility was lower (p < 0.05) in the STD1.0 group than the Pro0.6 and Pro1.0 groups. The crude protein digestibility was higher (p < 0.05) in the Pro0.6 group compared to the STD, STD0.6 and STD1.0 treatment groups while crude fat digestibility was higher (p < 0.05) in the STD and Pro0.6 compared with the STD0.6 and STD1.0 groups. Digestibility was higher for histidine (p < 0.05), leucine (p < 0.05) in the protease Pro0.6 and Pro1.0 groups than in the STD0.6 and STD1.0 groups. The digestibility of non-essential AA was higher for alanine (p < 0.05) in the Pro0.6 than the STD1.0 group. For faecal microbial population, Faecalibacterium abundance was higher (p < 0.05) in the Pro0.6 compared to all the other groups while the population of Actinobacteria was greater (p < 0.05) in the STD group and lowest in the Pro1.0 treatment. In the ileum, villus height was greater (p < 0.05) in the protease Pro0.6, and Pro1.0 groups compared to the STD0.6, and STD1.0 groups while the villus height to crypts depth ratio was lower (p < 0.05) in the STD 1.0 group compared to the STD, Pro0.6, and Pro1.0 groups. Based on these results, dietary protease supplementation improved nutrient digestibility and gut histo-morphology translating to improved utilisation of nutrients thus positively impacting growth performance in weaned pigs. Further, reducing the CP content in the diets increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae while protease supplementation increased the population of Faecalibacterium in the gut of the weanling piglets on the STD0.6 diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Moturi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Elick Kinara
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - JunYoung Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangHun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SeRin Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangIn Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Habeeb Tajudeen
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Anushka Lokhande
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Duque-Ramírez CF, Javierre JA, Peñuela-Sierra LM, Diaz-Vargas M. Effect of exogenus protease on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphometric, meat quality characteristics, carcass yield in broilers fed low protein diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:190. [PMID: 37140716 PMCID: PMC10160132 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of protease on broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. A total of 1290 Ross AP broilers were used, distributed among five treatments: positive control diet, negative control diet (NC), NC + 50 ppm of protease, NC + 100 ppm of protease, and NC + 200 ppm of protease. Each treatment contained six replicates of 43 animals each. The inclusion of proteases in the diet had effects (P < 0.05) on body weight, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion in the 12 to 21 day period; body weight, weight gain, and feed intake in the 29 to 42 day period; nutrient digestibility (energy metabolizability coefficient and crude protein at 28 days); and intestinal parameters (crypt and muscle width of jejunum and ileum at 28 days and villus length, crypt length, and jejunum thickness muscle layer at 42 days). These results indicate that the inclusion of protease in broiler feed can improve production parameters when the amount of crude protein in the diet is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Duque-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Semillero de investigación SINA, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | | | - L M Peñuela-Sierra
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Semillero de investigación SINA, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - M Diaz-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), 111166, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Hoque MR, Song JH, Kim IH. Exogenous protease supplementation to the diet enhances growth performance, improves nitrogen utilization, and reduces stress in finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:495-503. [PMID: 35522689 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted this experiment to evaluate a new exogenous protease in finishing pigs' growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, blood profiles, and meat quality. A total of 200 pigs of 52.15 ± 2.31 kg average body weight (BW) were divided into four dietary treatments named as: CON, basal diet; TRT1, basal diet + 0.05% protease; TRT2, basal diet + 0.1% protease; TRT3, basal diet + 1.5% protease. Each treatment consisted of 10 pens, where five pigs were allotted to each pen according to their body weight and sex. The dietary treatments were allotted to the pens in a randomized block design. During this 10-week-long experiment, BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were calculated for Week 0-5, Week 6-10, and the overall period. During Week 6-10, ADG was higher in TRT2 and TRT3 than in the CON and TRT1 groups. At the same time, a linear increase was observed in ADG and G:F of the pigs. In addition, the final BW of pigs' was linearly increased by protease supplementation. On Week 10, there was a linear trend of increase (p = 0.0575) in crude protein digestibility and a trend of linear reduction (p = 0.0651) in NH3 gas emission. In blood profile, cortisol presented a linear decrease in both Week 5 (p = 0.251) and Week 10 (p = 0.0585). In addition, increasing doses of protease showed a trend of linear increase (p = 0.0592) in creatinine, whereas linear reduction was observed in the concentration of epinephrine (p = 0.0636) and norepinephrine (p = 0.0167) during Week 10. In conclusion, protease supplementation helped in improving daily gain in finishing pigs through protein digestibility with associated reduction of ammonia emission and blood stress hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raihanul Hoque
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jun H Song
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - In H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
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9
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Kim JH, Ku BH, Ko GP, Kang MJ, Son KH, Bang MA, Park HY. Enzyme Feed Additive with Arazyme Improve Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Gut Microbiome of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030423. [PMID: 36766312 PMCID: PMC9913082 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The supplementation of pig diets with exogenous enzymes is widely used with the expectation that it will improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization, thereby, improving growth performance. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 0.1% (v/v) multi-enzyme (a mixture of arazyme (2,500,000 Unit/kg), xylanase (200,000 Unit/kg) and mannanase (200,000 Unit/kg)) supplementation derived from invertebrate symbiotic bacteria on pig performance. Here, 256 growing pigs were assigned to control and treatment groups, respectively. The treatment group exhibited a significantly reduced average slaughter age; the final body weight and average daily gain increased compared with that of the control group. In the treatment group, the longissimus muscle showed a remarkable decrease in cooking loss, shear force, and color values with increased essential and non-essential amino acid concentrations. Furthermore, the concentrations of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment group increased. Feed additive supplementation increased the family of Ruminococcaceae and genera Lactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Oscillibacter, which play a positive role in the host physiology and health. Predicted metabolic pathway analysis confirmed that operational taxonomic units and predicted amino acid biosynthesis pathways were strongly associated. The results suggest that applying exogenous enzymes derived from invertebrate symbiotic bacteria enhances animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Hwan Ku
- Insect Biotech Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Pyo Ko
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jong Kang
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Son
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Bang
- Department of Food Industry Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Naju 58275, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-A.B.); (H.-Y.P.)
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-A.B.); (H.-Y.P.)
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10
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Go YB, Lee JH, Lee BK, Oh HJ, Kim YJ, An JW, Chang SY, Song DC, Cho HA, Park HR, Chun JY, Cho JH. Effect of insect protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora and gas emission in growing pig. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1063-1076. [PMID: 36812026 PMCID: PMC9890344 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIL) as protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora, and gas emission in growing pig. In experiment 1, the seventy-two crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.98 ± 2.95 kg were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments (3 pigs per pen and 6 replicates pen per treatments). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two diets (Poultry offal diets and HIL diets) without or with supplementing protease. The poultry offal in basal diet has been replaced by HIL. In experiment 2, the four crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial BW of 28.2 ± 0.1 kg were individually accepted in stainless steel metabolism cages. The dietary treatments included: 1) PO- (PO-; poultry offal diet), 2) PO+ (PO- + 0.05% protease), 3) HIL- (3% PO of PO- diet was replacement 3% HIL), 4) HIL+ (HIL- + 0.05% protease). In experiment 1, From weeks 0 to 2, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were significantly increased in the PO diet group compared with the HIL group. From weeks 2 to 4, ADG and G:F were higher for protease group than for non-protease group. At weeks 2 and 4, the PO diet group had lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than HIL diet group. In experiment 2, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N) retention were decreased by HIL diet at weeks 2 and 4. The fecal microflora and gas emission were not affected by HIL and protease. The HIL diet showed lower CP digestibility than PO diet and total essential amino acids digestibility tended to higher in PO diet than HIL diet. In summary, the present study revealed that replacement of the PO protein with the HIL protein and the additive of protease in growing pig diets during the overall experimental period had no negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Byong Kon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hae Ryoung Park
- Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion
Agency, Iksan 54667, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chun
- Department of Food Bioengineering, College
of Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea,Corresponding author Ji Yeon Chun,
Department of Food Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3615, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea,Corresponding author Jin Ho Cho,
Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea. Tel: +82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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11
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Zhu Q, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Yu J. Effects of a Novel Protease on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202803. [PMID: 36290190 PMCID: PMC9597718 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different protease levels on performance, diarrhea rate, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. A total of 96 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 28 d of age, initial average BW = 6.55 ± 0.17 kg) were divided into four groups (4 pigs/pen and 6 replicates/group) according to a completely random block design. Piglets were fed different levels of protease (0, 150, 300 or 600 mg/kg of diet) for 28 d. The results showed that the addition of protease had no significant effect on the growth performance of weaned piglets (p > 0.05), and the addition of 300 mg/kg protease significantly increased the apparent total intestinal digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in weaned piglets (p < 0.05), while the addition of 150 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg protease had no significant effect on the digestibility (p > 0.05). The nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and total energy (GE) showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing protease concentration (p < 0.05). Adding 300 and 600 mg/kg protease significantly decreased serum ALB/GLO levels (p < 0.05) and duodenal pH (p < 0.05) and increased duodenal villus height (p < 0.05). The addition of protease significantly increased jejunal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities (p < 0.01) and duodenal and jejunal mucosal tight junction proteins in piglets. The mRNA expression levels of ZO-1 and CLAUDIN-1 in the duodenum together with ZO-1 and OCCLUDIN in the jejunum of piglets in the 300 and 600 mg/kg protease supplementation groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The results showed that, compared with the control group, protease could promote nutrient absorption, improve small intestine morphology and enhance digestive enzyme activity in weaned piglets. The suitable addition amount was 150−300 mg/kg in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Jinan Bestzyme Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Sichuan Tequ Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610207, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Huyan L, Kumar A, Manafi M, Soumeh EA. Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, organ development, gut morphology, and microbial profile of broiler chicken. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2022.2113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Huyan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Arun Kumar
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Milad Manafi
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Elham A. Soumeh
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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13
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Sanguine IS, Cavalheiro GF, Garcia NFL, Santos MVD, Gandra JR, Goes RHDTEBD, Paz MFD, Fonseca GG, Leite RSR. Xylanases of Trichoderma koningii and Trichoderma pseudokoningii: Production, characterization and application as additives in the digestibility of forage for cattle. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Munezero O, Kim IH. Effects of protease enzyme supplementation in weanling pigs' diet with different crude protein levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:854-862. [PMID: 36287751 PMCID: PMC9574619 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of different levels of crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with dietary protease on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of the weanling pigs. In a 5-week study, 100 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) of weaner pigs that have an average initial body weight (BW) of 7.17±1.06 kg were assigned to one of four dietary treatments with 5 replications and 5 pigs (3 gilts and 2 castrated male pigs) per pen in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were as follows: Phase 1: CON: basal diets (20.60% CP); low protein (LP): CON - 0.30% CP; PLP1: (CON - 0.30% CP) + 0.05% protease; PLP2: (CON - 0.50% CP) + 0.05% protease. Phase 2: CON: basal diets (18.88% CP); LP: CON - 0.30% CP; PLP1: (CON - 0.30% CP) + 0.05% protease; PLP2: (CON - 0.50% CP) + 0.05% protease. The addition of protease to low CP diets significantly increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p = 0.039), BW (p = 0.046), average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.049), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to increase (p = 0.053) in the young pigs during phase 1. However, FCR tended to increase throughout the experiment but did not change during phase 2, whereas BW, ADG, and ADFI stayed unchanged throughout phase 2 and overall. There was no significant difference in dry matter, nitrogen (N), and gross energy of nutrient digestibility in all phases and overall in weaned pigs with low CP when protease was fed. In contrast, adding protease to the low CP diets increased the tendency of N digestibility (p = 0.059) during phase 1. It is concluded that dietary protease supplementation tended to increase N retention during the first phase of the weaning period, hence increasing piglet performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Munezero
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea,Corresponding author: In Ho Kim,
Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116,
Korea. Tel: +82-41-550-3652, E-mail:
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15
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Liu X, Huang X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Lu Z. The Positive Effects of Exogenous Pancreatin on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption, and Intestinal Microbiota in Piglets. Front Physiol 2022; 13:906522. [PMID: 36017338 PMCID: PMC9395744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.906522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatin secretion is dramatically decreased over time after weaning, thus affecting the utilization of nutrients in piglets. Therefore, exogenous pancreatin is expected to alleviate this situation. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous pancreatin on the growth performance, nutrient digestion and absorption, and intestinal microbiota of piglets. One hundred eighty piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 40 days) were randomly allotted to three treatments (basal diets supplemented with 0, 250, or 500 mg/kg pancreatin) with three replicate pens per treatment and 20 piglets per pen. Compared with the control diet, dietary 500 mg/kg pancreatin significantly increased (p < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat of piglets. Regarding endogenous enzymes, pancrelipase activity in the pancreas, duodenal mucosa, and small intestinal digesta as well as trypsin activity in the jejunal digesta were increased in piglets fed a diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). Moreover, amylopsin activity was significantly strengthened in the pancreas, duodenal mucosa, and digesta in piglets fed a diet with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, including oligopeptide transporter-1 (PepT1), excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAC1), cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT1), sodium glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), and fatty acid transporter-4 (FATP4), in the jejunum significantly increased after dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). An increased villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of the ileum was observed in the 500 mg/kg pancreatin-treated group (p < 0.05). The composition of the colonic microbiota modulated by the addition of 500 mg/kg pancreatin was characterized by an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus (p < 0.05), and the predicted functions revealed that 500 mg/kg pancreatin supplementation enhanced the functional abundance of genetic information processing in colonic microorganisms and environmental information processing. Our findings suggested that the addition of 500 mg/kg pancreatin improved the growth performance of piglets, improved intestinal structure, and modulated the colon microbiota, thereby increasing nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zeqing Lu,
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Jiang Q, Wu W, Wan Y, Wei Y, Kawamura Y, Li J, Guo Y, Ban Z, Zhang B. Energy values evaluation and improvement of soybean meal in broiler chickens through supplemental mutienzyme. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101978. [PMID: 35793599 PMCID: PMC9260631 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured the metabolizable energy of soybean meal (SBM) and evaluated effects of soybean meal specific enzymes supplementation in corn-soybean diets on growth performance, intestinal digestion properties and energy values of 28-day-old broilers. A total of 336 one-day-old male AA broiler chickens were distributed to 7 groups in a completely random design. The birds were given 7 diets containing 6 diets with different combined soybean meals and a fasting treatment, 8 replicates per treatment and 6 birds per replicate (Trial 1). A total of 672 one-day-old male AA broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatments including a control diet and 6 diets supplemented with 300 mg/kg α-galactosidase, 200 mg/kg β-mannanase, and 300 mg/kg protease individually or in combination (Trial 2). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of broilers was measured from d 25 to 27 in both trial 1 and trial 2. The results showed that AME values of combined soybean meals averaged 2,894 kcal/kg. Dietary β-mannanase and protease supplementation increased body weight gain (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 14, whereas did not affect the growth performance (P > 0.05) during d 14 to 28. Addition of β-mannanase in combination with other enzymes significantly increased lipase and trypsin content (P < 0.05) in ileum. In addition, dietary β-mannanase and protease supplementation individually or in combination enhanced trypsin enzyme content in jejunum (P < 0.05). The β-mannanase enzyme enhanced villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) of ileum compared with control diet. Moreover, supplementation of enzyme except for protease enhanced raffinose and stachyose degradation ratio (P < 0.05). Dietary β-mannanase supplementation individually or in combination enhanced AME and AMEn values (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that dietary enzyme supplementation especially β-mannanase improved intestinal digestion properties and contributed to high energy values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | | | - Junyou Li
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki, 319-0206, Japan
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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17
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Song M, Kim B, Cho JH, Kyoung H, Choe J, Cho JY, Kim Y, Kim HB, Lee JJ. Modification of Gut Microbiota and Immune Responses via Dietary Protease in Soybean Meal-Based Protein Diets. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:885-891. [PMID: 35719080 PMCID: PMC9628920 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based protein sources such as soybean meal have low digestibility and are generally promoted accumulation of undigested proteins into the intestine by enzymatic treatments. Moreover, potential intestinal pathogens ferment undigested proteins, producing harmful substances, such as ammonia, amines and phenols, leading to an overactive immune response and diarrhea in weaned pigs. As a solution, dietary proteases hydrolyze soybean-based antinutritive factors, which negatively affect immune responses and gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary proteases (PRO) in a low-crude protein (CP) commercial diet on the immune responses and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. The experimental design consisted of three dietary treatments: a commercial diet as a positive control (PC; phase1 CP = 23.71%; phase 2 CP: 22.36%), a lower CP diet than PC as negative control (NC; 0.61% less CP than PC), and NC diet supplement with 0.02% PRO. We found that PRO tended to decrease the frequency of diarrhea in the first two weeks after weaning compared with PC and NC. In addition, pigs fed PRO showed decreased TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels compared with those fed PC and NC. The PRO group had a higher relative proportion of the genus Lactobacillus and lower levels of the genus Streptococcus than the PC and NC groups. In conclusion, the addition of PRO to a low CP commercial weaned diet attenuated inflammatory responses and modified gut microbiota in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghyeon Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Cho
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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18
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Peng X, Zhou Q, Wu C, Zhao J, Tan Q, He Y, Hu L, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Zhuo Y, Van Ginneken C, Jiang X, Wu D, Che L. Effects of dietary supplementation with essential oils and protease on growth performance, antioxidation, inflammation and intestinal function of weaned pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:39-48. [PMID: 35949988 PMCID: PMC9344314 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impacts of essential oils (EO) and protease (PRO), independently or in combination, on growth performance, antioxidation, inflammation and intestinal function of weaned pigs. One hundred and sixty weaned pigs (21 d of age, BW of 6.74 ± 0.20 kg) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 8 replicate pens of 5 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments included the following: 1) control diet (CON), 2) CON with 300 mg/kg essential oils (EO), 3) CON with 500 mg/kg protease (PRO), 4) CON with 300 mg/kg essential oil and 500 mg/kg protease (EO + PRO). On d 8, one pig from each pen was selected for sampling. The remaining pigs were fed for an additional week and growth performance was monitored during this period. Dietary treatments had no marked effects (P > 0.05) on the growth performance of pigs. However, pigs receiving EO diet had higher (P < 0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and tended to decrease (P = 0.063) serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, pigs receiving EO diet had higher (P < 0.05) abundances of phylum Actinobacteria, and genera Bifidobacterium, and lower (P < 0.05) phylum Bacteroidetes and genera Alloprevotella in colonic digesta. Pigs receiving PRO diet decreased (P < 0.05) the serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and diamine oxidase activity, increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in duodenum, increased sucrase activity in jejunal mucosa, and also increased the abundance of phylum Actinobacteria in colonic digesta. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of EO and PRO was observed (P < 0.05) for pigs with decreasing serum TNF-α concentration and increasing serum GSH-Px activity. Collectively, the results indicated that dietary supplementation of EO and PRO had no significant effects on growth performance of weaned pigs. EO diet appeared to improve antioxidant activity and intestinal microbiota, while PRO diet improved intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activity, and there was a synergistic effect of EO and PRO on reducing inflammatory parameters in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Novus International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Quan Tan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Novus International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liang Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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19
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Song M, Kim B, Cho JH, Kyoung H, Park S, Cho JY, Park KII, Kim HB, Lee JJ. Effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth rate, nutrient
digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:462-470. [PMID: 35709123 PMCID: PMC9184710 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Byeonghyeon Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | - Kyeong II Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyeun Bum Kim, Department of
Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea. Tel:
+82-41-550-3653, E-mail:
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and
Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea
- Corresponding author: Jeong Jae Lee, Institute of
Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea. Tel: +82-53-950-7764, E-mail:
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20
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Effect of dietary incorporation of peanut and linseed meals with or without enzyme mixture on physiological performance of broilers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103291. [PMID: 35521356 PMCID: PMC9065897 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of feeding peanut meal and linseed meal (LSM) with or without enzyme mixture on growth, plasma metabolites, muscle amino acid (AA) profile, nutrient digestibility, and expression of nutrient absorption-related genes in broilers. A total of 560 one-day-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental treatments (7 replications of 10 chicks each) as follows: This study was designed by using 560 one-day-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental groups (7 replications of 10 chicks each) to evaluate the differences in body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, carcass parts, blood biochemical and mRNA expression genes. Group 1 (C) control fed the basal diet without supplements, Group 2 (C + E) is control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture, Group 3 (C + PNM100) is control group fed 100 kg/ton peanut meal, Group 4 (C + E + PNM100) is a control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture and 100 kg/ton peanut meal, Group 5 (C + LSM100) is a control group fed on 100 kg/ton linseed meal, Group 6 (C + E + LSM100) is a control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture and 100 kg/ton linseed meal, Group 7 (C + PNM50 + LSM50) is control group fed on 50 kg/ton peanut meal and 50 kg/ton linseed meal. Group 8 (C + E + PNM50 + LSM50) is the control group fed on 50 kg/ton peanut meal and 50 kg/ton linseed meal. Each gram of the enzyme mixture contains 11,000 U Xylanase, 6000 U Cellulase, 700 U β-Mannanase, 1500 U Phytase, 5 mg α-Amylase, and 2 mg Protease. No differences in Bodyweight, Bodyweight gain, Feed intake, and carcass parts were noticed among experimental groups, while abdominal fat (%) and FCR were reduced (P < 0.05) in PNM50 + LSM50 + E and LSM100 groups. Plasma metabolites were not altered except total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL, reduced (P < 0.01) in treated birds. Dietary inclusion of 100 kg PNM or LSM reduced (P < 0.05) methionine concentration in muscle, while all remaining AA and ammonia concentrations were unaffected. Hepatic MDA contents were reduced (P < 0.001) in treated groups. Nutrient digestibility was not altered among groups except for protein digestibility, which was elevated (P < 0.05) in PNM50 + LSM50 + E, E, and PNM100 + E groups. The highest mRNA expressions of PepT1, APN, SGLT1, HMGCR, GHr, and IGF-1 genes were noticed in PNM50 + LSM50 + E. Conclusively, PNM and LSM can efficiently substitute corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, particularly when fortified with exogenous enzymes, without negative impacts on broiler performance.
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21
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Poudel P, Samuel R, Levesque C, St-Pierre B. Investigating the effects of peptide-based, MOS and protease feed additives on the growth performance and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:25. [PMID: 35296347 PMCID: PMC8928611 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digestive disorders in weaning pigs remain a major challenge for swine producers. Different types of commercial feed additives have been developed to promote gut health and development in young pigs, but their effects on resident gut microbial communities remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a peptide-based product (Peptiva) in combination with mannose oligosaccharides (MOS) and an exogenous protease on the performance and fecal microbiome of nursery pigs. Methods A total of 1097 weaned pigs were divided into 44 pens (24–26 pigs/pen) with each pen randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets as part of Phase II and Phase III of a standard nursery phase feeding program. Fecal samples collected from representative control and treatment pigs were used to investigate bacterial composition profiles by high throughput sequencing of PCR-generated amplicons targeting the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results Higher gain:feed was observed for pigs fed Peptiva and MOS compared to Controls during the period when experimental diets were fed, but the benefits of supplementation were not maintained after pigs were transitioned to a non-supplemented diet. Three candidate bacterial species, identified as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), were found to have significantly different abundances between control samples and treatment samples during the same phase. In Phase III samples, SD_Ssd-00039, predicted to be a strain of Streptococcus alactolyticus based on nucleotide sequence identity, was the most highly represented of these OTUs with an average abundance in pigs fed Peptiva, MOS and protease that was 3.9 times higher than in Controls. The report also presents evidence of microbial succession that occurred during the trial, with 16 of the 32 most abundant OTUs found to vary between Phase II and Phase III samples for the same dietary treatment. Conclusions Dietary supplementation with a combination of a peptide-based product, MOS, and protease increased the growth performance of weaned pigs compared to control animals during the nursery phase, but these benefits were no longer observed within 2 weeks after all animals were transitioned to a non-supplemented diet. Supplementation with these feed additives was found to modulate the composition of the swine gut microbiome during this period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00681-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Poudel
- Current address: Himalayan Pet Foods, Mukilteo, Washington, 98275, USA
| | - Ryan Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Crystal Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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22
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The Effects of Protease Supplementation and Faba Bean Extrusion on Growth, Gastrointestinal Tract Physiology and Selected Blood Indices of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050563. [PMID: 35268132 PMCID: PMC8908839 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Faba beans could be a valuable raw material in pigs’ diets, but the presence of anti-nutritional factors limits their wide use. The aim of the study was to investigate how the extrusion of faba bean seeds and/or the addition of protease to pigs’ diets affected the animals’ growth parameters, digestibility of nutrients, selected physiological parameters of the digestive tract, and biochemical blood parameters. Our research showed that extrusion increased the nutritional value of faba bean seeds, especially by reducing antinutritional factors, but in comparison with raw seeds, it did not improve the pigs’ growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, intestinal structure, and physiology when the content of faba beans in the diet was below 10%. Thanks to protease supplementation in our study, protein and oil levels in the diet were reduced while maintaining the same pigs’ performance, which cut the cost of feeding. The extrusion and enzyme additives did not improve the pigs’ growth performance in this experiment, but protease appears to be highly promising in the commercial nutrition of pigs. Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate how the extrusion of faba bean seeds (var. Albus) and/or the addition of protease to pigs’ diets affected the animals’ growth parameters, digestibility of nutrients, selected physiological parameters of the digestive tract, and biochemical blood parameters. A 28-day experiment was conducted on 32 pigs weighing 9 ± 0.2 kg. The animals were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of extrusion (raw or extruded) and effects of protease supplementation (0 and 0.05%). Extrusion reduced the levels of neutral detergent fibre, trypsin inhibitor, phytate-P, and resistant starch but did not improve the digestibility of protein and dry matter in faba bean seeds. The pigs’ growth performance, ileal digestibility, enzyme activity, and morphometric parameters of the ileum were not significantly affected by extrusion, except for a higher feed intake between the 15th and 28th day of the experiment. The protease supplementation gave comparable results as the diet without protease, except the feed conversion ratio (in the periods of 15–28th day and 0–28th day), which was higher than in the groups without protease. The extrusion and protease increased acetate and acetoacetate contents in the cecal digesta, but propionate, butyrate, and isovalerate concentrations in the digesta of the pigs in this group were lower. Thanks to protease supplementation, protein and oil levels in the diet were reduced, which cut the cost of feed mixtures. The extrusion and protease additive combined together did not improve the pigs’ growth performance in this experiment.
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23
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Ahmad V, Ahmad A, Abuzinadah MF, Al-Thawdi S, Yunus G. Methyltransferase as Antibiotics Against Foodborne Pathogens: An In Silico Approach for Exploring Enzyme as Enzymobiotics. Front Genet 2022; 12:800587. [PMID: 35069699 PMCID: PMC8780565 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.800587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance in microbes against antibiotics and limited choice for the use of chemical preservatives in food lead the urgent need to search for an alternative to antibiotics. The enzymes are catalytic proteins that catalyze digestion of bacterial cell walls and protein requirements for the survival of the cell. To study methyltransferase as antibiotics against foodborne pathogen, the methyltransferase enzyme sequence was modeled and its interactions were analyzed against a membrane protein of the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through in silico protein-protein interactions. The methyltransferase interaction with cellular protein was found to be maximum, due to the maximum PatchDock Score (15808), which was followed by colicin (12864) and amoxicillin (4122). The modeled protein has found to be interact more significantly to inhibit the indicator bacteria than the tested antibiotics and antimicrobial colicin protein. Thus, model enzyme methyltransferase could be used as enzymobiotics. Moreover, peptide sequences similar to this enzyme sequence need to be designed and evaluated against the microbial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varish Ahmad
- Health Information Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Health Information Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. Abuzinadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Al-Thawdi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
| | - Ghazala Yunus
- Department of Basic Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Barbosa SAPV, Corrêa GSS, Corrêa AB, Figueiredo EM, Vieira BS, Oliveira CFS, Tavares JMN, Lima Neto HR. Protease Supplementation in the Diet of Light Laying Hens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SAPV Barbosa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - GSS Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - AB Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - BS Vieira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil
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25
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Oh HJ, Kim MH, Song MH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Chang SY, An JW, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Kim MJ, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3132. [PMID: 34827863 PMCID: PMC8614496 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred twenty weaned piglets (9.34 ± 0.74 kg) were used in a four-week experiment to investigate the effects of replacing medical ZnO with a different ratio of inorganic and organic zinc (IZ:OZ) or a low-crude-protein diet (LP) with mixed feed additives (MFAs) in the weaned piglets' diet. The dietary treatments included a control (CON), T1 (T1; ZnO 1000 mg/kg), T2 (IZ:OZ 850:150), T3 (IZ:OZ 700:300), T4 (IZ:OZ, 500:500), and T5 (LP with MFAs (0.1% essential oils + 0.08% protease + 0.02% xylanase)). The growth performance was decreased (p < 0.05) in the CON treatment compared with the T4 treatment. The diarrhea incidence was decreased (p < 0.05) in the T4 and the T5 treatment compared with the CON and the T1 treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were increased (p < 0.05) in the T4 and T5 treatments compared with the CON, T1, and T2 treatments. The T4 treatment had a higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of zinc than the T1, T2, and T3 treatments. The fecal microflora was improved (p < 0.05) in the T5 treatment compared with the CON and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ:OZ 500:500 could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and zinc utilization while reducing diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Moreover, LP with MFA could replace medical ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Myung Hoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 504-63, Korea;
| | - Min Ho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 341-34, Korea;
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 553-65, Korea;
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
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26
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Oh HJ, Kim MH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, An JW, Chang SY, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Jo MS, Kim DY, Kim MJ, Cho SB, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of different inorganic:organic zinc ratios or combination of
low crude protein diet and feed additives in weaned piglet diets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 64:23-37. [PMID: 35174340 PMCID: PMC8819320 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.43 ± 0.40
kg (28 days of age, ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) were randomly
assigned to 6 treatments for a 2-week feeding trial to determine the effects of
different inorganic zinc (IZ), organic zinc (OZ) or combination of low crude
protein diet (LP) and Mixed feed additive (MFA) on diarrhea score, nutrient
digestibility, zinc utilization, blood profiles, organ weight, and fecal
microflora in weaned piglet diet. The pigs were individually placed in 45
× 55 × 45 cm stainless steel metabolism cages in an
environmentally controlled room (30 ± 1°C). The dietary treatments
included a negative control (NC), positive control (PC; zinc oxide, 1,000
mg/kg), T1 (IZ : OZ, 850 : 150), T2 (IZ : OZ 700 : 300), T3 (IZ : OZ, 500 :
500), and T4 (LP + MFA [0.1% Essential oils + 0.08% Protease + 0.02% Xylanase]).
The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement
for digestible energy (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW0.75). This
allowance was divided into two equal parts, and the piglets were fed at 08 : 30
and 17 : 30 each day. Water was provided ad libitum through a
drinking nipple. The diarrhea score was significantly increased
(p < 0.05) in NC treatment compared with other
treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM),
nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was significantly increased
(p < 0.05) in the T2 treatment compared with the PC
and NC treatments in week 1. In week 2, the ATTD of DM, N, and GE was
significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the NC treatment
compared with other treatments. The T3 treatment had significantly higher
(p < 0.05) ATTD and apparent ileal digestibility of
zinc than the PC and T1 treatments. The Escherichia coli count
in feces was significantly decreased in the T4 treatment compared with the NC
and T2 treatments. The Lactobacillus count in feces was
significantly increased in the T4 and T1 treatment compared with the T2 and T3
treatments. In conclusion, IZ : OZ 500 : 500 levels could improve nutrient
digestibility and zinc utilization in weaned piglets, Moreover, MFA in LP diets
could be used as a zinc alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Myung Hoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan
National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Seok Jo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division,
National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanjugun 55365, Korea
| | - Sung Bo Cho
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research
Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities,
Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, and
Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyeun Bum Kim, Department of
Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea. Tel:
+82-41-550-3652, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jin Ho Cho, Department of
Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea. Tel:
+82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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Aranda-Aguirre E, Robles-Jimenez LE, Osorio-Avalos J, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. A systematic-review on the role of exogenous enzymes on the productive performance at weaning, growing and finishing in pigs. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100195. [PMID: 34522821 PMCID: PMC8427232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of exogenous enzymes in the general diet improves production characteristics in all stages of production. Phytases are the most supplemented enzymes in all productive stages of pigs. The inclusion of Phytases, used in the pig's diet showed an average dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 840.6 ± 25.5 in weaning, 862.5 ± 7.4 in growing and 802.0 ± 1.41 in finishing. The inclusion of xylanases used in the pig's diet showed an average in dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 829.5 ± 7.14 in weaning and 759.1 ± 6.93 in finishing stages.
Supplementing exogenous enzymes in pig diets is an alternative solution to increase dietary energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production performance at a low production cost and to reduce environmental impact with lower N and P excretions. The production stage, diet composition, enzyme source, amount and number of enzymes added, are factors to consider before using them. A database composed by 227 individual diets, resulting from 43 studies with 48 experimental records were divided in different production stages, with 19 records for weaning, 17 records for growing and 12 records for finishing. A descriptive statistical analysis of the chemical composition of the diets and enzyme doses was carried out. The data with normal distribution were analyzed calculating the mean, the minimum and maximum length, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation. It was found that combined enzymes are the most widely reported enzyme combination in the supplementation of pigs at all stages of production. Phytases and Mannanases are commonly used at weaning and growing stages. Xylanases and Proteases have been reported to be used in all production stages. However, the highest yielding enzymes at weaning, growing and finishing stages were Phytases and Mannanases. Dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes improves production characteristics at all stages of production. However, an improvement in growth performance and nutrient digestibility is not always observed. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production stages, composition of the diet, origin of the enzyme and the amount and number of enzymes added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aranda-Aguirre
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Lizbeth E Robles-Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Jorge Osorio-Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
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Jang JC, Zeng Z, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. Effects of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles diets without or with supplemental enzymes on growth performance of pigs: a meta-analysis. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab029. [PMID: 34386710 PMCID: PMC8355451 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of the dietary energy system (net energy or metabolizable energy), oil content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), diet inclusion levels, and pig age on growth performance of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets. Mean differences of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) were calculated and expressed as a percentage change relative to feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM)- and cDDGS-based diets to nursery [body weight (BW) < 25 kg] and growing-finishing (BW > 25 kg) pigs, and to compare the effects of supplementing various types of exogenous enzymes without or with phytase on growth performance. A total of 27 studies with 106 growth performance observations were included in the cDDGS dataset, and 34 studies with 84 observations for enzyme responses in cDDGS diets were used in the enzyme dataset. Approximately, 64.7% of the observations showed no change, and 26.7% of observations showed a reduction in ADG, ADFI, and G:F when feeding cDDGS-based diets to the nursery and growing-finishing pigs compared with feeding corn-SBM-based diets. Furthermore, feeding cDDGS diets resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) mean difference of ADG (-4.27%) and G:F (-1.99%) for nursery pigs, and decreased (P < 0.01) mean difference of ADG (-1.68%) and G:F (-1.06%) for growing-finishing pigs. Every percentage unit increase in the inclusion level of cDDGS in growing-finishing pig diet was associated with a decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG (-0.10%) and ADFI (-0.09%). Feeding high oil (≥10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets to pigs resulted in a 2.96% reduction in ADFI whereas feeding reduced-oil (<10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets reduced G:F by 1.56% compared with pigs fed corn-SBM-based diets. Supplementation of exogenous enzymes improved (P < 0.05) the mean difference of ADG and G:F by 1.94% and 2.65%, respectively, in corn-SBM-based diets, and by 2.67% and 1.87%, respectively, in cDDGS diets. Supplementation of exogenous protease, enzyme cocktail, or xylanase improved (P < 0.05) ADG by 7.29%, 2.64%, and 2.48% in pigs fed corn-SBM-based diets, respectively. There were no differences between the dietary addition of single enzymes and enzyme combinations for any growth performance parameters in corn-SBM- or cDDGS-based diets. In conclusion, feeding cDDGS-based diets slightly reduces the growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of xylanase or enzyme cocktail can improve G:F of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim TH, Song MH, Yun W, Oh HJ, Lee JS, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:491-500. [PMID: 34189499 PMCID: PMC8204005 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low protein diets
added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood
profiles of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs
([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with average body weight (BW) of
6.99 ± 0.21 kg were used in a 20-week experiment. The dietary treatments
were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments were as follows: In
phase 1 (1–2 weeks), two protein levels as high protein (HP; 19.0%), low
protein (LP; 17.0%), and three protease (PT) levels (PT0, 0%; PT1, 0.3%; and
PT2, 0.5%); in phase 2 (3–4 weeks), protein levels (HP, 18.05%; LP,
16.15%) and protease levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%); in phase 3 (5–12
weeks), protein levels (HP, 17.1%; LP, 15.3%) and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and
0.3%); in phase 4 (13–20 weeks), protein levels (HP, 16.15%; LP, 14.45%)
and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%). At 4 weeks and 20 weeks after
treatment, BW was higher (p < 0.050) in the PT2 group
than PT0 group. From weeks 0 to 4, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency
(G/F) were higher (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014;
p = 0.014 and p = 0.044, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. From weeks 16 to 20, ADG and G/F were
higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009;
p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. Crude protein (CP) digestibility was
higher (p = 0.013, p = 0.014, and
p = 0.035, respectively) in the low protein (LP) group than
high protein (HP) group at weeks 4, 12, and 20. At weeks 4 and 20, the LP diet
group had lower (p < 0.001 and p =
0.001, respectively) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than the HP diet group.
Therefore, a low CP diet added with protease could increase growth performance
and CP digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Cheng L, Jin YH, Kim IH. Effects of Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease supplementation, alone or in combination, with valine to low protein diet on growth performance and carcass quality grade in growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1933494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ying Hai Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Perez-Palencia JY, Samuel RS, Levesque CL. Supplementation of protease to low amino acid diets containing superdose level of phytase for wean-to-finish pigs: effects on performance, postweaning intestinal health and carcass characteristics. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab088. [PMID: 34159298 PMCID: PMC8212168 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of protease supplementation to low amino acid (AA) diets containing phytase on pig growth performance, postweaning intestinal health and carcass characteristics. A total of 936 weaned pigs (21 d of age, initial BW 5.87 ± 0.31 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design comparing the main effects of AA supply [standard feeding program: balanced for all nutrients with adjustment of Ca and P due to inclusion of phytase (2,500 FTU/kg in Phase 1 to 4; 500 FTU/kg in Phase 5 to 9) vs. low AA feeding program: 15% lower standardized ileal digestible lysine with relative reduction of all other essential AA] and protease level (0 vs. 0.0125%). Pens were assigned to dietary treatment according to a randomized complete block design with 26 pigs per pen and nine replicates per dietary treatment. Feed and water were provided on an ad libitum basis for all phases throughout the wean-to-finish period. Feed intake and body weight were determined every 2 wk during nursery period and monthly in the grow-finish period. Intestinal health in the first 17 d was assessed based on lactulose:mannitol ratio (L:M), serum IgA, and pen diarrhea assessment. Overall, pigs fed standard wean-to-finish diets had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than pigs fed low AA diets. Pig growth performance was not different throughout the wean-to-finish period with or without protease supplementation and with no interaction between AA supply and protease supplementation. There were no differences among dietary treatments for carcass characteristics. No difference was observed for urinary L:M and serum IgA; however, the L:M ratio was approximately 32% lower in pigs fed low AA diets + protease compared with pigs fed standard and low AA diets at d 5 and d 17 postweaning. Pigs fed protease supplemented diets had lower incidence of diarrhea (χ2 < 0.05) compared with pigs fed diets without protease. Results of the experiment indicate that dietary protease supplementation benefits intestinal health of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Perez-Palencia
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - R S Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - C L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Niu H, Zhou X, Zhang X, Liu T, Wu Y, Lyu L, Liang C, Chen S, Gong P, Zhang J, Han X, Jiang S, Zhang L. Breast milk contains probiotics with anti-infantile diarrhoea effects that may protect infants as they change to solid foods. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1750-1764. [PMID: 33684236 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infants often experience complementary food-induced diarrhoea (CFID), which occurs when infants switch from breast milk to solid foods. The relative abundances of Prevotella and Rothia were higher in stools of infants with CFID, while the relative abundances of Enterococcus and Escherichia were higher in healthy infants. The abundance of Lactobacillus spp. normally found in breast milk fed to infants with CFID was significantly reduced, and Enterococcus spp. were less abundant when diarrhoea occurred. Furthermore, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus were present as shared bacteria in both mother and infant, and they were considered potential anti-CFID probiotics as their relative abundances in breast milk were negatively correlated to infant CFID. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) functional analysis showed that the function of amino acid metabolism differed between infants with CFID and healthy infants. Therefore, CFID might be related to the decomposition of proteins in food supplements. The screening revealed seven hydrolytic casein and five hydrolytic casein and rice protein isolates from 320 suspected Lactobacillus and Enterococcus isolates. The animal experiments demonstrated that a mixture of five isolates effectively hydrolysed the casein and rice protein and prevented diarrhoea in young rats. Thus, the occurrence of CFID was found to be closely related to the intestinal and breast milk microbiota, and bacteria that could assist in the digestion of cereal proteins were involved in CFID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | | | | | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Linzheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Cong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Shiwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Zheng L, Duarte ME, Sevarolli Loftus A, Kim SW. Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628258. [PMID: 33644153 PMCID: PMC7906973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of nursery pig management is making a smooth weaning transition to minimize weaning associated depressed growth and diseases. Weaning causes morphological and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs, where most of the nutrients are being digested and absorbed. While various stressors induce post-weaning growth depression, the abrupt change from milk to solid feed is one of the most apparent challenges to pigs. Feeding functional feed additives may be viable solutions to promote the growth of nursery pigs by enhancing nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, immune status, and by restoring intestinal balance. The aim of this review was to provide available scientific information on the roles of functional feed additives in enhancing intestinal health and growth during nursery phase. Among many potential functional feed additives, the palatability of the ingredient and the optimum supplemental level are varied, and these should be considered when applying into nursery pig diets. Considering different stressors pigs deal with in the post-weaning period, research on nutritional intervention using a single feed additive or a combination of different additives that can enhance feed intake, increase weight gain, and reduce mortality and morbidity are needed to provide viable solutions for pig producers. Further research in relation to the feed palatability, supplemental level, as well as interactions between different ingredients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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34
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Effects of gelatin as an alternative protein source and mono-component protease supplementation on growth performance, viscosity, digestibility and microbial population of ileal digesta, digestive tract traits and gut morphology of broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yu J, Yu G, Yu B, Zhang Y, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Luo J, Huang Z, Luo Y, Yan H, Wang Q, Wang H, Chen D. Dietary protease improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets fed diets with different levels of soybean meal. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Aderibigbe A, Cowieson AJ, Sorbara JO, Pappenberger G, Adeola O. Growth performance and amino acid digestibility responses of broiler chickens fed diets containing purified soybean trypsin inhibitor and supplemented with a monocomponent protease. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5007-5017. [PMID: 32988537 PMCID: PMC7598323 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypsin inhibitors (TI) resident in soybeans affects protein utilization. While heat treatment influences residual TI, it simultaneously affects the structure and solubility of the soybean proteins and confounds any response to exogenous proteases. Using purified TI, the effect of exogenous protease to TI can be dissociated from changes in the soybean protein. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the growth performance and protein utilization responses of broiler chickens to purified TI and exogenous protease. Soybean meal (SBM) was preanalyzed for basal TI (2,996 TIU/g SBM), formulated into nutritionally adequate experimental diets to contain 1,033 TIU/g diet, and purified TI was added at 9,000 TIU/g diet. A total of 320 Cobb-500 broiler chicks were allocated to 4 diets, each with 8 replicate cages and 10 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being dietary TI (1,033 or 10,033 TIU/g) and exogenous protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg). On day 7, 14, and 21 posthatching, protease supplementation improved the BW gain (P < 0.01) and gain to feed ratio (P < 0.05) of birds. On day 14 and 21 posthatching, the relative weight of pancreas increased (P < 0.05) with added TI but was reduced (P < 0.001) with protease supplementation. Apparent ileal digestibility of all amino acids, except methionine, decreased (P < 0.001) with added TI but increased (P < 0.05) with protease supplementation. Jejunal MUC-2 was downregulated (P < 0.01) and SCL7A-2 was upregulated (P < 0.05) by protease supplementation. Duodenal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities reduced (P < 0.05) with added TI but increased (P < 0.01) with protease supplementation. Exogenous protease produced longer villi (P < 0.05) and deeper crypts (P < 0.01) in the jejunal tissue. In conclusion, dietary addition of purified TI negatively affects nutrient utilization by broiler chickens. Furthermore, the study showed that the efficacy of the exogenous protease might be independent of dietary TI concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J O Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907.
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Kim YJ, Kim TH, Song MH, An JS, Yun W, Lee JH, Oh HJ, Lee JS, Kim GM, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of different levels of crude protein and protease on nitrogen utilization, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in growing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:659-667. [PMID: 33089231 PMCID: PMC7553848 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude
protein (CP) and protease on nitrogen (N) utilization, nutrient digestibility,
and growth performance in growing pigs. A total of six crossbred ([Landrace
× Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows were individually accepted in 1.2 m
× 0.7 m × 0.96 m stainless steel metabolism cages. The pigs
(average initial body weight of 27.91 ± 1.84 kg) randomly assigned to six
diets with six weeks (6 × 6 Latin square design). The experiment was
carried out in an environment with a temperature of 23 ± 1.5°C, a
relative humidity of 83 ± 2.3% and a wind speed of 0.25 ± 0.03
m/s. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design
with two levels of CP (15.3% or 17.1%) and three levels of protease (0 ppm, 150
ppm, or 300 ppm). The average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (G:F) tended to
increase (p = 0.074) with increasing amounts of protease. The
low CP level diet reduced (p < 0.050) urinary and fecal
N concentrations, the total N excretion in feces, and increased
(p < 0.050) N retention. Different protease levels
in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) at N intake, but
supplementation of the diets with 300 ppm protease decreased (p
< 0.050) the N concentration in urine and feces and tended to increase
(p = 0.061) the percentage of N retention retained of the
total N intake. The dietary CP level did not affect (p >
0.050) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, digestible
energy (DE), and metabolic energy (ME), but diet supplementation with 300 ppm
protease showed higher (p < 0.050) ATTD of DE and ME
than in the protease-free diet. Therefore, a low protein diet with protease
could improve the utilization of nitrogen, thereby reducing the negative effect
of N excretion into the environment while maintaining or increasing growth
performance compared to a high protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ji Seon An
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gok Mi Kim
- Department of Beauty Art, Yonam College, Cheonan 31005, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Lee JJ, Choe J, Kang J, Cho JH, Park S, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary protease improves growth rate and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:313-320. [PMID: 32568259 PMCID: PMC7288229 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary
mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient
digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of
eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ±
2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments
(7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized
complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as
follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based
on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a
negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower
concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial
product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from
Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus
licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during
growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent
total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The
PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio
(G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing
(p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods
(p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed
PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and
energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion,
the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein
digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Park S, Lee JJ, Yang BM, Cho JH, Kim S, Kang J, Oh S, Park DJ, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:21-30. [PMID: 32082595 PMCID: PMC7008117 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary protease (PR) on growth
performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. A
total of 75 weaned pigs [7.06 ± 0.18 kg of average body weight (BW); 28
day old] were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete
block design (blocks = BW and sex): a diet based on corn and soybean meal to
meet the requirement of crude protein (CP) as a positive control (PC; CP =
24.49%), a low protein diet as a negative control (NC; CP = 22.51%), and NC +
0.02% PR. The PR used in this study was a commercial product containing 75,000
protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in
Bacillus licheniformis. Pigs were fed the dietary
treatments for 6 weeks and the diets containing 0.2% chromic oxide for the last
week of this study. Blood, feces, ileal digesta, and ileum samples were
collected from randomly selected two pigs in each pen on respective time points.
Measurements were growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and
apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), CP, and energy,
frequency of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), and ileal morphology of weaned
pigs. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher (p < 0.05) final BW,
average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during overall
experimental period than those fed NC. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher
(p < 0.05) AID or ATTD of DM, CP, or energy than
those fed NC. Moreover, pigs fed PR had higher ratio between villus height and
crypt depth (p < 0.05) and number of goblet cells
(p < 0.05) than those fed NC. Addition of PR
decreased (p < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea for the first
two weeks after weaning compared with PC and NC. In addition, pigs fed PR had
lower (p < 0.05) PCV on d 14 after weaning than those
fed PC and NC. In conclusion, addition of PR in nursery diets with a low protein
level significantly improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and
intestinal morphology of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Boung Mo Yang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Townsend JR, Morimune JE, Jones MD, Beuning CN, Haase AA, Boot CM, Heffington SH, Littlefield LA, Henry RN, Marshall AC, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Mangine GT. The Effect of ProHydrolase ® on the Amino Acid and Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling Response to Resistance Exercise in Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020013. [PMID: 31978998 PMCID: PMC7077235 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This double-blind study examined effects of a protease enzyme blend (Prohydrolase®) added to whey protein on post-resistance exercise aminoacidemia and intramuscular anabolic signaling were investigated in ten resistance-trained males. Participants completed 4 sets of 8-10 repetitions in the leg press and leg extension exercises at 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Participants then consumed either 250 mg of Prohydrolase® + 26 g of whey protein (PW), 26 g whey alone (W), or non-nutritive control (CON) in counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained prior to exercise (baseline) and then immediately-post (IP), 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 180-min post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, 1-h (1H), and 3-h (3H) post-exercise. Phosphorylation of AKTSer437 was decreased (3H only: p < 0.001), mTORSer2448 was increased (1H: p = 0.025; 3H: p = 0.009), and p70S6KThr412 remained unchanged similarly for each condition. Plasma leucine, branch-chained amino acids, and essential amino acid concentrations for PW were significantly higher than CON (p < 0.05) at 30 min and similar to W. Compared to IP, PW was the only treatment with elevated plasma leucine levels at 30 min (p = 0.007; ∆ = 57.8 mmol/L, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.0, 95.6) and EAA levels at 180 min (p = 0.003; ∆ = 179.1 mmol/L, 95% CI: 77.5, 280.7). Area under the curve amino acid analysis revealed no differences between PW and W. While no different than W, these data indicate that PW was the only group to produce elevated amino acid concentrations 30-min and 180-min post-ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaclyn E. Morimune
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Megan D. Jones
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Cheryle N. Beuning
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Allison A. Haase
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Claudia M. Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Stephen H. Heffington
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Laurel A. Littlefield
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Ruth N. Henry
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Autumn C. Marshall
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
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Min Y, Choi Y, Choe J, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H, Song M. Effects of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:272-277. [PMID: 31602305 PMCID: PMC6778859 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mixture of protease
and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass
characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs were
randomly allotted into 2 dietary (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The
treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented
with 0.01% of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics (MULTI). No
differences were found on growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; overall,
874.06 vs. 881.14 g/d; p > 0.05), blood constituents
(white blood cell, WBC; phase I, 17.51 vs. 19.96 × 103
/μL; phase II, 19.65 vs. 21.95 × 103 /μL;
p > 0.05), and carcass characteristics during
overall experimental period between CON and MULTI. In conclusion, the addition
of dietary mix-ture of protease and probiotics in growing-finishing pig diet did
not have any beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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42
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Liu X, Yin J, Kim IH. Effect of protease derived from Pseudoalteromonas arctica supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, noxious gas emission and blood profiles in finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1926-1933. [PMID: 31502707 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of protease derived from Pseudoalteromonas arctica (PPA) in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs were used in this 10-week trial. Dietary treatment groups were as follows: CON (basal diet); TRT1 (basal diet + 0.1% PPA); TRT2 (basal diet + 0.2% PPA); and TRT3 (basal diet + 0.3% PPA). During weeks 1-5, pigs fed with different levels of PPA-supplemented diet showed linear increase (p < .05) in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen (N) and linear decrease (p < .05) in the concentrations of serum total protein. During weeks 6-10, pigs fed with different levels of PPA-supplemented diet showed a linear decrease in feed conversion ratio (p < .05). During the overall period, there was a linear decrease in feed conversion ratio (p < .05) associated with the inclusion of PPA. Pigs fed diets with 0.2% PPA supplementation had lower (p < .05) feed conversion ratio than those fed CON diet during weeks 6-10 and the overall period, and had higher (p < .05) ATTD of N than those fed CON diet during weeks 1-5. Pigs fed diets with PPA supplementation had lower (p < .05) concentrations of serum total protein than those fed CON diet on week 5. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PPA diet has beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, backfat thickness and the concentrations of serum total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University Cheonan-si, Cheonan-si, Korea
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University Cheonan-si, Cheonan-si, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University Cheonan-si, Cheonan-si, Korea
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43
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Nguyen D, Upadhaya S, Lei X, Yin J, Kim I. Influence of dietary protease supplementation to corn–soybean meal-based high- and low-energy diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and gas emission in growing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Nguyen
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - S.D. Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - X.J. Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Yin
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - I.H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
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44
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Min Y, Choi Y, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H, Song M. Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:234-238. [PMID: 31452910 PMCID: PMC6686142 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.4.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (initial body weight, 34.8 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01 % of protease (PRO). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments with a 2-phase feeding program for 12 weeks. Pigs fed PRO had higher average daily gain (ADG; phase I, 866.38 vs. 821.75 g/d; overall, 910.96 vs. 866.30 g/d; p < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; phase I, 0.345 vs. 0.363 g/g; p < 0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on blood constituents and carcass characteristics between CON and PRO of growing-finishing pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation in the typical diet for growing-finishing pigs improved growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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45
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Cheng L, Kim IH. Effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microbial shedding in post-weaned growing pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1626240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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46
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Dietary supplementation of xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility, immune and oxidative stress status, and gut health of newly weaned pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:351-358. [PMID: 31890911 PMCID: PMC6920460 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and gut health in nursery pigs. Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 7.2 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) in a randomized complete block design and fed in 2 phases (phase 1 for 10 d and phase 2 for 14 d). Factors were xylanase (0 or 45,000 XU/kg) and protease (0 or 300,000 U/kg). Feed intake and BW gain were measured on d 10 and 24. Titanium dioxide (0.25%) was added to all diets as an indigestible external marker from d 20 to 24. On d 24, all pigs were euthanized to obtain jejunal and ileal digesta to measure viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility. The jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune and oxidative stress status. Jejunal tissues were used to measure morphology and crypt cells proliferation. In phase 2, xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) which was further increased (P < 0.05) when combined with protease. Overall, combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with the use of xylanase or protease alone, whereas protease improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. In jejunum, xylanase reduced (P < 0.05) viscosity of digesta, mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation, and protease increased (P < 0.05) villus height, and decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation. Collectively, xylanase improved growth performance, digesta viscosity, and oxidative stress, whereas protease improved feed efficiency and gut morphology. The combinational use of xylanase and protease enhanced growth performance of newly weaned pigs.
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47
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Lee SA, Bedford MR, Walk CL. Meta-analysis: explicit value of mono-component proteases in monogastric diets. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2078-2085. [PMID: 29462412 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of mono-component proteases on performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD, %) in monogastrics. A total of 67 experimental trials were included in the meta-analysis from published and internal reports, contributing 467 lines of data. Poultry and swine data accounted for 81 and 19% of the dataset, respectively. Forty-four different proteases were included in the meta-analysis, accounting for commercial and non-commercial products. Mixed Model analysis was used to assess protease effect and the influence of inherent characteristics of the control on protease response. The mean performance response to protease was a reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) for poultry (1%, P < 0.05) and swine (4%, P > 0.05). The mean relative effect of protease on AIAAD over the control was 1.6 ± 0.3%, ranging from 1.2% for Arg, Phe and Trp to 2.6% for Cys. For the majority of amino acids, inherent AIAAD of control diets influenced (P < 0.05) the magnitude of the protease response such that, as inherent digestibility increased, the effect of protease on amino acid digestibility decreased. The dataset was subsequently divided into 2 subgroups: diets with and without other enzymes, namely non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (NSPase) and phytase. Addition of protease in diets containing no other enzymes significantly (P < 0.05) increased AIAAD for the majority of amino acids and tended (P < 0.10) to improve Met, Trp, Pro, Gly, and Tyr. However, when other enzymes were included in the experiment, the beneficial effect of protease on AIAAD was lost (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that when other enzymes are already included in the diet, addition of protease requires further justification for use in monogastric diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lee
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - C L Walk
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
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48
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Hassan YI, Lahaye L, Gong MM, Peng J, Gong J, Liu S, Gay CG, Yang C. Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain. Vet Res 2018; 49:71. [PMID: 30060767 PMCID: PMC6066918 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming number of recently reported human illnesses with bacterial infections resistant to multiple antibacterial agents has become a serious concern in recent years. This phenomenon is a core challenge for both the medical and animal health communities, since the use of antibiotics has formed the cornerstone of modern medicine for treating bacterial infections. The empirical benefits of using antibiotics to address animal health issues in animal agriculture (using therapeutic doses) and increasing the overall productivity of animals (using sub-therapeutic doses) are well established. The use of antibiotics to enhance profitability margins in the animal production industry is still practiced worldwide. Although many technical and economic reasons gave rise to these practices, the continued emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is furthering the need to reduce the use of medically important antibiotics. This will require improving on-farm management and biosecurity practices, and the development of effective antibiotic alternatives that will reduce the dependence on antibiotics within the animal industry in the foreseeable future. A number of approaches are being closely scrutinized and optimized to achieve this goal, including the development of promising antibiotic alternatives to control bacterial virulence through quorum-sensing disruption, the use of synthetic polymers and nanoparticles, the exploitation of recombinant enzymes/proteins (such as glucose oxidases, alkaline phosphatases and proteases), and the use of phytochemicals. This review explores the most recent approaches within this context and provides a summary of practical mitigation strategies for the extensive use of antibiotics within the animal production chain in addition to several future challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I. Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | | | - Max M. Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Jian Peng
- College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Cyril G. Gay
- Office of National Programs, Animal Production and Protection, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
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Li Y, Han H, Yin J, Zheng J, Zhu X, Li T, Yin Y. Effects of glutamate and aspartate on growth performance, serum amino acids, and amino acid transporters in piglets. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1437892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Toward optimal value creation through the application of exogenous mono-component protease in the diets of non-ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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